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THERMAL ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. I.C ENGINES PERFORMANCE TEST (4-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE 2. I.C ENGINES HEAT BALANCE 3. ECONAMICAL SPPED TEST (4-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE) 4. PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR 5. PORT TIMING DIAGRAM OF A 2-STROKE PETROL ENGINE 6. VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM OF A 4-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE 7.. DIS-ASSEMBLY AND ASSEMBLY OF A ENGINE.

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I.C ENGINES PERFORMANCE TEST (4-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE)

AIM: To conduct performance test on 4-Stroke diesel engine (Single cylinder) and to draw the following graphs. 1. B.P Vs S.F.C 2. Mechanical efficiency Vs B.P 3. B.P Vs Indicated thermal efficiency 4. B.P Vs Indicated thermal efficiency 5. Air fuel Ratio Vs B.P 6. Air fuel Ratio Vs S.F.C THEORY: The Test Ring consists of Four-Stroke Diesel Engine, to be tested for performance, is connected to Rope Brake Drum with Spring Balace (Mechanical Dynamometer) with Exhaust Gas Calorimeter. The arrangement is made for the following measurements of the Set-up : 1) The Rate of Fuel Consumption is measured by using the pipette reading againt the known time. 2) Air Flow is measured by Manometer connected to Air Box. 3) The different mechanical loading is achieved by operating the spring balance of dynamometer in steps. 4) The different mechanical energy is measured by spring balance and radius of brake drum. 5) The Engine Speed (RPM) is measured by electronic digital RPM Counter. 6) Temperature at different points is measured by electronic digital Temperature Indicator. 7) Water Flow Rate through the engine & calorimeter is measured by Watermeter. The whole instrumentation is mounted on a self contained unit ready for table operation.

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1. Check the diesel in the diesel tank. 2. Allow diesel, start the engine by using hand cranking. 3. The engine is set to the speed of 1500 RPM. 4. Apply load from the spring balance of dynamometer. 5. Allow some time so that the speed stabilizes. 6. Now take down spring balance readings. 7. Put tank valve in to pipette position and note down the time taken for particular quantity of fuel consumed by the engine. 8. Note down the temperature readings at different points. 9. Note down the water readings. 10. Repeat the procedure (4)&(7) for different loads. 11. Tabulate the readings as shown in the enclosed list. 12. After the experiment is over ,keep the diesel control valve at mains position.

OBSERVATIONS: Air flow Water Manometer flow readings in rate mm of in water lpm

Exhaust gas Air Engine temperature inlet Speed in RPM F1 F2 Time In Inlet Outlet Inlet Outlet Inlet Outlet In In in T6C Ml T2C T3C T1C T2C T4C T5C Kgs Kgs Secs. 1 2(a) 2(b) 3(a) 3(b) 4(a) 4(b) 5(a) 5(b) 6(a) 6(b) 7

Spring balance Readings

Fuel pipette readings

Caloriemeter Water Temperature

Engine head water temperature

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CALCULATIONS 1.FUEL CONSUMPTION IN Kg/Hr

WF =

Column(3a)oftablereadings x 3.06 Column(3b)oftablereadings

2. ENGINE OUT PUT BHP:

BP=

2 N ( F 1 F 2) r KW 4500

Where, N- Speed of engine in RPM rRadius of brake drum in mts =0.185 mt F1&F2- Force indicated on spring balance in KGs

3.SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION (SFC):

SFC =

WF Kg/BHP. Hr BHP

4. FUEL HP(THERMAL HORSE POWER),

FHP=

WF x CV x J 60 X 4500
J= Mechanical equivalent of heat=427 kg.m / K.Cal

Where, Cv = Calorific value of diesel= 10000 K.Cal /Kg

5. PERCENTAGE THERMAL EFFICIENCY. % th =

BHP x 100 FHP

6. AIR CONSUMPTION IN Kg/ Hr Wa Wa = 0.6 x A0 x Va x 1.29 x 60 x 60 Where, Ao = Area of the orifice in m2 = d2

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Where d= Dia.of the orifice in m = 0.015 mt Va = 2g (hm/1000) x [( w a ) - 1] Where g = 9.81 m/ sce2 hm = Manometer reading in mm (column 5) w = Density of water = 1000 Kg/ m3 a = Density of air = 1.29 Kg/ m3 7.AIR TO FUEL CONSUMPTION RATIO. Air to fuel consumption ratio =
Wa WF

Fuel Air Engine Air to Fuel Engine Consumed Consumed Sl.NO RPM Ratio output Wf Wa N Wa / Wf BHP In Kg/Hr In Kg/Hr 1 2 3 4 5 6

Specific fuel consumption SFC

Fuel HP FHP

Brake % thermal efficiency

RESULT; Performance test on 4-Stroke diesel engine(Single cylinder) is conducted and the following graphs are plotted. 1. B.P Vs S.F.C 2. Mechanical efficiency Vs B.P 3. B.P Vs Indicated thermal efficiency 4. B.P Vs Indicated thermal efficiency 5. Air fuel Ratio Vs B.P 6. Air fuel Ratio Vs S.F.C

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I.C ENGINES HEAT BALANCE AIM: To conduct performance test on 4-Stroke diesel engine(Single cylinder) and to check the heat balance of I.C engine.

THEORY: The Test Ring consists of Four-Stroke Diesel Engine, to be tested for performance, is connected to Rope Brake Drum with Spring Balance (Mechanical Dynamometer) with Exhaust Gas Calorimeter. The arrangement is made for the following measurements of the Set-up : 1) The Rate of Fuel Consumption is measured by using the pipette reading against the known time. 2) Air Flow is measured by Manometer connected to Air Box. 3) The different mechanical loading is achieved by operating the spring balance of dynamometer in steps. 4) The different mechanical energy is measured by spring balance and radius of brake drum. 5) The Engine Speed (RPM) is measured by electronic digital RPM Counter. 6) Temperature at different points is measured by electronic digital Temperature Indicator. 7) Water Flow Rate through the engine & calorimeter is measured by Wattmeter. The whole instrumentation is mounted on a self contained unit ready for table operation.

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PROCEDURE: 1. Check the diesel in the diesel tank. 2. Allow diesel, start the engine by using hand cranking. 3. The engine is set to the speed of 1500 RPM. 4. Apply load from the spring balance of dynamometer. 5. Allow some time so that the speed stabilizes. 6. Now take down spring balance readings. 7. Put tank valve in to pipette position and note down the time taken for particular quantity of fuel consumed by the engine. 8. Note down the temperature readings at different points. 9. Note down the water readings. 10. Repeat the procedure (4)&(7) for different loads. 11. Tabulate the readings as shown in the enclosed list. 12. After the experiment is over ,keep the diesel control valve at mains position.

OBSERVATIONS: Air flow Water Manometer flow readings in rate mm of in water lpm

Spring Fuel Caloriemeter Engine head Exhaust gas Air balance pipette Water water Engine temperature inlet readings Temperature temperature Speed Readings in RPM F1 F2 Time In Inlet Outlet Inlet Outlet Inlet Outlet In In in T6C Ml T2C T3C T1C T2C T4C T5C Kgs Kgs Secs. 1 2(a) 2(b) 3(a) 3(b) 4(a) 4(b) 5(a) 5(b) 6(a) 6(b) 7

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CALCULATIONS: 1.FUEL CONSUMPTION IN Kg/Hr

WF =

Column(3a)oftablereadings x 3.06 Column(3b)oftablereadings

2. ENGINE OUT PUT BHP:

BP=

2 N ( F 1 F 2) r KW 4500
rRadius of brake drum in mts =0.185 mt F1&F2- Force indicated on spring balance in KGs

Where, N- Speed of engine in RPM

3.SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION (SFC):

SFC =

WF Kg/BHP. Hr BHP

4. FUEL HP(THERMAL HORSE POWER),

FHP=

WF x CV x J 60 X 4500

Where, Cv = Calorific value of diesel= 10000 K.Cal /Kg J= Mechanical equivalent of heat=427 kg.m / K.Cal

5. PERCENTAGE THERMAL EFFICIENCY. % th =

BHP x 100 FHP

6. AIR CONSUMPTION IN Kg/ Hr Wa Wa = 0.6 x A0 x Va x 1.29 x 60 x 60

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4 Where d= Dia.of the orifice in m = 0.015 mt Va = 2g (hm/1000) x [( w a ) - 1] Where g = 9.81 m/ sce2

Where, Ao = Area of the orifice in m2 =

d2

hm = Manometer reading in mm (column 5) w = Density of water = 1000 Kg/ m3 a = Density of air = 1.29 Kg/ m3 7.AIR TO FUEL CONSUMPTION RATIO. Air to fuel consumption ratio =
Wa WF

8.. TABLE OF CALCULATIONS. Fuel Air Engine Air to Fuel Engine Consumed Consumed Sl.NO RPM Ratio output Wf Wa N Wa / Wf BHP In Kg/Hr In Kg/Hr 1 2 3 4 5 6 Specific fuel consumption SFC Fuel HP FHP Brake % thermal efficiency

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9. HEAT BALANCE SHHET ON MINUTE BASIS:

1. Heat supplied in fuel = Fuel consumed in Kg/min x Cv WF x 10000 = K.Cal / min-------------------I 60 2. Heat carried away by engine head cooling water = mw x Cw x (T1-T2) K.Cal / min------------------------II 3. Heat carried away by calorie meter water = mw x Cw x (T3-T2) K.Cal / min------------------------III 4. Heat carried away by the exhaust gasses =mg x Cp x [T5-T4] K.Cal / min------------------------IV mg = Mass of gas = Wa + WF 5.Radiation & un Accounted = I-[ BHP+ II + III+IV] K.Cal/minV

RESULT: Heat balance sheet is as follows CREDIT Kilo Calories % DEBIT 1.Brake power Kilo Calories BHP %
BHP x 100 I

2.Engine head water Heat supplied in fuel

II

II x 100 I
III x 100 I IV x 100 I V x 100 I

100

3.Calorie meter water

III

4.Exhaust gasses

IV

5.Radiation and unaccounted ( by difference) 100

100

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ECONAMICAL SPPED TEST (4-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE)

AIM: To conduct economical speed test on 4-Stroke diesel engine(Single cylinder)

THEORY: The Test Ring consists of Four-Stroke Diesel Engine, to be tested for performance, is connected to Rope Brake Drum with Spring Balance (Mechanical Dynamometer) with Exhaust Gas Calorimeter. The arrangement is made for the following measurements of the Set-up :

1) The Rate of Fuel Consumption is measured by using the pipette reading against the known time. 2) Air Flow is measured by Manometer connected to Air Box. 3) The different mechanical loading is achieved by operating the spring balance of dynamometer in steps. 4) The different mechanical energy is measured by spring balance and radius of brake drum. 5) The Engine Speed (RPM) is measured by electronic digital RPM Counter. 6) Temperature at different points is measured by electronic digital Temperature Indicator. 7) Water Flow Rate through the engine & calorimeter is measured by Water meter. The whole instrumentation is mounted on a self contained unit ready for table operation.

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PROCEDURE: 1. Check the diesel in the diesel tank. 2. Allow diesel, start the engine by using hand cranking. 3. The engine is set to the speed of 1500 RPM. 4. Apply load from the spring balance of dynamometer. 5. Allow some time so that the speed stabilizes. 6. Now take down spring balance readings. 7. Put tank valve in to pipette position and note down the time taken for particular quantity of fuel consumed by the engine. 8. Note down the temperature readings at different points. 9. Note down the water readings. 10. Repeat the procedure (4)&(7) for different loads. 11. Tabulate the readings as shown in the enclosed list. 12. After the experiment is over ,keep the diesel control valve at mains position. OBSERVATIONS: Engine Speed in RPM Spring balance Readings F1 F2 In Kgs In Kgs Fuel pipette readings In ml Time in Secs. Air flow Manometer readings in mm of water H1 H2

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CALCULATIONS 1.FUEL CONSUMPTION IN Kg/Hr

WF =

Column(3a)oftablereadings x 3.06 Column(3b)oftablereadings

2. ENGINE OUT PUT BHP:

BP=

2 N ( F 1 F 2) r KW 4500

Where, N- Speed of engine in RPM rRadius of brake drum in mts =0.185 mt F1&F2- Force indicated on spring balance in KGs

3.SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION (SFC):

SFC =

WF Kg/BHP. hr BHP

4. FUEL HP(THERMAL HORSE POWER),

FHP=

WF x CV x J 60 X 4500
J= Mechanical equivalent of heat=427 kg.m / K.Cal

Where, Cv = Calorific value of diesel= 10000 K.Cal /Kg

5. PERCENTAGE THERMAL EFFICIENCY. % th =

BHP x 100 FHP

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6. AIR CONSUMPTION IN Kg/ Hr Wa Wa = 0.6 x A0 x Va x 1.29 x 60 x 60 Where, Ao = Area of the orifice in m2 = d2

4 Where d= Dia.of the orifice in m = 0.015 mt Va = 2g (hm/1000) x [( w a ) - 1] Where g = 9.81 m/ sce2 hm = Manometer reading in mm (column 5) w = Density of water = 1000 Kg/ m3 a = Density of air = 1.29 Kg/ m3

7. AIR TO FUEL CONSUMPTION RATIO. Air to fuel consumption ratio =

Wa WF

Fuel Air Engine Air to Fuel Engine Consumed Consumed Sl.NO RPM Ratio output Wf Wa N Wa / Wf BHP In Kg/Hr In Kg/Hr 1 2 3 4 5 6

Specific fuel consumption SFC

Fuel HP FHP

Brake % thermal efficiency

RESULT; Economical speed test on 4-Stroke diesel engine(Single cylinder) is conducted. From the graph economical speed of engine is---------------RPM @---------HP

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PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR AIM: To study the working of double stage air compressor and determination of volumetric efficiency, mechanical efficiency. THEORY: When the motor is started, air is sucked from the atmosphere through the inlet air filter and orifice meter and compressed in the LP Cylinder. The hot and compressed air is colled in the intercooler and again compressed in the HP Cylinder.Finnally, high pressure air passes into air receiver tank through after coller and non-return valve. The compressor motor unit consists of a AC motor. The AC motor body frame is mounted on trunnion bearing which swivels on application of load/torque on the motor. The torque/load developed is measured at the torque arm of 0.2m using a spring balance. The encoders (speed pick-ups) are provided for both motor and compressor shafts for measurement of RPM. A toggle switch and digital RPM indicator are provided in the control panel The control console consists of digital speed indicator, temperature indicator, double column manometer for air flow measurement, pressure gauges for pressure rise measurement after each stage separately,energy meter to measure electrical input to the motor. The neccssary mains ON indicators and switches are provided for completeness of the instrumentation. The complete unit is built-in. Foundation is not neccssary for installation of the test rig. The pressure tappings and temperature sensors after each stage are connected to pressure gauges and indicators in the control panel. Air volume measuring chamber with orifice of 15mm diameter is fixed beneath the control console and tappings connected to double column manometer for air intake measurements. PROCEDURE; 1. Release the pressure of air fully from tank, if previously pressurized. 2. Check zero level in the double column. 3. Switch ON the mains and observe the light indicators ON. 4. Keep the outlet valve closed. 5. Switch-ON the starter and allow motor to run full speed.

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6. As the pressure in the receiver tank increases , set the pressure by obtaining the delivery valve to 1,2,3 Kg/ cm2 as observed from the pressure gauge and note the readings. 7. Note down the flow rate manometer readings at different pressures. 8. Note down pressure after LP cylinder, after HP cylinder, temperatures after LP cylinder, after inter cooler , after HP cylinder and at the inlet. 9. Note down the energy meter reading, speed and air temperature. 10. Tabulate the above readings as shown. 11. Stop the compressor and release the pressure from the tank after the experiment is completed. OBSERVATIONS:

T1= Air inlet temperature T2= After first stage T3=After inter cooler T4=After second Stage E.M Constant=150 Rev/ KWH Orifice Dia=15mm Torque arm=0.2m

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Sl. No

P1(LP) Pressure after first stage in Kg/ cm2

Energy P2(HP) meter Pressure reading after No.of second revns./ stage in Time Kg/ cm2 in Secs.

Air flow across Orifice in mm of water hw

RPM of RPM compre of ssor motor

Swinging field Spring balance readings inKg T1

Temperature Points

T2

T3

T4

1 2 3 4 5

CALCULATIONS: 1. Density of Air at 30 C (a) 2. Water Density (w) = 1.293 Kg/ m3 = 1000 Kg/ m3

3. Acceleration due to gravity,g = 9.81 m/sec2 4. Orifice diameter = 15 mm

5. Co-efficient of discharge of orifice, Cd= 0.64 6. Torque arm distance 7. INPUT TO COMPRESSOR = 0.2m =Energy meter reading =
5 60 x 60 1000 x x hp 150 736 t ( where t is time in Secs.for 5 revns)

Wa Q H 736 Where, Wa = 1.293 Kg/ m3 = 12.68 N/ m3 P H(Head in meters of water) = x 104 Wa P is read on after HP cylinder pressure in Kg/ cm2

8. COMPRESSOR OUTPUT

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Q(Flow rate) = Cd A

2 g Ha
4

m3/ sec x d2 = 1.766 x 10 -4 m2

A (Area of orifice) = Ha =
hw 1000
w a

1 = 0.772 hw
2 x 9.81 x 0.772 hw

Q = 0.62 x1.766 x 10 -4 m2 x Q = 4.2612x10 -4 x hw

Where hw = Head measured in mm of water across orifice plate. 9. % EFFICIENCY OF COMPRESSOR (MECHANICAL) %
compressor

Compressor output x 100 Electrical input

10. SWEPT VOLUME OF PISTON (LP) = Area of Piston x Stroke Vs1= x (0.07)2 x 0.085 = 3.2711 x 10 -4 m3

11. SWEPT VOLUME OF PISTON (LP) = Area of Piston x Stroke Vs2= x (0.05)2 x 0.085 = 1.6689 x 10 -4 m3

Vs = Vs1+ Vs2 12. ACTUAL AIR SWEPT

Va =

Q x 60 m3 RPM of compressor

13.VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY

Va x 100 Vs

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Sl.No Electrical Discharge H Input in Q In mts HP In m3/sec of air 1 2 3 4 5

Compressor Output in HP

Theoretical swept volume

Actual swept volume

% efficiency
(Mechanical)

% volumetric efficiency

RESULT: Volumetric efficiency, mechanical efficiency of double stage air compressor is calculated.

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PORT TIMING DIAGRAM OF A 2-STROKE PETROL ENGINE

AIM: To draw the port timing diagram of a 2-stroke petrol engine by studying given out section model THEORY: Port timing diagram is a graphical representation of exact model is the sequence of operations at which inlet exhaust and transfer port open and closes as well as firing of fuel. It is generally exposed in terms of angular position of crank shaft. In theoretical port timing diagram of 2-stroke petrol engine. The fuel is fired at A i.e., spark advances takes places from TDC to BDC at B both inlet & exhaust ports are open and motion as well as exhaust port are takes place from B to C position moves first to BDC and then slightly upwards to C. Both the plates parts are closed and compression takes place from C to A. The crank shaft revolves through 1200 appproximately and piston moves to TDC in 2-stroke engine crank revolves through 3600 In actual port timing diagram the expansion of the change starts as position of piston moves from TDC towards BDC first of all burnt gases leaving the cylinders after a small revolution of crank revolution. The transfer port also opens and fresh fuel air mixture center into engine cylinder now piston reaches BDC and then starts moving up wards. As crank moves a little and BDC. The first transfer port closes and then exhaust port closes. Now the change is compressed with both parts closed & then ignited with help of spark plug before the end of compression stroke. This is done as the change required same time to ignite by the time position reaches to TDC. The burnt gasses push the position downwards with fire and the expansion of burnt gasses takes place opens and close at equal angle on either side of BDC position. TPC: Transfer port closed 640 after BDC EPC: Exhaust port closed 830 after BDC EPO: Exhaust port opens 680 before BDC TPO: Transfer port opens 480 before BDC

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PROCEDURE: 1. First observe the various parts of a 2-stroke petrol engine at given section model 2. Now set up the pointer which placed on the flywheel to 00 and position at BDC 3. Slowly move the flywheel after some time before reaching TDC. Then inlet port opens measure of angle at which pointer shows 4. The inlet port opens at 300 before TDC. now position reaches TDC and BDC the inlet valve closes 700 before BDC 5. The spark advance takes places 450 before TDC the exhaust port closes at800 after BDC and transfer port closes at 600 after BDC 6. Now position moves from TDC towards BDC suction and compression starts in previous stroke which the piston reaches BDC. And again inlet port closer at 700 before BDC 7. Transfer port is closed at 600 after BDC and and exhaust port closes at 800 after BDC RESULT: 1. Scavenging suction process covered = 2. Compression process covered= 3. Expansion process covered= 4. Exhaust process covered=

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VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM OF 4-STROKE DISEL ENGINE

AIM: To draw the valve timing diagram of 4-stroke engine by studying the cut section model THEORY: 1. The Theoretical valve timing diagram for 4-stroke diesel engine is shown in figure. In this the diagram inlet valve opens at A. 2. The solution takes place from A to B. The crank shaft revolves through 1800 & the piston moves from TDC to BDC. 3. It B the inlet valve closes and the compression revolves through 1800 and the piston moves from BD to TDC. 4. A C the fuel injection takes places i.e. injection valve opens and fuel is fixed by the compression IVO: Inlet Valve open IVC: Inlet valve close FVO: Fuel valve open FVC: Fuel valve close EVO: Exhaust valve open EVC: Exhaust valve close

PROCEDURE: 1. Observe the various parts of4-stroke diesel engine and various strokes of engine. After this set the pointer at flywheel at zero 2. Now position at BDC on moving slowly the flywheel inlet valve opens before the position reaching to TDC. Reading are noted 3. Inlet valve opens before TDC and after slowly moved flywheel in the same direction. The position reaches TDC and then BDC 4. After BDC the inlet valve closes note the position of the inlet valve closes 130 after BDC 5. Slowly move the flywheel in same direction after closing of inlet valve suction stroke is completed

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6. Exhaust valve is opens at 350 before BDC exhaust valve closes 80 after TDC. Same time exhaust stroke completes and cycle is completed PRECAUTIONS: 1. Readings should be taking without parallax error 2. Observe carefully the valves are closed or in open RESULT: The valve timing diagram of 4-stroke diesel engine is studied with the help of given cut section model 1. Suction covered = 2. Compression covered = 3. Expansion covered = 4. Exhaust covered = 5. Overlap =

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DIS-ASSEMBLY AND ASSEMBLY OF A ENGINE.

AIM:

To study the procedure for dis-assembly and assembly of a specific engine by making a practical trail on it.

THEORY: The main parts of any engine are, Cylinder Block: 1. It forms the basic frame work of the engine. 2. It houses the engine cylinders. 3. Serves as bearing or support and guides the piston reciprocating in it. 4. Block contains passengers for circulation of cooling water and lubricating oil. There are two types of rings a) Compression ring b) Oil control ring

Connecting rod: It connects the piston with the crank shaft thus facilitative the transmission of power combustion chamber to the crank shaft it also converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of crank shaft. Fly wheel: The fly wheel absorbs the energy power source and gives out this energy the other 3-strokes keeping the crank shaft rotating at uniform speed through out. Cam shaft : A shaft is responsible for opening the valves on addition the crank shaft operates. Cylinder head: 1. The head is a mano block casting. 2. It contains spark plug notes and cooling water Sackets, valve opening mechanism is mounted. 3. Complete valve opening mechanism is mounted on the head.

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Piston: The top of the piston is called head or crown it may be either done are may specially to form a desired shape of combustion chamber jointly with the cylinder block.

Piston pin: It provides a seal b/w the piston fuel pump. Oil pump and distributor valves. Valves: These are accurate by the cams which in turn are operated by crank shaft and perform following functions.

PROCEDURE FOR ENGINE DIS-ASSEMBLY. For dis-assembly the engine,it should be mounted in a suitable stand.Engine disassembly is carried out in a sequence as follows and engine is out of the vehicle and all the accessories have been removed and oil has been drained. Remove water pump. Remove exhaust manifold Remove oil filter Remove water outlet fitting Remove thermostat Remove crank shaft pulley Remove oil pump Remove crank case ventilation valve Remove rocker arm assembly Remove cylinder head. Remove oil pan. Remove piston rod and connecting rod. Remove timing gear cover. Remove front end plate. Remove fly wheel housing. Remove fly wheel, clutch Remove crank shaft. Remove exhaust valve and springs.

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Remove cam shaft, valve tappers. Remove oil gallery plugs.

PROCEDURE FOR ENGINE DIS-ASSEMBLY. First clean the cylinder block with fresh oils. Piston is connected to connecting rod with gudge pin .This piston have the piston rings. After fixing the rings piston is inserted in to the cylinder block with help of ring compressor. These rings are fitted in the piston grooves with help of calipers. The crank shaft has been placed on the bottom of the cylinder block the connecting rod is connected to its crank. The fly wheel is attached to the crank shaft one side. On the other side of the crank shaft timing gear is fitted. It is for valve operating. This equipment is placed on the sump of the engine. After fixing on the sump the cam shafts are fitted in the cylinder head in the inlet valve & exhaust valves are fitted with help of G-clamp To this cylinder the intake manifold and injectors are fitted one side. Other side of the cylinder head the exhaust manifold is fitted. Fill the sump with new oil. After fill up the oil the water pump is fitted. The thermostat is also fitted to this engine then the re assembly of the given engine is completed.

RESULT: Thus the procedure of the assembling of a engine is studied and recorded.

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