Month 14 Lessons 55 - 58 B

Step by Step Sanskrit Learning Programme Month 14
Level 1 - Month 14 lessons 55 58 B

www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2013

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Lesson 55. Continuing with the Shatr.

Present Continuous Participles.

A quick note:
I have to apologise for my long silence. One and a half years of not giving you
something new to study is criminal on my part. But my excuse is valid. We
have finally finished designing our 3, 6-month coursesHll+l, Bl+l and
lTl and now am absolutely free to work on our web lessons. But since
students have not written to me asking for help with their lessons, I assume,
no one's missing me too much and therefore I don't feel guilty!

It is amazing indeed how language adapts itself to the changing times.
Classical Sanskrit did not feel the need to express the continuous tense as
something different. "The boy goes. 4lT- 7|6 " represented both, the
present tense and the continuous.
Then other languages made their presence felt. Sanskrit now had to figure
out how to differentiate, for the people who questioned, between
1) The boy goes and 2) The going boy.

1) Is what you are already familiar with the use of the Tl. The
sentence would therefore be 4lT- 7|6
2) This sentence would need to be translated with the help of a continuous
participle. You need to use the continuous participle in sentences like ' The
walking girl is looking at the eating boy.'

So what are these continuous participles?


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They are words formed out of l6 s. Retaining their ability to convey an
action taking place, they become adjectives and follow the noun in three
ways: |\ , |4-l|16 and 4+
Let me give you simple examples and then I'll teach you how to form these
words.
The boy studies.
The boy eats a mango.
The studying boy, eats a mango.
The "studying" is the continuous participle. If the root word is 9FP9(P ,
you add the H6 9t44 and create a H6 form. If the root word is HltP+9(P
, you add the Hl+ 9t44 and create a Hl+ form.
Let's concentrate on the H6 forms first.

Step 1. ( M/ N forms)
Pick the Tl 9P 969 form of the P.P. dhaatu you have chosen.
Let's take 9 as an example. 9|-6 is the Tl 9P 969 4(4+ form.

NOW remove the from the end and the + from the middle of the word
9|-6 - - + = 96

THEN add a to the last letter to form 6Tll-6 M/N forms that are
declined as -l46 M and as =6 N. (Please check Supplement 36. Month
10)
96 + = 96 M / N

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There is a small difference here. The 9Pl |4-l|16 9T4+ form of -l46
is -l4l+ . Don't add the HlTll-6 to the word. The usable form becomes
9+ and not 9l+
So now we have a sentence that says 4lT- 9+ This is not a complete
sentence because the word 9+ is not accepted as a verb but as a
participle.a verb cum adjective. To complete the picture you have to add
Step 4.

Step 4.
Add the appropriate form of the HB dhaatu in the tense that you wish to
convey. That is : Add the HB = Tl to give you an effect of a continuous
action taking place in the past.
4lT- 9+ HlBl6
Add the HB Tl to give you an effect of a continuous action taking
place in the present. 4lT- 9+ H|F6
Ditto for the future. 4lT- 9+ -l|4!4|6
( Note: Classical Sanskrit prefers to use the ACTUAL verb forms here
4lT- H96 , 4lT- 9|6 , 4lT- 9|!4|6 And would use the
continuous participle purely as adjectives. So that would mean that another
action would be required here to complete the picture
9+ 4lT- Gl(|6 The studying/reading boy is eating.
9+ 4lT- HlB Gl(|6 The studying/reading boy is eating a mango.

Step 5.
Use all the vibhaktis now.

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9+ 4lT- Gl(|6
H( 9-6 4lT 974l|P
H( 96l 4lT+ B( 9lHll 7l|P and so on and so forth.

To form Feminine words:
Step 1.
Same as in M and N

Step 2.
1. DO NOT remove the + from the middle of the word ( from 1, 4, 6, 10
dhaatus. If the dhaatus are from the other T s, THEN alone does
one remove the + from the middle of the word. .... Easy Way, if
there is an H F4 before the |6 9t44 ( 9. 9. 9. 4.) , then + stays ,
otherwise, the + does not. This holds true in most cases and can be
used as an 'emergency technique.' )

2. Convert the into an
9|-6 (after having looked at 9|6 )- + = 9-6l F that is declined as
+(l ( 1 P.P.)
T4|-6 (after having looked at Tl|6) - + - + = T46l F that is declined
as +(l ( 8 P.P.)

Step 3.
Add the appropriate form of the HB dhaatu in the tense that you wish to
convey . ( Please re- read Step 4 M and N forms)

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***

Now let's look at a few examples:
1. B- 9+ H|F6 He is reading.
2. B- 9+ HlBl6 He was reading.
3. Bl 9-6l H|F6 She is reading.
4. Bl 9-6l HlBl6 She was reading.
5. PP |P 96 H|F6 My friend is reading.
6. H( |G+ H|FP I am writing. M
7. H( |G-6l H|FP I am writing. F
8. t4 9+ / 9-6l H|B You are reading.
This is the simplest form of a sentence that you can create with these
forms. Now let's look at how they are actually used. (Step four and five have
already highlighted this.)

These words are participles. Participles= Adjectives. They MUST MUST
MUST match the noun/pronoun in three ways: |\ , |4-l|16 and 4+

( No, I'm not senile. I know I'm repeating myself but I'll do so till you never
ever forget those instructions. So you better be patient with me I can be
as stubborn as a mule in some matters. Look out for similar repetitions in the
next few lessons.)

Since I can form the entire |4-l|16 table with these words, how will I use
the rest of the |4-l|16 s ? Place Supplement 39 before you while you study
the rest of the lesson.
Watch carefully now:

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1. 7+ 4lT- T Gl(|6 The going boy is eating a fruit.
2. 7-6l 4l|Tl T Gl(|6 The going girl is eating a fruit.
3. The talking girl is watching the eating boy. 4(-6l 4l|Tl Gl(-6 4lT
974|6
4. The girl who is going with the boy who is going. is also eating a fruit
( Yipes!) 76l 4lT+ B( 7-6l 4l|Tl H|9 T Gl(|6
5. Give the studying boy milk. 96 4lTl4 ( 47

And I could have gone on giving you examples but it is time now that you do
the work and I rest.

Do have a look at Supplement 39. to give you the Present Continuous forms
of the dhaatu P . And to form the +9 forms, check Supplement 36. the
feminine forms go like +(l, so that should not cause a problem.

***

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Lesson 55A. Exercises with the H6 9t44.

Translate the following sentences.
1. The woman is washing clothes.
2. The two boys are playing in the field .
3. The two girls are eating fruits.
4. The mother who is reading is also listening to songs .
5. The man who is going is holding his son's hand.
6. The lions who are growling slowly are watching the deer who are
running towards the lake.
7. The father is telling a story to his daughter who is listening with
attention.
8. Radha was drinking milk when her friend was entering her house.
9. Mohan, who is walking with Shyam who was talking, is looking at the
scene around them.
10. The girls who are studying will be successful in the examination.

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Lesson 55 B. Answers to Lesson 55 A.

1. The woman is washing clothes.
P|(l 4Fl|T 9l4|6
P|(l 4Fl|T 9l4-6l H|F6

2. The two boys are playing in the field .
4lTl 4l76-
4lTl 4l7-6l F6-

3. The two girls are eating fruits.
4l|T Tl|+ Gl(6-
4l|T Tl|+ Gl(-6l F6-

4. The mother who is reading is also listening to songs .
9-6l H4l l6l|+ H|9 HTl|6
9-6l H4l l6l|+ H|9 H'4|-6 H|F6

5. The man who is going is holding his son's hand.
7+ 969- 9F4 (F6 |6
7+ 969- 9F4 (F6 + H|F6

6. The lions who are growling slowly are watching the deer who are
running towards the lake.
H+- =-6- |B(l- 67l 9|6 l46- Pl+ 974|-6
H+- =-6- |B(l- 67l 9|6 l46- Pl+ 974-6- B|-6


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7. The father is telling a story to his daughter who is listening with
attention.
|96l H4l++ ~'4-t4 9-4 Tl T4|6
|96l H4l++ ~'4-t4 9-4 Tl T4+ H|F6

8. Radha was drinking milk when her friend was entering her house.
ll ( H|946 4(l 6F4l- BGl 6F4l- ( 9l|4H6
ll ( |94-6l HlBl6 4(l 6F4l- BGl 6F4l- ( |4H-6l HlBl6

9. Mohan, who is walking with Shyam who is talking, is looking at the
scene around them.
4(6l 74lP+ B( + Pl(+- 6l H|-l6- (74 974|6
4(6l 74lP+ B( + Pl(+- 6l H|-l6- (74 974+ H|F6

10. The girls who are studying will be successful in the examination.
9-t4- 4l|Tl- 9ll4lP 7t6lTl -l|4!4|-6


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Lesson 56. A.P. Continues with the Shaanach.

Hl+
A.P. dhaatus need the Hl+ 9t44 to indicate the continuous tense. You have
to add the Pl+ to the A.P. root dhaatu..... which will be declined like lP,
Pll and 4+ for the M, F and N respectively. Then the HB dhaatu in the
appropriate tense is added to the sentence if required. Let's take the
dhaatu 4l ( to beg ) as an example.

He is begging. B- 4lPl+- H|F6 / B- 4l6
She is begging. Bl 4lPl+l H|F6 / Bl 4l6
It is begging. 66 4lPl+P H|F6 / 66 4l6
He was begging. B- 4lPl+- HlBl6 / B- H4l6
She was begging. Bl 4lPl+l HlBl6 / Bl H4l6
It was begging. 66 4lPl+P HlBl6 / 66 H4l6
I see the man who is begging. H( 4lPl+ 969 974l|P
I see the woman who is begging. H( 4lPl+l P|(l 974l|P
The kind man gives the boy who is begging, a fruit. (4l 969- 4lPl+l4
4lTl4 T 47|6
The man who is begging goes with the woman who is begging, to the river.
4lPl+- 969- 4lPl+4l P|(4l B( +(l 7|6

You will probably just have to go through our previous lessons just to revise
which dhaatus are the P.P. and which the A.P. ones.

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Shall we work on a few translations? Over to Lesson 56 A.

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Lesson 56 A. Working with the Hl+ 9t44
Note : Be sure to add the Pl+ / Pl+l to the conjugated form of the verb
after you have removed the 6
Translate:
1. He is feeling/becoming happy. P( (Pl(6 )
2. You were present yesterday for the president's speech. |4( (|4H6 )
3. The man performing the yajna is my father. 4= (4=6)
4. Vikramaditya is the king's name who is waging a war. 4 (4\46 )
5. Do not be angry with the two girls who are serving. B 4 (B46 )
6. The child ( H9t4 N ) went to the temple with the women who were
praying. 4-( (4-(6 )
7. I see the children who are happy. P( (Pl(6 )
8. The princess accepted the flowers from the priest who was
worshipping. -l= (-l=6 )
9. I have faith in the people who are tolerant. B( (B(6 )
10. The police are beating the thieving men with a stick. (l46)
( Trip up alert.)

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Lesson 56 B. Answers to Lesson 56 A.

1. He is feeling/becoming happy. P( (Pl(6 )
B- Pl(6
B- Pl(Pl+- H|F6
2. You were present yesterday for the president's speech. |4( (|4H6 )
G- H\4F4 -ll9Tl4 t4 H|4Hl-
G- H\4F4 -ll9Tl4 t4 |4HPl+- / |4HPl+l HlBl-
3. The man performing the yajna is my father. 4= (4=6)
4=Pl+- 969- PP |96l H|F6
4. Vikramaditya is the king's name who is waging a war. 4 (4\46 )
4\4Pl+F4 +9F4 +lP |44Pl|(t4- H|F6
5. Do not be angry with the two girls who are serving. B 4 (B46 )
B4Pl+l-4l 4l|Tl-4l Pl T-46
6. The child went to the temple with the women who were praying. 4-(
(4-(6 )
H9t4 4-(Pl+l|-l- P|(l|-l- B( P|-(P H76
7. I see the children who are happy. P( (Pl(6 )
H( Pl(Pl+l|+ H9t4l|+ 974l|P
8. The princess accepted the flowers from the priest who was
worshipping. -l= (-l=6 )
l=TPll -l=Pl+l6 9l|(6l6 9!9l|T Hl6

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9. I have faith in the people who are tolerant. B( (B(6 )
B(Pl+9 =+9 PP |474l- H|F6
10. The police are beating the thieving men with a stick. (l46)
+Tl- l4Pl+l+ 969l+ ('7+ 6l74|-6
+Tl- l4Pl+l+ 969l+ ('7+ 6l74-6- B|-6

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Lesson 57/ 57 A.
More of Shatr and Shaanach.
H6 - Hl+
A quick recap:
Having given you an idea on how the H6 - Hl+ work, I must tell you
something. Classical authors DO NOT use the H6 - Hl+ with the HB
dhaatu. As far as they are concerned, the H6 - Hl+ are adjectives and
must be used as such.
The boy is going' is translated as 4lT- 7|6. The need to do a 4lT-
7+ H|F6 is to help co-relate this with English grammar.
Let's look at how the H6 - Hl+ are used "classically.'
4lT- 7|6
7+ 4lT- T Gl(|6
H( 7-6 4lT 974l|P
76l 4lT+ B(, 4l|Tl H|9 7|6
76 4lTl4 7 ((l6
76- 4lTl6 9F6T -l
76- 4lTF4 (F6l6 T 96|6
7|6 4lT PP |474lB- H|F6
4lT- -l=6
-l=Pl+- 4lT- \4l+ Tl|6
-l=Pl+ 4lT H( +Pl|P

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-l=Pl++ 4lT+ B( H(P H|9 \4l+ Tl|P
-l=Pl+l4 4lTl4 T ((l|P
-l=Pl+l6 4lTl6 9Tl -l
-l=Pl+F4 4lTF4 +lP |H4- H|F6
-l=Pl+ 4lT (4F4 (|!- H|F6
*********

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57 A
You have been with me for quite sometime now. I must stop 'spoon-feeding'
you. I'll provide you with answers only if I think you'll need that kind of
assurance.
As worksheets, convert the above given sentences into their dual and plural
forms. AND THEN convert all the above sentences into the neuter (H9t4
child.) and the feminine ( 4l|Tl girl) yup, singular, dual and plural.
Use 7|-6 / -l=Pl+l ( 9Pl |4-l|16 ) for the feminine and 76 / -l=Pl+
(9Pl |4-l|16 ) for the neuter.
You will need only the complete |4-l|16 table for the neuter =6
Check out our supplements in Month 14.
Next week's lesson is a complete mind bender. I'm looking forward to
teaching it.
*********

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Lesson 58.
Shatr and Shaanach, their passive forms.
I hope you have had a chance to do those exercises that I set you in Lesson
57,57A. It should give you sufficient practice to handle today's lesson.
Do you remember how the passive forms of a verb are formed? Let's do a
quick revision. (For such practice sessions I shall always take the 9P 969-
9T4+P Tl- as an example. That is what has been practiced from
time immemorial. Use that form as a guide line to arrive at the other
Tl s.)
A.
1. Take the root form of the verb. For example: P / -l
2. Add to it a 4 ; that would make it 4 / -4
3. Add the HltP+9(- 9t44 and you finally land up with 46 / -46
4. These are passive forms of the verb. They change only according to
the 969- and 4+P of the "object turned subject."
B.
Well, exactly the same thing happens when you make a passive form of the
H6 - Hl+ Let's do it again point wise. The difference is in point 4.
1. Take the root form of the verb. For example: P / -l
2. Add to it a 4 ; that would make it 4 / -4
3. Add the HltP+9(- 9t44 and you finally land up with 4Pl+ / -4Pl+
4. These are participles and follow the noun/pronoun in three ways: |\,
4+, |4-l|16 Therefore you will have: 4Pl+ , 4Pl+-, 4Pl+l
and all the other forms in all the |4-l|16 s.

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5. Study the examples that follow and then you will understand what the
words mean:
Gl(+ 4lT- = the boy who is eating
GlHPl+- 4lT- = the boy who is being eaten ( by something)
Similarly |G+ will be talking about the "boy who is writing." and the
|4Pl+ will qualify "whatever the boy is writing."
|G+ 4lT- |4Pl+ 9l 7t9l|Tl4l- 79| Fl94|6
The boy who is writing, places the lesson which is being written ( by
him or by whoever) on the table.
Trust this example will iron out all the wrinkles that have dared to come on
your forehead.
Back to further explanations:
Verbs that you create with A. are used in the TP|T 4l14 +l
4lT+ -- 96 ( Please refer to our lessons on the passive
construction in case you have forgotten how I've arrived at this.)
Words that we create with B. are purely adjectives.
Remember:
( It doesn't matter if you think I'm repeating myself. I'll repeat myself till
I'm hoarse.)
ALL PARTICIPLES ARE ADJECTIVES and follow the noun/pronoun in three
ways: |\ , 4+ , |4-l|16
Now let's look at how the B. words are used:
The boy is eating a fruit.
4lT- T Gl(|6
The fruit is in the boy's hand.
T 4lTF4 (F6 H|F6
The fruit which is being eaten ( by the boy) falls from the boy's hand.

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( 4lT+) GlHPl+ T 4lTF4 (F6l6 96|6
Do you see how I've used the passive form but in a T6|-4l14-+l ?
Let's look at another example: ( Look out for how I've changed the
participle in the different tenses and moods. Also pay attention to the fact
that those words marked bold are the object forms and therefore are in the
|6l4l |4-l|16- Let go of the idea at this point in time that the passive
voice insists that the object must be picked from the 9Pl |4-l|16- When
Passive Participles are used in Active constructions, they are purely
adjectives and must be chosen from the |4-l|16- that the sentence
demands.)
The poem which is being read by me is on the table. ( use of passive H6 )
P4l 9Pl+l T|46l 7t9l|Tl4l- 79| H|F6
Please place this poem which is being read by me on the table.
T94l P4l 9Pl+l T|46l 7t9l|Tl4l- 79| Fl946
The food which has been made is tasty. (use of passive 16 )
T6 -ll=+ 6|TP H|F6
Please accept the tasty food which has been made by me. (use of passive
16 )
P4l T6 6|TP -ll =+ T94l F4lTl6
The modak which should be eaten by her is still on the plate. (use of passive
46/ 6-46/ H+l4 )
64l GlH- / Gl|(6-4- / Gl(+l4- Pl(T- H+l H|9 Fl|Tl4l- 79| H|F6
Give that modak which should be eaten to the boy waiting outside the
house.
6 Gl(+l4 Pl(T (l6 4|(- |6!6 4lTl4 ((l6

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What is most important is to set your mind free.. spend a little time with
these words and you will see how very flexible they are. Don't feel so bound
to grammar rules that you are unable to bring creativity into your thoughts.
Let's try out a few worksheets to help break free!
**************

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Lesson 58 A.
Exercises with the Passive and Active Participles.
A) Translate:
Please do not try word for word translations. Try get the general meaning of
the sentences though.
1. The Guru who is being served is Shrimat Sadyojat Shankarashrama.
( use plural for respect.)
2. To that Guru worthy of being served, salutations.
3. When you come to my house, bring that book written by Rabindranath
Tagore, with you.
4. Is there some milk to give to this cat which is sitting here?
5. Those memorised shlokas have increased my peace of mind. ( not
difficult..think!!!!!)
6. Devi Bhuvaneshwari, these flowers which have been brought by me
must be accepted by you.
7. I place the fruit of the japa done by me at the feet of the Lord.
8. There is the capacity to work in the intelligent boys who are present
here.
9. The monkeys who took Lanka were Rama's devotees.
10. With these lessons that have been studied by me, I'll certainly
become Panini !!
11. Here is water for those flowers you brought. ( translate withaccept
this water)

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Lesson 58 B.
Exercises with the Passive and Active Participles.
1. The Guru who is being served is Shrimat Sadyojat Shankarashrama.
( use plural for respect.)
B-4Pl+l- 4- ~lP(-BHl=l6-Hl~Pl- B|-6
2. To that Guru worthy of being served, salutations.
+P- B-4Pl+-4- 6-4-
3. When you come to my house, bring that book written by Rabindranath
Tagore, with you.
4(l -l46l / -l4l+ PP (P Hl7|6 , 6(l |4-+l-llT ||G6
9F6T -l4t4l / -l46l B( Hl+46
4. Is there some milk to give to this cat which is sitting here?
96FP H 79|4H6 Pl=ll4 (l6 |T|6 (P H|F6 |TP ?
5. Those memorised shlokas have increased my peace of mind.
6- FP6- 7lT- PP P+Hl|-6- H46
6. Devi Bhuvaneshwari, these flowers which have been brought by me
must be accepted.
(|4 -l4+74| , P4l Hl+l6l|+ 96l|+ 9!9l|T G6lP
7. I place the fruit of the japa done by me at the feet of the Lord.
P4l T6F4 =9F4 T (4F4 9l(4l- Fl94l|P
8. There is the capacity to work in the intelligent boys who are present
here.
Tl4l BlP4 69 46Pl+9 4lT9 H|F6
9. The monkeys who took Lanka were Rama's devotees.
l (l64-6- T94- lPF4 -l16l-
10. With these lessons that have been studied by me, I'll certainly
become Panini himself !!
96- 9|6- 9l- |+74+ H( 9l|T|+- -l4l|P !

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11. Here is water for those flowers you brought.
-l4t4l / -l46l 6-4- Hl+l6-4- 9!9-4- = F4lTl6

Month 14 Lessons 55 - 58 B

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Step by Step Sanskrit Learning Programme Month 14

Level 1 - Month 14 lessons 55 58 B

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