Spinel CuCr2Se4 x Brx Berrys

Spinel CuCr2Se4 x Brx

xy

(Anomalous Hall effect)

1879
(E.H. Hall)
(equal potential line)

(Hall Effect)
(Johns
Hopkins University)

[1]
()

(electron)
1897

(Lorenz force)
()

(carrier
concentration)

(Hall resistivity,
H )
H = R0B+'H , 'H Rs0M

(1)

'H

B
M (magnetization)
R0 Rs (normal Hall
coefficient) (anomalous
Hall coefficient) 'H
M

1950
(solids)

Karplus Luttinger
(anomalous velocity)[2]
Smit (skew
scattering)[3]

(extrinsic
50 DEC 2009 1

spin-orbit coupling) H
(Hall conductivity, H H / )
(electrons lifetime)

(intrinsic
spin-orbit coupling)

(position
operator x )(k)
K
X(k)
2

(intracell

position

operator)

x = i K + X(k) ( =
k
K
1)( )

K
= K eE kK X(k)

(clean limit)

(moderate)[4]

Spinel CuCr2Se4 x Brx

[5]
Berrys
Berrys
1983 Bristol
2 50 DEC 2009

Michael Berry
Hamiltonian R
(adiabatic evolution)
(wave function)
(dynamic phase)
[6]
v X(R) dR, X(R) n(R) | i R | n(R)

(2)

X(R) Berrys (vector

potential) | n(R)
(eigen-state)(2) X(R)
(curvature)
Berrys (Berrys
phase) (geometric
phase) (wave
mechanics)

Aharonov-Bohm

(magnetic vector potential)

(2) R
Berrys

Berrys
(2)
holonomy

(parallel transport)

(topology)Berrys

 Berrys (connection)

(Bravais lattice)
(Bloch
state)
nk (r) = eikr u nk (r) u nk (r)

k
E (perturbation)
(momentum or reciprocal space)
(2) k
R
Berrys = X(k) dk Berrys
X(k) u nk | i k | u nk

x = i K + X(k)
(gauge transformation
invariance)
Berrys

Hamiltonian = 0 + P perturbed
K

Hamiltonian p = E (ex)
K
K  

= K eE kK X(k)
x = i[ , x]
k

Berrys (Berrys curvature)

Berrys

(Boltzmann transport equation)

K
J

K
K 

J = 2 ek f k d 3k = 2 e K eE (f k0 + g k )d 3k
k

(3)

f k - (Fermi-Dirac
distribution)f k0 (equilibrium)
- g k
(3)
K

J H = 2e2 E [ d 3kf k0]


3
0
d
kf



k

H = ne 2
3
0
d kf k

(4)

n Berrys
(time reversal
symmetry invariance) (parity


symmetry invariance)

Berrys

(spontaneous symmetry breaking)

Berrys
(4)Berrys
H
(diffusive transport)

(impurity)

H
Spinel
CuCr2Se4 (Cu)
(valance) 1+
3+(Cr)
(Anderson)(super-exchange)
(exchange
interaction)

(CuO plane) 180

Cu-O-Cu
50 DEC 2009 3

CuCr2Se4 90

Cr-Se-Cr (exchange
interaction)

CuCr2Se4 Br Se

CuCr2Se4 x Brx

M ( B / Cr)

2.5

5K

2.0

CuCr2Se4-xBrx

1.5

x = 1.0
x = 0.85
x = 0.5
x = 0.25
x=0
(a)

1.0
0.5

2
3
4
0H ( T )

X-Ray
Br x
(a) Spinel
CuCr2Se 4 x Brx

Tc Br x
(b)Tc x
x=0 425K x=1.0 250K
Br
(robust) x=0 1.0
15% Tc
45%
90 Cr-Se-Cr
(a) (logarithmic)
Br x 0.5

300

x 0.5
(insulating) 5K
x=0 0.023mcm x=1.0
32mcm Br
(order of magnitude)

Spinel CuCr2Se4 x Brx

250

450
400
350

TC ( K )

(b)(Curie temperature) Br
x
(vapor transport)
Spinel CuCr2Se4 x Brx

0.3
Tesla x=0
1.0 2.6 B 2.9 B

3.0

0.0
0

(a) Spinel CuCr2Se4 x Brx

200
150
100
50

CuCr2Se4-xBrx

0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

X
4 50 DEC 2009

(a)

x = 1 (A)

10

(thermal
activation)

(disorder) (weak
localization) x
10K
(impurity)
(phonon) 5K
(mean free path)
x

1 (B)
0.85 (A)

( m cm )

0.85 (B)
0.6

0.5 (A,B)
0.25
0.1

0.1

'xy

CuCr2Se4-xBrx
0.01

50

Br
(4)
(b)

100 150 200 250 300

T( K )

'xy / n l0
-23

-7

10

10

xy'/n

-24

-8

10

|xy'|/n (m /)

10

-25

-9

10

10

mfp(at 5K) l0 (m)

(b)

mfp

-26

10

-10

-7

10

-6

10

-5

10

-4

10

10

-3

10

at 5 K ( m )

Spinel CuCr2Se4 x Brx

(a) (b)
'xy / n
l0

X=1.0

( | 'xy | / n ) 10-25 10-24m2/

50

(sign
change)(b)

Br x 0.25 0.5

(4)
50 DEC 2009 5


| 'xy | / n = e 2 Berrys -

(Fermi surface)(band
crossing point)Berrys
Spinel CuCr2Se4
3d
Br

Spinel CuCr2Se4

(intrinsic)
(extrinsic)

Spinel CuCr2Se4 x Brx

(Nernst effect)
(off-diagonal)(Peltier
coefficient) xy (off-diagonal)
xy
(Onsagers
relation) E x
J Qy = xy T 2 E x
(Peltier effect)
Spinel
CuCr2Se4 x Brx (anomalous
Hall current)
(anomalous Hall heat current)(a)
Spinel CuCr2Se4 x Brx
xy 100K xy

xy / T
Br x x
0.85 xy / T [7]
6 50 DEC 2009

(semi-classical)
xy
xy =

2 k 2BT xy

3 e =

(5)

xy
(b) XY = AN A n
xy T
(density of state)
NF(b) xy / T
n x > 0.85
N 0F
(scaling)( (b) )
N 0F (n n 0 ) 3 n 0 (threshold)
1

x > 0.85
x = 1.0
x > 0.85

(hopping transport)

xy = gTN 0F g

-0.5

x=1
x = 0.85
x = 0.6
x = 0.25
x = 0.1

-0.4

Berrys

-0.3

xy ( A/m-K )

Berrys

-0.2

(gauge field)

-0.1

(non-trivial topology)

Berrys (2) R

0.0

(a)
0.1

25

50

75

100

T(K)

(2-D electron
gas)
Berrys
(Landau

xy/T = g NF

-5

x = 0.1
-4

xy/T ( 10 A/m-K )

space) R
(momentum space)
xy

-6

0.25

Level)(gap) xy

-3

-3

-2

0.6
-1

0.85
1.0

(parameter

(b)
1

4
21

-3

n( 10 cm )

Spinel CuCr2Se4 x Brx

(a) xy
(b) xy / T n

(conductance quantum, 2e2/h)

(integer
quantum Hall effect)
(frustration)
(non-collinear)
(localized moment)
Berrys
spin-chirality [8] R
(real space)

(quantum spin hall effect)[9]

Z2 Z2
50 DEC 2009 7

 1
(phase)
(insulating phase)
(gapless)(edge states)
(spin up)
(spin down)
(bulk)

(band)

(dissipationless)

Z2 Berrys

Berrys

Berrys
Berrys

[1] E.H. Hall, Phil. Mag. 10, 301 (1880).

[2] R. Karplus and J.M. Luttinger, Phys. Rev. 34, 1466 (1929).
[3] J. Smit, Physica, 21, 877 (1955).
[4] T. Miyasato et. al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 086602 (2007).
[5] W.L. Lee et al., Science 303, 1647 (2004).
[6] M.V. Berry, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 392, 45 (1984).
[7] W.L. Lee et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 226601 (2004)
[8] Y. Taguchi et al., Science 291, 2573 (2005)
[9]C.L. Kane and E.J. Mele, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 146802 (2005)

106 113

8 50 DEC 2009

E-mailtamt@phys.ntu.edu.twTel02-33665106