o SOLUTIONS OF * MARKED PROBLEMS (APPLICATION OF CALCULUS)

Miscellaneous Exercises (Application of Cacculus)

(Solutions of * marked problems)
1.

According to the question, dv kv dv = k dt log | v | = kt + c.

dt v

Initiatly, t = 0, v = v0 (say) So, log | v0 | = c.

\ log | v | = kt + log | v0 | v = ekt [Q v, v0 > 0] v0
By the problem, if v = 4 v0 then t = 15. 5
4

\ 4 = e15k k = 1 log 5 .
5 15

v 1 1 log 5 .t Suppose, when t = t0, v = 0 , so = e 15 4 0 or, 1 log 5 . t0 = log 1 2 15 4 2 2 15 log 2 15log 2 or, log 5 . t0 = 15 log 2 or, t0 = = . 4 log 5 2 log 2 log 5 4 3.
2 dh = dt ccording to the problem, dh = 256 h A 2 h2 dt 1000 1000 16 h1

z
0

50

z
0

1 log 16 + h 32 16 h

LM N

OPh = 50 16 + h1 = 5 LMQe16 . = 1O 16 h 5P 1000 N Q 1 Q0

1

h 1 = 32 .
3

Similarly, for t = 100 if h = h 2 then we get, 1 log 16 + h h2 = 100 h = 192 . 2 32 13 1000 16 h 0

OP Q

\ increment in the next 50 years, h 2 h 1 = 160 . 39 \ the required ratio h1 : (h 2 h 1) = 13 : 5.

5. At any time t, the area of the first square is A = x2 and the area of the second square is B = y2 = (x x2)2 = x4 2 x3 + x2. 1

RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS

\ d A = d (x2) = 2x dx
dt dt dt dB d 2 d 4 (x 2 x3 + x2) = (4x3 6 x2 + 2x) dx = (y ) = dt dt dt dt

\ dB = 2x2 3 x + 1.
dA
6. Taking differentials of both the given expressions : xdx a
2

ydy b
2

zdz c
2

= 0 and,

xdx a +l
2

ydy b +l
2

zdz c +l
2

= 0.

By cross-multiplication, xdx ( c b )a (a + l )
2 2 2 2
2( 2

ydy ( a c )b (b + l )
2 2 2 2

zdz ( b a ) c2 ( c2 + l )
2 2

y2 x2 z2 2 2 2 2 a a +l ) b ( b +l ) +l ) or, = = c (c = 2 2 2 2 2 y( c a ) x (b c ) z( a b2 ) dy dx dz
2

x2 a2 (a 2 + l ) . x( b2 c2 ) dx

Now,

x2 IJ a2(a2 + l ) = xl FGH a1 a 1 +lK

2 2

1 l

LM x2 x2 OP = 0. MN a2 a2 + l PQ

Thus,

x ( b2 c2 ) = 0. (Proved.) dx log10 e dx. By given condition, dx = 0 5 x. x 100

8. Let y = log10 x = logex log10 e. \ dy = \ dy =

1 x 0 4343 = 0 4343 = 0.0021715. (Ans.) x 200 200

9. Suppose the co-ordinates of the point of contact to the tangent drawn to the circle x2 + y2 + 2x = 0 ... (1) from an external point (x1 , y1 ) are (x2 , y2 ). Differentiating both sides of (1) with respect to x, we have, 2x + 2y or, dy 1+ x = . y dx dy +2=0 dx

So, the slope of the tangent to the given circle (1) at ( x2 , y2 ) is

LM dy OP = 1 + x2 . N dx Q (x ,y ) y2
2 2

Hence, the equaiton of the tangent to the circle (1) at the point ( x2 , y2 ) is

o SOLUTIONS OF * MARKED PROBLEMS (APPLICATION OF CALCULUS)

y y2 =

1 + x2 2 = (1 + x )x + (1 + x )x (x x2 ) or, y2 y y2 2 2 2 y2

2 + x2 + x or, y2 y + (1 + x2 )x = y2 2 2

or, y2 y + (1 + x2 )x = 2x2 + x2 (Q (x2 , y2 ) is a point on x2 + y2 + 2x = 0) or, (1 + x2 )x + y2 y = x2 ... (2) Since (x1 , y1 ) is a point on the tangent (2), we have x1 x2 + y1 y2 + x1 = x2 or, x1 x2 + y1 y2 + x2 = x1 ... (3) Now, the required length = = = =

( x2 x1 )2 + (y2 y1 )2

2 2 2 2 x2 + y2 + x1 + y1 2 x1x2 2 y1y2
2 + y2 2 x x 2 y y 2 x2 + x1 1 2 1 2 1

(Q (x2 , y2 ) is a point on x2 + y2 + 2x = 0)
2 2 x1 + y1 + 2 x1 (from (3)). (Ans.)

2 2 x1 + y1 2 ( x1x2 + y1y2 + x2 ) =

23. We are to prove that for all real q , cos (sin q ) sin (cos q ) > 0 i.e., to prove, cos (sin q ) cos

FH p cos q IK > 0 2 p sin q cosq I sin q + cosq I > 0 ... (i) i.e., to prove, 2 sin F + H4 K sin FH p 2 K 4 2 F pI 2 < p . Now, for all real q , | sin q cos q | = 2 sin q H 4K 2
sin q cos q or, p < < p 2 4 4 sin q cos q or, 0 < p + < p . 2 4 2 ... (ii)

Whence, p < sin q cos q < p 2 2

Hence, sin

FH p4 + sin q 2 cosq IK > 0

Similarly, it can be shown that for all real q, sin

FH p4 sin q +2 cosq IK > 0

... (iii)

Combining the two inequalities (ii) and (iii) we see that (i) follows. Hence the result. (Proved.) 25. We are given the inequality ax2 + b c " x > 0, ... (i) x

RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS

this inequality must hold for that value of x (if any) also, where value. Let, f(x) = ax2 +

FH ax2 + b IK attains its extreme x

b . Now, for extreme value, we have e x

1 3

d b f(x) = 2ax = 0 i.e. ., x = f (x) = 0 i.e., dx x2 Again,

dx

FH b IK . 2a d2 2b b d2 (f(x)) = 2a + , and clearly for x = F I , 3 H K 2 (f(x)) > 0 2

1 3

2a

dx

[Q a > 0, b > 0].

Now, for x =

FH b IK 2a
1 3

1 3

the inequality in (i) must also hold, whence,,

FH b IK 2a

2 3

+b

FH 2a IK b

c, which on simplification gives 27ab b 2 4 c3 . (Proved.)

26. Let f(x ) =

sin x , x 0 x
x = 0.
x0 +

= 1,

We see that, lim f(x) = 1 = f(0), whence the function is right continuous at x = 0. Clearly f(x) is continuous in 0 < x <

p and consequently f(x) becomes continuous for 0 x < p . 2 2

x [x tan x ] Now, f (x) = x cos x sin x = cos 2 2 x x p , so we get that, f (x) < 0 for 0 < x < p . 2 2 p , so that Hence, f(x) is strictly decreasing for 0 x < 2 Now, as x < tan x for 0 < x < f

FH p IK 2

< f(x) < f(0) for 0 < x <

p 2 sin x , which implies, < < 1 for 0 < x < p . 2 x p 2 (Proved.)

28. Here, y = x sin x; then

dy = 1 cos x ... (i) dx dy = 0, i.e., cos x = 1 i.e., x = 2n p (n is any integer). dx

For a critical point, we must have

Now, let e > 0, be any real number, as small as we please.

o SOLUTIONS OF * MARKED PROBLEMS (APPLICATION OF CALCULUS)

Now, if x = 2n p e, then from (i), dy dx = 1 cos (2n p e) = 1 cos e > 0;

x = 2 np e

again, if x = 2n p + e, then,

dy = 1 cos (2n p + e) = 1 cos e > 0, dx x = 2 np + e

whence we find that the sign of

dy to the right and left of critical points remains the same,, dx indicating that these critical points neither correspond to maxima nor to the minima of this function. Hence the result. (Proved.)

29. Let us refer to the adjoining figure. Here AB = AC, whence AD is the median and let I be the in centre of the isosceles triangle ABC. Let, AE = AF = l and FB = BD = DC = CE = m [Above equalities of segments arise out of simple geometric properties, like DAFI @ DAEI, DFBI @ DDIB etc.] Let s be the semiperimeter of DABC, so that, 2 s = 2l + 4m i.e., s = l + 2m = r cot A + 2 cot B ... (from the figure) 2 2 Now A + 2B = p \ s = r[cot \ A = p 2B + 2cot

LM N

OP Q

F p BI H2 K

B B ] = r[tanB + 2cot ]. 2 2

Now, So

B ds = r[sec2 B cosec 2 ]. dB 2

B B ds = 0 sec2 B = cosec2 or, 2cos2 B = 2 sin 2 = 1 cosB dB 2 2

or, 2cos2 B + cosB 1 = 0 or, (2cosB 1)(cosB + 1) = 0 \ cos B = 1 2 [as, cos B 1]

\ B = 60, so C = 60 and A = 60. Now, d2s = r[2sec2 B tanB + 2. 1 cosec2 B cot B ] > 0 at B = 60. 2 2 2 d B2

Thus s is minimum at B = 60 and the minimum value of the perimeter 2 s is 2[r cot 30 + 2 r cot 30] = 2[3r cot 30] = 6r 3 . (Ans.)

RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS

30. Refering to the adjoining figure, we see that h = r cot q and l = r cosec q . 1 1 p r2 h = p r3 cot q . 3 3 The total siurface area, A = p r2 + p r l = p r2 + p r2 cosec q = p r2 (1 + cosec q ). \ Volume v = Then we have, r3 = 3 v tanq ; p

hence A = p

FG 3v IJ 2 3tan2/3q (1 + cosec q ) Hp K

= k tan2/3q (1 + cosec q ), where k = p 1/3 (3v)2/3 is a constant. \ dA 2 = k {tan2/3 q ( cosec q. cot q ) + tan1/3 q . sec2 q (1 + cosec q )} dq 3 k tan =
13

[tan q ( cosec q. cot q ) + k

2 sec2 q (1 + cosec q )} 3

3 tan

13

q cos2 q sinq

(3 sin2 q + 2 sin q 1). dA = 0. dq

\ For a maximum or minimum value of A,

i.e., 3 sin2 q + 2 sin q 1 = 0 or, (3 sin q 1)(sin q + 1) = 0 i.e., sin q = Now, find 1 or, sin q = 1 (inadmissible). 3
2

d 2A dq

& check for yourself that sin q =

1 will give a minimum value of A and not 3

a maximum value. Hence, for a minimum value of A, q = sin1

FG 1 IJ . H 3K

(Proved.) 31. Let x = radius of the base of the cone and y + 8 = altidues of the cone. The volume V of the cone = 1 2 p x (y + 8). 3

Now, refering to the adjoining figure, D AOD and D AEC are similar. Hence we have x = 8 y+8 y2 64 whence, V = 64 p ( y + 8 )2 . 3 y8

( y + 8 )( y 24 ) \ dV = 64 p . dy 3 ( y 8) 2

o SOLUTIONS OF * MARKED PROBLEMS (APPLICATION OF CALCULUS)

\ V is stationary when y = 24 and dV changes sign from ve e to + ve as y passes through 24

dy

from left of 24 to the right of it. So V is minimum when y = 24. Thus the required altitude of the cone y + 8 = 32 cm and the radius of the base is x = 8 2 cm. (Ans.) 32. Let AOP = q and OAP = OPA = a (See the adjoining figure). \ 2a + q = p In DAOP, i.e., q = p 2 a .

AP r sinq = , and i.e. ., AP = r sin q sina sina

in DAPY, AY = AP sin = r sin q . cot a . In DAPY, PY = AP cos

FG p a IJ = AP cos a H2 K FG p a IJ = AP sin a = r sin q . H2 K

Now, D the area of DAPY = Trapezium AOPY D AOP i.e., D = 1 1 (OP + AY). PY OP. OA sin q 2 2

1 r2 r2 [r (1 + sin q . cot a ) r sin q ] sin q = [sin q . cot a + 1 1] sin q 2 2 2 r2 r2 sin(p 2 a ) [sin(p 2 a ).cota ] = sin 2 a [sin 2 a . cot a ] 2 2

= r2 sin 2a . cos2 a = 2r2 sin a . cos3 a . \ dD = 2r2 cos4 a 6 r2 sin2 a . cos2 a da

= 2r2 cos2 a (cos2 a 3 sin2 a ) = 2r2 cos2 a (1 4 sin 2 a ). If dD p = 0, then either cos a = 0 i.e. ., a = , which is inadmissible as OAP = OPA = a . da 2 1 1 p i.e. ., sin a = i.e. ., a = . 4 2 6 = 16r2 cos3 a sin a + 16 r2 sin3 a cos a 4 r2 sin a cos a = 4r2 sin a . cos a . (3 8 cos2 a )

or, sin2 a = d2D da 2

Now

RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS

At a =

p d2D , = 3 3 r2 < 0. 6 da 2

Hence at a =

p , D is maximum and the maximum value is 6

1 Dmax = 2r2 . . 2

F 3 I 3 sq. units = 3 GH 2 JK

3 r2 sq. units. (Ans.) 8

34. Let ABC be a right angled triangle with hypotenuse AB = 10 units. Let q be the radian measure of ABC, so that AC = 10 sin t and BC = 10 cos t.
A

Hence the area D of ABC is given by D = 50 sin t cos t. In oder to find the critical points for D, we consider

dD = 0 i.e. ., 50(cos2 t sin2 t) = 0 i.e., tan2 t = 1 dt

p p here, so we conclude that t = . Since 0 < t < 2 4 Now, d 2D

= 50 ( 2 sin t cos t 2 sin t cost) = 200 sin t cos t < 0 at t = . 4 dt 2 p is a maximum point. 4 p 4 and

This shows that the critical point t =

Hence the length of sides of the triangle of maximum area are 10 cos 10 sin

p 10 i.e. ., units i.e. ., 5 2 units in both the cases whence the triangle becomes a right 4 2

angled isosceles triangle with both sides (other than hypotenuse) equal to 5 2 units. 35. Let r ft be the radius of the circular swimming pool. The man will run along the circular edge from A to P and then dive in and swim from P to B. Suppose the length of the arc AP is s ft and the linear distance PB be c ft . We have to minimize the time required to reach from A to B. Now, if the man takes t sec. to reach from A to B according to the way mentioned above, then t =

s c + ... (i). 25 18

Let POB = q, so that P is given by ( r cos q , r sin q ), and B by (r, 0) whence, PB = c =

(r r cosq )2 + (r sinq )2 = r cos2 q 2 cos q + 1 + sin2 q

q . 2

= r 2(1 cos q ) = r 4 sin2 q = 2r sin

2

o SOLUTIONS OF * MARKED PROBLEMS (APPLICATION OF CALCULUS)

Again, AOP =

p p q . q , so that, s = r 2 2

FG H

IJ K

Now, from (i) we get, t= p 1 q r 25 2

FG H

IJ + 1 r sin q where 0 q p K 9 2 2

... (ii).
X

Now, the critical points of the graph of this equation are the points q = 0, q = the closed interval 0 , where Now, dt = 0. dq dt r 1 q = + r cos , dq 25 18 2 ... (iii)

p (end points of 2

LM p OP , which is the domain of definition of the function in (ii)) and the points N 2Q

q 1 p r sin < 0 for 0 < q < , which shows that the function t cannot have ve a 36 2 2 p p because at any critical point q = q 0 (say) 0 < q 0 < , t has a relative minima for 0 < q < 2 2 relative maximum. Hence it is sufficient to check whether there is minimum value of t at the p critical points given by q = 0 and q = . 2
and

d2t

dq 2

Now, at q = 0, t =

pr p 2r and at q = ,t = 50 2 18

[from (ii)]

2r pr , we see that the minimum time occurs when q = 0. Hence the man should > 50 18 run all the way and not swim at all. (Ans.) Since, Note : Observe in the above sum that at no point q in 0 , a continuous function in 0 ,

FG p IJ , t can be less than p r , because t being 50 H 2K

2r p pr is greater than , the of t at tq = 18 2 50 2r p at q = . So there must occur at least one values of t must again rise so as to ultimately attend 18 2 p , but we have shown that t cannot have a relative minumum relative minumum at some point q in 0 , 2 p . at any point q in 0 , 2

LM p OP and since the value N 2Q FG IJ H K

FG IJ H K

10

RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS

47. The given equation of the curve is y = x(3 x)2 = x(9 6x + x2 ) i.e., y = 9x 6 x2 + x3 ... (i) Differentiating both sides of (i) w.r.to x, we get, dy = 9 12x + 3x2 ... (ii) dx Differentiating (ii) again, w.r.to x, we get, d 2y dx2 = 12 + 6 x ... (iii) dy = 0, whence from (ii) we get, dx i.e., x = 1, 3.

Now, for an extreme value, we must have 9 12 x + 3x2 = 0 When x = 1,

i.e., (x 1)(x 3) = 0

d 2y = 12 + 6 = 6 < 0, dx2 x = 1
d 2y dx2 x = 3 = 12 + 6.3 = 6 > 0.

and when x = 3,

Consequently, y is maximum at x = 1 and minimum at x = 3. Now, the required area is given by,

LM x 4 6. x 3 + 9. x2 OP3 z1 N 4 3 2 Q1 F 81 2.27 + 9 .9I F 1 2 + 9 I = 27 11 = 16 = 4. = H4 2 K H 4 2K 4 4 4

3

( x 3 6 x2 + 9 x ) dx (from (i)) =

Hence the required area is 4 square units. (Ans.) 51. Let C denote the curve y = tan x, p < x < p 4 2 Suppose further that the tangent at the point P

FH

IK

... (i).

FH p , 1IK to the curve C cuts the x-axis at the point R. 4 2 dy dy = sec2 x, whence, = sec2 p = d 2 i = 2. Now, from (i), differentiating w.r.to. x we get, dx 4 dx x=
p 4

Consequently, the equation of the tangent to the curve C at the point P p , 1 is, 4

FH

IK

o SOLUTIONS OF * MARKED PROBLEMS (APPLICATION OF CALCULUS)

11

y 1 = 2 x

FH

p 4

IK

i.e. ., y = 2x p + 1 ... (ii)

Y 2

>

y = tan x

Now, the line (ii) intersects the x-axis at R. Putting y = 0 in (ii), we get
---------------

., x = p 1 whence the co2 x p + 1 = 0 i.e. 2 4 2 ordinaes of R are p 1 , 0 . From the adjoining 2 2 figure, we see that the required region is OPRO, of which the area is to be found. Now, area of OPRO = area of OPQO area of triangle PQR
p 4

e p4 ,1j
X
>

FH

IK

>

O 1 R

Q 1

1
>

z
0

p 4

tan x dx
p 4 p 4

z FH

1 2

2x

p + 1 dx (from (ii)) 2
p 4 p 2

IK

= log sec x

LM x2 p x + x OP N 2 Q 2 LF 2 2 I O = e logsec p logsec 0 j M G p p + p J F p 1 I + p F p 1 I F p 1 I P 4 H K H K H K 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 Q MN H 16 8 4 K F p 2 p 2 + p p 2 1 + p + p 2 p p + 1 IJ = d log 2 log 1i G H 16 8 4 16 4 4 8 4 4 2 K = F 1 log 2 1 I [On simplification]. H2 4K Hence the required area is F 1 log 2 1 I sq. units. (Ans.) H K
0

1 2