Signals and Systems Coursework

Simulating and Analyzing a Low Pass Filter

Table of Contents:

Page:

1. Assignment Description:
Introduction .............................................................................. Part 1 ........................................................................................

2. System Step Response:

Part 2 ......................................................................................... Part 3 ......................................................................................... Part 4 .........................................................................................

3. System Frequency Response:

Part 5 ......................................................................................... Part 6 ......................................................................................... Part 7 .........................................................................................

4. References ...

I.

Assignment Description

Introduction: This assignments aim is to understand the functioning of a second order electrical circuit, analyzing the filtering and frequency response properties of the same, both theoretically and via simulation. The circuit that will be analyzed is below.

Fig 1: RLC circuit.

The circuit consists of a Resistor (R = 1 ohm), a Capacitor (C = 1 farad) and an Inductor (L = 1 henry). The input x(t) is the source voltage and the output y(t) is the voltage across the capacitor. Using mathematical skills and Matlab software (along with the tool Simulink), the goal of each student is to solve each of the questions below, analyzing and explaining each of the results. Part 1: Consider i(t) is the current flowing at time t in the circuit and q(t) is the charge on the capacitor, then the voltage across R, Land C, respectively are Ri(t), L and y(t)= . Using kirchhoffs law that says that the voltage between any two points has to be independent of the path used to travel between the two points, these three voltages must add up to x(t) so that: Ri(t) + L + = x(t) (1)

Assuming that R, L, C and x(t) are known, this is still one differential equation with two unknowns, i(t) and q(t). Fortunately, there is a relationship between them: i(t) = = C y(t) (2)

Subbing (2) into (1) gives : LC y(t) + RC y(t)+ y(t) = x(t) That is the equation that we need. II. System Step Response Part 2: All the information contained in an LTI ODE is contained in the CT impulse response signal h(t): (4) h(t) represents the impulse (unforced) solution to the ODE. From equation number 3, using Laplace Transform, we can find the transfer function of the circuit and then the time constant and time period, as follows: ( ) (5) Isolating Y(s), it is possible to find: (6) that is the transfer function. From equation 6, we have the following values of s:
( )

(3)

(7) and .

From equation 7, it is possible to identify the time constant as: (8) Like L and R equal 1, Also from 7, we have that : (9)

So, substituting

for 2f: (10)

Part 3: To find the state gain, we should set all derivatives in the ODE equals to zero, i.e., (11) The gain can then be calculated as:

Part 4: Entering the system as a transfer function in Simulink, we have the following result:

Fig 2: Simulink model.

Fig 3: System response.

Part 5:

System Frequency Response

i)

{ { } { }

} {

{ }

} { }

(12)

ii)

| (

| )

|=| ( | |

(13) ( ) (14) ( 0 -0.32 -/2 -2.55 0.10 )

0 0.3 1 2 10 Table 1: Magnitude and Phase.

1 1.04 1 0.28 0.01

To sketch the magnitude and phase graphs, the following MatLab code: >> syms s ; >> X = 1/(-s^2 + i*s + 1); >> figure; ezplot(abs(X), [-100 100]); title('magnitude'); >> logX=log(X); >> figure,ezplot((logX-conj(logX))/2i,[-100 100]); title('phase');

Fig 4: Magnitude sketch.

phase

3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0 s

20

40

60

80

100

Fig 5: Phase sketch

iii)
Looking at the graphs above, we can see that this circuit works like a low pass filter, since the magnitude of the output reduces as the frequency values increases The Pass Band of the circuit can be calculated using the following equation:

Part 6:

Fig 6: Simulink model.

I.

: phase difference = 1.1s , mag = 1.05

Fig 7: Input = sin(0.3t)

II.

: phase difference = 1.6s , mag = 1

Fig 8: Input = sin(t)

III.

: phase difference = 2 , mag = 0.03

Fig 9: Input = sin(10t). IV. : phase diff = 1.5 s, mag = 1

Fig 10: Simulink model.

Fig 11: Input =

Part 7: We can find the new circuit characteristics from the following steps:

(16)

( ) =( ) Keeping R and L equal 1, and changing C to 4, we have the new transfer function: = . (17)

The new cut-off frequency can be represented in the graph bellow:

Conclusion:

www.iam.ubc.ca/~sospedra/03-RLC.pdf http://www.lx.it.pt/~lbalmeida/sinaisesistemas/respostas%20no%20tempo.pdf