DEFINITIONS OF TECHNICAL ANALYSIS:

A method of evaluating securities by relying on the assumption that market data, such as charts, of price, volume, and open interest, can help predict future (usually short-term) market trends. Unlike fundamental analysis, the intrinsic value of the security is considered. Technical analysts believe that they can accurately predict the future price of a stock by looking at its historical prices and other trading variables. Technical assumes that market psychology influences trading in a way that enables predicting when a stock will rise or fall. For that reason, many technical analysts are also market timers, who believe that technical analysis can be applied just as easily to the market as a whole as to an individual stock.

The study of the relationships among the security market variables such as price levels, trading volumes, and price movements so as to gain insights into the supply and demand for securities. Rather than concentrating on earnings, the economic outlook, and other businessrelated factors that influence a security's value, technical analysis attempts to determine the market forces at work on a certain security or on the securities market as a whole. Compare fundamental analysis

A method of evaluating securities by analyzing statistics generated by market activity, such as past prices and volume. Technical analysts do not attempt to measure a security's intrinsic value, but instead use charts and other tools to identify patterns that can suggest future activity. Technical analysts believe that the historical performance of stocks and markets are indications of future performance.

In a shopping mall, a fundamental analyst would go to each store, study the product that was being sold, and then decide whether to buy it or not. By contrast, a technical analyst would sit on a bench in the mall and watch people go into the stores. Disregarding the intrinsic value of the products in the store, the technical analyst's decision would be based on the patterns or activity of people going into each store. Technical analysis is the study of a stock, or the market as a whole, strictly by using the price and volume history of a stock. Technical analysis uses little or no information about the actual business behind the stock. The common belief is that a stock price represents all known information about a stock. Technical analysis is an alternative to fundamental analysis. Technical Analysis is a method of forecasting prices of stocks, bonds, futures contracts, indices, or other financial instruments. The goal of technical analysis is to predict future price level or direction. It tends not to be the goal of technical analysis to explain why prices behave as they do; that would be fundamental analysis. Technical analysis primarily studies the action of a financial market. The working principle behind technical analysis is that any influence on the market is already reflected in current price levels. Followers of technical analysis believe that: 1) prices move in trends, 2) history repeats itself, and 3) the market discounts everything. Technical analysis involves the use of different kinds of charts, or other market indicators such as moving averages, volume and open interest, oscillators, Japanese candlesticks, Elliott Wave Theory, and cycle analysis.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Brown and Jennings (1989)
Brown and Jennings (1989) showed that technical analysis has value in a model in which prices are not fully revealing and traders have rational conjectures about the relation between prices and signals.

Neftci (1991)
Neftci (1991) showed that a few of the rules used in technical analysis generate welldefined techniques of forecasting, but even well-defined rules were shown to be useless in prediction if the economic time series is Gaussian. However, if the processes under consideration are non-linear, then the rules might capture some information. Tests showed that this may indeed be the case for the moving average rule.

Taylor and Allen (1992)

Taylor and Allen (1992) report the results of a survey among chief foreign exchange dealers based in London in November 1988 and found that at least 90 per cent of respondents placed some weight on technical analysis, and that there was a skew towards using technical, rather than fundamental, analysis at shorter time horizons. In a comprehensive and influential

study Brock, Lakonishok and LeBaron (1992) analysed 26 technical trading rules using 90 years of daily stock prices from the Dow Jones Industrial Average up to 1987 and found that they all outperformed the market.

Blume, Easley and OHara (1994)

Blume, Easley and OHara (1994) show that volume provides information on information quality that cannot be deduced from the price. They also show that traders who use information contained in market statistics do better than traders who do not. Neely (1997) explains and reviews technical analysis in the foreign exchange market.

Neely, Weller and Dittmar (1997)

Neely, Weller and Dittmar (1997) Use genetic programming to find technical trading rules in foreign exchange markets. The rules generated economically significant out-of-sample excess returns for each of six exchange rates, over the period 19811995. Lui and Mole (1998) report the results of a questionnaire survey conducted in February 1995 on the use by foreign exchange dealers in Hong Kong of fundamental and technical analyses. They found that over 85% of respondents rely on both methods and, again, technical analysis was more popular at shorter time horizons.

Neely (1998)

Neely(1998) reconciles the fact that using technical trading rules to trade against US intervention in foreign exchange markets can be profitable, yet, longterm, the intervention tends to be profitable.

LeBaron (1999)
LeBaron(1999) shows that, when using technical analysis in the foreign exchange market, after removing periods in which the Federal Reserve is active, exchange rate predictability is dramatically reduced.

Lo, Mamaysky and Wang (2000)

Lo, Mamaysky and Wang (2000) examines the effectiveness of technical analysis on US stocks from 1962 to 1996 and finds that over the 31-year sample period, several technical indicators do provide incremental information and may have some practical value. FernandezRodrguez, Gonzalez-Martel and Sosvilla-Rivero (2000) apply an artificial neural network to the Madrid Stock Market and find that, in the absence of trading costs, the technical trading rule is always superior to a buyand- hold strategy for both bear market and stable market episodes, but not in a bull market. One criticism I have is that beating the market in the absence of costs seems of little significance unless one is interested in finding a signal which will later be incorporated into a full system. Secondly, it is perhaps nave to work on the premise that bull

and bear markets exist. Lee and Swaminathan (2000) demonstrate the importance of past trading volume.

Neely and Weller (2001)

Neely and Weller (2001) use genetic programming to show that technical trading rules can be profitable during US foreign exchange intervention. Cesari and Cremonini (2003) make an extensive simulation comparison of popular dynamic strategies of asset allocation and find that technical analysis only performs well in Pacific markets.

Kavajecz and Odders-White (2004)

Kavajecz and Odders-White (2004) show that support and resistance levels coincide with peaks in depth on the limit order book 1 and moving average forecasts reveal information about the relative position of depth on the book. They also show that these relationships stem from technical rules locating depth already in place on the limit order book

Jim rogers:
Stock futures are contracts where the buyer is long, i.e., takes on the obligation to buy on the contract maturity date, and the seller is short, i.e., takes on the obligation to sell. Stock index futures are generally not delivered in the usual manner, but by cash settlement.

According to Hutchinson:
In finance, a futures contract is a standardized contract, traded on a futures exchange, to buy or sell a certain underlying instrument at a certain date in the future, at a specified price. The

future date is called the delivery date or final settlement date. The pre-set price is called the futures price. The price of the underlying asset on the delivery date is called the settlement price.