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The energy content of biomass is obviously a very important parameter from the standpoint
of conversion of biomass to energy and synfuels. The different components in biomass would
be expected to have different heats of combustion because of the different chemical structures
and carbon content.
Energy content equations:
Bain/Graboski (1979):
HHV [Btu/lb] = 85,65 +137,04 C + 217,55 H + 62,56 N 107,73 S + 8,04 O - 12,94 Ash
Dulong-Petit (Perry, 1997)
HHV [kJ/kg] = 337 C + 1428 (H - O/8) + 95 S
Dulong-Petit (Tillman)
HHV [Btu/lb] = 14490 C + 61000 H + 5550 S
HHV [Btu/lb] = 14440 C + 61020 H + 5550 S - 6590 O - (39 O)^2
Boie (Standard and modified for MSW respectively)
HHV [kJ/kg] = 351,7 C + 1162,4 H + 104,6 S - 110,9 O + 62,8 N - 439,6
HHV [kJ/kg] = 227,9 C + 1162,4 H + 104,6 S + 58,2 O + 62,8 N - 439,6
Vondracek
HHV [kcal/kg] = 85 C + 270 H +25 S - 27 O
HHV [kcal/kg] = (89,1 - 0,067 C) + 270 H + 25 S - 27 O
IGT/Graboski
HHV(kJ/g) = 0.341 C+ 1.322 H + 0.0686 S - 0.120 (O+N) - 0.0153 Ash
Atlas of Thermal Data (NREL/TP-433-7965)
HHV(kJ/g) = 0.3491 C + 1.1783 H + 0.1005 S -0.1034 O -0.0151 N - 0.0211 Ash
Channiwala
HHV [kJ/kg] = 349,1 C + 1178,3 H - 103,4 O + 100,5 S - 15,1 N - 21,1 Ash
Dr. Demirbas, published in the journal Fuel in 1997:
HHV = 0.312(FC) + 0.1534(VM).
Dr. Demirbas, published in the journal Fuel in 1997:
HHV = 0.196(FC) + 14.119.
Dr. Demirbas
The HHV(kJ g1) of the biomass fuel as a function of lignin content (L, wt%) was calculated
using the following equations:
The HHV is calculated from the ash, C, and H content by (Sheng and Azevedo, 2005):
HHV (MJ/kg) = -1.3675 + 0.3137C + 0.7009H + 0.0318 O*
Where O* = the sum of the contents of oxygen and other elements (including S, N, Cl, etc.)
in the organic matter, i.e. O*=100%-C-H-Ash.
Milnes formula
HHV(MJ/kg) = 338.2 x C + 1442.8 x (H-O/8)
Grummel and Davis
HHV, Btu/lb = [654.3 H/(100-A) + 424.62] [C/3 + H O/8 + S/8}
Mott and Spooner
HHV, Btu/lb = 144.54 C + 610.2 H + 40.5 S 62.46 O O < 15%
HHV, Btu/lb = 144.54 C + 610.2 H + 40.5 S [65.88 30.96 O/(100-Ash) (O)]
O > 15%
Carbon, %
Hydrogen, %
Oxygen, %
Nitrogen, %
Sulfur, %
Ash, %
Pine
0.518
0.063
0.413
0.001
0.000
0.005
Pine
Bain/Graboski
(1979),kJ/kg
Dulong-Petit (Perry,
1997)
Dulong-Petit
(Tillman)
Boie
Vondracek
Atlas
IGT
Milnes formula
Grummel and
Davis
Francis and Lloyd
Giant
Brown
Kelp
0.277
0.037
0.282
0.012
0.003
0.389
Giant
Brown
Kelp
Water
Hyacinth
0.411
0.053
0.288
0.020
0.004
0.224
Livestock
waste
0.351
0.053
0.332
0.025
0.004
0.235
RDF
0.412
0.055
0.387
0.005
0.002
0.139
Water
Hyacinth
Livestock
waste
RDF
388.305
290.716
345.618
328.478
348.630
190.810
96.502
162.958
135.089
148.495
186.551
209.673
208.536
208.046
210.168
191.599
96.399
110.495
108.911
101.069
102.623
96.542
160.064
175.716
173.611
168.052
169.979
163.311
133.471
150.224
147.475
142.878
143.596
135.300
146.198
166.437
164.989
162.475
164.173
148.897
314.914
221.668
152.597
118.317
266.170
184.066
209.072
159.272
237.875
177.335
450.000
400.000
350.000
Bain/Graboski (1979),kJ/kg
Dulong-Petit (Perry, 1997)
300.000
/g
J
,k
V
H
Dulong-Petit (Tillman)
250.000
Boie
200.000
Vondracek
Atlas
150.000
IGT
Milnes formula
100.000
50.000
0.000
Pine
Water Hyacinth
Biomass
Livestock waste
RDF