Month 19 Lessons 71 - 74

Step by Step Sanskrit Learning Programme Month 19
Level 2 - Month 19 Lessons 71 - 74.

www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2011

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Lesson 71.

lll l'lll ll: 'l'cl l
The Locative and Genitive Absolutes.

"Let me sing you a song while you try and fall asleep."
"Even if you have been naughty, I love you."
How often would we have heard those beautiful words from the person we
loved most as children?

So far we've used the words ll / ll and lll'l / llll'l to express these
kinds of ideas. Here's another way to do this.
Whenever we wish to put two different ideas or actions together in one
sentence (wherein one action is performed with reference to the other)
we use the lll l'lll or the ll: 'l'cl '

Whereas the latter is used only when one wishes to show contempt or
disregard, the former is used in both, a general sentence conveying
contempt and a simple straightforward idea. There are a few points that
we must keep in mind...

1. That part of the sentence which says." While / when such and
such a thing was happening / had happened / will happen "MUST"
contain a participle. The participle and the noun it qualifies must
both be in either the l'lll or the 'l'cl l~l-ll~ll:'

When the sun shone, the birds sang. mx kMl, lll: llll-l '

Dc Hll, l~l7ll: lll '
Kishore laughed when the mango fell.

: : : : : : |
: : : : ||
: The crow : (is) black : The cuckoo : (is) black
(:) what is : the difference : between the
cuckoo and the crow?


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When Spring is obtained ( When it is Spring, the
difference becomes apparent) : : : : that the
crow is a crow and the cuckoo, a cuckoo.

2. That participle and noun which will be placed in the l'lll or the
'l'cl l~l-ll~ll: indicates the time that the second action is done. In
other words, the second action is done with reference to the
action placed in the l'lll or the 'l'cl l~l-ll~ll: ' (When the child
cried, the mother came running).
l'll ll-l llll ll~l-ll lll7l '

3. The participle can be either past (ll~ll, ll), present (l7l,
llll-l) or the potential (l-l~l, ll-lll, ll), depending on the
tense you wish to convey.

4. All the examples in sentences 1 and 2 have been with l~ll~lllls.
Naturally, I can use the participle of an l~ll~llll in the past and
the present tenses in the ~lll ~ll~ll l-ll ' Naturally, the ~lll and
the participle will be in the l'lll or the 'l'cl l~l-ll~ll: '

5. In the case of l~ll~lllls, you can use two different
participles..... one in the active voice and the other in the passive.
For example,
"While the boy ate a modak, a mouse came in the classroom." I
could translate this in two ways:
~lll~l ll~l llll~lll (l'lll of llll~ll-l) 7~l: l'l~l: ~ll 'lll~l7ll '
~lll~l-l ll~l llll 7~l: l'l~l: ~ll 'lll~l7ll '

The ~ll and the participle will be in l'lll or the 'l'cl l~l-ll~ll: if you
use the ~ll 'lll '
The ~lll and the participle will be in l'lll or the 'l'cl l~l-ll~ll: if you
use the ~ll~ll 'lll '



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6. Since they are participles, they will work as adjectives
(While he ate a modak / while a modak was being eaten by him:
lll-l ll~l llll~lll / l-l ll~l llll
While she eats two modaks / while two modaks were being eaten by
her
lll ll~l ll-lll / lll ll~lll: lllll-lll:
When many modaks will / should be eaten by it.
l-l ll~l'l llll~l'l / ll-lll'l / lll'l
The participle agrees with the noun in gender and number.

7. The participle here works as the verb for one part of the
sentence. Either a participle or an actual verb does the same job
for the rest of the sentence.
l-l ll~l llll ll ll: ll~lll / ll7l ' While a modak was being
eaten by him, she went from there.

8. The subjects in the two ideas / actions you wish to talk about
MUST not be the same. In the example in sentence 1, one subject
is the sun, the second, the birds.

9. If the subjects were the same, the lll l'lll or the ll: 'l'cl
can't be used.
Rama, after he had taken Lanka, returned to Ayodhya..... Here the
subject 'Rama' is the same in both the parts of the sentence. It
would therefore be translated as ll ll~ll, ll: lllll 'llll7l
/ 'l-llll: '
Rama, after the monkeys had taken Lanka, returned to Ayodhya.
With the first subject being 'Rama' and the second being
'monkeys' the lll l'lll can be very artistically used.
~ll'l'l ll lll~ll ll: lllll 'llll7l / 'l-llll: '

10. A look at how the ll: 'l'cl is used.
The thieves stole the money even as the policeman was guarding
the house.
-lll~ll l lll~ll: lll: l-ll llll-l '


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The thieves stole the money even as the house was being guarded
by the policeman.
-lll~ll ll llll lll: l-ll llll-l '

11. A look at how the three different participles are used:

While the boy watched T.V, the girl read a book.
~lll~l 7l-l 7~lll ~llll~ll l-l 'llcl~lll '
While T.V. was being watched by the boy, the girl read a book.
~lll~l-l 7l-l 7 ~llll~ll l-l 'llcl~lll '
While Vikramaditya is looking after the kingdom, the enemy cannot
do anything.
l~llllll ll 'llllll, l'l~l: l~lll'l ~ll -l 7l-l~ll-l '
If the teacher should enter, please sit quietly.
lll'l~l 'll~l7~l, ~l'lll l'lll 'll~l7l-l '

Note:

A) Use the ll: 'l'cl if you wish to suggest the following:
1. In spite of
2. Notwithstanding
3. For all (For all / notwithstanding / in spite of the shopkeeper's
looking on, the rat steals the ladoo. ll'lll~ll 'l7ll: l'l~l: ll~l
lllll ' )

B) Use the lll l'lll if you wish to suggest the following:
1. When
2. While
3. Since
(Since death is certain, why fear? lll l-llll -ll-l l~ll`)

C) Use the lll l'lll with 7~l or lll or with lll with or without 7~l
attached to the participle if you wish to suggest the following:
1. As soon as
2. No sooner-than
3. Scarcely when


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4. The moment that
(As soon as / no sooner / scarcely when / the moment that..... he
entered, the people cheered.
'll~l7lll 7~l lll-l l-ll: llll~lll-l l~l~l-l ')

Worksheets

A) Translate:..... Please try your hand at both the active and passive
participles in the same sentence whenever it is warranted.

ll: 'l'cl
1. In spite of your looking on, the cat will definitely steal the milk
from the vessel.
2. The people talked loudly, notwithstanding that the Guru was sitting
on the dais in the assembly hall.
3. For all her scolding, he does not study.
4. In spite of the child crying with hunger, the mother did not give it
milk.
5. Men commit misdeeds, though Gods see them.
6. While the parents were sleeping, Siddharth ran away from the
palace.
7. Even if it should rain, the crops may not grow.
8. Inspite of the gardener protecting the garden, the old ladies took
away the flowers.
9. The thieves stole the car, notwithstanding the policemen walking on
the road.
10. Inspite of the Gurus advice, the disciples were lazy.
11. Inspite of my looking on, the milk boiled over and fell onto the
kitchen platform.

lll l'lll
1. The moment the food is ready, come and tell me.
2. When Rama had gone to the forest, Dasharatha breathed his last.
3. When Rama went in search of the golden deer, Ravana kidnapped
Sita.
4. No sooner was an arrow discharged, than the hunter heard
someone crying.
5. When the Sun rises in the East, the whole world is filled with light.
6. When man is besieged by calamities, even friends become enemies.
7. As soon as the lecture is over, the students will run out of the
school.


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8. Who can trouble us, while God protects us?
9. The moment that the child cries, the mother picks it up.
10. Scarcely had the bus started to move, than there was a loud
explosion.
11. While the students were thus laughing, the teacher walked into the
class.

B) Read and understand:
lll l'lll

1. lll 'll llll~l l~l7ll-l ' (:-)
2. l-l'l ll~ll 7l7ll ll~l-l >~l 7ll ' (lll~lll)
3. >l-7l'l ~ll'll'l llll ~ll'lll >~l 7ll ' (lll~lll)
4. -ll'l -l7ll l: -l -l7lll ' (:-)
5. >l-7l'l ~l'l ~l'l ll'l ~llll-l'l, l~ll: l ~llll >ll -l l-ll ' (':,
)
6. -lll: l-lll: llT~lll'l l~llll'l, ll-l:, ll-l >llll >7ll ' (: --,
-)
7. 'll7~l l~l'llll, lll~l: lll-l 'lllll ' (-:, )
8. lll ll'll, ~ll: l~l -lll`
9. l' 'llll >l ll'l l-ll: 'lll-l ' (:-)
10. ll'l 7ll ~ll'll llll ~lll: ' (:)
11. 7l'~l -ll ~l: ~llll:` (-ll lll~l-l)
12. ~llll ll ~l: ~llll~l~ll:` (-ll lll~l-l)
13. lll l~ll ~l: 'll~ll:` (-ll lll~l-l)
14. :lll l~l ~l: lll:` (-ll lll~l-l)
15. ~llll'l ll'l l-l'llll -l~l ~lll: -ll~l'lll ' (:)
16. ll'l'l ~ll l~ll, l~lllll: l-l~ll: ~ll ~lll-l ' (:--)
17. l~l 7l-ll-l'l ~l'llll llll'l l-l ~llll l~l ~l~lllll l~l7ll-l ' (:-')
18. lllll -lllll-lll, -lll~lll :ll lll~l~l7l ' (~lll'll-l'l)
19. l-77ll ll lll, l~l ~ll'lll ~l ll:`
20. :l'l 'll'l'l -l ll l:, ll'l 'll'l'l -l 'll ' (-:')



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Lesson 72.
Causal verbs.
'llll~llllll~lll: '

Mohan cooked the rice.
Ramesh got the rice cooked by Mohan.

In both the cases, the person doing the action of cooking is Mohan. But in
the first case, he becomes the subject, the ~lll and in the second
Ramesh is the subject providing inspiration to Mohan to cook the rice.
ll-l: ll-l 'llll '
l7l: ll-l-l ll-l 'llllll '

In the second sentence, the lll 'lll has been added to the lll: ' With
that addition, the verb now changes its meaning. From an action which is
being done by someone, it now becomes a 'llll~lllll, an action which
someone makes another (or himself) do. Please note that the actual doer
of the action needn't be different.

It must be observed that whenever the 'llll~llll s are made use of,
the actual ~lll is always in the lllll l~l-ll~ll: and the object remains in
the lllll as compared to the root sentence where the ~lll is in the 'llll
l~l-ll~ll: and the object in the lllll ' Remember to match the verb with
the 'llll l~l-ll~ll: at all times.

-ll: ~lll ~llll ' ..... the root sentence
~ll: -ll-l ~lll ~lllll ' 'llll~l
l-ll: -ll-l ~lll ~llll-l ' 'llll~l

When is the lll 'lll used?
1. Whenever you wish to add the 'lll to a lll, the lll 'lll is
added.


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2. Sometimes, to convert an l~ll~l lll to a l~ll~l lll, the lll-l is
made use of.
'll~lll ll-l7l l'lll-l: l'llll llll ' Parvati, with her austerities which
she performs day and night, emaciates her (own) body. Here, l'llll is
the lll-l 'llll of the l~ll~l lll ..... lllll '

How are these forms recognized?
1. Between the lll and the 'lll, the lll (ll) l~l~ll is added and a
ll of the ~l ~l of the 'lll (except for l ) is made. ll
llllll, ~l ~lllll '
2. Generally ll~lll-l lll s (and those ending in 7, 7, ll which
become ll~lll-l in the 'llll~l) have an extra 'l attached after
the ll ' For example: l l'llll, l ll'llll, -ll -ll'llll '
3. In ll, ll, ll ('ll'll), ll , l, ll too an extra 'l is attached
and the >~ll becomes an ll~ll ' ll'llll, ll'llll, l'llll, ll'llll
'
4. Except for ll, ~ll, ll, 7ll, ll, in the other ll ending llls,
~llT of the l~ll of the 'lll does not take place. For example: ll
lllll but ~ll ~llllll '
5. lll-l forms are like the llls in the lllll '
6. lll-l forms are generally -ll'll '

Here are examples ll wise:
1. -l -l~lll becomes -ll~lllll '
2. l lll becomes llllll '
3. llll becomes l~lllll '
4. l~l l~lll becomes ~lllll '
5. l l-llll becomes ll~lllll '
6. l lll becomes llllll '
7. l llT becomes llllll '
8. l-l l-llll becomes ll-lllll '


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9. ll llllll becomes ll'lllll '
10. l lllll becomes llllll '
And a few more that are often used :
1. >l lllll '
2. 'lll + > 'lllllll '
3. lll + > lll'llll '
4. ll llllll / ll'llll '
5. lll llllll '
6. 'l 'llll / l'llll '
7. llll / l'llll '
8. ~ll (7ll-ll) ~ll'llll / ~llllll '
9. -l llllll '
10. l (7l7-ll) l'llll '
11. l (lll-ll) 'llll '
12. ll-l ll-llll '
Generally, whenever you use the lll-l forms, the person doing the action
falls into the lllll l~l-ll~ll '
For example:
1. (l7l: l'l llll) l: l7ll l'l llllll '
2. (ll: llll l-l) llll lll llll llllll '
3. (-l'l: l-l lll) l-ll -l'll l-l l'llll '
4. (l'lll ll7-l~l llllll) ~lll: l'lll ll7-l~l ll'llll '
5. (ll-l: ll ~l-l -llll) lll ll-ll ll ~l-l -llllll '

There are 12 llls in which the ~lll of the action is placed in the lllll
l~l-ll~ll ' Besides them, and ~l are used in both, the lllll and the
lllll '
1. ll-l ('ll7~ll: ~l-l l7l-l) ~ll~ll: 'll7~ll-l ~l-l llll-l '
2. 7l-l (~lll: l-7 'l7lll) llll ~lll l-7 7llll '
3. l~ll (-l'l: ll-l 7lllll) ll -l'l ll-l ll~llll '
4. 'l~l7l (~lllll l 'll~l7lll) lllll: ~llllll l 'l~l7llll '


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5. llll (l: ~lll lllll) ~l'l: l ~lll llllll '
6. ll (-lll~l~l: lll lll) l -lll~l~l lll lllll '
7. ll (l-ll-l: -lll-l lllll) -l~ll: l-ll-l -lll-l lllll '
8. 'lll'l (~lll: -ll 'll'-llll) l'lll ~lll -ll 'll'llll '
9. :ll-l (l: 7lll ll-llll) l: l 7lll :ll'llll '
10. 'lc lll (7ll: 7llll llll) l: 7ll 7llll lll'llll '
11. 'll-l (l7l7l: l l'l~lll) llll l7l7l l 'llllll '
12. -lll-l (except for l, ll, -ll where the 'llll~lll is in the
lllll l~l-ll~ll llll l7l7l-ll ll'll lllll, lllll ~ll ') (~l'l:
ll -l=~ll) l7lll ~l'll ll -llllll '
(-ll: -ll lll ll) l -ll / -ll-l -ll lll llll ' (for -ll, ~l
the 'llll~lll is only in the lllll l~l-ll~ll ' l -ll-l -ll lll -llllll
/ ~lllll ~ll '
~l (l~l~l: ~lll ~llll) ~llll l~l~l-l / l~l~l ~lll ~lllll '
l'l, -ll'l, l~ll'l, lll'l and 7l the 'llll ~lll is only in the
lllll l~l-ll~ll ' ~l: ll ll l'llll '

Do remember that these forms are now completely new verbs and can be
conjugated in the 10 l~ll s !

Worksheets

Translate:
1. The sun makes the lotuses bloom.
2. Vishwamitra got Rama and Janak's daughter, Sita, married.
3. I will get the tailor to stitch me some clothes.
4. The servant bathes his master who is troubled by the heat,
with cold water.
5. The villagers make the devotee tell them a story.
6. The singing-teacher got the girls to start singing.
7. Piyush got the servant to carry his books to school.
8. Radha fed Seeta some cold water.
9. Mother made Kumuda enter the temple.
10. He showed me his house.


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Lesson 73.
l~l'llll

Once upon a time there was a forest. A peaceful dense forest with not a
man treading its hallowed precincts. One day a hunter chanced upon this
natural beauty and proceeded to build a hut on its very edge. "I must let
my family know of this wonder. My cousins too would like a home here."
Alas, the hunter had converted the forest into a village!
~l: 7'l: ~lll: l: l'll~l-l ~ll:lll llll~llll!
The word llll~llll is a l~l'll ' Whenever you wish to bring into
lll~l, into existence, something that was hitherto not present in an
object, the l~l'llll is available for your use.

Let's look at a few more examples before I explain to you how you can
form these words.
1. 'l l7 l~ll ll l~lll~llll '
'Fair and Lovely' makes one's face fair.

2. lll: :l ll~ll, ~llll~ll lll: ~ll 'l''llll ll-lll '
To lessen the unhappiness her mother was feeling, the girl bought her
flowers.

3. lll: :l ll~ll, ~llll~ll ll7lll ll7l '
Having lessened her mother's unhappiness, the girl went to the
playground.

4. ll>7 >ll lll'l ~ll-l-: lll-ll: '
In the film 'Guide', Dev Anand became a sadhu.

5. ~ll >7l l-l 'l~ll~lll '
He expressed his wish.

6. l~l ~l'llll: 7~lllll-ll l-l '
All the pigeons flew as one.

How about just a few more words?


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l-ll~llll, ll-l~lll, 7l~lll-ll:, l'lll-lll, ll'lll~lll, lll-ll~l'lll ,
'l7l~lll '

So what's the common thread? Obviously the following
1. The first part of the words ALL seem to end in either > or '
2. The endings of the words can be ALL forms of the ~l or the -l lll
'

Let's get into the basics now.
1. The beginnings of the words can be either nouns (-lll) or adjectives
(l~l7l'll). For example, either l (-lll) or 7l~ll (l~l7l'll).
2. Those nouns or adjectives are converted into either an > or an
depending on whether the original word ended in an l, ll or an '
lll + ~l = llll~llll ' l'lll + -l = l'lll-lll ' lll + -l = lll-ll: '
3. There can never be a ~ll-l word, only a l~l-l, simply because a
prefix has been added.
lll-ll and not lll-l~ll '
4. Though all forms of the ~l or the -l lll: can be used, while forming
the past tense, the addition of the l before the lll: can pose a
problem. (Pose?? IT DOES!!!! ) Circumvent this by using the ~ll
'lll ' Then you must remember that with the ~l lll: which is
l~ll~l, you will need to use the ~llll construction. This is not
applicable to the -l lll:, simply because it is an l~ll~llll: '
For example:
-ll-l ll-ll ~llll-lll '
lll'l~l-l ~l'l'll~l: 7l~lll~ll: ' Gotit?

Practice time!

Worksheets


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Translate the following. Convert the bold type into the l~l'll '
1. Tarakasura treats (makes) the three worlds as grass. ll
2. By the boon received from Brahma, he has become arrogant. l~l
3. The Devas and the people become unhappy. :l
4. They express their unhappiness to Brahma. 'l~l
5. Brahma explains his idea. 'l7
6. Parvati, having become Shiva's servant, serves Him with devotion.
lll
7. Shiva, having made Madana into ash, sits in meditation. -ll
8. Seeing her husband in such a state, Rati becomes very uneasy.
~ll~ll
9. The Devas go to Shiva and then do pradakshina. 'lllll
10. "Tarakasura having become an enemy, troubles us," they say. ~ll +
-l
11. " To make us happy, forgive Madana and make Parvati a bride."
ll / ~ll
12. Shiva's anger cools down. 7llll
13. He accepts Parvati. l
14. " Madana will become Pradyuma and Rati too will become happy."
says Shiva. 'll-l / ll

Try converting the same present-tense sentences into the past for
further practice. Remember to use the passive construction.

*****


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Lesson 74.
Nominal verbs
-llllll:

Have we often not heard someone say, "Look at that nut! Does he
think himself to be Amitabh Bachhan?" Wouldn't it be great to say
that in the Sanskrit?
That's when the -llllll: comes to the rescue.
It is quite similar to the l~l'llll and you will find that you can often
substitute one form for the other. Viva la options!!
The -llllll: doesn't make use of the ~l or the -l lll ' It uses the
root noun or adjective and converts it into a new verb altogether by
the addition of a l at the end of the noun / adjective and the 'lll '
There are numerous kinds of -llllll: but we shall concentrate on only
two oft used forms..... examples
A) l7lll
B) 'llllllll
The first is an A.P form the lll-l'l'll '
The second is a P.P form the 'll'l'll ' In this case, if the
original noun ends in an l, then it is necessarily converted into an > '
Though a completely new verb form has been created, generally only
the present tense form is seen used.
A) The first option is used when you want to say...
1. Someone believes himself to be / behaves like a particular thing.
Here the noun forms are used.
For example:
By adorning himself with a peacock feather, the crow thinks that he
is a peacock. lll'l7-l ll=~ll: ~ll~l: lllll '
2. The adjectives add a new dimension to something.
For example:
Cool coals blackens the hand.
7lll: ll: ~l ~l'llll '
B) The second option, if used without an object, is used when you wish
to say someone desires something.
For example:
The farmer wishes for a palace.


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~l'l~l: 'llllllll '
The second option, if used with an object, is used when someone
considers somebody something.
The teacher treats his shishya as his own son.
lll'l~l: l7l'l 'llllll '
Please note that a sentence like the one above requires an object.
If I had just said lll'l~l: 'llllll, I would have meant that the
teacher desires a son. Since the -llllll: itself has an > at the end of
the noun, it would be difficult indeed to figure out if the teacher
wanted a son or a daughter. The solution is simple. Read the sentence
in context with the passage that you picked it from; and not in
isolation.
I could also say that one desires a son by using ~lll in the middle of
my word. For example: 'll~lllll '
Now let me add another problem to your lives:
The addition of l is not a hard and fast rule. There are words like
~l'lll which are also -llllll:s, which would mean that someone is like
Krishna. Whenever you come across a word which is a combination of a
noun/adjective with a verb ending, it might be a -llllll: ' Read the
sentence and then try figure out what the word might mean.
There are several rules that define how a -llllll: can be created. As
and when my understanding of the subject grows, I'll pass that unto
you... till then I'm afraid, this lesson will have to suffice.

Sometimes I dare to wonder if the Harappan and Mohenjodaro script
may be easier to decipher.
Let's look at a few sentences to see how these forms are used and as
homework, just try and translate them into English. These sentences
may be popular subhashitas, from our classics or are standard
sentences often used by teachers to teach this concept
1. 'lllll7lll: ll'l ~ll~l: -l l7lll '
2. l-ll'll'l 7l 77ll'l 7llll '
3. ~ll: ll-llll '
4. ll'll llll ll'l lll: lllll '
5. l~l: lllll '


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6. ~llll: ll-l: l-l: ll-ll-l: l ~lllll '
7. -ll ll, lllll l~l 'll: '
8. llll ll~l~ll llllll '
9. ll~lll~llll: ll-ll: -l ~lll'l l-ll-l '
10. :llll ll l ll '
11. ll-lll l'll: llll-l l-lll l lll: l'lll-l '
12. ~lll-llll l~lll-l -lll-l lll l'lll-l '
13. ll: :ll-l~lllll '
14. 7l'l l--ll: l-llll ll ~lcll '
15. ~llll~ll l~llll '
16. l'll~l-l: 7l~ -l ~llll 'l-l ll: l: 7l~lll '
17. l-l-ll 'lll llll-l 'll: ll'l llllll '
18. l-ll: ll 'll~ll ~llll-l '
19. ~lTl 7ll lllll 'l-l ll l'll lllll '
20. 'llllllll ll: 'l-llll '
21. :llll -ll l~ll: l7l: 7lllll-l '
22. ll~ll7l lll'l: l--l -l l~l'llll '
23. l-ll: lll~l l-l: lll-llll '
24. -l-ll l-l'llll ll ~llllll >ll 'l-l: l~l~lll '
25. llll ll-l'll: l'll: l'lll-l '
This should be sufficient practice.

Month 19 Lessons 71 - 74

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Month 19 Lessons 71 - 74

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Step by Step Sanskrit Learning Programme Month 19

Level 2 - Month 19 Lessons 71 - 74.

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