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Guru Nanak
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W e are meeting on this his- cial order as the goals of a progres-
toric occasion to renew sive and forward-looking society. In
our commitment and pledges for the his life affirming worldview, there is
fulfillment of our goals. This occa- no dualism between the inner life of
sion also provides us an opportunity spirit and the outer life of the tempo-
to review our past, take stock of the ral world.
present situation, and formulate new The Guru stressed the role of ser-
strategies for the future. We have vice and sacrifice as directive forces
to seek inspiration from our Gurus, in the socio-political life of his follow-
Granth Sahib, and the Khalsa Panth, ers. He believed that religion should
to confront challenges from within not lose sight of the vital problems of
and without. human life. Rather, it should promote
The first Sikh Guru, Guru social and moral values. Thus he al-
Nanak, laid the foundation of a lotted to religion a new dynamic role
grand catholic and activist religion, in human affairs and imparted a new
which proclaimed the unity of all direction to history. The first Guru
castes and creeds under one God. He bequeathed to the Sikhs the concept
regarded God as the sole fountain- of Miri-Piri (Temporal and Spiritual
head, the eternal spring of all life and Authority). In setting down his idea
light, glory and grace. He believed of true religion, the Guru stressed in-
that all souls come from Him and are ner awakening through Naam (one’s
3
contemplation on God’s name) and all those who came into his contact.
outer service of His creation through He was a great visionary, a profound
noble and righteous deeds. He raised philosopher, a poet, and the true em-
his voice against hypocrisy, bigotry, bodiment of a saint-soldier. In pur-
and fanaticism in religion. The key- suance of Guru Nanak’s mission, he
note of his philosophy was living in envisioned the model of an egalitar-
the wholeness of life and having the ian, spiritually motivated society,
courage to live the truth of one’s con- where all would have equal rights,
victions. He said in Japji Sahib (first where there would be no exploita-
verse in Holy Guru Granth Guru tion, where all would be free from
Nanak) that “truth is the highest, and artificial and man-made barriers,
still higher is the truthful living.” where all would learn to share, and
4
the epitome of the mission of Guru
Nanak. The Guru was motivated by a
Divine mission to restore justice and
righteousness in human affairs.
Khalsa was created in Guru’s
Amrit Ceremony of Khalsa 1699
own image as a true saint-soldier. On by Guru Gobind Singh
the initial day, the Five Beloved Ones Guru made a few fundamental
(Panj Piaras) who offered their heads assertions regarding the nature and
for the Guru’s cause came from dif- role of the Khalsa: A Singh (lion) is
ferent castes. After administering the Khalsa who is directly aligned
Amrit to them, the Guru partook with the Ultimate Reality (Akal
Amrit from them. All those who were Purakh Ki Fauj, The Army of God,
regarded as the lowest of the low in like the chosen people). The Khalsa
the Hindu caste system could join the follows the path of truthful conduct
Khalsa brotherhood. Guru knew that and never surrenders to evil under
caste was the bane of Hindu society. any circumstances. The Khalsa never
At the time of the Amrit ceremony, loses his morale in any situation and
each entrant to the order of the Khal- cultivates a positive spirit (Chardi
sa had to take five solemn vows and Kala). The Khalsa tries to imbibe the
gain five freedoms: freedom from Divine qualities of remaining fear-
the shackles of (a) earlier religion (b) less (nirbhao) and without animos-
earlier deeds (c) caste bondage (d) ity (nirvair), even on the battlefield.
earlier taboos and (e) earlier customs The Khalsa unleashes his sword in
and rituals. This gave them a sense of defense of the weak and human dig-
corporate unity and a more distinct nity. The Khalsa is forever ready to
identity. Guru granted equal status lay down his life, while following the
to all of them. All were administered path of truthful conduct. The Khal-
Amrit from the same bowl. As a token sa is committed to “Halemi Raj,” in
of newly acquired brotherhood, all of which no one inflicts pain on another.
them dined together in the common The Khalsa is of Waheguru and to
kitchen. The final seal and stamp was the Waheguru belongs the ultimate
put on the personality of the Khalsa victory. The Khalsa took birth as per
through five K’s. the wishes of the Almighty.
5
The right to wield a sword (Kir-
pan) in order to defend truth and jus-
tice was made into an article of faith
by the Guru. The Guru wrote to the
Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in ex-
plicit terms, that when all other means
to restore righteousness fail, it is only
legitimate to take up the sword. The
Bhai Kanahiya RIIHULQJZDWHUWRDOOLQWKH
Guru aimed at creating a nation that EDWWOH¿HOGWKHELUWKRIWKH5HG&URVV
would be pure and strong enough to The saga of Sikh resistance to the
free itself from the oppression of the Mughals and the Afghan invaders
rulers and the priests. In the ranks of carried a new message of hope, and
Khalsa complete equality was prac- kindled that spark in human nature
ticed. All were equal, the lowest with that impelled men to seek out a better
the highest, in race as in creed, in po- and saner path for mankind. People
litical rights and religious hopes. The looked with eager eyes to the rise of
egalitarian principle introduced in a messiah who would finally deliver
Sikh society was intended to be a com- them from the socio-political perse-
plete break with the earlier religious cution of contemporary rulers, and
tradition, which sanctified caste. the tyranny and oppression of the in-
The supreme acts of martyrdom of vaders.
the Guru, his father, mother, and four The first bid for establishing the
sons for the cause of righteousness left Khalsa Raj was made by Banda Singh
an indelible stamp on the Sikh way of Bahadur. It was under his leadership
life. The Guru raised the spirits of op-
that the Khalsa armies won decisive
pressed people in India from servility, victories and shook the very founda-
inferiority, fatalism, and defeatism to tions of the mighty Mughal Empire.
the dynamic ideals of social responsi- Banda struck coins in the name of
bility and resistance against tyranny Khalsa Panth: “This coin is struck as
and injustice. a token of our sovereignty here and
The Sikh movement was not hereafter. This Divine bounty flows
only an egalitarian social order but from the sword of Nanak (Tegh-i-
a plebian political revolution as well. Nanak), and victory and felicity are
6
the gifts of Guru Gobind Singh, the The 18th century constituted a tur-
king of kings, the true master.” bulent phase in Sikh history. This was
Banda had an indomitable spir- a time when a price was fixed on every
it, but faced with the overwhelming Sikh head, and thrice it was reported
to the authorities that the Sikhs had
might of the Mughal Empire he could
been exterminated, root and branch.
not succeed in liberating the country
But the community displayed unpar-
from oppressive rule. Banda and sev-
alleled courage, endurance, and for-
eral hundred of his followers were ar-
titude, and waged a valiant struggle
rested, but they kept their cool even
against the worst political persecu-
in the face of death. None of them re-
tion of Mir Mannu. Their faith in the
nounced his faith to save his life. They
ultimate success of their mission is
carried on the glorious traditions of
epitomized in the well-known slogan,
sacrifice and martyrdom for the cause
“Mannu is the sickle, we are the grass
of righteousness, handed down to the
for him to mow; the more he cuts us,
Sikhs by the Gurus. However, Banda
the more we grow.”
deserves credit for laying down the
foundations of political sovereignty The institution of Sarbat Khalsa
and Gurmatta shaped the destiny of
for the Sikhs, as directed by Guru
the Sikhs during the turbulent 18th
Gobind Singh in Nanded. The Sikhs
century. The Sarbat Khalsa repre-
broke the monopoly of the mighty
sented the unified corporate person-
ality of the Khalsa, while Gurmatta
signified taking decisions in the name
of the Guru. Before and after the
battles, Sikhs assembled at Darbar
Sahib, Amritsar and passed regular
Gurmattas. Sikh Gurdwaras (Sikh
Temples) were centers of free thought
and integrated religious-political
Banda Singh Bahadur Sikh activities. The enemy targeted
6LNK*HQHUDO Gurdwaras for attack, in order to
Mughal Empire, established their liquidate the Sikhs. Darbar Sahib,
Amritsar, the headquarters of the
own rule in 1710, and ruled until 1716. Khalsa, was thrice destroyed by Ah-
7
ghan invaders. More than that, he
made India proud by being an arbi-
ter in the fate of Afghanistan. With
his capture of Lahore, he sealed the
Khyber Pass forever, putting an end
to the tyranny of invaders. He termed
his government Sarkar-i-Khalsa and
styled himself and the people col-
lectively as the Khalsa or common-
wealth of Gobind. The catholicity of
the Sikh tradition left a deep imprint
on his outlook and policy. He gave to
Maharaja Ranjit Singh
5XOHURIWKH6RYHUHLJQ6LNK6WDWH Punjab four decades of peace, pros-
1799-1849
perity, and progress, the benefits of
mad Shah Abdali. which were enjoyed equally by all the
The Sikh Misls that emerged on communities. He granted complete
the scene had a great political poten- freedom of expression and worship
tial, but through their internecine to all his subjects. During his reign,
quarrels reduced each other to a state there were no outbursts of commu-
of political impotence. They were not nal tension, no forced conversions, no
properly organized to realize the attempts at bloody revenge, no lan-
dream of Khalsa rule. guage tension, no second class citi-
zens, no repression, no bloodshed, no
After a long period of turmoil,
executions, no tortures, and no capi-
Sikhs rose to political power under
Ranjit Singh (1799-1839 A.D.), who
fired his people with a corporate zeal,
led them from victory to victory, and
emerged as the ruler of a powerful
state extending from Tibet to Sind,
and from Khyber Pass to the Satluj.
He avenged the many defeats and
humiliations suffered by India over
the centuries at the hands of the Af- Sikh Conquest of Afghanistan
8
tal punishment, which even modern
governments have not been able to
abolish. Cases of bribery and corrup-
tion were rare in his kingdom.
Ranjit Singh was an enlightened
ruler. Through his European gener-
als, he trained his armies along mod-
ern lines. A trained and disciplined
army, imbued with the Sikh ethos,
9
Along with loss of political power, tional Army led by Subhash Chander
the Sikhs had to face multi-pronged Bose, 60% of the soldiers were Sikhs.
attacks on their sources of strength, Sikhs not only fought for the freedom
their religious places, and ideology. of colonial India, but also brought an
The Singh Sabha Movement, start- end to slavery in Malawi, Africa, in
ed in 1873, very effectively coun- 1893.
tered the Arya Samaj propaganda In World War I they liberated
that Sikhism was nothing but a sect France from German occupation
of Hinduism. It was followed by the by sacrificing their lives in the thou-
Gurdwara Reform Movement, which sands in Flanders, Neuve-Chapelle,
aimed at wresting control of Gurd-
Givenchy, Burgundy, and Ypres.
waras from the hands of corrupt Ma-
Along with other allies, Sikhs
hants and Pujaris who enjoyed the
turned the tide against Hitler by de-
patronage of the British. In 1920, the
feating Nazi General Rommel at the
Shiromani Akali Dal was constitut-
famous battle of El Alamein in Africa
ed. After tremendous sacrifices, the
in 1942. They helped build the mod-
Akali Dal secured for the Sikhs un-
ern American agriculture industry
disputed and exclusive control over
the Darbar Sahib and other places of by laboring tirelessly in the fields of
worship, as a result of the Sikh Gurd- California in the mid-1900s. They
waras and Shrines Act of 1925. proved their loyalty as patriots to any
10
the Sikh leadership, which includ-
ed Master Tara Singh (alias Nanak
Chand Malhotra), a deep undercover
agent disguised as a Sikh, and Baldev
Singh, surrendered their bargaining
powers as the third political entity in
the country and threw their lot with
Sikh Troops in Europe
World War 1 Hindu India.
ing to its recognition as a bonafide To make matters still worse, the
state in 1948. Sikhs were further betrayed by the
On August 15, 1947, as India cel- Indian National Congress, which
had consistently propagated a fed-
eral structure for free India, along
with unilingual states and constitu-
tional safeguards for minorities. A
centralized, unitary form of consti-
tution came as a shock to the Sikhs.
In protest, the Sikh representatives
in the Constituent Assembly refused
Cemetry of Sikhs in France
to sign the new Constitution of India.
The Congress also failed to enact a
uniform domestic policy in relation
to linguistic provinces. Out of the 14
recognized languages in the Indian
constitution, 13 states were formed
on a linguistic basis. Only the Pun-
Sikh in Action in World War II jabi speaking state was not formed
because of fear of the Sikh majority
ebrated its independence, Punjab
there. Formation of Puinjabi Suba
witnessed only bloodshed and tears
in 1966 was just a whitewash. It was
in the wake of partition. Nearly 40% nothing more than a crippled sub-
of the Sikhs were forced to leave their state, not equal in political status
homes and hearths and became refu- and power with the other states. It
gees. Misled by Gandhi and Nehru, was mercilessly deprived of its vi-
11
tal economic resources, its capital,
and other vital limbs. During the
Dharam Yudh Morcha, a fight for
righteousness and justice, more than
two lakh people courted arrest in a
peaceful manner. The Government
of India refused to concede the gen-
uine demands for water (riparian
rights) and territory. All political
and constitutional processes were Sant Jarnail Singh Bhinderawale
completely scuttled. $0DUW\UDQGWKH6LNK/HDGHU
Instead of tackling political prob- from inside them. The Sikhs felt that
lems in Punjab in a spirit of goodwill it was a calculated move to destroy
and understanding, the Government their faith, culture, and identity. The
of India started applying police and Indian Army created a climate of ha-
military solutions. tred and mistrust by wreaking ven-
In the history of free India, no geance on the non-combatant Sikh
other incident has been of such mag- population during the subsequent
nitude and of such far-reaching con- “Wood Rose Operation.” Instead of
solving any problems, it only invited
sequences as the military assault on
Darbar Sahib (a.k.a., The Golden
Temple), Amritsar, the sanctum sanc-
torum of the Sikhs, on June 6, 1984.
There is enough evidence to
prove that it was a pre-meditated de-
sign to destroy the epicenter of Sikh
faith on a holy day. It alienated the
Sarbat Khalsa
Sikhs still further and added a new 6LNK1DWLRQLQ*ROGHQ7HPSOHDIWHU
dimension to the crisis. Along with DQG'HFODUDWLRQRID)UHHDQG6RYHUHLJQ
6LNK6WDWHRI3XQMDE.KDOLVWDQ
Darbar Sahib, 72 other Gurdwaras
all over Punjab (and even outside the discord and disaster.
state) were simultaneously attacked,
even though there was no resistance The brutal massacre of the Sikhs
12
in Delhi and several other places in the
wake of Indira Gandhi’s assassination
in November 1984, further added to
the trauma of the community. Until
this date, successive Indian Govern-
ments have made no genuine efforts
to bring to justice those who had
planned and executed the massacre
Sikh Holocaust of 1984
of thousands of peaceful and innocent 6LNKV%XUQW$OLYHE\+LQGX0REV
citizens, something unprecedented in
phenomenon is the cultural geno-
the history of the civilized world. The
cide of the community. All attempts
Sikh Holocaust and other traumatic
to maintain the Sikh identity in its
events of 1984 rendered a fatal blow
true perspective are being thwarted.
to the secular and democratic reputa-
Representative Sikh leadership is not
tion of the Indian state. It is notewor-
allowed to come to the forefront. Fast
thy that after the assassination of Ma-
spreading Dera culture and the in-
hatma Gandhi Maharashtrians were
creasing number of Sadhus and Sants
not attacked, nor were the Tamilians
are usurping the authority and su-
killed after the murder of Rajiv Gan-
premacy of Guru Granth and Guru
dhi.
The Indian state continues to
discriminate against Sikhs. After the
campaign of ethnic cleansing of the
Sikhs in Punjab, Khalistan between
1984 and 1999, the most disturbing
13
Panth. Hukamnamas issued from the
Akal Takhat (the highest seat of tem-
poral authority in the Sikh religion),
in gross violation of the Sikh tradi-
tion, have led to some unsavory con-
troversies. Hindutava (radical Hindu
organizations preaching Hindu ide-
ology) forces have always sought to Khalistan’s Flag Hoisted
erode the distinctive character of the DW8132*HQHUDO$VVHPEO\-DQ
7KH+DJXH1HWKHUODQGV
Sikh faith by making inroads into all ment to destroy the identity, religion,
strongholds of Sikhism. It is unfortu- and sovereignty of the Sikh Nation. It
nate that the Akali Dal (Sikh politi- is a similar to the British introduction
cal party) has deviated from Panthic of opium in China in 1820 to enslave
goals due to its own vested political the Chinese people.
interests. In addition, the transfer
The small Sikh community has
of populations from other states to
neutralize the majority Sikh status
in Punjab, Khalistan, and the intro-
duction of drugs and alcohol into the
state of Punjab are yet further proof
of the covert, overt, and devious
means employed by the Hindu ma-
jority and the corrupt Indian govern-
15
Scottish Bag Pipes Band and Old Allies
/HDGLQJWKH.KDOLVWDQ'D\3DUDGH
LQWashington, DC
illustrious medical career, who has They want to become the torchbear-
also emerged as a crusader for the ers of a tolerant, dynamic, and pro-
rights of the Sikhs. This crusade has gressive society in their homeland,
guided by the unique élan and ethos
fulfilled a long felt need in the Sikh
community, to uphold the best tradi- of the spirituality elevated Khalsa.
tions of the Khalsa. This crusade has The Sikhs deserve to reclaim their
emerged as a voice of the Sikhs. The lost sovereignty so that they can serve
crusade is sustained not just by hold- as role models and play their allot-
ing meetings and parades, but also by ted role in fighting for the welfare of
a profound concern for Sikh identity all mankind (Sarbat da bhala) and
and sovereignty that has enabled it to world peace. Today the Sikh Nation
muster massive support and build a stands committed to the reclamation
powerful lobby for the unity, rights, of its own sovereignty and freedom,
and freedom of the Sikhs. and of its homeland of Punjab, Kha-
In the emerging 21st century, the listan.
Sikhs aspire for a just, democratic, May God bless the Sikh Nation’s
pluralistic society, free from exploita- home state of Khalistan.
tion, injustice, and prejudice, where Khalistan Zindabad
caste, creed, or accident of birth do
Wahe Guru Ji Ka Khalsa!
not determine the fate of people.
Wahe Guru Ji Ki Fateh!
16
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The History of Sikhs
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21
The Autonomic Healing of Self
by Dr. Paramjit Singh Ajrawat
22
A Musical CD
by Dr. Paramjit Singh Ajrawat
23
Sikh Regiments
24
Rememberance
In Flanders Fields
25
Khalsa Raj (The Sikh Rule)