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IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Standard

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Outline
n

Wireless LAN Technology Medium Access Control for Wireless IEEE 802.11

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Wireless LAN Applications

n n n n

LAN Extension Cross-building interconnect Nomadic Access Ad hoc networking

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LAN Extension
n

Wireless LAN linked into a wired LAN on same premises

n

Wired LAN
n n

Backbone Support servers and stationary workstations Stations in large open areas Manufacturing plants, stock exchange trading floors, and warehouses

Wireless LAN
n n

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Multiple-cell Wireless LAN

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Cross-Building Interconnect
n

Connect LANs in nearby buildings

n

Wired or wireless LANs

n n

Point-to-point wireless link is used Devices connected are typically bridges or routers

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Nomadic Access
n

Wireless link between LAN hub and mobile data terminal equipped with antenna
n

Laptop computer or notepad computer Transfer data from portable computer to office server Extended environment such as campus

Uses:
n

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Ad Hoc Networking
n

Temporary peer-to-peer network set up to meet immediate need Example:

n

n n

Group of employees with laptops convene for a meeting; employees link computers in a temporary network for duration of meeting Military applications Disaster scenarios

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Wireless LAN Parameters

n n n n n n n n n n

Throughput Number of nodes Connection to backbone LAN Service area Battery power consumption Transmission robustness and security Collocated network operation License-free operation Handoff/roaming Dynamic configuration

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Wireless LAN Categories

n n n

Infrared (IR) LANs Spread spectrum LANs Narrowband microwave

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Strengths of Infrared Over Microwave Radio

n

Spectrum for infrared virtually unlimited

n

Possibility of high data rates

n n n

Infrared spectrum unregulated Equipment inexpensive and simple Reflected by light-colored objects
n

Ceiling reflection for entire room coverage More easily secured against eavesdropping Less interference between different rooms

Doesnt penetrate walls

n n

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Drawbacks of Infrared Medium

n

Indoor environments experience infrared background radiation

n n

Sunlight and indoor lighting Ambient radiation appears as noise in an infrared receiver Transmitters of higher power required
n

Limited by concerns of eye safety and excessive power consumption

Limits range

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Spread Spectrum LANs

n n n

Multiple cell arrangement Most popular type of wireless LAN Two configurations:
n n

Hub topology: infrastructure mode Peer-to-peer topology: multi-hop ad hoc network

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Spread Spectrum LAN configurations

n

Hub topology:
n n n n n

Mounted on the ceiling and connected to backbone Need MAC protocol May act as multiport repeater Automatic handoff of mobile stations Stations in cell either:
n n

Transmit to / receive from hub only Broadcast using omnidirectional antenna

Peer-to-peer mode:
n n

No hub Need a distributed MAC protocol

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IEEE 802 Protocol Layers

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Protocol Architecture
n

Functions of physical layer:

n n

n n

Encoding/decoding of signals Preamble generation/removal (for synchronization) Bit transmission/reception Includes specification of the transmission medium

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Protocol Architecture
n

Functions of medium access control (MAC) layer:

n

On transmission, assemble data into a frame with address and error detection fields On reception, disassemble frame and perform address recognition and error detection Govern access to the LAN transmission medium Provide an interface to higher layers and perform flow and error control

Functions of logical link control (LLC) Layer:

n

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Separation of LLC and MAC

n

The logic required to manage access to a shared-access medium not found in traditional layer 2 data link control For the same LLC, several MAC options may be provided

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MAC Frame Format

n

MAC control
n

Contains Mac protocol information Destination physical attachment point Source physical attachment point Cyclic redundancy check

Destination MAC address

n

Source MAC address

n

CRC
n

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Logical Link Control

n

Characteristics of LLC not shared by other control protocols:

n

Must support multiaccess, shared-medium nature of the link Relieved of some details of link access by MAC layer

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LLC Services
n

Unacknowledged connectionless service

n n

No flow- and error-control mechanisms Data delivery not guaranteed Logical connection set up between two users Flow- and error-control provided Cross between previous two Datagrams acknowledged No prior logical setup

Connection-mode service
n n

Acknowledged connectionless service

n n n

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Differences between LLC and HDLC

n

LLC uses asynchronous balanced mode of operation of HDLC (type 2 operation) LLC supports unacknowledged connectionless service (type 1 operation) LLC supports acknowledged connectionless service (type 3 operation) LLC permits multiplexing by the use of LLC service access points (LSAPs)

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IEEE 802.11 Architecture

n n n

Distribution system (DS) Access point (AP) Basic service set (BSS)
n

Stations competing for access to shared wireless medium Isolated or connected to backbone DS through AP Two or more basic service sets interconnected by DS

Extended service set (ESS)

n

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IEEE 802.11 Services

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Overview, 802.11 Architecture

ESS Existing Wired LAN STA STA

AP BSS Infrastructur e Network STA Ad Hoc Network BSS STA

AP BSS STA

STA BSS STA Ad Hoc Network

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Distribution of Messages Within a DS

n

Distribution service
n

Used to exchange MAC frames from station in one BSS to station in another BSS Transfer of data between station on IEEE 802.11 LAN and station on integrated IEEE 802.x LAN

Integration service
n

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Transition Types Based On Mobility

n

No transition
n

Stationary or moves only within BSS Station moving from one BSS to another BSS in same ESS Station moving from BSS in one ESS to BSS within another ESS

BSS transition
n

ESS transition
n

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Association-Related Services
n

Association
n

Establishes initial association between station and AP Enables transfer of association from one AP to another, allowing station to move from one BSS to another Association termination notice from station or AP

Reassociation
n

Disassociation
n

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Access and Privacy Services

n

Authentication
n

Establishes identity of stations to each other Invoked when existing authentication is terminated Prevents message contents from being read by unintended recipient

Deathentication
n

Privacy
n

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IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control

n

MAC layer covers three functional areas:

n n n

Reliable data delivery Access control Security

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Reliable Data Delivery

n n

More efficient to deal with errors at the MAC level than higher layer (such as TCP) Frame exchange protocol
n n n

Source station transmits data Destination responds with acknowledgment (ACK) If source doesnt receive ACK, it retransmits frame Source issues request to send (RTS) Destination responds with clear to send (CTS) Source transmits data Destination responds with ACK

Four frame exchange

n n n n

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Access Control

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Medium Access Control Logic

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Interframe Space (IFS) Values

n

Short IFS (SIFS)

n n

Shortest IFS Used for immediate response actions Midlength IFS Used by centralized controller in PCF scheme when using polls Longest IFS Used as minimum delay of asynchronous frames contending for access

Point coordination function IFS (PIFS)

n n

Distributed coordination function IFS (DIFS)

n n

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IFS Usage
n

SIFS
n n n

Acknowledgment (ACK) Clear to send (CTS) Poll response Used by centralized controller in issuing polls Takes precedence over normal contention traffic Used for all ordinary asynchronous traffic

PIFS
n n

DIFS
n

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MAC Frame Format

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MAC Frame Fields

n n n

n n n

Frame Control frame type, control information Duration/connection ID channel allocation time Addresses context dependant, types include source and destination Sequence control numbering and reassembly Frame body MSDU or fragment of MSDU Frame check sequence 32-bit CRC

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Frame Control Fields

n n n n n n n

Protocol version 802.11 version Type control, management, or data Subtype identifies function of frame To DS 1 if destined for DS From DS 1 if leaving DS More fragments 1 if fragments follow Retry 1 if retransmission of previous frame

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Frame Control Fields

n

Power management 1 if transmitting station is in sleep mode More data Indicates that station has more data to send WEP 1 if wired equivalent protocol is implemented Order 1 if any data frame is sent using the Strictly Ordered service

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Control Frame Subtypes

n n n n n n

Power save poll (PS-Poll) Request to send (RTS) Clear to send (CTS) Acknowledgment Contention-free (CF)-end CF-end + CF-ack

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Data Frame Subtypes

n

Data-carrying frames
n n n n

Data Data + CF-Ack Data + CF-Poll Data + CF-Ack + CF-Poll Null Function CF-Ack CF-Poll CF-Ack + CF-Poll

Other subtypes (dont carry user data)

n n n n

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Management Frame Subtypes

n n n n n n n

Association request Association response Reassociation request Reassociation response Probe request Probe response Beacon

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Management Frame Subtypes

n n n n

Announcement traffic indication message Dissociation Authentication Deauthentication

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Wired Equivalent Privacy

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Authentication
n

Open system authentication

n

Exchange of identities, no security benefits Shared Key assures authentication

Shared Key authentication

n

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Physical Media Defined by Original 802.11 Standard

n

Direct-sequence spread spectrum

n n

Operating in 2.4 GHz ISM band Data rates of 1 and 2 Mbps Operating in 2.4 GHz ISM band Data rates of 1 and 2 Mbps 1 and 2 Mbps Wavelength between 850 and 950 nm

Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

n n

Infrared
n n

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IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11b

n

IEEE 802.11a
n n n

Makes use of 5-GHz band Provides rates of 6, 9 , 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 Mbps Uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) Subcarrier modulated using BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM or 64-QAM Provides data rates of 5.5 and 11 Mbps Complementary code keying (CCK) modulation scheme

IEEE 802.11b
n n

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