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FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITI SELANGOR

SUBJECT CODE NAME OF THE SUBJECT EXPERIMENT NO NAME OF THE STUDENT DATE OF THE EXPERIMENT MATRIC NUMBER SEMESTER NAME OF THE LECTURER MARKS

GROUP MEMBER

FSD 2163 POLYMER AND PROCESSING EXPERIMENT 2 MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ BIN KAMARUDIN 10/08/2011 3101004981 1/11/12 (SEM 4) WAN ZARINA BINTI WAN MOHAMED ATTENDANCE INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVE APPARATUS METHOD RESULT/DATA/CALCULATION DISCUSSION/RECOMMENDATION Q&A CONCLUSION REFERENCE TOTAL MARKS 1.LUQMAN HAKIM BIN MOHD ANSARI 2.MOHAMAD FAREEZ BIN MOHAMAD YUSAK 3.FAISHAL HAZIQ BIN ZAINUDDIN 4.MOHD SHAHRUL BIN ABD WAHAB

INTRODUCTION There are two types of polymers: synthetic and natural. Synthetic polymers are derived from petroleum oil, and made by scientists and engineers. Examples of synthetic polymers include nylon, polyethylene, polyester, Teflon, and epoxy. Natural polymers occur in nature and can be extracted. They are often water-based. Examples of naturally occurring polymers are silk, wool, DNA, cellulose and proteins. In our previous section on network polymers, we mentioned vulcanized rubber and pectin. Vulcanized rubber is a synthetic (man-made) polymer, while pectin is an example of a natural polymer. Rubber can be found in nature and harvested as a latex (milky liquid) from several types of trees. Natural rubber coming from tree latex is essentially a polymer made from isoprene units with a small percentage of impurities in it. Rubber can also be made (synthesized) by man. Synthetic rubber can be made from the polymerization of a variety of monomers, including isoprene. Natural rubber does not handle easily (it's sticky), nor does it have very good properties or durability (it rots). It is usually vulcanized, a process by which the rubber is heated in the presence of Sulfur, to improve its resilience, elasticity and durability. Synthetic rubber is preferable because different monomers can be mixed in various proportions resulting in a wide range of physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. The monomers can be produced pure and addition of impurities or additives can be controlled by design to give optimal properties. Vulcanization, also called curing, is the chemical process used in the rubber industry in which individual polyisoprene chains are linked to other polyisoprene chains by chemical bonds (see reaction sequence below). The actual chemical cross-linking is usually done with Sulfur, but there are other technologies that can also be used. Vulcanization is an irreversible process, like baking a cake. The normally soft and springy rubber molecules become locked together resulting in a harder material with greater durability and chemical resistance. Vulcanization changes the surface of the material from very sticky to a smooth, soft surface which does not adhere to metal or plastic substrates.

OBJECTIVE -To determine properties natural and synthetic rubber. -To relate the properties of rubber with material design in the product.

APPARATUS -Toluene -Small beaker 100mL test tube -Scissors -Bicycle tire tubes -Rubber band -Filter paper -Sticker

METHOD 1.Firstly,cut the sample about 1 cm, and prepare 5 samples for each batch. 2.Then weigh for each of the samples. Record the data. 3.Put the samples into labeled small beaker. 4.Pour the toluene into the small beaker just enough to cover the samples. 5.Soak the samples for 24 hours. 6.Take out the samples, wipe it dry. Weight the samples immediately. 7.After that, leave the samples for 3 days to expose to the surrounding air. 8.Then put the samples into the vacuums oven just to make sure the sample really dry. 9.Weigh the entire sample again. 10.Calculate the swelling index using equation from ASTM 3616.

RESULT/DATA/CALCULATION.

SAMPLE A No of sample 1 2 3 4 5 SAMPLE B No of sample 1 2 3 4 5 Wo (mass before soak) 0.6632 0.6874 0.5864 0.5529 0.6622 W1(dry mass after 24 hours) 0.5156 0.5564 0.4618 0.4378 0.5185 W2(dry mass after 3 days) 0.3724 0.3884 0.3306 0.3132 0.3727 Wo (mass before soak) 0.1334 0.1614 0.1391 0.1348 0.1420 W1 (dry mass after 24 hours) 0.3035 0.3782 0.3200 0.3007 0.3156 W2(dry mass after 3 days) 0.1191 0.1436 0.1248 0.1209 0.1265

DISCUSSION/ RECOMMENDATION Sample A recorded a lower swelling index, thats indicates the presence of material that does not break down readily by milling. While sample B recorded a higher swelling index than sample A, this showed the presence of material in sample B that may be broken down easily by milling.

QUESTION: 1. List two types of polymer that can be analysis using swelling index measurement. - Cis- Polyisoprene , natural rubber. - Poly(vinyl acetate), (PVAc)

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