THE DESIGN AND BUILDING OF A PROTOTYPE SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION (SCADA) SYSTEM FOR TRAINING PURPOSES

AT THE UNIVERSITY OF GUYANA

A Proposal Submitted by Amir DILLAWAR

Electrical Engineering Faculty of Technology University of Guyana 8th February 2013

Abstract
Supervisory Data Acquisition and Control (SCADA) Systems have applications in a wide spectrum of industries worldwide. Locally, these systems are currently in use by companies such as Wartsila and are currently being implemented in the Guyana Power and Light Inc. (GPL). The University of Guyanas Faculty of Technology, more specifically the Department of Electrical Engineering does not have the facilities to offer training in SCADA Systems. Thus it is the objective of this project to design and build a functional SCADA system that is sufficient to allow for training in the field to be conducted at the Faculty. SCADA Systems are made up of four core components: 1. 2. 3. 4. Data Acquisition Data Communication Data Presentation Control

This project seeks to design a system that utilizes at least two communication channels to carry out a maximum of ten (10) functions. The data presentation aspect is usually done though a graphical user interface running on a personal computer that has SCADA software already installed. The software that will be utilized in this project would be non-proprietary, open source software that can be modified to suit the requirements of the project.

Contents
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 1 List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. 3 List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. 3 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Background ................................................................................................................................. 4 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................................ 6 Objectives ................................................................................................................................... 6 Scope of Work ................................................................................................................................ 7 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Literature Review........................................................................................................................ 7 What is a SCADA System? .................................................................................................... 7 Sensors and Control Relays/Actuators.................................................................................... 9 Remote Telemetry Units (RTUs) .......................................................................................... 11 PLCs Used as RTUs.............................................................................................................. 16 Master Unit (MTU) ............................................................................................................... 17 Communications ................................................................................................................... 22 Plan of Implementation ................................................................................................................. 24 Schedule ........................................................................................................................................ 25 Budget ........................................................................................................................................... 26 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 27

List of Figures
FIGURE 1- EARLY TELEMETRY ....................................................................................................................................... 4 FIGURE 2 - A TYPICAL SCADA SYSTEM .......................................................................................................................... 9 FIGURE 3 - A DIGITAL SENSOR SETUP .......................................................................................................................... 10 FIGURE 4 - FOUR LEVEL THRESHOLD ALARMS ............................................................................................................ 11 FIGURE 5 - TYPICAL RTU HARDWARE STRUCTURE ...................................................................................................... 12 FIGURE 6 - BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A TYPICAL ANALOGUE INPUT MODULE OF AN RTU .................................................. 13 FIGURE 7 - TYPICAL ANALOGUE OUTPUT MODULE OF AN RTU ................................................................................... 14 FIGURE 8 - DIGITAL INPUT MODULE FOR AN RTU ....................................................................................................... 14 FIGURE 9 - DIGITAL OUTPUT MODULE OF AN RTU ...................................................................................................... 15 FIGURE 10 - TYPICAL COUNTER INPUT OF AN RTU ...................................................................................................... 15 FIGURE 11 - A TYPICAL PLC SETUP ............................................................................................................................. 17 FIGURE 12 - PROJECT GANTT CHART ........................................................................................................................... 25

List of Tables
TABLE 1- PROJECT BUDGET ......................................................................................................................................... 26

Introduction
Supervisory Data Acquisition and Control (SCADA) does not speak to a particular technology, but rather to an application that utilizes different technologies. SCADA enables the user to collect data from one or more distant facilities and to send limited control instructions to those facilities [1], all though a graphical user interface (GUI) on a central computer called a Master Terminal. SCADA systems are as a result of engineering development in the first twothirds of the twentieth century, where scientists and engineers recognized that in applications such as aircraft, rockets and weather prediction; there was a dire need for data to be collected from locations where there are little or no personnel. The solution to the problem came though telecommunications. The ability to communicate this data from remote locations back to a central station for analysis and use was called telemetry and was actually already in use in the early railroad industry. The railroad industry utilized wire communications to monitor the location of trains and the status of switches that controlled which track the train would travel, the concept is shown in Fig.1 below [1]:

FIGURE 1- EARLY TELEMETRY

Background
The University of Guyana opened its doors in October of 1963 with 164 students enrolled in programmes in the Arts, Natural Sciences and Social Sciences with the Faculty of Technology being established 1969 [2]. To date, the Faculty of Technology offers several Diploma of 4

Technology and Bachelor of Engineering programmes in the fields of Mechanical, Electrical, Civil, and Geological Engineering; as well as the Diploma in Technology and Bachelor of Science Degree in the field of Architecture [3]. However, over the years there has been little curricula development for the Programmes in the Faculty of Technology, which sees the delivery of somewhat out-dated content to the Engineering students. In the department of Electrical Engineering, courses fail to deliver content that correlates to the demands of Industry and National Policy in Guyanas developing economy. Typical examples being the lack of proper alternative energy courses in the Department, even with Guyanas thrust for a Low Carbon Economy 1; or the lack of adequate training in Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) which are utilized by numerous companies throughout Guyana. The situation is the same as it relates to training in Supervisory Data Control and Acquisition (SCADA) Systems, even as the Guyana Power and Light Incorporated (GPL) have already set in motion the installation of a state-of-theart SCADA System that utilizes fibre optic communication in an upgrade to the GPL System that costs approximately forty million United States dollars [4,5]. As such; it is of vital importance that the University, specifically the Faculty of Technology, begin to address this issue so as to produce graduates that are educated and trained to work with technologies that exist in Industries in Guyana.

See http://www.lcds.gov.gy

Statement of the Problem

The past academic year has seen some advances in this regard, with projects being done to advance the Department of Electrical Engineerings ability to deliver basic training in the field of PLCs 2 but the Departments delivery of content in SCADA Systems is still limited and basically non-existent.

Objectives
Thus, in order to remedy this situation, the objective of this project is to design and build a SCADA system that can be used for training purposes in the Faculty of Technology, University of Guyana. This system should encompass the following: A suitable SCADA Software that allows for data to be collected, stored and analysed and provides a graphical user interface for the management of the system. The ability to execute a maximum of 10 specific functions. The ability to utilize at least two different communication technologies and data communication protocols for data acquisition and control. The flexibility in its design to ensure that it can be utilized in training exercises an even further improvement by Students and Staff of the Faculty of Technology, University of Guyana.

See Ralph Frasers Design and Build a Programmable Logic Controller that could be used for training (ELE401 - 2011/2012)

Scope of Work
Overview
This project would be implemented in four core stages as follows: i. ii. iii. iv. Research Design Construction Testing and Debugging

The research stage of the project encompasses a review of existing literature related to the design, operation/implementation and maintenance of Supervisory Data Control Acquisition Systems. At the end of the research stage, it is expected that enough relevant information would be garnered so as to enable the Project Team to effectively address the problem outlined in the Introduction of this document. It should be noted that it is not intended for the design and construction phases of this project to produce a SCADA System that can compete in a fully commercialized environment, but rather to produce a SCADA System that covers the basic functionality required for training, and even for further development, by Students and Staff in the Faculty of Technology, University of Guyana. When the design and construction phases are completed the System will be tested to ensure it functions correctly, any modifications necessary will be made to ensure that it does. Further, the design with be benchmarked to commercial systems to ensure that the basic functionality and standards are met.

Literature Review
What is a SCADA System?

According to Bailey and Wright, SCADA refers to the combination of telemetry and data acquisition and a SCADA System encompasses the collecting of the information, transferring it back to the central site, carrying out any necessary analysis and control and then displaying that information on a number of operator screens or displays and conveying the control actions back to the process [6]. SCADA Systems find applications in a wide range of Industrial and Commercial applications, such as [7,8]: Electric Power Generation, Control and Distribution Manufacturing, Production, or Refining Industrial Processes 7

Water Treatment and Distribution Waste Water Collection and Treatment Oil and Gas Systems Controls Large Scale Communications Systems Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Systems (HVAC) Security and Access Controls Energy Regulation and Consumption Mass Transit Systems ( Subways and Rail Systems) Traffic Light Control

A SCADA Systems functions can be dichotomized into four sections [9]: 1. 2. 3. 4. Data Acquisition Data Communication Data Presentation Control

These functions are performed by the four main components of the SCADA System as follows [9]: Sensors and Control Relays (Actuators) that directly interface with the system that is being controlled. The sensors can be either analogue or digital based on what they are measuring. Remote telemetry units (RTUs) that serve as collection points for gathering reports from the sensors and delivering commands to the control relays. SCADA Master Units (MTUs) that serve as the central processor for the SCADA system. They are larger computer consoles that provide a human interface to the system and automatically regulate the systems based on the information obtained from the sensors. The Communication network that connects all the components in the system together. Usually the link is made between Sensor and RTU and RTU and MTU.

A typical SCADA System is shown in Fig.2 below [6]:

FIGURE 2 - A TYPICAL SCADA SYSTEM

Sensors and Control Relays/Actuators

Sensors in SCADA Systems are of two main types [8]: 1. Digital/Discrete 2. Analogue

There are instances in every system where all that is needed is to determine the nature of a Boolean condition such as whether a door is open or closed. These on and off conditions are detected by what are known as Digital or Discrete sensors. Digital sensors can also be used to detect when an analogue value crosses a pre-set threshold [8]. A typical digital sensor set up is shown in Fig.3 below [1]:

FIGURE 3 - A DIGITAL SENSOR SETUP

Digital inputs are sometimes described as logic inputs [10]. Analogue sensors are used to provide exact measurement of some physical quality such as temperature, voltage, humidity, revolutions per minute, etc. These analogue sensors are typically a transducer that changes the physical value being measured or monitored into an electrical signal. Analogue sensors allow the system to collect near real time data that are more than often critical to the system being monitored. They can also detect when a value crosses a lower or upper threshold or; for complex analogue sensors; detect Major Under, Minor Under, Minor Over and Major Over threshold passes [8]. A typical example is shown in Fig.4 below:

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FIGURE 4 - FOUR LEVEL THRESHOLD ALARMS

An actuator is a motor used for moving or controlling a mechanism or system that is operated by some source of energy [11] while a relay is simply an electrically operated switch [12]. The control relays and actuators are the recipients of the control signals of the system. They ensure that the set system parameters are maintained, such as an electrical pressure release value that activates if the pressure in a system exceeds an upper threshold, and allow the system to be controlled.

Remote Telemetry Units (RTUs)

The Remote Telemetry Unit (RTU) is a microprocessor based devices that monitors equipment at some remote site away from the main site [6]. The main functions of the RTU are to gather information from the field sensors and keep them in memory until the master unit requests it and to transmit instructions from the MTU to the control relays and actuators [1]. Typical RTUs have the following hardware components [6]: Control Processor and associated memory Analogue inputs Analogue outputs Counter inputs Digital inputs Digital outputs Communication interface(s) Power Supply RTU rack and enclosure

A typical configuration of these components is shown in Fig.5 below [6]: 11

FIGURE 5 - TYPICAL RTU HARDWARE STRUCTURE

The Processor of the RTU is usually a standard microprocessor with memories such as Random Access Memories (RAM) or Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM), there is normally a coprocessor or Arithmetic Logic Unit that handles mathematical operations [6]. The processor unit also normally contains a real time clock and a watchdog timer 3 [6]. The analogue input and output modules interface with the analogue sensors and actuators or control relays. They are the intermediary steps that condition signals and do analogue to digital and digital to analogue conversion to enable the appropriate operations on the signals in the system. The block diagram of a typical analogue input module is shown in Fig.6 below, followed by a typical analogue output module in Fig.7 [6]:

A watchdog timer is a computer hardware or software timer that triggers a system reset or other corrective action if the main program, due to some fault condition such as a hang, neglects to regularly service the watchdog by writing a "service pulse" to it [15].

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FIGURE 6 - BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A TYPICAL ANALOGUE INPUT MODULE OF AN RTU

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FIGURE 7 - TYPICAL ANALOGUE OUTPUT MODULE OF AN RTU

The digital input module interfaces with the analogue sensors of the system to collect their data, while the digital output modules are usually linked to actuators or control setups such as triac switching, reed relay switching and Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) voltage outputs, Figures 8 and 9 show typical digital input and output modules respectively [6].

FIGURE 8 - DIGITAL INPUT MODULE FOR AN RTU

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FIGURE 9 - DIGITAL OUTPUT MODULE OF AN RTU

In some SCADA applications there are requirements to do counting or accumulating of some sort, hence most RTUs come equipped with digital counter/accumulator inputs as shown in Fig.10 below [6]:

FIGURE 10 - TYPICAL COUNTER INPUT OF AN RTU

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The communications module of the RTU is probably one of its more important components, it facilitates the transfer of information from the field devices to the RTU and this in turn enables the RTU to have information on hand to send to the MTU. Modern RTUs have modules that can accommodate several different communication methods, such as [6,13,14]: RS-232/RS-422/RS-485 Dialup telephones lines/dedicated landlines Microwave/MUX Satellite X.25 packet protocols Radio via trunked/VHF/UHF/900MHz Fibre optic networks Ethernet Connections Frame Relay networks TCP/IP Networks Wireless GSM/CDMA Networks

The importance of the RTU within the SCADA System, underlines the necessity to have a constant supply of power to the unit. This, apart from being supplied by mains, RTUs almost always have some form of internal power supply or are connected to some form of backup power supply [6]. PLCs Used as RTUs There are SCADA systems that utilize PLCs 4 as RTUs because the PLC offers the flexibility to be used in a general-purpose role because of the ease in which it can be set up to carry out a variety of different functions [6]. The reasons for the popularity of PLCs are listed by Bailey and Wright as follows [6]: Economic solution PLCs are a more economical solution that a hardwired relay solution or manufactured RTU. Versatility and flexibility PLCs can easily have their logic or hardware to cope with modified requirements for control. Ease of design and installation PLCs have made the design and installation of SCADA systems easier because of the emphasis on software. More reliable When correctly installed, PLCs are a far more reliable solution than a traditionally hardwired relay solution or short run manufactured RTUs

A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is a computer based solid state device that controls industrial equipment and processes, generally electromechanical in nature [6,16].

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Sophisticated control PLCs allow for far more sophisticated control (mainly due to the software capability) than RTUs. Physically compact PLCs take up far less space than alternative solutions. Easier troubleshooting and diagnostics Software and clear cut reporting of problems allows easy and swift diagnosis of hardware/firmware/software problems on the system as well as identifying problems with the process and automation system.

A typical PLC setup is shown in Fig.11 below [6]:

FIGURE 11 - A TYPICAL PLC SETUP

Master Unit (MTU)

According to Boyer the master unit is device that issues all the commands, gathers all the data, stores some information, passes other information on to associated systems, interfaces with the people who operate the process, and actually seems to be in charge. [1]. A typical MTU would have the following functional capabilities [6]: Establishment of communications o Configure each RTU o Initialize each RTU with input/output parameters 17

o Download control and data acquisition programmes to the RTU Operation of the communications link o Send data to and receive data from RTU o Log alarms and events on storage media and operator display o Link inputs and outputs at different RTUs automatically Diagnostics o Provide accurate diagnostic information on failure of RTU and possible problems o Predict potential problems The MTU, in order to facilitate all of its functions, is run off of software that has the following components [6]: The Operating System Software The system SCADA Software The SCADA application software

The Operating System software refers to the native operating system chosen which are generally proprietary systems such as Windows, Mac, UNIX, Linux or Oracle. The system SCADA Software refers to software from a particular SCADA system vendor (or an open source project) that is configured for the application in question. This software generally consists of four modules [6]: 1. 2. 3. 4. Data acquisition Control Archiving or database storage Human-Machine Interface (HMI)

These modules allow for the SCADA System to carry out all functions required by the system. Bailey and Wright have identified several key features of the software of a SCADA system, they are as follows [6]: User interface o Keyboard o Mouse o Touchscreen Graphic displays o Customer-configurable, object oriented and bit mapped o Unlimited number of pages o Adequate Resolution Alarms o Client server architecture o Time stamped alarms to at least 1 millisecond precision o Single network acknowledgement and control of alarms 18

o Alarms are shared to all clients o Alarms displayed in chronological order o Dynamic allocation of alarm pages o User-defined formats and colours o Up to four adjustable trip points for each analogue alarms o Deviation and rate of change monitoring for analogue alarms o Selective display of alarms by category o Historical alarm and event logging o Content-sensitive help o On-line alarm disable and threshold modification o Event-triggered alarms o Alarm-triggered reports o Operator comments can be attached to alarms Trends o Client server architecture o True trend printouts o Rubber band trend zooming o Export data to common database formats such as the Comma Separated Value (CSV) o X/Y plot capability o Event based trends o Pop-up trend display o Trend gridlines or profiles o Background trend graphics o Real-time multi-pen trending o Short and long term trend display o Length of data storage and frequency of monitoring can be specified on a perpoint basis o Archiving of historical trend data o On-line change of time base without loss of data o On-line retrieval of archived historical trend data o Exact value and time can be displayed o Trend data can be graphically represented in real-time RTU (and PLC) interface o All compatible protocols included as standard o Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) drivers included 5 o Interface also possible for RTUs, loop controllers, bar code readers and other equipment o Driver toolkit available
5

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Data_Exchange

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o Operates on a demand basis instead of the conventional predefined scan method o Optimization of block data requests to PLCs o Rationalization of network user data requests o Maximization of PLC highway bandwidth Scalability o Additional hardware can be added without replacing or modifying existing equipment o Limited only by the PLC architecture Access to data o Direct, real time access to data by any network user o Third-party access to real time data, e.g. Microsoft Excel o Network DDE o DDE Compatibility: read, write, and execute o DDE to all input/output device points o Clipboard Database o Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) 6 driver support o Direct SQL commands and high level reporting Networking o Supports all NetBIOS compatible network such as NetWare, LAN Manager, Windows for Workgroups o Support protocols NetBEUI, IPX/SPX, TCP/IP, etc. o Centralized alarm, trend and report processing data available from anywhere in the network o Dual networks for full LAN redundancy o No network configuration required o May be enabled via a single check box, no configuration o LAN licensing is based on the number of users logged onto the network, not the number of nodes on the network o No file server required o Multi-user system, full communications between operators o Reliability, Availability and Serviceability (RAS) 7 and WAN support with high performance o Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) dial up support Fault tolerance and redundancy o Dual networks for full LAN redundancy o Redundancy can be applied to specific hardware o Supports primary and secondary equipment configurations

6 7

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ODBC See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability,_availability_and_serviceability_(computer_hardware)

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o Intelligent redundancy allows secondary equipment to contribute to processing load o Automatic changeover and recovery o Redundant writes to PLCs with no configuration o Mirrored disk input/output devices o Mirrored alarm servers o Mirrored trend servers o File server redundancy o No configuration required, may be enabled via single check box Client/server distributed processing o Open architecture design o Real-time multitasking o Client/server fully supported with no user configuration o Distributed project updates (changes reflected across network) o Concurrent support of multiple display nodes o Access any tag from any node o Access any data (trend, alarm, report) from any node The SCADA applications are basically subroutines that exist within the system SCADA software that allows the system software to execute whatever tasks are necessary in the system. Boyer highlights the following example [1]: It is required for a SCADA system to detect a leak. One method to do this is to utilize the fact that for an incompressible fluid pipeline, what goes in should equal what comes out. Hence if the flow rate out of the pipe is greater than the flow rate in the pipe then there has to be some sort of error in the measuring instrumentation. If, however, the opposite is observed, then there has to be a leak in the system or there is a similar instrumentation error. The dynamic of the pipeline such as volume changes due to pressure surges may cause short term inequalities; these can be filtered out by comparing running average inputs and outputs. A SCADA application to determine a leak in a pipe would look like this: 1. Conduct a scan of each RTU every 10 minutes (scan). 2. Add the new line input meter reading to the previous four line input meter readings and divide by five (running average filter of input). 3. Add the new line output meter reading to the previous four line output meter readings and divide by five (running average filter of output). 4. Subtract the sum of the line output meter readings from the sum of the line input meter readings (difference). 5. Divide the difference obtained in step 4 but the sum obtained in step 2 (error ratio). 6. Multiply the product obtained in step 5 by 100 (percentage error per scan) 21

7. Compare the number from step 6 to a number selected by the operator and defined as the minimum error for alarm. 8. If the percentage error is less than this operator-selected number, no further action is required. Go back to step 1. 9. If the percentage of error is greater than this operator-selected number, check that an alarm was generated on the previous scan. If so, no further action is required. Go back to step 1. If the number from step 6 is negative, send an alarm to the display unit that says, Meter error in input meter or output meter! Check calibration. Send the same message with the time stamp to the alarm log. Go to step 1. 10. If the number from 6 is positive, send an alarm to the display unit that says, Potential pipeline leak. Send the same message with the time stamp to the alarm log. Go back to step 1.

Communications

The communications links of the SCADA system are its backbone, without it the entire system would be useless. Data is transferred between sensors and RTUs, between RTUs and MTUs and between MTUs and other devices linked to the system such as a database server. Several communication media can be employed by a SCADA system, depending on its application. The main factors that decide which medium is use is the distance between components and the cost attached to setting up the communications link. Typical communication media that are utilized are: Hardwire links such as twisted pair lines and Ethernet connections Wireless links such as microwave, radio links and wireless networks Fibre optic links Virtual links such as Virtual Private Networking (VPN) that utilize the internet

Communication is done via these different media through the use of protocols that ensure that data communication is done in an ordered manner. There are several different communication protocols in use in SCADA systems today, with some being proprietary and non-proprietary. Over the years several different protocols have been emerging as standards in the industry, these being [13,7] : MODBUS MODBUS X Distributed Network Protocol (DNP) American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) 22

IEEE 60870 IEC 61850

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Plan of Implementation
This project entails several different core components, as explained in previous sections of this document, thus in order to design and build this SCADA prototype the following steps will be executed: 1. The first stage is to identify what functions are required to be executed by the system. Investigations will be made into previous final year projects that were built to determine if they can be used as far end components of the system. For example Ralph Frasers PLC system can be used as an RTU and Leslyn Garraways Level Sensor can be used as an analogue sensor. All other devices, both sensors and RTUS, to execute functions that cannot be done by existing equipment in the Faculty would be built. 2. After the functions are established and requisite sensors/actuators and RTUs have been built, a communication medium(s) would be chosen based on the capabilities of the devices and project specifications. Subsequent to the choice of medium, the decision will be made as to which of the transmission protocols would be used to facilitate the communication process. The choice of protocols would again be based on the far end device being utilized and its capabilities. Intermediary devices would be built to facilitate communications if necessary. 3. Once the hardware aspects of the system have been adequately taken care of, the software aspect of the system will be dealt with. Software would either be written using open source libraries available or open source SCADA software may be modified to suit the designs of the system. The software design would be dependent on the devices used, the communication links and the communication protocols utilized in the system. 4. When software and hardware are completed, the system would be assembled. This would utilize whatever interface devices necessary to ensure the smooth interconnection of all devices in the system. 5. The SCADA system would then be tested to ensure that it functions as designed and troubleshot if necessary

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Schedule
The project schedule is shown in the Gantt chart below (Fig.12)

FIGURE 12 - PROJECT GANTT CHART

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Budget
Due to serious financial constraints within the Faculty of Technology, the overall cost of this project had to be kept to a minimum. The project budget is given in Table 1 below:

Materials Microcontroller and tests boards Various electronic components Ribbon Cable Optocouplers Prototype Software Design Miscellaneous TOTAL

Cost (G$) 14,000.00 15,000.00 3,000.00 6,000.00 8,000.00 15,000.00 61,000.00

TABLE 1- PROJECT BUDGET

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Bibliography
[1] Stuart A. Boyer, SCADA: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, 3rd ed., Paul W. Murrill, Ed. North Carolina, United States of America: The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society, 2004. [2] University of Guyana. (2006, September) About The University|University of Guyana. [Online]. http://www.uog.edu.gy/?q=about [3] University of Guyana. (2006, September) Academic Programes|University of Guyana. [Online]. http://www.uog.edu.gy/?q=ais/programmes/11 [4] Kaieteur News. (2011, August) US$42M electricity upgrade project launched. ENewspaper. [5] Kaieteur News. (2012, January) GPL installing independent fibre optic cable. E-Newspaper. [6] David Bailey and Edwin Wright, Practical SCADA for Industry, 1st ed., Vivek Mehra, Ed. Oxford, United Kingdom: Newnes, 2003. [7] Wikipedia. (2013, January) SCADA - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [Online]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADA [8] DPS Telecom. (2009, Feburary) SCADA Sensor Tutorial. Adobe Portable Digital File (pdf). [9] DPS Telecom. (2011, August) SCADA Tutorial: A Quick, Easy, Comprehensive Guide. Adobe Portable Document File (pdf). [10] Data Track Process Instruments. (2013, January) What is SCADA. [Online]. http://www.datatrackpi.com/technical-papers/what-is-scada.htm [11] Wikipedia. (2013, Februrary) Actuator - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [Online]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuator [12] Wikipedia. (2013, February) Relay - Wikipedia, the free online encyclopedia. [Online]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay [13] Rao Kalapatapu, "SCADA Protocols and Communication Trends," in ISA- The Instrumentation,Systems and Automation Society, Texas, 2004, p. 11. [14] DPS Telecom. (2013, January) New RTU: Wireless GSM/CDMA and SNMP Trap Processor. [Online]. 27

http://dpstele.com/dpsnews/cellvoice_16_rtu_gsm_cdma_snmp.php?article_id=48285&m_r ow_id=2198026&mailing_id=10384&link=G&uni=1189950f4eedd65b4c [15] Wikipedia. (2013, January) Watchdog timer - Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia. [Online]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchdog_timer [16] Wikipedia. (2013, Feburary) Programmable logic controller, Wikipedia the free encylopedia. [Online]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller [17] Wikipedia. (2013, January) Modbus - Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia. [Online]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modbus

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