The Perception of Disaster Preparedness Among Filipino Nursing Students

Our Lady of Fatima University
CHAPTER 1 The Problem and Its Background
Introduction
For the past century, disasters have always been very alarming. Just by watching the news telecast one could obtain news that are mostly related to different disasters. Philippines in disaster belt: An average of 20 typhoons ravages the country, affecting millions of Filipinos and leaving a trail of deaths, injuries and damage to property worth billions of pesos. The country also lies in the Pacific Ring of Fire where 80% of earthquakes occur. At least 21 of the countrys 220 volcanoes are considered active and scattered all over the archipelago (Khor & Lim 2001). Living in a vulnerable country could be a lot of trouble comprising natural disasters plus the man-made disaster made possible by works of man.
Recently, the researchers experienced the one of the products of natural disasters, notorious typhoon Ondoy. This tropical typhoon swept Manila and neighboring regions of Luzon on September 26, 2008 with heavy rains causing flashfloods, landslides, submerging many parts of these areas affecting 880,175 families, 4,320,699 persons, 1,902 barangays, 155 municipalities, 32 cities, and 25 provinces in 12 of 16 regions of the country with a total damage of Php10.5 billion in infrastructure and agriculture (Shawl, et al,. 2010). Although biologic, chemical, and radiologic events are not every day events, they can occur at any facility (Brunner & Suddharth, 2010).
C O L L E G E O F N U R S I N G
These series of unfortunate events are most likely to happen in every part of the world and they happen to give evidence of mass casualties, leaving us all dumbfounded at the cost of being unprepared. To live in a disaster-prone area, preparedness is a must. Preparedness will enhance student nurses to be ready with the unexpected disasters and will introduce them to be aware and be equipped with proper knowledge and skills needed. It is believed that nurses who are prepared and trained for disasters can play an important role and cope better when they occur (Fung, et al., 2008). Moreover nurses are one of the community's most vital resources in dealing with unforeseeable disasters; their preparedness and involvement in disaster management and after care are crucial for the health and welfare of the community (Fung, et al., 2008). Being prepared can reduce fear, anxiety, and losses that accompany disasters. Communities, families, and individuals should know what to do in the event of a disaster (Purpura, 2007). A disaster is any event that leads to a response beyond which the affected community can deal with locally. Disasters like emergencies, can be man-made or natural. Natural disasters often strike without warning, though most areas know what it is normal for their areas and prepare for such occurrences. There are some man-made disasters that occur and can occur with some warning, such as knowing that the dam is weak and, without proper mitigation, it will break releasing a flood. However, the most serious man-made disaster are the result of unexpected accidents or deliberate acts of terrorism (Adelman & Legg 2008).
All the more so as in disaster terms the world gets worse, not better. The spread of conflicts, often based on ethnic tensions, leads to increasing flows of refugees and displaced persons. The past few years have seen almost every type of natural disaster somewhere in the world, devastating communities, killing thousands and leaving millions even more vulnerable to
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the next disaster (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies 1993).
The researchers country, according to Khor & Lim (2001) ,the Philippines is said to be a disaster-prone country and that an average of 20 typhoons ravages the country, affecting millions of Filipinos and leaving trail of deaths, injuries and damage to property worth billions of pesos. An example of which is the typhoon Ondoy that according to Shawl et. al. (2010) typhoon Ondoy has swept manila and neighboring regions of Luzon on September 26, 2008 with heavy rains causing flash floods, landslides, submerging many parts of these areas affecting 880,175 families, 4,320,699 persons, 1,902 barangays, 155 municipalities, 32 cities, and 25 provinces in 12 of 16 regions of the country with total damage of 10.5 billion in infrastructure and agriculture.
Preparedness for disaster is critical for households, business, and communities but many remain unprepared. As recent disasters serve to highlight the need for individual responsibility, local coordination, and continuity plans to ensure the ability to respond to and recover from major events, the federal government has prioritized national preparedness as a goal without developing a system to achieve and maintain it.
According to Purpura (2007) Nurses are one of the communitys most vital resources in dealing with unforeseeable disasters; their preparedness and involvement in disaster management and after care are crucial for the health and welfare of the community.
Nurses are often called upon to provide aid and care during a variety of disaster events, including war environments, complex emergencies with displaced populations, large-scale disasters that disrupt the normal variety of health care to the community, nurses utilize their
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unique skills, abilities, and understanding the community to the betterment of the population by striving to deliver highest attainable level of care that adverse circumstances allow (Daily & Powers 2010). Nowadays, leave the Filipinos results such as traumatic experiences, lost of lives and properties due to unawareness and unpreparedness. Surely, researches related to disaster preparedness will become useful in enhancing preparation and handling times of disaster, especially student nurses who ought to become competent nurses someday. Hence, the study on Disaster Preparedness and Concerns among Filipino Student Nurses: Culled from Self Made Brochures is conducted to determine their level of preparedness in attending to different conditions regarding disaster. Statement of the Problem
The study aims to determine the disaster preparedness among Fatima student nurses. Qualitatively, this study seeks to answer the central question: What characterizes the disaster concerns of the students as evident on their brochures? Quantitatively, what are the common icons and pictures related to disaster management utilized by the students in conceptualizing their brochure?
Significance of the Study
The outcomes of the study will directly and/or indirectly affect the following:
Student Nurses. This research can help student nurses to improve their skills when it comes in handling emergency situation that may lead to flexibility, calm under duress, and strong preparation skills.
Nurses. The study can give a big help to the nurses as care provider to enhance their knowledge regarding on disaster preparations. Also, it can help them in developing more new strategies on how to dwell on a certain emergency situation.
Clinical Instructors and Lecturers. The outcome of this study may help the health educators to assess the limitation of the student when it comes in facing a disaster. It will also help them to enhance their knowledge and skills in disaster preparation.
Educational Institutions. The study may assist the institution to monitor the health team is able to promote the disaster preparedness in the society. Through that they can compensate what is lacking with the health team.
Society. Community, as the recipient of nursing care, will benefit in this study due to the skills preparation that the health team provide in them. They will be able to survive in times of the calamity through the skills and knowledge they learn.
Further Studies. The study can aid future student nurse researchers about Disaster Preparedness to be more equipped. The outcome of the research will present a new connection with the investigated variables with which increase the promotion of disaster preparedness.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study is limited in assessing the perception of Filipino Nursing Students on their preparation during disasters. Students from Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) will serve as the corpus of data. The study is a qualitative research approach, the researchers will gather one hundred twenty (120) Nursing Students enrolled in onr University in Metro Manila, School Year 2011 2012 (New Curriculum).
Primary Data is limited from the answers of the participants based on the self made questionnaire of the researchers. The researchers will conduct the study this December, 2011 to January, 2012 data will be gathered through survey questionnaires by using the standardized tool.
CHAPTER 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies
Disaster Preparedness The frequency of natural disasters, the individuals affected by them, the economic costs associated with loss have been steadily increasing over years (Veenema, 2006). Disaster affects the health status of a community in the following ways: It causes premature deaths, illness and injury. The affected community generally exceeding the capacity of the local health care system. It may destroy local health care infrastructure. That will therefore be unable to responds to the emergency. It can cause environmental imbalances, due to the increasing risk for communicable disease and environmental hazards. Psychological, emotional, and social well-being of the population will be affected. It is depending on the nature of the disaster. (2) Lack of food resources will be present and can lead to malnutrition. Refugees will start a mass movement creating a burden on other health care systems and the community (Veenema, 2007).
The past few years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of large-scale disaster events and the ubiquitous threat of weapons of mass destruction. These events have heightened recognition of the role of the nurse in disaster management and response. Enhanced capacity to respond to disasters and other public health emergencies will require a nursing workforce that is clinically experienced and possesses the knowledge and skills necessary to respond with confidence and authority (Veenema, 2007).
Disasters have been integral parts of the human experience since the beginning of time,
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causing premature death, impaired quality of life, and altered health status. The risk for disaster is ubiquitous .The recent dramatic increase in natural disasters, their intensity, the number of people affected by them, and the human, and economic losses associated with this events have placed an imperative on planning for disaster preparedness (Veenema, 2007).
Disaster affects community and their populations in different ways. Damage and collapsed building are evidence of physical destruction. A substantial percentage of the population may be rendered homeless and force to relocate temporarily or permanently (Veenema, 2007).
Disasters damage and destroy business and industry, agriculture and economic foundation of the community. The health effects of the disasters may be extensive and broad in their distribution across the populations. In addition to causing illness and injury, disaster disrupts access to primary care and preventive services. Depending on the nature and location of the disaster, its effects on short- and longterm health of a population may be difficult to measure (Veenema, 2007).
Disaster affects the health status of a community in the following ways: It causes premature deaths, illness and injury. The affected community generally exceeding the capacity of the local health care system. It may destroy local health care infrastructure. That will therefore be unable to responds to the emergency. It can cause environmental imbalances, due to the increasing risk for communicable disease and environmental hazards. Psychological, emotional, and social well-being of the population will be affected. It is depending on the nature of the disaster.
College students may soon be required to attend a 25-hour course on disaster preparedness and national security before selecting the National Service Training Program (NSTP) component they will enroll in. Its other components are the Civic Welfare Training Service, which
encourages students to participate in developmental programs, and the Literacy Training Service, which trains students to become teachers of school children and other sectors that need educational training. The 25-hour module is relevant as it would make students knowledgeable about disaster response measures. The NSTP replaced the mandatory Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC), making it just one of the three programs open to students. The mandatory ROTC program was abolished in 2002 after President Arroyo signed into law Republic Act 9163, which established the NSTP (Romero, 2010).
Natural Disaster Reduction: National Response and International Cooperation.
The Pacific Rim is not only a community of the fastest growing and most dynamic nations in the world. It is also the area exposed to a wide range of natural disaster. The Philippines archipelago, located near the western edge of the Pacific Ocean, is in the direct path of seasonal typhoons and monsoon rains which bring floods, storms, storm surges, and their attendant landslides and other forms of devastation. The Philippines also sits on the "ring of fire" where the continental plates collide and thus experience periodic earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The Philippine exposure to natural disasters may be characterized as frequent, varied, and severe; a combination which has made the country particularly attentive to disaster reduction (Capistrano, 2011).
C O L L E G E O F
Data shows an upturned of disasters as the decade of the 90's loomed. Impact of which
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N U R S I N G
exact tremendous toll on lives and properties, notwithstanding rollback gains in the economy out of proportion. Coinciding with the inception year of the IDNDR, the Philippines was hit by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake on July 15, 1990 killing 1,283 people and leaving three (3) cities in Luzon: Cabanatuan City, Dagupan City and Baguio City devastated at about P12.2 Billion estimated damages. In the same year, eight (8) strong typhoons hit the county, claiming 670 lives but registered at P12.8 Billion high in damages. Not to be outdone, 1991 was the year when Mount Pinatubo erupted after 400 years of slumber where 850 people died. Dubbed as a disaster of global magnitude, it altered climatic conditions worldwide, and continues to reconfigure the terrain and landscape of the central plain of Luzon through the flows of lahar (Lahar I, and ) brought about by the eruption. The geological changes caused by this volcanic eruption continues to bring disasters I Central Luzon with every rainy season. Cities of Olongapo and Angeles, where Clark Air Base and Subic Bay economic zones situated were greatly affected. On the other hand, though the smaller in damages amounting to P1 Billion, the tragic Ormoc City flashfloods left 5,101 people dead. So short a time, and with thin forest cover to serve as breakers, rain water brought about by tropical storm "Uring" gushed downstream, washed out and drown city folks into the sea. Destructive typhoon, crossed the country, thirteen (13) in 1993 with 794 people dead and estimated P20 Billion damages. Again, in 1995, nine (9) of them killed 1,204 and destroyed P15 Billion worth of damages. Floods and landslides have also hit the country. In 1995, floods and landslides affected the islands of Mindanao and Negros (Capistrano, 2011).
The recent destructive natural phenomena that afflicted the Philippines 1998, is the impact of the El Nio Phenomenon. Around 985,000 families have suffered from starvation due to the severe lack of water affecting mostly farmers which subsequently reduced their income unable to purchase food at the household level in critical areas. In the first half of the 90's, natural disasters
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have hit the country with destructive force. This recent experience has made the Philippines society and government extremely sensitive to the challenge of disaster reduction (Capistrano, 2011).
The Philippine response towards disaster reduction has been progressively developed and grown more extensive with every disaster the country has encountered. This report presents the many dimensions of this purpose in terms of four key aspects, namely: the institutional infrastructure for disaster management; the legal framework for disaster prevention and response; the national disaster management program; and the response of disasters by the civil society (Capistrano, 2011).
It is not an understatement to say that the total capacity of the Philippine government and society is the real foundation of national disaster management. The design of the institutional infrastructure for disaster management assumes that the country and its component communities will mobilize all its available institutions to protect lives and property and ensure collective survival in the face of natural disasters. Thus the basic Philippine law on disaster management, Presidential Decree (PD) 1566, promulgated in 1978, provides for the organization of multisectoral disaster coordinating councils at every level of government, from the national level to the barangay (or village) level. Thorough these disaster coordinating councils, which are able to link with all relevant government agencies and civic organizations, Philippine communities mobilize resources and capabilities needed to manage disasters (Capistrano, 2011).
The disaster coordinating council approach enables the country to utilize all available means for disaster response, means that are ordinarily used for military and police missions,
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public service or commercial purposes, but may be rapidly converted into disaster reduction capabilities. It also allows for routine cooperation, sharing of resources, and dissemination of information during periods of extreme stress and emergencies. At the same time, the disaster management co-ordination approach provides for dedicated technical capabilities for specialized disaster management services as well as confuting attention to disaster preparedness. At
whatever scale of disaster, whether national, regional, provincial, municipal, village, or any levels in between, an appropriate disaster coordinating council is established, organized and trained to respond. The National Disaster Coordinating Council or NDCC, is the policy-making and coordinating body for disasters management at the national level. It directs all disaster preparedness planning, as well as disaster response operations and rehabilitation, both in the public as well as private sectors. It advises the President on matters related to natural calamities and disasters, including recommendations for the declaration of a state of calamity in disasteraffected areas. It is composed of the heads of fourteen national ministries, the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, the Secretary-General of the Philippine National Red Cross, and the Administrator of the Office of Civil Defense. The Defense Minister, or Secretary of National Defense, serves as the Chairman of the NDCC, with the Civil Defense Administrator as Executive Officer (Capistrano, 2011).
Each of the administrative regional of the country, including the autonomous regions, a regional coordinating council performs similar functions as NDCC for the regions. Equivalent officials of various agencies at regional level serve in these councils which are headed by regional chairmen designated by the President. In each local government of the province, city or municipality, the local disaster coordinating council is headed by the elected chief executive, such as the governor or mayor. In these local disaster coordinating councils, local as well as central
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government agencies operating at the local level cooperate with civic and non-government organizations under the leadership of the highest elected local official. Thus, disaster management is imbedded deeply into the democratic of governance of the Philippines (Capistrano, 2011).
According to Capistrano (2011) a set of laws and regulations have established the standards and safeguards essential for preventing damage and death due to disasters. The most important laws include PD 957 or The Subdivision Law, which regulate land developments for housing and commercial use; PD 1096 or The Building Code, which prescribes all pertinent requirements and standards for building structures; PD 1151 or The Environmental Policy Law, which protect natural endowments that serve as protection from erosion, strong winds and floods; PD 1185 or the Fire Code, which provided for fire prevention and protection measures; PD 1515 or the Watersheds Law, which provided for the preservation of natural watersheds and allowances for public easement in seas, rivers and lakes.
These laws and many others related to assuring the safety of life and properties as well as the protection natural buffers against disasters have been established. Occasionally, some failures in compliance have occurred. But by and large, these laws and their proper implementation have succeeded in providing a reasonable degree of protection to people and property in the event of disasters. Despite typhoons earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and floods, the vast majority of manmade structures and communities have withstood the ravages of these disasters largely because of the prudent application of these laws (Capistrano, 2011).
The Philippine disaster management program has a broad scope covering disaster preparedness, organization and training, construction of disaster reduction facilities, disaster
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response and rehabilitation, public information, and research and development. (Capistrano,. 2011) The Organization and training are continuing disaster preparedness tasks which are performed by the various disaster coordinating councils. Over the past few years, various emergency services necessary during disasters have been developed in all the regions and provinces. Designated organizations have been oriented in their various roles in disaster management. Local chief executives, particularly those elected to their posts for the first time, have been provided training on disaster management to equip them to effectively lead their local disaster coordinating councils. Specialized skills in search and rescue, evacuation, disaster medicine, vulnerability analysis, damage assessment and (1) first-aid have been widely undertaken. In 1995 alone, 159 training sessions on various aspects of disasters management have been conducted an over the country (Capistrano, 2011).
The Philippines conducted 103 drills were conducted in 1998 alone. Other disaster preparedness measures have also been undertaken such as disaster drills and exercises, and the establishment of disaster management operations centers. Disaster management operations centers have been established with capabilities for a wide range of emergency services which include rescue, evacuation, and emergency housing and relief services (Capistrano, 2011).
The Philippines has also devoted considerable resources to the construction and provision of disaster reduction facilities such as river dikes and sea walls, as well as non-structural measures like warning systems for typhoons, floods, tsunamis, volcanic eruption and lahar flows. Flood control projects and watershed management projects, in addition to the broader reforestation effort, are all geared to mitigate the worst effects of natural disasters. (Capistrano,. 2011). In the event of disasters, plans and capabilities prepared beforehand are activated. The
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improved quality of planning, coordination and high state of preparedness have been responsible for rapid and comprehensive disaster response capabilities in various areas of the country. Volunteer workers with proper training, and reaction teams with proper equipment and skills have been invaluable in the disasters response effort. They have complemented the professionals in the various military and civil agencies of government as well as those in the private sector. In addition, the communications and warning capabilities of the government have also been augmented by the media organizations and the corporate communication capabilities of large Philippine enterprises. Together these resources have provided which are the essential safety margins during disasters of uncertain and unexpected destructive force (Capistrano, 2011).
The Public information before, during and after disasters is an important aspect of disaster management in the Philippines. Both through training and public education campaigns the disaster coordinating councils maintain and enhance public awareness of disaster reduction. Manuals and bulletins provided to media professionals help keep disaster preparedness in the public agenda. Special events like civil defense day, fire prevention month, disaster consciousness week, and the day for the international decade for natural disaster reduction help to mobilize civic consciousness (Capistrano, 2011).
The knowledge base of disaster management remains inadequate, the Philippines has also included research and development in disaster reduction techniques as part of its national disaster management program. Current priorities in this area include meteorological and hydrological disaster researches being conducted by the Philippine weather bureau (PAGASA) such as the tropical cyclone research on typhoon movement prediction, typhoon surface structure research, typhoon formation and intensification research and meteorological and hydrological hazard
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assessment. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is also conducting studies on the seismicity of Luzon and Visayas islands as well as the volcanic hazards of Mindanao island (Capistrano, 2011).
Disaster response in the Philippines is truly a multi-sectoral and mass-based endeavor. A major contingent to the disaster management structure is composed of civic organizations, non government organizations, people's organizations, and all forms of religious and social voluntary groupings. Partly because of their democratic political experience, the high public awareness of the destructiveness of disasters, and partly because the institutional framework for disaster management has encouraged it, popular participation of the Filipino people in disaster response is very broad, sustained, enthusiastic, organized and ultimately decisive (Capistrano, 2011).
Private organizations have filled gaps in the government response as well as augmented strained official capacities. These include services such as medical care, search and rescue, emergency housing and feeding, and many other needs. Initiatives in resource mobilization have allowed the country to tap aid from unaffected areas to flow to affected areas. Many social institutions like the Church, the schools, the media, and professional associations have become channels for popular participation in disaster management (Capistrano, 2011).
This broad response of the civil society provided the Philippine disaster response with a depth and strength gained only from the cruel lessons of recent disasters. This may be an important silver lining to the dark clouds of disaster which had threatened the nation (Capistrano, 2011).
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The NDCC through the Office of Civil Defense has taken new directions in the field of disaster reduction. This is in accordance with the thrust of the new NDCC Chairman, Defense Secretary Orlando S. Mercado for excellence in disaster prevention and control shall implement developmental and impact programs in four major areas, namely: (1) emergency management; (2) vulnerability reduction and risk management; (3) human resource development, and (4) advocacy for civil protection (Capistrano, 2011).
Along these framework of action that the NDCC has been pursuing program component and impact activities in partnership with the non-government organizations and the local disaster coordinating councils (LDCCs), to wit: Brigada Kontra Baha. This is a concerted multisectoral initiative to declog critical esteros and waterways, drainage system and tributaries floods and to mitigate their effects on the people and communities. Initially, this project has been launched in key cities of Metro Manila, Cebu City and Davao City to be sustained by the local residents through advocacy and community mobilization. Oplan Bangun Mindanao. Around 985,000 families have suffered from situation in Southern and Central Mindanao due to the impact of the El Nio Phenomenon. In response, the government launched this coherent and integrated multisectoral rehabilitation program for El Nio-affected areas. It has five strategies: (1) generating livelihood and household income, (2) enhancing health and nutrition services, (3) protecting vulnerable communities from the anticipated impact of La Nia, (4) agricultural development and modernization, (5) reinforcement of DCCs. Laban La Nia. With the anticipated impact of La Nia Phenomenon, War Plans of vulnerable regions and communities were being formulated and simulated in pilot areas. This contingency plan has four (4) major components: (1) hazard and risk maps for flood/lahar, (2) communities and lifelines at risk, (3) capacity and vulnerability assessment, and (4) strategic interventions. Linis Bayan Program. As embodied m
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Administrative Order No. 32 by the President of the Philippines, this is the institutionalization of a nationwide clean-up campaign to encourage the promotion and practice of cleanliness in all government offices, schools, communities and homes aimed at declogging of critical esteros, elimination of mosquito larvae (kiti-kiti) and breeding sites, and cleaning of offices, schools, public grounds and roads, among others (Capistrano, 2011).
While the Philippines has largely relied on its own resources to manage the disasters it had encountered, it has also benefited from tremendous international, and particularly Asian, cooperation in this field. The similarity in the types and severity of disaster exposure shared by Asian countries make cooperation among them particularly useful and important. For the Philippines, this cooperation has contributed to the rapid development of national and local disaster management capabilities (Capistrano, 2011).
In terms of strengthening the disaster-reduction organization and capabilities, the Philippines had benefited from international cooperation in the development of the flood forecasting and warning systems for three Luzon River Basins; namely the Agno, Bicol and Cagayan river basins; and the installation of the lahar warning and monitoring systems at the Mt. Pinatubo and Mt. Mayon areas (Capistrano, 2011).
In terms of transfer of technology and training in disaster reduction, the Philippines has benefited from international cooperation in such examples as training of Filipino experts in Japan on disaster prevention technology and administration, improving cyclone warning response, and a seismic engineering; in Thailand on disaster management at the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, and in Australia on radiological emergencies (Capistrano, 2011).
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In terms of increasing awareness in disaster reduction, the Philippines has participated in such international conferences as the 1994 world conference on IDNDR; ASEAN experts meeting on disaster management; sessions of the Typhoon Committee (Capistrano, 2011).
In terms of sharing relevant information, the Philippines has developed its own disaster information system; participated in networks for sharing weather satellite images and data communications to access UN-DHA and other international disaster organizations (Capistrano, 2011).
In terms of receipt of disaster relief assistance, the Philippines has benefited from the generosity and kindness of many governments and nations. The extent of this foreign assistance is such that the Philippines has developed and implemented guidelines for the smooth and expeditious handling and receipt of food, clothing, medicines and equipment donated by foreign governments and civic organizations for disaster relief and rehabilitation. The Office of the President serves as the primary conduit for all these donations to be channelled to the affected communities (Capistrano, 2011).
The illustrative examples cited point to the catalyzing role of international cooperations. It brings new and added capabilities which may not have been fully developed yet in the country. And it also increases the benefits of sharing so that the benefactor as well as the recipient gain something from their cooperations. While international cooperations in disasters reduction has been extensive and gratifying thus far, there could be other areas of possible improvements in this filed of international cooperation (Capistrano, 2011).
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From the perspective of the Philippine disaster management experience, there are a number of areas which offer good prospects for international cooperation in disaster reduction. Strengthening collapsed building rescue capabilities: This specific area of disaster management is a priority area of the Philippines because of its high exposure to earthquake risks. While a Philippine task force trained and equipped for collapsed building rescue currently exists, its capabilities need to be strengthened and broadened in terms of advanced specialized training, equipage and more exposure to varied real-life rescue operations. Developing a national center for disaster research and training: In the light of the frequency, variety and severity of disasters in the Philippines, the government has seen the need for a specialized technical center for training and research in various aspects of disaster management. This center can specialize in those areas of concern to the Philippines and may be linked with other similar centers abroad (Capistrano, 2011).
The mobilizing information technologies for disaster management: A broad class of information technologies such as geographic information systems, database management systems and other rapid analysis and presentation systems are currently available and useful for disaster management. The hardware, software and model uses of such technologies that can be made available to Philippine disaster management organizations will provide a tremendous boost its disaster preparedness and disaster reduction endeavors (Capistrano, 2011).
The Systematic disaster capabilities planning: Current knowledge about the nature of disaster risks in various communities and areas of the Philippine could be matched by a set of appropriate disaster management capabilities that may need to be developed In those areas or
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communities. This could serve as the basis for upgrading current disaster preparedness plans. Such a systematic effort could be undertaken with international cooperation and a special support program so that a better matching of risks and capabilities is achieved (Capistrano, 2011).
These are just a few of the current priorities of Philippine disaster management authorities for possible international cooperation. Filipinos have learned that disasters do happen, but their destructive force can be mitigated with good planning, prompt action, and constant preparation. International cooperation and support has helped improve Philippine response in all these fronts. It is hoped that such cooperation will continue to be satisfying to all its participants, and that all nations gain by helping each other (Capistrano, 2011).
Disaster nursing involves a systematic application of knowledge and skills specific to disaster situations as well as implementation of activities that minimize health hazards and life threatening damage caused by disasters (Veenema, 2007).
The work of disaster nursing is performed in collaboration with many other specialized disciplines, yet concepts fundamental to all of nursing practice assist with disaster preparedness and response and include a focus on prevention, treatment, caring, advocacy, and education. Nurses need to be present at the disaster preparedness planning tables examining and creating policies and procedures for disaster response (Cox & Briggs, 2004).
Man-made Disasters
Man-made or natural disasters are occurring more frequently in the United States and
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around the world. It is important that all nurses in all specialties be prepared to care for people affected by disasters. This article reports a descriptive study that sought to explore nursing students' perceptions about disaster nursing and to use the findings to suggest recommendations for building the discipline of disaster nursing. Results of this study indicate that nursing students had the following gaps of knowledge regarding disaster nursing: (1) an incomplete definition of disaster nursing; (2) lack of recognition about the importance of knowing community resources, having mock disaster drills, and utilizing disaster planning models; and (3) lack of perception that all nurses could play a significant role in disaster situations. The authors recommend that disaster nursing be taught by nursing faculty as a specialty in nursing programs (Jennings-Sanders, Frisch and Wing, 2005).
Despite considerable effort and expenditure on public hazard education, levels of disaster preparedness remain low. By integrating and expanding on natural hazards and health research on protective behaviour, this paper proposes a social cognitive model of disaster preparedness. The model describes a developmental process that commences with factors that motivate people to prepare, progresses through the formation of intentions, and culminates in decisions to prepare. Following their critical appraisal, variables implicated at each stage are identified and their role in the preparedness process described. The implications of the model for the conceptualization and assessment of preparedness is discussed, as is its implications for risk reduction and communication strategies (Paton, 2003).
The NDCC is the highest policy-making and coordinating body for disaster management in the country. It directs all disaster preparedness planning, as well as disaster response operations and rehabilitation, both in the public as well as private sectors. It advises the President on matters
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related to natural calamities and disasters, including recommendations for the declaration of a state of calamity in disaster-affected areas. It is composed of the heads of fourteen national ministries, the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, the Secretary-General of the Philippine National Red Cross, and the Administrator of the Office of Civil Defense (Palacio, 2007).
The NDCC through the Office of Civil Defense has taken new directions in the field of disaster reduction. This is in accordance with the thrust of the new NDCC Chairman, Defense Secretary Orlando S. Mercado for excellence in disaster prevention and control shall implement developmental and impact programs in four major areas, namely: (1) emergency management; (2) vulnerability reduction and risk management; (3) human resource development, and (4) advocacy for civil protection (Palacio, 2007).
Along these framework of action that the NDCC has been pursuing program component and impact activities in partnership with the non-government organizations and the local disaster coordinating councils (LDCCs), to wit (Palacio, 2007).
The promulgation of PD 1566 in 1978 created the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) which provided for the Strengthening of the Philippine Disaster Control Capability and Establishing a Community Disaster Preparedness Program Nationwide. The NDCC is the highest policy-making and coordinating body for disaster management in the country. It is chaired by the Secretary of National Defense with 14 Department Secretaries, the Chief of Staff, AFP, and the Director-General of the Philippine Information Agency as members. The Administrator of the Office of Civil Defense is the NDCC Executive Officer and the OCD serves
as the secretariat and executive arm of the NDCC. As further provided for by PD 1566, a National Calamities and Disaster Preparedness Plan (NCDPP) has been developed by the OCD which defines the functions of each NDCC member agency and provides the planning guidance for disaster management activities in the country. The NDCC does not have an annual budget allocation but it operates through the member-agencies and the local disaster coordinating councils (DCCs). The membership of the local DCCs (17 regional, 80 provincial, 117 city and 1496 municipal DCCs) replicates that of the NDCC at the national level. The NDCC Technical Working Group chaired by the OCD Administrator and NDCC Executive Officer meets regularly to discuss and resolve disaster management issues, which include policy review and formulation (Palacio, 2007).
In 2002, a comprehensive disaster management framework was developed by the NDCC to serve as a guide of all DCCs in pursuing disaster management activities in the four phases of disaster management - Mitigation and Preparedness phases in the pre-disaster stage, and Response and Recovery and Rehabilitation phases in the post-disaster stage. To make this framework functionally operational, the NDCC Technical Working Group was organized into national committees on preparedness, response, and recovery and rehabilitation. Each committee is organization-led: Preparedness by the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG); Response by the-Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD); Rehabilitation by the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH); and, Mitigation by the Department Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). The overarching objectives of these committees are to review existing policies, plans and activities and come up with operational strategies that will cover the countrys needs in each disaster phase. The operational strategies that will be formulated in each of the disaster phase shall serve as the national strategy for preparedness,
response, rehabilitation and mitigation. The formulation of functional national strategies remains a challenge for the National Committees (Palacio, 2007).
Public
Information
Campaign
on
Disaster
Preparedness
Development
and
implementation of a strategic communications plan to increase awareness of the public on natural hazards and communicate effectively preparedness measures that can be undertaken by the community in case these hazards translate into emergencies (Palacio, 2007).
Capacity Building for Local Government Units in Identified Vulnerable Areas - Provide technical assistance to local government units of identified vulnerable communities in formulating and developing programs particularly in the area of mitigation and preparedness (Palacio, 2007).
Mechanisms for Government and Private Sector Partnership in Relief and Rehabilitation To come up with a mechanism that will promote of government private sector-community participation synergy, and improve coordination to achieve a seamless interface of local and national interventions through effective logistics management, information management and redundant communications systems (Palacio, 2007).
Rainfall and water level gauges have been installed in the provinces of Surigao del Norte and Surigao del Sur in eastern Mindanao; Quezon and Aurora provinces in mid-eastern Luzon; and, Southern Leyte in eastern Visayas. These provinces are some of the 27 identified disasterprone provinces lying along the countrys eastern seaboard. The installation of these rain gauges significantly boosted local capacities in monitoring rainfall and providing accurate early warning
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information to threatened communities (Palacio, 2007). The regular conduct of nationwide synchronized Building Emergency Evacuation Plan (B.E.E.P.) drills, Tsunami Drills, and Earthquake Drills has substantially increased awareness of communities, including the various sectors of society (Palacio, 2007).
The airing of Safe Ka Ba? (are you safe?) public awareness program and the Disaster Management School-on-Air has reached the consciousness of the general public. The increasing trend and momentum on awareness needs to be sustained and complemented by other programs focusing on other aspects of preparedness. The organization of the Private Sector Disaster Management Network (PSDMN) composed of private organizations, INGOs and NGOs was a positive step forward. This network can make available rapid technical assessment capacities when the need arises utilizing expertise of the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers, the
Philippine Mines Safety and Environmental Association, and the PHK9 SAR, among others (Palacio, 2007).
Vulnerability Assessment remains an ongoing concern. While initiatives, in partnership with the UNDP and AusAid, have been started to undertake comprehensive risk and vulnerability assessments of priority areas, a lot of work remains to be done to comprehensively cover the entire country. This would require substantial resources to complete (Palacio, 2007).
As an initial step to address these issues, the NDCC is implementing a five-year (20062010) Hazards Mapping and Assessment for Effective Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (dubbed as READY) in partnership with UNDP and AusAid. This project aims to institutionalize and standardize DRM measures and processes at the national level as well
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empower the most vulnerable local municipalities and cities in the country. This project is an offshoot of the REINA Project in Quezon province which covered three municipalities (Real, Infanta and Nakar) that were affected by a destructive flashflood (Palacio, 2007).
The READY Project targets 27 high risk provinces and has three main components, namely: Multi-hazard Identification and Disaster Risk Assessment: Development of multi-hazard mapping for landslide, flood, earthquake, storm surge, and other related hazards (Palacio, 2007).
Community-based Disaster Preparedness: Development of Information and Education Campaign strategies and materials for specific target groups and Installation of CommunityBased Early Warning Systems (rain/tide/water level gauges and landslide/tsunami signages) (Palacio, 2007).
Mainstreaming/Institutionalization of Risk Reduction into the Local Development Planning Process: Building a platform for efficient donor coordination to facilitate mobilization of resources (financial, capability upgrade, and technical expertise) (Palacio, 2007).
The READY Project has initially accomplished the installation of community based early warning system (CBEWS), rain gauges, water level gauges, tide gauges; improvised bells made from empty LPG tanks (batingaws) and tsunami and landslide signages. The CBEWS dry-run for floods and tsunami was also conducted in Surigao del Sur. Multi-hazards mapping are ongoing.
Planning has always been a work-in-progress kind of activity. Efforts are now underway
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in mainstreaming disaster management into the development planning processes at different levels of governance. Capacity-building in the area of contingency planning is an ongoing process. The key challenge that remains is in coming up with functional contingency plans at the lower levels of governance where ownership of the process have been clearly established on the part of the communities (Palacio, 2007).
The institutional framework has been in place through the DCC network as provided for by the countrys disaster management law, PD1566. Most recent disasters such as the last quarter typhoons of 2006 indicated that horizontal coordination at various levels is in place and applied most of the time. Vertical coordination however needs to be improved in both pre- and post-
disaster situations (Palacio, 2007).
On the resource base, stockpiling in particular, the DSWD1 maintains a stockpile of 5,000 and 1,000 family packs at the national and regional levels, respectively. Each family pack consists of food and non-food items worth P300. Non-food commodities include clothing for a family of 5-6 members, blanket, toiletries, sleeping mats, kitchen wares and utensils. DSWD support mechanisms include, among others, a MOA with NFA for the withdrawal of rice during emergency relief operations and standby funds amounting to P300,000 at the Regional Offices subject for replenishment should the need arises. Stockpiling of relief commodities is mandated at barangay, municipal, city and provincial levels. Evacuation of residents, opening of evacuation centers and LGUs request for augmentation of relief supplies are the triggers for emergency distribution of relief supplies (Palacio, 2007).
The NDCC, being a collegial body, does not have a regular budget to disburse. However,
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a portion of the annual national budget is set aside as National Calamity Fund (NCF) which is appropriated for aid, relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction and other works and services in connection with calamities which may occur during the budget year or those that occurred within the past two years from the budget year. To support the initial phase of disaster response operations of NDCC response agencies, a Quick Response Fund is appropriated from the NCF. In addition to the NCF, Republic Act 8185 mandates local government units to set aside 5% of its Internal Revenue Allotment as Local Calamity Fund (LCF), which can be tapped for disastermanagement related programs and activities (Palacio, 2007).
However, during emergency relief operations, emergency procurement, warehousing and transport of relief supplies become a challenge. These reflect the need to improve institutional arrangements at the regional and provincial level in establishing common warehouse facilities for bulk deliveries and transport of much needed supplies to remote areas such as island provinces and municipalities (Palacio, 2007).
Getting the right package of assistance to the right people at the right time is also a key issue. This has been recognized in past major disasters such as the 2004 Flashfloods in Quezon and the last quarter typhoons of 2006. This may be due to the lack of a functional database at the provincial and municipal level that will reflect the most vulnerable groups or listing of poorest of the poor families that would need assistance the most. Tracking and monitoring donations is even a greater challenge. Some donations go straight to the communities while some donations go straight to the LGUs or NGOs without any getting through the DCC channel (Palacio, 2007).
One of the main challenges in alerting and disseminating information to the right audience
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at the right time using multiple channels of communication lies on spurring communities into action as a result of an early warning information such as alerts or advisories. In some instances, advisories issued are ignored by communities for a variety of reasons-information are not wellunderstood because of technical terms; people disseminating it are perceived as not credible; and, messages are not culturally sensitive. To ensure that people act accordingly following an
advisory, the concept of risk communication needs to be integrated into the early warning systems at all levels. There is likewise a parallel need to orient local officials and the community in identifying existing risks in their localities, develop early warning systems to redundant channels of information dissemination and how to respond effectively (Palacio, 2007).
On response mechanisms, the Office of Civil Defense operates and maintains the NDCC Operations Center (NDCC OPCEN). It is a 24/7 facility that provides and disseminates disaster response and population preparedness guidelines and facilitates effective management of the consequences of potential, ongoing and past disasters or emergency situations that require interventions of national agencies in order to minimize adverse effects of disasters on lives and properties by employing adequately supported, continuously trained and highly-motivated competent people backed-up by adequate equipment, stable systems and sound procedures. It is also the facility that links with international response systems like the United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination (UNDAC) System, the International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG), the virtual onsite operations and coordination center (OSOCC), and other arrangements within the ASEAN region during situations where international response has been requested (Palacio, 2007).
During disaster situations, the NDCC OPCEN is activated into an Emergency Operations
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Center (EOC) - which requires all NDCC member agencies with disaster response mandates to send focal persons to the facility for the duration of the activation to speed up coordination and information management functions. This NDCC facility is the center for coordination, resource mobilization and main information hub during emergencies (Palacio, 2007).
The core functions of the NDCC OPCEN are: 1) alert and monitoring; 2) multiagency operational coordination, 3) response resource mobilization, 4) information management; and, 5) program coordination for operations centers capability upgrade. The main challenge for an EOC especially at the regional and provincial level is to maintain its 24/7 operations after the impact of disasters (Palacio, 2007).
On public education and training, the ADPC2, in partnership with concerned NDCC member-agencies and with the support from the DIPECHO, is spearheading the Priority Implementation Project on Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) into the Education Sector. The objectives of the project are to develop DRM modules for integration into the secondary school curriculum and to undertake research on the impact of disasters to the education sector. The Department of Education (DepEd) takes the lead in implementing the said project. Parallel to this, a Memorandum of Agreement was also signed by DepEd and nine partner agencies and private organizations to formalize their involvement in the five-year project Disaster Preparedness through Educational Multi-Media which is aimed at instilling in the minds of the youth, parents and community a culture of preparedness. Through this project, DepEd shall distribute copies of educational multi-media disaster preparedness instructional materials covering both human-made and natural hazards (Palacio, 2007).
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Since October 1998, the ADPC, in collaboration with Miami-Dade Fire Rescue Department (MDFRD) and the Office of United States Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) of USAID, implemented a 5-year agenda called Program for Enhancement of Emergency Response (PEER) Phase 1 to improve the performance of Medical First Responders (MFR) and Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue (CSSR) personnel and agencies in the countries of India, Nepal, Indonesia and Philippines. PEER Phase 2 implements activities in Philippines under the
coordinating authority of the NDCC which has a Memorandum of Understanding with the National Society for Earthquake Technology - Nepal. All NDCC member-agencies with search and rescue and medical first response mandates are de facto partner agencies of PEER. The designated training institutions for MFR and CSSR Courses are the Fire National Training Institute (FNTI) and Amity Public Safety Academy (APSA). On the other hand, the designated training institution for Hospital Preparedness for Emergencies (HOPE) is the Department of Health. The NDCC oversees the implementation of activities of these institutions (Palacio, 2007).
Apart from earthquake drills, fire drills and evacuation drills, the NDCC has carried out communication preparedness exercises involving its 17 regional centers. An Asia-Pacific
earthquake simulation exercise was held in January 2004 in the country jointly organized by the NDCC and the INSARAG where about eight international USAR3 teams and 10 local response teams participated (Palacio, 2007).
Mobilizing needed resources and bringing them to the most-in-need in the most expeditious manner is the key challenge in emergency preparedness planning in terms of resource mobilization. Mobilization procedures, protocols, standards and SOPs are being reviewed, tested and updated (Palacio, 2007).
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In the event that the countrys resources are overwhelmed by the evolving needs of the post-disaster situation, or should the President approves the acceptance of offers of assistance from international humanitarian community and foreign governments, the NDCC follows the International Humanitarian Assistance Network (IHAN) procedures which define the responsibilities of government agencies concerned aimed at establishing an efficient system, with clearly defined procedures and arrangements for the entry and processing of international relief teams. Complementing this is the draft Standard Operating Procedures for Regional Standby Arrangements (SASOP), a mechanism under the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER). The SASOP provides the guide for deploying and
mobilizing assets from the assisting entity to the points of borders of the requesting party in the ASEAN Region (Palacio, 2007).
At the country level, the NDCC is pushing for the creation of the NDCC Preparedness Center that will cater to the capacity-building needs of the country, including systems that ensure these capacities cascade to the community level.
Much remains to be done but the growing awareness of the population and various sectors of society on the need to invest more on mitigation and preparedness than on response is gaining ground. The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) has provided a clear framework of what countries need to focus on to achieve the HFAs objective of making communities resilient to disasters by 2015. Looking at the future, a lot of cross-fertilization of experiences, best practices, and capacity-building approaches will take place. Many actors will jump into the bandwagon and additional challenges will emerge, including preserving national standards for capacity-building
priorities. Nevertheless, the road ahead has been paved and the direction has been set (Palacio, 2007).
Arson
Most of these fires could have been prevented. Deaths due to arson are particularly avoidable. Following these simple tips can boost survival dramatically. For example, having a working smoke detector more than doubles your chances of surviving a fire. Be aware that arson is murder by fire. It injures people, destroys homes and destabilizes neighborhoods. Ask law enforcement and fire authorities to identify buildings at risk for arson. Monitor run-down and vacant buildings. Report any suspicious activity. Keep boxes, trash, wood and other combustibles away from buildings. In case of arson, seconds count. Make sure everyone in the family knows two ways to escape from their home. Buy a collapsible ladder for escape from upper-story windows. Have a flashlight by your bed to help you see and whistle to alert your family. Remember to escape first, then notify the fire department. Install a smoke detector on every level of your home and check the batteries every month. Never open doors that are hot to touch. Practice feeling your way out of your home with your eyes closed. Teach your family to stop, drop to the ground and roll if their clothes catch fire. Designate a meeting place outside and take attendance (The Disaster Handbook, 1998 National Edition).
Terrorism Devastating acts, such as the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, have left many concerned about the possibility of future incidents in the United States and their potential impact. They have raised uncertainty about what might happen next, increasing
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stress levels. Nevertheless, there are things you can do to prepare for the unexpected and reduce the stress that you may feel now and later should another emergency arise. Taking preparatory action can reassure you and your children that you can exert a measure of control even in the face of such events. In the age of terrorist attacks, that advice isn't just for children. Law enforcement officials, raising the threat level Friday, handed it out to parents in particular. A little advance planning, they say, could protect families and property if an attack knocks out access to home, food and money. Finding out what can happen is the first step. Once you have determined the events possible and their potential in your community, it is important that you discuss them with your family or household. Develop a disaster plan together (Purpura, 2007).
Terrorism is the use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of the criminal laws of the United States for purposes of intimidation, coercion, or ransom. Terrorists often use threats to: create fear among the public, try to convince citizens that their government is powerless to prevent terrorism, and get immediate publicity for their causes. Acts of terrorism include threats of terrorism; assassinations; kidnappings; hijackings; bomb scares and bombings; cyber attacks (computer-based); and the use of chemical, biological, nuclear and radiological weapons (Purpura, 2007).
High-risk targets for acts of terrorism include military and civilian government facilities, international airports, large cities, and high-profile landmarks. Terrorists might also target large public gatherings, water and food supplies, utilities, and corporate centers. Further, terrorists are capable of spreading fear by sending explosives or chemical and biological agents through the mail (Purpura, 2007).
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Within the immediate area of a terrorist event, you would need to rely on police, fire, and other officials for instructions. However, you can prepare in much the same way you would prepare for other crisis events (Purpura, 2007).
The following are general guidelines: be aware of your surroundings; move or leave if you feel uncomfortable or if something does not seem right: Take precautions when traveling. Be aware of conspicuous or unusual behavior. Do not accept packages from strangers. Do not leave luggage unattended. You should promptly report unusual behavior, suspicious or unattended packages, and strange devices to the police or security personnel; Learn where emergency exits are located in buildings you frequent. Plan how to get out in the event of an emergency; Be prepared to do without services you normally depend onelectricity, telephone, natural gas, gasoline pumps, cash registers, ATMs, and Internet transactions; Work with building owners to ensure the following items are located on each floor of the building: Portable, battery-operated radio and extra batteries; several flashlights and extra batteries; first aid kit and manual; hard hats and dust masks; fluorescent tape to rope off dangerous areas (Federal Emergency Management Agency and the American Red Cross, 2011).
Three-Day Supplies
Households should have on hand three days worth of water and food; an emergency supply kit for both home and automobile; radios with extra batteries; and plastic sheeting and duct tape to seal windows and doors. (Federal Emergency Management Agency and the American Red Cross, 2011).
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CDC recommends that people make an emergency plan that includes a disaster supply kit. This kit should include enough water, dried and canned food, and emergency supplies (flashlights, batteries, first-aid supplies, prescription medicines, matchbox, and a digital thermometer) to last at least 3 days. Use battery-powered flashlights and lanterns, rather than candles, gas lanterns, or torches (National Center for Environmental Health, 2011).
Earthquake
Indoors: Stay inside; drop, cover, and hold on! Move only a few steps to a nearby safe place. Take cover under and hold onto a piece of heavy furniture or stand against an inside wall. Stay indoors until the shaking stops and you're sure it's safe to exit. Stay away from windows and doors; never take an elevator; if you are in bed, hold on, stay there, protect your head with a pillow (Earthquake: Survival and Preparedness, 2011).
Outdoors: Find a clear spot away from buildings, trees, and power lines; and drop to the ground until the shaking stops. In A Car: Slow down and drive to a clear place; turn on emergency flashers on and slow to a stop. Do not stop on overpasses, underpasses, or bridges. Be careful of overhead hazards such as power lines or falling building debris; turn off the ignition and set the parking brake; stay inside the car until the shaking stops (Earthquake: Survival and Preparedness, 2011).
Earthquakes are unpredictable events of nature. They may be slight tremors, which are hardly felt by anyone, or great events of destruction, which can cause the death of hundreds of people. As a result of the potential threat that this natural event has on the lives of people across
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the world it is most important that we are prepared to survive during this unpredictable event (Earthquake: Survival and Preparedness, 2011).
Schools house up to hundreds of students each day and, as such, the threat of an earthquake is very great. It is most important that schools undertake regular earthquake drills, which will help to familiarize both students and staff to the ways in which to survive during an earthquake. The following are the recognized procedures by which an earthquake drill is planned and undertaken in schools (Earthquake: Survival and Preparedness, 2011).
Volcanic Eruption There is usually plenty of warning that a volcano is preparing to erupt. Scientists monitor the Cascade range volcanoes as well as those in Hawaii and Alaska for information to help predict volcanic events. Many communities close to volcanoes now have volcano warning systems to alert citizens. But, if you live anywhere in Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Utah, and possibly Wyoming and Nevada you may be affected by an eruption in the Cascade range. Taking a few precautions now won't cost much and are a good idea to do anyway: Keep 3 extra air filters and oil filters on hand for your vehicle. Keep 3 extra filters for your home heating/cooling system. Keep a roll of plastic wrap and packing tape so you can wrap and protect computers, electronics, and appliances from ash. Store emergency food and water in your home.
Find out if your community has a warning system and know the warning signs. Create an evacuation plan. It is best to head for high ground away from the eruption to protect against flood danger. Define an out-of-town contact for all family members to reach to check in. Besides your
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family emergency kit, have disposable breathing masks and goggles for each family member.
During an Eruption
Much like a tsunami, a volcano is usually a sudden, explosive disaster requiring immediate evacuation to a safer location. The rock debris, pyroclastic flows, and floods will make the area around the volcano dangerous to anyone that stays. The lower valleys will be most dangerous: Follow the directions of authorities; take your family emergency kit and evacuate; evacuate to an area upwind rather than downwind if possible. When evacuating, if you are in a valley, or close to a stream, or crossing a bridge, check upstream for mudflows. A mud flow is extremely heavy and can destroy a bridge quickly. Take a different route or get to high ground quickly - mudflows can be extremely fast too. If you are unable to evacuate, seek shelter indoors if possible. Close all windows and doors to keep ash out. Seal up drafts. Do what you can to keep ash out. Seek higher ground - flash floods, mud, and poisonous gasses will accumulate in lowlying areas. Put on long pants, long-sleeved shirt, and hat. Wear a dust mask or wetted handkerchief to help filter ash. Leave your vehicles turned off until the eruption has ended and the dust can settle. Ash destroyed many vehicle engines during the Mount St. Helens eruption.
After an Eruption
There is still danger after an eruption even if there is no flowing lava. The fact is, it may take years for the environment to recover from the changes caused by the volcano. And, ongoing tremors and further eruptions may make the area uninhabitable for a long time. In the short-term, recovery and clean-up includes:
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Stay inside and listen for volcano information on your radio or tv. Minimize your movements and keep all windows and doors closed. Keep your skin covered with long pants, long-sleeved shirt and hat to avoid irritation from ash. If you have to go outside, where a dust mask and eye goggles. Drive slowly and carefully with your lights on - the ash is slippery and stirring it up will clog your engine. If you do any driving in the ash, there is a good chance you will destroy your engine. Change your oil and air filters after 100 miles at the most when driving through heavy dust. Remove ash from your roof if you are concerned about its weight. More than 3 or 4 inches may be too much. Spray your yard with your water hose to dampen the ash. This helps keep it from blowing around more. Use as little water as possible. Check with your neighbors to see what help they need. Shake off and remove your outdoor clothes in your garage before going inside. Use your vacuum to dust - dustrags will act like sandpaper rubbing the ash around. Check in with your emergency contact to let them know your status and plan. Check with authorities on guidelines for ash removal and disposal. Volcanic dangers include not only an eruption of a mountain and associated lava flows, but also ash fall and debris flows. If you are near a mountain range, be familiar with the following.
Before a volcanic eruption: Plan ahead. Have emergency supplies, food and water stored; plan an evacuation route away from rivers or streams that may carry mud or debris flow; keep a battery-operated radio available at all times.
If there is an eruption predicted, monitor the radio or TV for evacuation information. Follow the advice given by authorities (American Red Cross, FEMA, SF Fire Department, SF Chronicle,
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2011). Hydrological Disaster Check to make sure that all flashlights and radios are working and purchase additional batteries. Make sure that you purchase adequate rain gear for the family, such as raincoats and rubber boots. Stock up non-perishable foods and emergency supplies by creating a Flood Survival Kit. Here are a few items you should remember to keep handy (The Carribean Disaster Emergency Management Agency, 2011).
Are you living in a place where its often visited by typhoons? If you are living in Camarines Sur, Camarines Norte, Catanduanes, Albay, Sorsogon, Aurora, Quezon Province, Cagayan, Isabela, Batanes you definitely practice over a long time how to cope up with this menace. If during typhoon dodong visit you got difficulty coping up with the stormy winds and heavy rainfall. This article will serve as a defense to the upcoming Typhoon Egay and any possible typhoons that will visit our country. But its not really the rainy days and typhoons that we should worry if we are prepared enough as best as we can. Read the following tips here that serve as basic guide for you: Storage of Food Supplies. Buy a sufficient supply of food and clean water and knowledge and Information. Dont panic. Listen to the news about the arrival of typhoon to you area. Take note of the maximum wind, the location of the eye of the typhoon and signal warning. List down all the emergency numbers and full charged your cell phones (Rural Areas Typhoon Preparedness Tips, 2010).
Health Disasters
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Endemic
The best way to reduce mosquitoes is to eliminate the places where the mosquito lays her eggs, like artificial containers that hold water in and around the home. Outdoors, clean water containers like pet and animal watering containers, flower planter dishes or cover water storage barrels. Look for standing water indoors such as in vases with fresh flowers and clean at least once a week. The adult mosquitoes like to bite inside as well as around homes, during the day and at night when the lights are on. To protect yourself, use repellent on your skin while indoors or out. When possible, wear long sleeves and pants for additional protection. Also, make sure window and door screens are secure and without holes. If available, use air-conditioning (Centers for disease control and prevention, 2011).
Pandemic
In each emergency situation, the lead agency for health is responsible for preparation for and response to a sharp increase in the numbers of cases of disease. To prepare for such an eventuality, it is essential that: a surveillance system is put in place to ensure early warning of an increase in the incidence or numbers of cases of diseases; an outbreak response plan is written for the disease covering the resources, skills and activities required; standard treatment protocols for the disease are available to all health facilities and agencies and that clinical workers are trained; stockpiles of essential treatment supplies (medication and material) and laboratory sampling kits are available for the priority diseases, such as oral rehydration salts, intravenous fluids, vaccination material, tents, transport media and water purification supplies; a competent laboratory is identified for confirmation of cases; sources of relevant vaccines are identified in the
event that a mass vaccination campaign is required, and that supplies of needles and syringes are adequate; sources of additional treatment supplies are identified for non vaccine preventable diseases in case of expansion of outbreak; the availability and security of a cold chain are established (Outbreak Control, 2011).
Pay attention to global surveillance. The World Health Organization constantly monitors outbreaks of infectious diseases and determines the possibility of pandemics. They maintain a pandemic alert system meant to alert the world to the current phase of pandemic disease spread and the location of the pandemic disease. In November 2009, for example, the world was in Phase 6 (Widespread Human Infection) for the H1N1 infection. Keep informed about symptoms of the disease. When a pandemic is identified in your area, stay up-to-date on local news and symptoms. If you believe you or a family member is infected with a pandemic disease, contact your doctor and make sure the infected person stays home from work or school to avoid passing the infection to others (Sturges, 2011).
Follow government and WHO guidelines. For general populations, this particularly includes knowing when to see a doctor or seek immediate care, as medical infrastructures get severely overwhelmed in pandemics. Guidelines will be posted on local and national government websites and on the WHO website (Sturges, 2011). Keep up-to-date on vaccinations. Many pandemic diseases, particularly influenza strains, can be prevented through vaccination. Keep vaccination records for yourself and family members. If you don't have them, contact your county health department (Sturges, J., 2011). Practice good general hygiene. Most pandemics are caused by viruses, and certain viruses like influenza can be controlled by covering coughs and sneezes and washing hands regularly.
Transmission of the HIV virus can largely be prevented through condom use (Sturges, 2011).
Be ready, not worried. One of the biggest challenges of pandemics in a globalized world is their ability to spread mass panic. The truth is that pandemic diseases are constantly circulating the globe in animal populations, and it is impossible to guard against all diseases all the time. Panics caused by pandemics can overstress health care infrastructures, resulting in more disease spread and deaths (Sturges, 2011).
Food Contamination
Prevention of food borne illness begins at home with good food preparation technique. Foods should be cooked thoroughly. This especially applies to eggs, poultry, and meat. A meat thermometer can be used to measure the internal temperature of a meat dish. Leftovers should be refrigerated immediately so that bacteria and viruses do not have time to start growing. Wash fruits and vegetables well before eating. This removes dirt, pesticides, chemicals, or other infectious agents used on, or exposed to, the foods in the fields or storage facilities. Wash hands routinely before and after handling food will help prevent the spread of infection. Clean counters and other areas that are used to clean, prepare, and assemble foods thoroughly. Cross contamination of food is common and can cause food poisonings. For example, a cutting board and knife used to cut raw chicken should be washed thoroughly before cutting up fruit and vegetables to prevent the spread of Salmonella. In restaurants, meals are prepared by others; health inspectors check restaurants routinely and their reports on sanitary practices are usually available online. Make certain that the food ordered is thoroughly cooked, especially meats such hamburger (Wedro, 2011).
These steps can help prevent food poisoning: Wash your hands and clean any dishes or utensils when you are making or serving food. Keep juices from meat, poultry, and seafood away from ready to eat foods. Cook foods to proper temperatures. Promptly refrigerate any food you will not be eating right away. If you take care of young children, wash your hands often and dispose of diapers carefully so that bacteria can't spread to other surfaces or people. If you make canned food at home, make sure to follow proper canning techniques to prevent botulism. Don't feed honey to children under 1 year of age. Don't eat wild mushrooms. When traveling where contamination is more likely, eat only hot, freshly cooked food. Boil water before drinking. Don't eat raw vegetables or unpeeled fruit. Always refrigerate fish. Don't eat tropical fish caught during blooms of poison plankton. Eat pufferfish only in specially licensed restaurants with chefs trained to cook it. Don't eat shellfish exposed to red tides. If others may have eaten a food that made you sick, let them know. If you think the food was contaminated when you bought it from a store or restaurant, tell the staff and your local health department (Ehrlich, 2010).
Age
C O L L E G E O F
Older adults are a vulnerable group who experience more negative impacts and are more likely to have higher morbidity and mortality rates than the rest of the population in a disaster (Kano & Wood, 2006)
Age may also be associated with disaster readiness. In research conducted by Mileti and
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N U R S I N G
Darlington (1997). Others contend that age is related to how people respond to risk related messages (Eisenman et. al 2006; Lindell and Perry, 2004) When earthquake, tsunami, tornado or flood strike, among the most vulnerable group are the elderly. Writing in the International Journal of Emergency Management, researchers in New Zealand suggest that emergency response plans must take into account the age-related needs of adults with regards to the personal and social resources they have available (Medical Xpress, 2011).
"In a disaster situation, the interaction of personal and social vulnerability will influence the ability of older adults to prepare, respond to and recover from such an event. A disaster will amplify both personal and social challenges facing older adults, and as a result older adults become more vulnerable to experiencing negative outcomes during disasters," the team says. "Emergency preparedness planning must take into account the age-related needs of older adults." (Medical Xpress 2011).
Gender
Gender is an important variable since it is clear that those living in poverty are more vulnerable to disaster impacts and the majority of the world's poor (70%) are women (Enarson and Morrow, 1999).
Women are generally involved in more mitigation and preparedness activities centered inside the house (Mulilis, 2008).
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Research has found that people with children in the household are more likely to participate in household disaster preparedness activities than those living without children (Turner, Nigg and Heller-Paz, 1986).
Eisenman et. al 2006, found that compared to people with no dependents, people with household dependents younger than 18 years of age in the household were more likely to report having emergency plan for disaster. Women have less access to resources social networks and influence, transportation, information, skills (including literacy), control over land and other economic resources, personal mobility, secure housing and employment, freedom from violence and control over decision-making - that are essential in disaster preparedness, mitigation and rehabilitation.
Women are victims of the gendered division of labor. They are over-represented in the agriculture industry, self-employment and the informal economy, in under-paid jobs with little security and no benefits such as healthcare or union representation. The informal and agricultural sectors are usually the most impacted by natural disasters, thus women become over-represented among the unemployed following a disaster (PAHO, 2009).
Student Nurse
Encouraging nursing students to prepare themselves, family, schools and communities for an impending disaster situation has been a goal of the National Student Nurse Association (NSNA) since the 2005 devastation of the Gulf Coast Region when Hurricane Katrina struck the area. To this end, NSNA just released its Guidelines for Establishing and Implementing Disaster
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Preparedness, Recovery, and Relief Projects (Nursezone, 2011).
Every school should have a plan to implement in the event of a disaster. Preparing this plan is a task in which every group inside the school should take part. Even students can help during a crisis by meeting a set of guidelines and helping to maintain order. In the event of a natural disaster or other threat, properly prepared students can play an integral role in creating a positive outcome for all involved (Nursezone, 2011). Students are often the best source of information for other students. The student disaster management team can put together information to pass on to other students and create posters to hang in the school hallways reminding students of rules and emergency exits. Have them perform skits or presentations to educate their classmates on proper behavior in case of an emergency (Todd 2011). Students could create pamphlets and fliers that spell out proper emergency procedures and why they should be followed. Hold workshops to teach students ways to avoid crisis situations or how to diffuse a high-stress situation. Students could also set up information booths during lunchtime to answer questions about crisis management and provide further information about their program (Todd, 2011). Finally, students can prepare for disasters by holding drills. Students should distribute information informing the school about drills and how to properly act or evacuate. During these drills, students can assist teachers by retrieving or delivering class lists, taking attendance and helping maintain order. Students can also assist in disaster cleanup and preparations for continuing classes elsewhere while the building returns to normal. Through these drills, students prepare themselves for how to behave properly if a real crisis should occur. (Todd 2011).
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First Aid/Emergency Kit I thought it because it contains of complete supplies that we may need in terms of disaster and it is the no.1 thing that comes in my mind when we need to have at home. Specialized skills in search and rescue, evacuation, disaster medicine, vulnerability analysis, damage assessment and first-aid have been widely undertaken. (American Red Cross) states that emergency preparedness kit is easy to carry to use in the event of an emergency or disaster. (Capistrano, 2011).
Food Supply
Food shortages are often an immediate health consequence of disasters. Existing food stocks may be destroyed or disruptions to distribution systems may prevent the delivery of food. In these situations, food relief programs should include the following elements: (1) assessment of food supplies available after the disaster, (2) determination of the nutritional needs of victims, (3) calculation of daily food needs, and (4) surveillance of victims' nutritional. (Bryla, 2012)
Flashlights/ Candles
An emergency flashlight can refer to numerous types of flashlights that people keep in places like homes, cars, or emergency kits to be used in case of emergency. Organizations like the Red Cross recommend that all emergency kits contain an emergency flashlight, and that people especially avoid using things like candles or other light sources that require flame. Some natural disasters, for instance, could cause gas leaks, which may not be apparent. Using an open flame
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can be dangerous because of its inherent fire risk, even without a gas leak, and also because if a gas leak is present, the flame can easily lead to devastating fires and personal injury. (Christensen, 2003-2012)
Many people choose an emergency flashlight that is battery operated. This can be a good choice if a person has access to numerous batteries. Only having a back up battery or two may not be enough to provide consistent power for the flashlight throughout the length of an emergency. For this reason, others look to different kinds of flashlights that can be charged in various ways. (Christensen, 2003-2012)
Bottled Water
In an emergency we can live for a few days without food, but everyone needs water. In a disaster situation, water may be a scarce commodity for a few days or even weeks. Municipal water systems have the potential for contamination, especially in floods and earthquakes. Contact authorities in your area to determine if tap water is safe to drink. Authorities suggest storing at least 1 gallon of clean water per person per day. Half is for drinking; the other half is for cooking and sanitation. Use your emergency water supply anytime water will touch you or your food. Even if your tap water isn't fit to drink, it's still fine for flushing the toilet. It is not good for bathing, brushing teeth, washing dishes, cooking or drinking -- that's what the emergency water supply is for. To keep Safe the Storing Emergency Water does the following actions: Keep your emergency water supply safe. Follow these tips from the CDC for storing water, Keep emergency water in a cool, dark place in your home, each vehicle, and your workplace; its best to use bottled water. Use water before the expiration or "use-by" date stamped on the container.
(Brouhard, 2009)
Charged batteries
Without cell phone batteries, the phone is useless. We cannot able to communicate. To be able equip, we must charged our batteries to communicate well especially in terms of disaster or calamity. Based on (Solar Panels for Emergency Use Disaster Response & Recovery - Home Power Backup) For emergency disaster preparedness and response, the portable solar power and charging station can run 25 laptop computers for 4-6 hours along with up to 25 inkjet or bubble jet printers, and charge cell phones, satellite phones and emergency lights. The number of devices and the run times depend on how much battery storage you have and the available sunlight to recharge. (Capistrano, 2011).
Radio
The scenarios are remarkably similar in the feelings and concerns they elicit. In both cases, the lack of any communication makes the situation far worse. In both situations, if you could just turn on a radio and get news of what is going on in your area and when help might arrive, your sense of security increases as your fears diminish. Such is the power of radio. When other communications fail, a simple radio with a crank or solar panel for power and knob to tune it offers a reassuring voice. A source of knowledge instead of just rumors. Before schools can get outside resources, or children can travel over repaired roads, radio provides a funnel of information that allows education to continue (Santos, 2010).
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Its easy (and necessary) in a disaster to think about necessities such as food, shelter, and clean water. How do people in the disaster learn where to go and how to get help with these basic needs? If you live in the industrialized world you might just assume it will show up where you are, sooner or later. As many found even in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in the United States, that can be a risky assumption. What you need is information on how to help yourself, and the best way to get the information is through a radio (Santos, 2010).
Clothes
Clothing and bedding are important at the time of emergency. These emergency supplies are important for the quick provision of clothing to the people affected with the emergency. One should have well and enough supply of clothing and bedding so that you be able to face the disastrous situations better.
Cash
The devastation that turned two coastal cities in Mindanao into a muddy wasteland has prompted government and aid organizations to appeal for help and donations, with officials involved in disaster relief operations harping for coffins, blankets, food, water, portalets, and cash. Gordon appealed for donations of cash, blankets, rice, canned goods, bottled water, and even coffins as the death toll continued to rise closer to 600 and rescue and retrieval operations have intensified for over 800 missing in Region 10. Cagayan de Oro City and Iligan City are in dire need of help, so I have already ordered the deployment of as many search and rescue teams from the police to that areas, said Bartolome.
Stay indoor/ Stay at home / Stay at safe place
People or especially, we students are sometimes confused when going to school early in the morning. We tend to be upset when the university admin tend to suspend the classes when the school is been flood. So, I thought that when the storm or rain is too intense or heavy whether the school is not announced to suspend classes, to be safe we must stay at home. Based on (Coward, 2010) Staying at home is probably the best overall strategy for most families in a variety of different disaster type situations. However, there are a few scenarios where your continued longterm survival may necessitate the evacuation of your home like Fire in a city, suburb, or country, Flooding from Heavy Rains or Hurricanes, Drought: The lakes dry up and Epidemic (Capistrano,2011).
Cellular phone
Organizations can use mobile phones to track people fleeing natural disasters and determine how best to target emergency aid, in an example showing how cell phone tracking data can have a positive use. The study shows one way location tracking can be used in a positive way to help people, in a time when the majority of reports on the subject highlight how the same capability is often used for commercial or even law enforcement efforts. (Fitzgerald, 2011)
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Information from the News by watching TV/listening to Radio
In the event of a biological attack, public health officials may not immediately be able to provide information on what you should do. It will take time to determine exactly what the illness is, how it should be treated, and who is in danger. Watch TV, listen to the radio, or check the Internet for official news that might include what are the signs and symptoms of the disease, are medications or vaccines being distributed, where and who should get them, and where you should seek medical treatment. Authorized city personnel are able to contact the Network's Command Center to request activation of NEWS for a specified area, whether it is one block or the entire city, and for a specific emergency situation. Either a pre-recorded or real-time voice message will be created for use in various emergency situations (Disaster Preparedness Guide, 2006) Medicines
Disasters can also cause disruptions to the health care infrastructure. Hospitals and health centers may suffer structural damage, or health personnel may be among the casualties, limiting the ability to provide health services to disaster victims. Emergency Health Kits that contain essential medical supplies and drugs are often provided to victims as part of the immediate response to disasters. Developed through the collaboration of various relief organizations, these kits are designed to meet the primary health care needs of people without access to medical facilities. Each kit covers the needs of about 10,000 persons for three months, at a cost of about fifty cents per person. The twelve essential drugs in the basic kit include anti-inflammatories, an antacid, a disinfectant, oral dehydration salts, an antimalarial, a basic antibiotic (effective against the most common bacteria ), and an ointment for eye infections. These medicines can treat the
most common illnesses of disaster victims, such as anemia , pain, diarrhea, fever, respiratory tract infections, eye and ear infections, measles, and skin conditions. The basic kit also includes simple medical supplies such as cotton, soap, bandages, thermometers, some medical instruments, health cards and record books, and items to help create a clean water supply (Bryla, 2012).
Be Alert
Being prepared and alert in facing emergency situations is very crucial. To be alert to whats going on, to be abreast of rumors and hearsay, to be aware of the prevailing trends of public opinion. The expression is said to derive from a practice of plainsmen in the Old West. They reputedly believed that a neckerchief on the ground would amplify otherwise inaudible sounds, such as the beating of horses hooves. Consequently, they would often put an ear to a neckerchief so placed in order to discern anothers approach. This expression and its variants hold or have ones ear to the ground date from the early part of this century, and still enjoy widespread currency.
Dont operate any electrical equipment during flood
The bed shakes a bit at first. An item or two falls over on your bookcase. And then things start to rumble. Everything around you that had always been for your pleasure - your TV, your bookcase, everything that can be moved - is now your enemy. There are very few disasters as unpredictable as a quake. The good news is that if you're well-prepared, you and those you care for can usually come out unhurt. Secrets of Survival reveals how to ready yourself if and when the earth begins to rumble beneath your feet. Do not turn on the gas again if you've turned it off;
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the gas company should do it. They'll know if it's safe to do so. Do not use matches, lighters, camp stoves, barbecues, electrical equipment or any appliances until you are sure there are no gas leaks. They may create a spark that could ignite leaking gas and cause an explosion. Do not use your telephone, except for a medical or fire emergency. You could tie up the lines needed for emergency response. If an emergency occurs and the phone doesn't work, send someone for help. Do not expect firefighters, police or paramedics to definitely be there for you. They may not be available. Remember, the contents of your home may be damaged and can be dangerous. Quakes can make light fixtures fall, and bookcases and television sets topple over even after the shaking is over (Cliff Montgomery,2008).
Sanitation supplies
One of the most overlooked disaster planning measure is a sanitation and hygiene plan just in case there is a disruption of sanitation services and access to hygiene supplies. (Disaster Survival Resources, 2009) People don't realize that a lack of proper sanitation is the leading cause of disease and death and can even claim more lives than the disaster itself. (Disaster Survival Resources, 2009)
Dont Panic! This is the first thing that you have to remember when an earthquake is currently happening. Its apparent that when a person is feeling afraid or nervous, he or she will surely wont be able to think properly. Take a deep breath and have in mind that the disaster will soon come to a pass. This way, you will be able to think what to do next(The Geological Society of the Philippines,2012).
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Keep important identification/ Financial documents Original copies of insurance policies, personal documents (like birth certificates), retirement plans, account lists with contact numbers, and other important documents should be stored safely, in a more permanent location. A waterproof fire safe is often a good choice. This way, your important papers will remain safe during a natural disaster, where you can retrieve them later(MARQUIT,2012).
Stay away from any sharp objects /falling debris e.g. glass
In disaster such as tornadoes or hurricane, we must avoid the heavy winds that can harm us. Based on (Preparing for disasterespanol) Avoid windows, go to the lowest floor, small center room even in an interior room, you should cover yourself with some sort of thick padding (mattress, blankets, etc.), to protect against falling debris in case the roof and ceiling fail (Capistrano, 2011).
Move away from buildings
Police have abandoned all hope of finding survivors at the collapsed Canterbury TV building in central Christchurch. Inspector Dave Lawry said he was "100 per cent" certain those trapped in the building, including a non-sworn police staff member and a group of overseas students, were dead. All emergency personnel have been moved away from the building because of danger the unstable Grand Chancellor Hotel would collapse onto it, he said. (Cheng, Booker and et.al, 2005).
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Move inland or higher grounds If you are in a coastal community and feel the shaking of a strong earthquake, you may have only minutes until a tsunami arrives. Do not wait for an official warning. Instead, let the strong shaking be your warning, and, after protecting yourself from falling objects, quickly move away from the water and to higher ground. If the surrounding area is flat, move inland. Once away from the water, listen to a local radio or television station or Weather Radio for information from the Tsunami Warning Centers about further action you should take(Rosenberg,2012). Even if you do not feel shaking, if you learn that an area has experienced a large earthquake that could send a tsunami in your direction, listen to a local radio or television station or Weather Radio for information from the Tsunami Warning Centers about action you should take. Depending on the location of the earthquake, you may have a number of hours in which to take appropriate action (Rosenberg,2012).
Turn off gas tanks Everyone talks about emergency preparedness, but how much do you know about what to do and what not to do with your gas and electrical service in the event of a natural disaster? Most people proudly have 72-hour kits fully stocked and ready to go. But there are a lot of people who don't know how to shut off their gas or electrical service or when it should be done. Fire, earthquake, flood or severe winds are the top four disasters that could affect the use of your utility services, especially your gas service. After an event of this kind, people often begin to notice flulike symptoms or the smell of gas. If nothing is done, carbon monoxide poisoning can follow, as well as a gas fire. Problems with your electrical service after a disaster can lead to fire. Knowing
how to shut off your gas or electricity can prevent another disaster from happening on the heels of the previous one(Home Safety,2011). First of all, if you don't smell or hear gas escaping or notice any carbon monoxide symptoms, don't shut your gas off just because there was an earthquake or some other event. If you don't immediately notice smoke or sparks, don't shut off your electrical service, either. Stay alert for any problems, because once you shut your gas off, it needs to stay off until an employee of your local gas company can check it out and turn it back on. It is possible to turn your own electrical service back on. The fact is that you also might need your gas or electrical service and if there isn't a problem, don't fix it(Home Safety,2011).
Whistle
In a matter of minutes an enjoyable day in the great outdoors can become a lifethreatening situation. Becoming lost, injured or stranded, your abililty to signal for help is the number one factor in being rescued. Carrying a rescue whistle on your person is an inexpensive and easy way to identify yourself as being in need of rescue and being found. When it comes down to your life, this simple, but essential Safety Tool is the primary instrument that brings aid to you and your loved ones in a disaster or life-threatening situation. 3-blasts from the whistle is an Internationally Recognized Distress Signal.
Identify strong parts of the building/ hide under the table/bed Protect your head with a helmet or cushion, and hide in a safe place, such as under a table. Running outside is potentially dangerous, because roof tiles and glass may fall on you (Sendai City Disaster Information, 2010).
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Turn off any electrical appliances Small appliances may be affected by electrical power surges that may occur as the storm approaches. Unplugging them reduces potential damage (National Disaster Education Coalition,1999).
Put things at plastic bag Gather water, food and emergency supplies to last at least three days--longer is better. You probably already have most of the items on the list below. The trick is gathering them in one area and packing them so that items are easy to transport. Rubbermaid and other similar manufacturers make plastic, sealable containers in many sizes and shapes, some with carrying handles that make them easy to transport. Clean trash containers with tight-fitting lids are another choice. Find a variety of container sizes that you can pack into your car in a short time if necessary.
Pray Prayer for divine intervention at the time of disaster is well-documented. With a general belief in some sectors of the population that God or some external force drives disaster, to appeal to the same for help or direction should not be unexpected. A number of studies around the world and across cultures have found this to be true. Using a sample of Christian clergy in South Carolina, prayer is investigated for its perceived use as a hazard adjustment. The results indicate that there is broad support for perseverance across denominations, that prayer as protection enjoys support under certain conditions, and that prayer as prevention garners little support except among some more fundamentalist conservative clergy. An important question remaining for hazards researchers is how to recognize and support the positive roles prayer can have in the
recovery and relief process of disaster in addition to other protective measures. (Mitchell, 2002)
Stay away from low lying coastal
Find out if your home, school, workplace, or other frequently visited locations are in tsunami hazard areas. Know the height of your street above sea level and the distance of your street from the coast or other high-risk waters. Evacuation orders may be based on these numbers. Also find out the height above sea level and the distance from the coast of outbuildings that house animals, as well as pastures or corrals. f possible, pick areas 100 feet (30 meters) above sea level or go as far as two miles (3 kilometers) inland, away from the coastline. If you cannot get this high or far, go as high or far as you can. Every foot inland or upward may make a difference. You should be able to reach your safe location on foot within 15 minutes (Rosenberg 2004).
Use protected gears like boots
Standing water or stagnant water is ideal for the growth of microorganisms and molds. We can have a disease such as Leptospirosis if we do not cover to our body especially when in times of flood. Addition to these, after event can lead to a infectious diseases like cough and colds, fever, etc. so we need to protect our body for not being able to catch up the infectious disease. According to (articles2.org) Living in physical proximity with these micro organisms can lead to numerous health issues particularly respiratory and dermatological ones. If you end up in a flooded home, after the monsoons, your first priority should be to clear the stagnant water and
this is where water restoration service comes to your rescue. Water restoration service providers function round the clock so that people might contact them at the time of an emergency. They are equipped with the latest range of equipments and have a team of skilled professionals who can counter any situation, no matter how grave it is such as using of complete protective gear that would include mask, rubber boots, rubber gloves, eye protection goggles and clothes that can be readily disposed or washed. Keep important identification/ financial, paper documents.Keeping one copy of the inventory at home and a second at another location, such as with a relative, at the office/school or in a safety-deposit box before disaster is a must. So, most of the students get lost of the papers at school or papers and books are got wet. So be able to prevent that, we must place it in a plastic envelope. (Ladika, 2009) says Some banks now offer online safety-deposit boxes that can protect documents, photos and videos. In addition to having access to key documents, it's important to have proof of your valuables when filing insurance claims. (Articles2.org, 2005).
Blanket There are several very important items that you need in a survival situation. Emergency survival blankets are one of them. The areas you have to consider for survival supplies fall into these main categories. Shelter, fire, first aid, water and food are survival necessities, and blankets certainly fall into the shelter and fire, or warmth category. (Thibeault, 2010)
Fire Extinguisher
An emergency can happen at any time without notice. Being prepared for a variety of
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disasters with water, emergency food storage and other survival supplies is crucial to maintaining some control over the situation. Although often overlooked, your emergency preparedness supplies should include fire extinguishers to help protect your loved ones and your property. (Jenkins, 2011) A fire extinguisher is typically a hand-held, portable cylinder that you aim at the base of a fire and pull a trigger to discharge a dry chemical. It is used for small, contained fires, not fires that are out of control. Only fight a fire if you still have a means to escape. Follow your instincts and leave a house if the fire continues to grow. (Jenkins, 2011)
Secure livelihood/ source of income
Community awareness on disaster prevention, preparedness, mitigation and relief are largely dependent on the capability of the communities to withstand disasters. Disaster preparedness needs to be way of life in such communities if they have to survive the aftermath of different catastrophes. Many studies on droughts, landslides, floods, cyclones, land erosion, etc. conducted in the developing countries found out that disasterprone communities are living at virtually subsistence levels and very limited livelihood options and opportunities are available to the at-risk communities in these countries. Most of the disasterprone population still depends on agriculture as a major source of earning. Diversification of livelihood sources can mitigate the effect of disruption of the peoples main livelihood. Some livelihoods are extremely vulnerable to particular disaster. To reduce peoples vulnerability, support could be provided to these communities with alternative livelihoods that match the capacities and that are not sensitive to the existing disaster (Heidelberg ,2005).
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Tape windows
Install permanent hurricane shutters. Hurricane shutters provide the best protection for your windows and doors. Taping windows could take critical time from more effective preparedness measures. All tape does is help prevent glass from broken windows from scattering all over inside. Tape does not prevent windows from breaking. Cover the outside of windows with shutters or plywood. (National Disaster Education Coalition, Washington, D.C., 1999.)
Report broken utility lines
Nobody knows when disasters will happen. It could be that the damage caused by an earthquake, typhoon or other disaster will force power outage. We are requested to make preparations for possible power outage during disasters, with avoidance of danger is the first priority. According to (The Chugoku Electric Power Co.) Power lines that are broken or sagging because of a typhoon, earthquake or other disaster could give electric shocks and are very dangerous. If you see such lines, notify the nearest Power Service Office about them. Do not go near or touch such power lines for any reason. Please also notify the nearest Power Service Office immediately if you notice any trees, signboards, antennas or similar objects in contact with power lines, or any tilted power poles, etc. (The Chugoku Electric Power Co.2006).
Do not use elevators, Use stairs rather. Evacuation of people with disabilities will be given the highest priority in all emergencies. In an emergency situation, it is important that you are familiar with your needs during evacuation. You are encouraged to convey these needs to your instructor at the beginning of each semester. While
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attending class, try to position yourself near a doorway for an easier exit. Become familiar with the building and its exits. Follow signs to exits. Do NOT use elevators, unless authorized to do so by police or fire personnel. Elevators could fail during a fire, earthquake or flood (Goodin and George, 1996 ).
Do not attempt to enter partially damaged buildings You should have your home inspected after a flood for unseen damages. Structural problems are not always apparent once the flood waters recede. A good inspector will check the structure of the house, the electrical system, the heating and cooling system, the sewage system, and more(Oblack,2012).
Contact Emergency / Call for help
Many of these call center companies offer assistance and services to help reduce the stress that takes place during a disaster like a flood or severe storm. One of the big benefits of this type of service is that it can help people get in contact with loved ones who might be at a particular hospital or doctors office. Disaster recovery enables your nursing and assistant staff to focus on providing immediate care to those in the facility rather than having their attention divided by phone duties. Keeping your patients calm during a disaster is critical, and to do that you need to provide as orderly an atmosphere as possible. If your staff is showing visible signs of extreme stress and chaos ensues by trying to help patients and answer phones, this objective will be impossible to complete.
Put outdoor plants inside home

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Make trees more wind resistant by removing diseased or damaged limbs, then strategically remove branches so that wind can blow through. Hurricane winds frequently break weak limbs and hurl them at great speed, causing great damage when they hit property. Debris collection services may not be operating just before a storm, so it is best to do this well in advance of approaching storms. (National Disaster Education Coalition,1999).
Avoid areas subject to sudden flooding Your presence might hamper rescue and other emergency operations, and put you at further risk from the residual effects of floods, such as contaminated waters, crumbled roads, landslides, mudflows, and other hazards. Continue to listen to a NOAA Weather Radio or local radio or television stations and return home only when authorities indicate it is safe to do so. Flood dangers do not end when the water begins to recede; there may be flood-related hazards within your community, which you could hear about from local broadcasts. Stay out of any building if flood waters remain around the building. Flood waters often undermine foundations, causing sinking, floors can crack or break and buildings can collapse(National Disaster Education,2012).
Use protected gears like rain coat

The use of protective clothing and equipment is essential when cleaning up after a flood. Contaminated water and sludge may contain harmful organisms, chemicals and heavy metals. Gloves are essential. So are goggles that dont contain air holes. Dust kicked up from sweeping and other activities can release contaminants into the air (Natural Disasters and Weather Emergencies U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011).
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Mask Dust masks are used to prevent the inhalation of airborne particles from such sources as fire, volcanic eruption or dust storm. Face masks are also helpful in preventing and aiding in the prevention and the spread of disease, flu, etc. In the aftermath of a disaster gas explosion, earthquake, hurricane, volcano, tornado, tsunami, winter storm, terrorist attack, flood, fire, accident or other emergency, contaminants will be released into the air. It is important to have an air filtration mechanism such as a dust mask or particulate air filter (Quake Kare Inc,2012).
Beware of displaced snakes, insects or animals Snakes, rodents, and stray animals can be extremely dangerous after a flood. From bites to diseases, never handle or approach animals after a flood. Keep in mind that insects are also a huge nuisance after a flood and can carry diseases (Oblack,2012).
Do not attempt to cross bridge
The province of Davao Oriental was recently awarded as the most prepared local government unit in the country in terms of disaster management. The Gawad Kalasag Award given to the province by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council recognizes and rewards civilian and government individuals and organizations for humanitarian assistance and disaster relief. The award recognizes self-help or voluntary efforts to protect highrisk communities against disasters. Proceed cautiously once the earthquake has stopped. Avoid roads, bridges or ramps that might have been damaged by the earthquake(Ferdinand Zuasola,2011).
Clean up chemical spills
The impacts of chemical accidents can be deadly for both human and the environment. I thought to help emergency responders know what they are dealing with the Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC) has established a hazardous materials placard system. Rail cars and trucks carrying toxic or dangerous materials must display a diamond-shaped sign. According to (Disasters: Chemical Accidents and Spills).
Emergency response personnel are involved in assessing the risk of hazardous material releases and working to avoid any harmful effects. Chemical accidents and spills can be devastating to humans, wildlife, and the environment. The best way to reduce the harm caused by chemical accidents is to design plants with better safety controls that operate at lower temperatures and pressures, and to use and manufacture less toxic compounds, a field that is being pursued by "green" chemists and engineers. But until toxic chemicals are routinely replaced by less harmful substitutes, the emergency response procedures developed by environmental scientists and engineers help lessen the human health and ecological effects of chemical spills and accidents (Disasters: Chemical Accidents and Spills, 2005).
Conceptual Framework
Disaster preparedness has attained a higher level of importance in every country. Properly trained nurses help ensure that in any type of disaster, a community will have organized and effective emergency medical care (Brunner & Suddhart, 2010).
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As the nation cope with disasters, many nurses and other health care professionals have been forced to quickly learn about treating victims of calamities, as well as to re-think their hospital and community disaster plans.
Development efforts have focused on helping the poor in dealing with many of the risks they face in daily life, such as in employment, health care, transport, education and water and sanitation. Traditionally disaster risks have not been a priority on the development agenda. When carefully laid development plans are tragically interrupted by disasters, the international community relies on organizations such as the United Nations and the Red Cross to step in with relief services. When the emergency work is over, reconstruction efforts are initiated to get the country back on the development track (WHO).
It is clear that the poor are often those most affected by a disaster, it is too simplistic to assume that there is a direct and absolute correlation between poverty and vulnerability (S. Yo dmani, 2001).
Community is the key actor as well as the primary beneficiary of disaster risk reduction. Within the community, priority attention is given to the conditions of the most vulnerable as well as to their mobilization in disaster risk reduction. The community participates in the whole process of disaster risk management from situational analysis to planning to implementation.
Definition of Terms
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Adaptation. The adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities (Republic Act # 10121).
Climate Change. A change in climate that can be identified by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period typically decades or longer, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity (Republic Act # 10121).
Disaster. A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. Disasters are often described as a result of the combination of: the exposure to a hazard; the conditions of vulnerability that are present; and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the potential negative consequences. Disaster impacts may include loss of life, injury, disease and other negative effects on human, physical, mental and social well-being, together with damage to property, 5 destruction of assets, loss of services, social and economic disruption and environmental degradation (Republic Act # 10121).
Disaster Preparedness. The knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional response and recovery organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from, the impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events or conditions. Preparedness action is carried out within the context of disaster risk reduction and management and aims to build the capacities needed to efficiently manage all types of
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emergencies and achieve orderly transitions from response to sustained recovery. Preparedness is based on a sound analysis of disaster risk and good linkages with early warning systems, and includes such activities as contingency planning, stockpiling of equipment and supplies, the development of arrangements for coordination, evacuation and public information, and associated training and field exercises. These must be supported by formal institutional, legal and budgetary capacities (Republic Act # 10121).
Disaster Risk. The potential disaster losses in lives, health status, livelihood, assets and services, which could occur to a particular community or a society over some specified future time period (Republic Act # 10121).
Earthquakes. Are earth vibration produced when the stability of rock masses under the surface of the earth is disturbed. This disturbance usually occurs along existing fault lines or zones of structural weakness. The organization and management of resources and responsibilities for addressing all aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and initial recovery steps. (Republic Act # 10121).
Epidemic/outbreak. Is the occurrence of communicable /non-communicable diseases or illness of the same nature in excess of the normal.
Equipped. Being prepared or ready not just a physical aspect but also in cognitive aspect.
Exposure. The degree to which the elements at risk are likely to experience hazard events of different magnitudes (Republic Act # 10121).
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Flood. Is the condition that occurs when water overflows the natural or artificial confines of a stream or body of water, or when run-off from heavy rain fall accumulates over low-laying areas (Republic Act # 10121).
Preparedness. It is a continuous cycle of planning, managing, organizing, training, equipping, exercising, creating, monitoring, evaluating and improving activities to ensure effective coordination and the enhancement of capabilities of concerned organizations to prevent, protect against, respond to, recover from, create resources and mitigate the effects of natural disasters, acts of terrorism, and other man-made disasters. Pre-disaster actions and measures being undertaken within the context of disaster risk reduction and management and are based on sound risk analysis as well as pre-disaster activities to avert or minimize loss of life and property such as, but not limited to, community organizing, training, planning, equipping, stockpiling, hazard mapping, insuring of assets, and public information and education initiatives. This also includes the development/enhancement of an overall preparedness strategy, policy, institutional structure, warning and forecasting capabilities, and plans that define measures geared to help at-risk communities safeguard their lives and assets by being alert to hazards and taking appropriate action in the face of an imminent threat or an actual disaster (Republic Act # 10121).
Risk. The combination of the probability of an event and its negative Consequences (Republic Act # 10121).
River Wagon Model. It is a model which uses a river wagon as a main symbol to signify concerns in a manner by which each part has its own explanation while the river symbolizes the
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disaster
Robotfoto. A drawing or sketch about something.
State of Calamity. It is a condition so declared by the President the Local Sanggunian concerned in the event of widespread destruction to property and loss of life due to destructive forces of nature or man-made emergencies. A condition involving mass casualty and/or major damages to property, disruption of means of livelihoods, roads and normal way of life of people in the affected areas as a result of the occurrence of natural or human-induced hazard (Republic Act # 10121). Self-made brochure. It is a type of data made primarily as a small booklet or pamphlet, often containing promotional material or product information made by the respondents.
Tropical Cyclone. Is an intense weather disturbance such as typhoon and storm composed of a big whirling mass of wind and rains. Similar to whirlwind, tornado or water spout but having immense dimensions. It has violent winds which flow around and towards the center and is associated with torrential rains often accompanied by thunderstorms (Republic Act # 10121).
Tsunami. Is a series of travelling ocean waves of long length and period usually caused by seismic disturbances in the ocean floor or confines. Which upon reaching the shore, losses speed but increase in height depending upon the residual force upon arrival, such waves may rush in shore and cause devastation to human settlements and infrastructures along the shore line (Republic Act # 10121).
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Volcanic eruption. Is the ejection of volcanic materials such as lava, ashes, rock fragments, steam and other gasses through a fissure brought about by tremendous pressure which forces open the rock formation overlying pockets of molten rocks or stream reservoirs found under the earth s crust (Republic Act # 10121).
Vulnerability. The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. Vulnerability may arise from various physical, social, economic, and environmental factors such as poor design and construction of buildings, inadequate protection of assets, lack of public information and awareness, limited official recognition of risks and preparedness measures, and disregard for wise environmental management (Republic Act # 10121).
CHAPTER 3 Research Methodology Research Design The present study adopted the mixed method research design.
Initially, the researchers embraced a qualitative phenomenological approach and design. Qualitative research starts with a few preconceived ideas and stresses the importance of peoples interpretations of events and circumstances. The focus of qualitative investigations is to capture and understand the entirety of certain phenomena and collect narrative data (Polit & Beck, 2004).
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Quantitatively, icons used in the brochures were tallied and statistically treated using frequency and percentage.
Locale and Population of the Study The study was conducted in one of the university in Metro Manila from November, 2011 to January, 2012. The population used in the study is 50 (fifty )nursing students.
Description of the Respondents
The study aims to determine the disaster preparedness of Filipino nursing students who are in NCM 104 and 105 level.
Purposive sampling was utilized in the study. Purposive because the participants is choose based on a particular purpose. With the help of one of the faculty members in NCM 104 and 105 he or she will discuss disaster preparedness in one of his or her class and after that discussion he or she will give assignment to make a brochure about disaster preparedness they should finish the said assignment within two weeks. The brochure was used as the main data- gathering instrument for this study. There is a great sense of anonymity because each respondent was able to make own brochure and response could not be linked to any particular person. Majority of the student brochure makers are female.
Instrumentation
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With the use of the self-made brochures from NCM 104 and 105, this study took on the qualitative approaches of research. The self-made brochures were used as the main data-gathering instrument for this study. Also, a checklist was devised to tally the common icons utilized by the brochure makers.
The tool is being validated by an expert from the field, Mr. Ryan M. Pagente, RN, MAN.
Data Gathering Procedures
A combination of data collection techniques will be used to estimate the Disaster Preparedness of Student Nurses of OLFU. The researchers will collaborate with a MedicalSurgical professor to discuss about Disaster in the class and she or he will assign the class to make their own brochure creatively on how they will prepare for disaster brochure will be
interpreted by the respondents themselves . There were no rules in making their own. The collected date will be tallied by the researchers that will fall in its category.
Statistical treatment
Data were statistically treated using the frequency and percentage.
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CHAPTER 4 Presentation, Analysis And Interpretation Of Data
The present study aimed to surface the robotfoto excerpt from the brochures made by the nursing students in a selected school at Valenzuela City through a brochure making.
Qualitative Results: Cool and Warm Analyses
The clarity and brevity of the student brochures have made the researchers come up with major and minor themes regarding the concerns of Filipino nursing students about disaster. The
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three (3) major themes are: (1) Timely, (2) Trending Concern, and (3) Trailblazing. From the three (3) major themes the researchers come up with different minor themes such as: Death, Intellectual Choice, Process, Support, Impending Doom, and Professional Function under the Timely Concerns; Safety, Resources, Literacy, and Integrity under Trending Concern; and Balance and DeJavu of events under Trailblazing Concerns.
TIMELY CONCERNS
The theme TIMELY CONCERNS Refers to student concerns relating to disaster management areas that applicable to the contemporary society. The theme is further divided into minor themes namely: (1) Death, (2) Intellectual Choice, (3) Process, (4) Support, (5) Impending Doom, and (6) Professional Function.
Death The respondents viewed disaster as it which depicts concern of death of an individual.
This theme emerged during the brochure making of the students. Selected robotfoto related to this theme are illustrated in Figure 1.
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Figure 1. Brochures Related to the Theme Death
Getting relevant information about this self-made brochure was conducted to verify the validity of the emerged subject. Some verbalizations from the student nurses were:
Be ready for what is happening to you.
Pray to God
Disaster is very dangerous and very lonely.
Death is life's ending. Let us say that vital processes are those by which organisms develop or maintain themselves. These processes include chemosynthesis, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, cell generation, and maintenance of homeostasis. Then death is the ending of the vital processes by which an organism sustains itself (Luper, 2009).
The researcher discovered that there are some who has a fear of death or anticipates death when disaster comes.
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Intellectual Choice The student-respondents showed importance of having an intellectual decision during disaster. This theme emerged during the robotfoto activity of the students. Selected robotfoto related to this theme are illustrated in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Robotfoto Related to the Theme Intellectual Choice
When disaster comes, First, I need to prepare first aid kits whenever there is someone who will get injury. Second, I must keep our food supply because its hard to live without anything to eat especially during disaster. Third, I will secure the valuable things such as my personal documents because its difficult to fix those stuffs again. Lastly, I wont lose hope despite of the disastrous events that
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will happen in my life.
The students regarded the importance of having an intellectual choice. According to St. Augustine, The intellect is the compendium of all that has been learned in life and contains no innate understandings. Understandings are formed as the result of personal experience.
The researcher further discovered through the robotfoto, that the respondents faces choices in all phases of emergency, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery -- that is to say, before, during and after disasters. These choices, regarding how they will act in the
anticipation and in the event of min emergency, are unavoidably laden with values (Partridge,1988).
Process The student-respondents viewed process who realizes illuminating several steps to follow during the time of disaster. Figure 3 illustrates the robotfoto related to this theme.
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Figure 3. Robotfoto Related to the Theme Process
Getting relevant information about this self-made brochure was conducted to verify the validity of the emerged subject. Some verbalizations from the student nurses were: It makes us be aware and to be vigilant at all times.
We need to prepared at all times even without the reminders of the media in case of incoming disasters. We should prepare ourselves before, during and after the tragic environmental disasters. To know the things you should do if the calamity occur. It will prevent people
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from accident. They become alert and prepared so that they may be able to apply it in the scenario. I enumerate 7 steps to earthquake safety. They become alert and prepared. In gaining the sense of initiative, preschool children need exposure to a wide variety of experiences so they can learn as much about their world as possible (Pilliteri, 2010). Children comprising of preschoolers are in the stage of naive instrumental orientation, in which actions are seen to directly satisfy their own needs rather than others (Podolski, 2008) which include clothing for self and image.
Moreover, Kyle (2008) stated that children need the experience of choosing their own clothes in order to develop the sense of initiative as their social developmental stage. Giving them simple choices allows them to develop the world of initiative rather than guilt (Monroe, 2008).
The researcher discovered through the robotfoto of the informants that at an early age, preschoolers correlate the existence of clean clothing in establishing health enticing behaviors. Lam (2005) stated that poor individuals usually come from families that will have scarce source of food, shelter and clothing. Hence, even if the preschoolers were regarded among the poorest of the poor children in their community (Martin, 2011), at an early age they have an understanding that availability of clothing is an enticing picture of a healthy child.
Support
The student-respondents viewed individual as a person who provide support-specific information.

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This theme surfaced during the robotfoto activity of the students. Selected robotfoto related to this theme are illustrated in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Robotfoto Related to the Theme Support
They become alert and prepared.
To know the things you should do if the calamity occurs. It will prevent people from accident. They become alert and prepared so that they may be able to apply it in the scenario. Support system is a network of facilities and people who interact and remain in informal communication for mutual assistance; a network that enables you to live in a certain style (Farlex, 2012).
The researcher further discovered that it is generally acknowledged that there are many people are dependent in any specific support system that can withstand in any disastrous events.
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Impending Doom The student-respondents viewed individual as a person who showed disastrous effects of calamities and its consequences. This theme surfaced during the robotfoto activity of the students. Selected robotfoto related to this theme are illustrated in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Robotfoto Related to the Theme Impending Doom Getting relevant information about this self-made brochure was conducted to verify the validity of the emerged subject. Some verbalizations from the student nurses were:
We need to be prepared at all times even without the reminders of the media in case of incoming disasters. We should prepare ourselves before, during and after the tragic environmental disasters.
I have presented five points to keep yourself ready and equipped before and during the disasters. I also emphasized prayer when God will always be there to ease us all.
The researcher further discovered that it is generally acknowledged that everyone gathers because of a common sense of impending doom. A disaster that sits just around the corner. Fear
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of impending doom: You feel as though something extremely bad is going to happen but you are not sure what. You may also feel as though your world is coming to an end. This fear of "what if" may be intermittent, frequent, or on-going. These fears can cause you fear episodes and even panic. Often, these type of fears are hard to break free of (Folk, 2011).
Professional Function The student-respondents are giving importance to the enactment of profession-related services. Figure 6 illustrates the robotfoto related to this theme.
Figure 6. Robotfoto Related to the Theme Professional Function This is supported by some verbalizations of the respondents:
For me, as a student nurse, we must be familiar to the things that we should do during a disaster. We must apply on what we have learn and practice our profession in the near future.
In these settings, nurses utilize their unique skills, abilities, and understanding of the community to the betterment of the population by striving to deliver the highest attainable level of care that the adverse circumstances allow (Powers, 2011).
The researcher further discovered that it is generally acknowledged that Nurses are often
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called upon to provide aid and care during a variety of disaster events, including war environments, complex emergencies with displaced populations, large-scale disasters that disrupt the normal delivery of health care to the community, and local emergencies that temporarily strain resources (Powers, 2011).
TRENDING CONCERNS
The theme Trending Concern refers to student concerns relating
to disaster
management areas that is considered classic until the present time. The theme is further divided into minor themes namely: (1) Safety, (2) Resources, (3) Literacy, and (4) Integrity.
SAFETY
The student-respondents viewed individual who posit importance of safety during disasters. This theme emerged during the robotfoto activity of the students. Selected robotfoto related to this theme are illustrated in Figure 7.
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Figure 7. Robotfoto Related to the Theme Safety

C O L L E G E O F
This is supported by some verbalizations of the respondents:
I have a fear in a massive earthquake. For me, its very dangerous and it can destroy many houses and it will kill huge number of people in just a split of
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seconds.
The researcher further discovered that at a major disaster, the magnitude of the hazards, the urgent threat to public safety, and the involvement of scores of organizations further amplify the importance of having managers and structures in place to deal with the barrage of situations and coordinate multiple responders. Even if conducted with the best of intentions, efforts to respond to such incidents in the absence of strategic management have been described as nothing more than well-meaning chaos [Maniscalco and Christen 2001, 25].
The researcher discovered through the robotfoto of the informants that some are concern of their safety.
RESOURCES
The student-respondents viewed individual as a person who reveals the need for preparing important tools to survive disaster. This theme emerged during the robotfoto activity of the students. Selected robotfoto related to this theme are illustrated in Figure 8.
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Figure 8. Robotfoto Related to the Theme Resources This is supported by some verbalizations of the respondents:
C O L L E G E O F
It makes us to become aware and vigilant at all times.
I have presented five points to keep yourself ready and equipped before and
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N U R S I N G
during the disasters. I also emphasized prayer when God will always be there to ease us all.
I think that disaster will help us think precisely in all of our actions to be taken in order to survive and avoid damaged large number of casualties.
So I wont panic if that disaster occurs.
First things comes first.
Para sa akin, itatabi ko ang mga bagay na dapat tandaan para paghandaan ang anumang sakuna. (I will keep my valuables so that when a disaster occurs, Im prepared.
I have prepared important things that is needed before and after a disaster.
Plan, Prepare, Practice and Protect. Be Alert.

Literacy
The student-respondents viewed individual who are showcasing concerns on knowledge acquisition among the population. Figure 9 illustrates the robotfoto related to this theme.
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Figure 9. Robotfoto Related to the Theme Literacy
This is supported by some verbalizations of the respondents: I think of different materials that I can use in terms of disaster. First, I will prepare first aid kit, evacuation plan, and keep my gadgets and etc. I will apply all the information that I have gathered.
To have a better guide and information about disaster to the one whos reading my brochure.
I put a lot of reminders about disaster preparedness because we dont always have an advanced warning for disasters. All of us should always be prepared.
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The researcher further discovered that being prepared with accurate, credible, and timely information during a disaster can help individuals make informed decisions about taking appropriate actions. Unfortunately, many people have difficulty understanding health and riskrelated resources. This exploratory, mixed methods study assessed disaster information seeking behaviors and comprehension of public health disaster preparedness resources by individuals with low literacy (Friedman, and et. al.,2009).
Integrity
The student-respondents viewed individual who were depicting concerns for personal, interpersonal and extra personal integrity.
Selected robotfoto related to this theme are illustrated in Figure 10.
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Figure 10 . Robotfoto Related to the Theme Integrity This is supported by some verbalizations of the respondents:
All of my family members stayed at home and watched news to get the latest information and we also taped cross on the windows.
For me, safety precautions must be exercise always to prevent accidents to disasters that might affect lives. Stay with the family and Pray.
The researcher further discovered that the Integrity of the student-respondents has the ability of trained crisis management teams to function together and achieve situational awareness, process information, and coordinate network-based decision making in light of Priorities (Dobel,2010).
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TRAILBLAZING CONCERNS
The theme trailblazing refers to refers to student concerns relating to disaster management areas that goes beyond the usual concerns of the students. The concerns were products of innovative, intellectual and out-of-box thinking as evident on their brochures. The theme is further divided into minor themes namely: (1) Balance , and (2) Dejavu of Events.
Balance
The student-respondents viewed individual who emphasizing concern for homeostatic equilibrium. This theme emerged during the robotfoto activity of the students. Selected brochures related to this theme are illustrated in Figure 11.
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Figure 11. Robotfoto Related to the Theme Balance
This is supported by some verbalizations of the respondents: If theres a balance between our community like we are prepared for the incoming disaster and if we all know on how to take care of our environment, it will prevent further damage to our environment.
The researcher further discovered that if all elements involved were all at the state of equilibrium, there will be no disaster to happen.
Dejavu of Events
The student-respondents viewed individual revealing pictures of previous disasters and consequences mirrored to concern of preparation. This theme emerged during the doodling activity of the students. Selected robotfoto related to this theme are illustrated in Figure 12.
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Figure 12. Robotfoto Related to the Theme Dejavu of Events
This is supported by some verbalizations of the respondents:
I enumerate 10 things I need if theres a typhoon.
The researcher further discovered that the student respondents have a Sensation of having done something or having been in an identical situation before and knowing what will happen next. Some were often clearly remembered for years following disaster occurrence.
Research Simulacrum Through the thickness and richness of information obtained from self-made brochures, the researchers have come up with a simulacrum entitled: River Wagon Model eidetic of disaster management concerns of Filipino nursing students (Figure 13).
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There are two identifiable aspects on this simulacrum. The raft represents the concern of the students in managing disasters that was divided into three parts. The first part to discuss is the two strong logs built on both sides in vertical position built primarily to act as the balancing part of the raft making it flexible against the waves. This first part symbolizes the trailblazing concern as a major theme and is described as the student concerns relating to disaster management areas that go beyond the timely concerns. Under this major theme are the minor themes, balance and dj vu of events. The trailblazing concerns are innovative as these concerns do whats expected for the students to do for they require basically efforts by the students to have the concern for homeostatic equilibrium and concern for preparation due to the previous disaster and its consequences.
C O L L E G E O F
The second part to discuss is the four logs built in between the two strong logs positioned
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vertically. These logs were built in between to act as the base of the raft making the raft into a more concrete structure. This part connotes the third theme which is the trending concerns which refers to the student concerns relating to disaster management areas that is considered classic until the present time. These concerns builds a fine foundation for survival this include concerns for importance of safety during disasters, the need for preparing important tools to survive disaster, on knowledge acquisition among the population and for personal, interpersonal and extrapersonal integrity.
The third part of the raft is the six logs, placed above the logs for balancing and the logs for the base of the raft, tied horizontally to form a platform. This platform establishes the ground for the questions why do students have the concern for disasters and how one needs to act with disasters. This third part symbolizes the timely concerns that refer to student concerns relating to disaster management areas that are applicable to the contemporary society. Under these timely concerns are the concerns of death of an individual during a disaster, importance of having an intellectual decision during disaster, steps to follow during the time of disaster, support-specific information (e.g. DOH contact), disastrous effects of calamities and its consequences, and giving importance to the enactment of profession-related services.
And lastly the sea waves, this refers to the different disasters around the globe. Waves are constantly moving and it knows no rest just like disasters. Finally, a sense of Filipino pride and ownership has been highlighted by the bamboo material of the river wagon, which is common in the southern part of the Philippines.
Quantitative Results: Frequency of Disaster Management-Related Icons Utilized in Self100
made student Brochures
The following table illustrates the frequency and percentage of the common icons utilized by the students in their disaster management brochures.
Table 1: Common Icons used in Disaster Management Brochures: Frequency and Percentage Classification 1. First Aid/Emergency Kit 2. Food Supply 3. Flashlights 4. Bottled Water 5. Charged batteries 6. Radio 7. Clothes 8. Cash 9. Stay indoor/ Stay at home / Stay at safe place 10. Make an emergency/evacuation plan 11. Cellular phone Frequency 49 45 31 30 20 18 15 13 11 11 10 Percentage 12.44 11.42 7.87 7.61 5.08 4.57 3.81 3.30 2.79 2.79 2.54
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12. Information from the News by watching TV/listening to Radio
2.03
13. Medicines 14. Be Alert 15. Dont operate any electrical equipment during flood 16. Sanitation supplies 17. Cooking supplies 18. Dont Panic! 19. Keep important identification/ Financial documents 20. Use protected gears like umbrella 21. Stay away from any sharp objects /falling debris e.g. glass
8 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 5
2.03 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.52 1.52 1.52 1.52 1.27
22. Move away from buildings 23. Move inland or higher grounds 24. Turn off gas tanks 25. Whistle 26. Identify strong parts of the building/ hide under the table/bed 27. Turn off any electrical appliances 28. Put things at plastic bag
5 5 5 5 5 4 4
1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.02 1.02

29. Pray 30. Stay away from low lying coastal 31. Use protected gears like boots 32. Blanket 33. Fire Extinguisher 34. Secure livelihood/ source of income 35. Tape windows 36. Candles 37. Report broken utility lines 38. Secure hazardous materials 39. Strap heavy furniture 40. Do not use elevators, Use stairs rather. 41. Do not attempt to enter partially damaged buildings 42. Contact Emergency / Call for help 43. Put outdoor plants inside home 44. Avoid areas subject to sudden flooding 45. Use protected gears like rain coat 46. Mask
4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
1.02 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
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47. Be ware of displaced snakes, insects or animals 48. Do not attempt to cross bridge 49. Clean up chemical spills Total
1 1 1 394
0.25 0.25 0.25 100%
The Table shows that the top eight are First Aid/Emergency Kit (12.44%), Food Supply (11.42%), Flashlights (7.87%), Bottled Water (30%), Charged Batteries (20%), Radio (18%), Clothes (13%), and Cash (13%). The least eighth are distributed to: Put outdoor plans inside home; Avoid areas subject to sudden flooding; Use protected gears like raincoat; Mask; Beware of displaced snakes, insects or animal; Do not attempt to cross bridge; Clean up chemical spills represent that these icons appear in the brochures once with equal partitions of only one (1%) from the total.
First Aid/Emergency Kit The researchers found out that the student nurses are more concerned in preparing First Aid/Emergency Kit because it contains of complete supplies that we may need in terms of disaster. Specialized skills in search and rescue, evacuation, disaster medicine, vulnerability analysis, damage assessment and first-aid have been widely undertaken (American Red Cross) states that emergency preparedness kit is easy to carry to use in the event of an emergency or disaster (Capistrano, 2011).
C O L L E G E O F
Food Supply
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Food supply is next to very important things needed by the student nurses. The researchers also implied that without preparation, it is quite impossible for someone to survive during the said calamities (Emergency Food, 2012). It also emphasized storage of food containers that are practically meant for an emergency situation that you choose ones that will perfectly fit your food storage shelves to prevent spoiling and those that can preserve the emergency food that you have prepared (Emergency Food, 2012).
Flashlights According to the table, flashlights are quite useful for the student nurses because many people choose an emergency flashlight that is battery operated. This can be a good choice if a person has access to numerous batteries. Only having a back up battery or two may not be enough to provide consistent power for the flashlight throughout the length of an emergency. For this reason, others look to different kinds of flashlights that can be charged in various ways. (Christensen, 2003-2012) but in some instances, they use flashlight as a part of their emergency preparedness plan because they expect power outage in their area which they can use it during the evening.
Bottled Water Researchers estimated that some students prepare bottled water as their survival needs. Expert says that in an emergency we can live for a few days without food, but everyone needs water. In a disaster situation, water may be a scarce commodity for a few days or even weeks. ( Brouhard 2009) For them , this is one of the most important things that they need to have in order to survive during an emergency situation (Emergency Food, 2012).
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Charged batteries Nowadays, a charged battery is important to people when it terms of disaster. As the table shows, students are more likely to have charged batteries because for them they can able to communicate with others. Based on (Solar Panels for Emergency Use Disaster Response & Recovery - Home Power Backup) For emergency disaster preparedness and response, the portable solar power and charging station can run 25 laptop computers for 4-6 hours along with up to 25 inkjet or bubble jet printers, and charge cell phones, satellite phones and emergency lights.
Radio Radio is a source of update events during disaster. It is important key information for every nursing student because it is their major concern when it comes to cutting of classes. On the other hand, it is a source of knowledge instead of just rumors. Before schools can get outside resources, or children can travel over repaired roads, radio provides a funnel of information that allows education to continue (Santos, 2010).
Clothes According to the table, it shows that clothes is just a minimum things to prepare by the student nurses during a disaster. It emphasized that there is no time to prepare clothes because students are not much aware to prepare it. But research says that clothing and bedding are important at the time of emergency. These emergency supplies are important for the quick provision of clothing to the people affected with the emergency. One should have well and enough supply of clothing and bedding so that you be able to face the disastrous situations better (Top Emergency Preparedness, 2009).
Cash Cash is quite important for students to have it on their pocket because in some instances, students dont have own money on their hand. They lay their needs on their parents but based on (Covington, 2011) have cash on hand. Credit cards and ATMs will not be useful while power is out. Even a minimum amount, we must have on our pocket.
Stay indoor/ Stay at home / Stay at safe place Students were sometimes confused when going to school early in the morning. They tend to be upset when the university administrator tend to suspend the classes when the school is been flood. So, they taught that when the storm or rain is too intense or heavy whether the school is not announced to suspend classes, to be safe they stay at home. Based on (Coward, 2010) staying at home is probably the best overall strategy for most families in a variety of different disaster type situations.
Make an emergency/evacuation plan Same as the result of staying at home is also a concern of a student nurse, it is also a knowledge for them to have an evacuation plan at school in case of disaster because some students were not aware of the evacuation plan in school. Pick places that are easy to identify, that can be reached on foot if necessary, and that are in an accessible, open area (National Terror Alert: Emergency Evacuation Plan, 2012).
Cellular phone Most student nurses use cellular phone seldom during disaster. They apparently use it as
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communication. One way location tracking can be used in a positive way to help people, in a time when the majority of reports on the subject highlight how the same capability is often used for commercial or even law enforcement efforts. (Fitzgerald, 2011)
Information from the News by watching TV/listening to Radio Having a radio and listening to radio is a different purpose for the students. In some instances, most of them likely listening to radio rather than having a radio at home. According to (Disaster Preparedness Guide, 2006) in the event of a biological attack, public health officials may not immediately be able to provide information on what you should do. It will take time to determine exactly what the illness is, how it should be treated, and who is in danger. Watch TV, listen to the radio, or check the Internet for official news that might include what are the signs and symptoms of the disease, are medications or vaccines being distributed, where and who should get them, and where you should seek medical treatment.
Medicines Emergency Health Kits that contain essential medical supplies and drugs were often provided by the student nurses as part of the immediate response to disasters. Based on (Bryla, 2012), These medicines can treat the most common illnesses of disaster victims, such as anemia , pain, diarrhea, fever, respiratory tract infections, eye and ear infections, measles, and skin conditions. The basic kit also includes simple medical supplies such as cotton, soap, bandages, thermometers, some medical instruments, health cards and record books, and items to help create a clean water supply.
Be Alert
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Be alert , dont operate any electrical equipment and sanitation supplies were one of the most overlooked disaster planning measure of the students There were few disasters as
unpredictable. The table shows that mostly student were alert in terms of disaster and they are quite prepared in a certain disasters. People don't realize that a lack of proper sanitation is the leading cause of disease and death and can even claim more lives than the disaster itself. (Disaster Survival Resources, 2009) as said by the article of sanitation supplies.
Dont operate any electrical equipment during flood Half of the students were the things to remember when a disaster happened. As the table shows, most of a phenomena they were more likely concerns of a trailblazing events were you may need to apply separately for natural disaster coverage usually doesnt cover everything make sure you have a conversation with your insurance professional to ensure you have the right type of coverage, says (Katie Morell,2011).
Sanitation supplies The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in sanitation supplies. One of the most overlooked disaster planning measure is a sanitation and hygiene plan just in case there is a disruption of sanitation services and access to hygiene supplies (Disaster Survival Resources, 2009).People don't realize that a lack of proper sanitation is the leading cause of disease and death and can even claim more lives than the disaster itself (Disaster Survival Resources, 2009). Student nurses signifies how sanitation is relevant during a disaster.
Cooking supplies The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in cooking supplies.This are
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the examples of cooking supplies the you will need if theres a disaster , Pots and pans, Aluminum foil, Saran wrap, Paper plates, Paper cups, Plastic utensils, Utensils (e.g., spoons, spatula, kitchen knives, can opener), Backup stove and fuel ,Storage containers, and Water filter/purifier (Rusticgirls,2012). Student nurses signifies how food is relevant during a disaster.
Dont Panic! The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in staying calm or not to panic during an occurrence of a disaster. This is the first thing that is to remember when an earthquake is currently happening. Its apparent that when a person is feeling afraid or nervous, he or she will surely wont be able to think properly. Take a deep breath and have in mind that the disaster will soon come to a pass. This way, it will be able to think what to do next(The Geological Society of the Philippines,2012).
Keep important identification/ Financial documents The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in keeping important identification/ Financial documents. Original copies of insurance policies, personal documents (like birth certificates), retirement plans, account lists with contact numbers, and other important documents should be stored safely, in a more permanent location. A waterproof fire safe is often a good choice. This way, important papers will remain safe during a natural disaster, where it can retrieve later on(Marquit, 2012).
Use protected gears like umbrella The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in using protected gears like
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umbrella. Anything can happenat any time and in any region of the country Hammond (Katie Morell,2011). Weather nowadays is unpredictable and of course, the student nurses are aware of bringing their umbrella that will serve as their protection from typhoon.
Stay away from any sharp objects /falling debris e.g. glass The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in staying away from any sharp objects /falling debris . In disaster such as tornadoes or hurricane, we must avoid the heavy winds that can harm us. Avoid windows, go to the lowest floor, small center room even in an interior room, you should cover yourself with some sort of thick padding (mattress, blankets, etc.), to protect against falling debris in case the roof and ceiling fail (Capistrano,2011).
Move away from buildings The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in moving away from buildings before, during and after a disaster. Because it might put themselves at risk. (Cheng, Booker and et.al,2005).
Move inland or higher grounds The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in moving inland or higher grounds. If you are in a coastal community and feel the shaking of a strong earthquake, you may have only minutes until a tsunami arrives. Do not wait for an official warning. Instead, let the strong shaking be your warning, and, after protecting yourself from falling objects, quickly move away from the water and to higher ground. If the surrounding area is flat, move inland. Once
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away from the water, listen to a local radio or television station or Weather Radio for information from the Tsunami Warning Centers about further action you should take(Rosenberg,2012).
Turn off gas tanks The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in turning off gas tanks before, during and after a disaster. There are a lot of people who don't know how to shut off their gas or electrical service or when it should be done. Fire, earthquake, flood or severe winds are the top four disasters that could affect the use of utility services, especially gas service. After an event of this kind, people often begin to notice flu-like symptoms or the smell of gas. If nothing is done, carbon monoxide poisoning can follow, as well as a gas fire. Problems with electrical service after a disaster can lead to fire. Knowing how to shut off gas or electricity can prevent another disaster from happening on the heels of the previous one(Home Safety,2011).
Whistle The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in preparing a whistle during an occurence of a disaster. Carrying a rescue whistle of a person is an inexpensive and easy way to identify self as being in need of rescue and being found. This simple but essential safety tool is a primary instrument that brings aid to people a disaster or life-threatening situation. 3-blasts from the whistle is an Internationally Recognized Distress Signal.
Identify strong parts of the building/ hide under the table/bed The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in Identifying strong parts of the building or by hiding under the table or bed during an occurence of a disaster. Protecting head with a helmet or cushion, and hiding in a safe place, such as under a table and running
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outside is potentially dangerous, because roof tiles and glass may fall (Sendai City Disaster Information, 2010).
Turn off any electrical appliances The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in turning off any electrical appliances during an occurence of a disaster. Small appliances may be affected by electrical power surges that may occur as the storm approaches. Unplugging them reduces potential damage (National Disaster Education Coalition,1999).
Put things at plastic bag The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in putting things at a plastic bag. Gather water, food and emergency supplies to last at least three days--longer is better. Rubbermaid and other similar manufacturers make plastic, sealable containers in many sizes and shapes, some with carrying handles that make them easy to transport. Clean trash containers with tight-fitting lids are another choice. Pray The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in praying before, during and after an occurence of a disaster because it has positive roles that prayer can have in the recovery and relief process of disaster in addition to other protective measures (Mitchell, 2002).
Stay away from low lying coastal The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in staying away from a low lying coastal areas. Finding out if home, school, workplace, or other frequently visited locations are in tsunami hazard areas. Knowing the height of the street above sea level and the distance of
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the street from the coast or other high-risk waters. People should be able to reach their safe location on foot within 15 minutes ( Rosenberg 2004).
Use protected gears like boots The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in using protecting gears like boots. Standing water is ideal for the growth of micro organisms and molds. We can have a disease such as Leptospirosis if we do not cover to our body especially when in times of flood. Addition to these, after event can lead to a infectious diseases like cough and colds, fever, etc. so we need to protect our body for not being able to catch up the infectious disease. According to (articles2.org) Living in physical proximity with these micro organisms can lead to numerous health issues particularly respiratory and dermatological ones so we must protect our first line barrier which is our skin.
Blanket The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in using a blanket on an occurrence of a disaster because it gives warm and comfort. Shelter, fire, first aid, water and food are survival necessities, and blankets certainly fall into the shelter and fire, or warmth category. (Thibeault, 2010)
Fire Extinguisher The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern of having a fire extinguisher at their home, school or anywhere. An emergency can happen at any time without notice. Emergency preparedness supplies should include fire extinguishers to help protect loved ones and property. (Jenkins, 2011)
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Secure livelihood/ source of income The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in securing livelihood or source of their income. Disaster preparedness needs to be way of life in such communities if they have to survive the aftermath of different catastrophies. Many studies on droughts, landslides, floods, cyclones, land erosion, etc. conducted in the developing countries found out that disasterprone communities are living at virtually subsistence levels and very limited livelihood options and opportunities are available to the at-risk communities in these countries. (Heidelberg ,2005).
Tape windows The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in taping windows during an occurence of a disaster. Taping windows could take critical time from more effective preparedness measures. All tape does is help prevent glass from broken windows from scattering all over inside. (National Disaster Education Coalition, Washington, D.C., 1999.)
Candles The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in keeping candles at their storage before a disaster occurs. But then, organizations like the Red Cross recommend that all emergency kits contain an emergency flashlight, and that people especially avoid using things like candles or other light sources that require flame. Using an open flame can be dangerous because of its inherent fire risk, even without a gas leak, and also because if a gas leak is present, the flame can easily lead to devastating fires and personal injury although having candles is cheaper (Christensen, 2003-2012).
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Report broken utility lines The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in reporting broken utility lines after an occurence of a disaster. According to (The Chugoku Electric Power Co.) Power lines that are broken or sagging because of a typhoon, earthquake or other disaster could give electric shocks and are very dangerous. If you see such lines, notify the nearest Power Service Office about them. Do not go near or touch such power lines for any reason. (The Chugoku Electric Power Co.2006).
Secure hazardous materials The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in securing hazardous materials on an occurence of a disaster. According to the National Conversation on Public Health and Chemical Exposures released its highly anticipated comprehensive Action Agenda June 9, outlining 48 recommendations for protecting the American public from exposure to toxic chemicals and other hazardous materials. (Thomas, 2011).
Strap heavy furniture The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in making a strap in their heavy furniture during an occurrence of a disaster. It is to be made to prevent from falling and prevent from having physical injruires. (Leva Cygnet ,2007)
Do not use elevators, Use stairs rather. The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in using stairs rather than
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elevator. It is easy to walk or run on the stairs than to be trap inside an elevator. Elevators could fail during a fire, earthquake or flood. (Goodin and George, 1996 ). Student Nurses are aware that it might put them at risk if they will use elevators.
Do not attempt to enter partially damaged buildings The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in not attempting to enter partially damaged buildings. Structural problems are not always apparent once the flood waters recede. A good inspector will check the structure of the house, the electrical system, the heating and cooling system, the sewage system, and more(Oblack,2012). Student Nurses are aware that it might put them at risk if they will attempt to enter in partially damaged buildings.
Contact Emergency / Call for help The researchers found out that the student nurses are concern in calling for help before, during and after an occurence of a disaster. Disaster recovery enables your nursing and assistant staff to focus on providing immediate care to those in the facility rather than having their attention divided by phone duties. Student nurses are aware of asking for help if it involves life thats at risk.
Put outdoor plants inside home The researchers found out that some student nurses are concern in put outdoor plants inside home. Hurricane winds frequently break weak limbs and hurl them at great speed, causing great damage when they hit property (National Disaster Education Coalition,1999).
Avoid areas subject to sudden flooding

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The researchers found out that student nurses are concern in avoiding areas that subject to sudden flooding. Flood might hamper rescue and other emergency operations, and can put at further risk from the residual effects of floods, such as contaminated waters, crumbled roads, landslides, mudflows, and other hazards. Stay out of any building if flood waters remain around the building. Flood waters often undermine foundations, causing sinking, floors can crack or break and buildings can collapse(National Disaster Education,2012).
Use protected gears like rain coat The researchers found out that student nurses are concern in using protecting gears like rain coat. The use of protective clothing and equipment is essential when cleaning up after a flood. Contaminated water and sludge may contain harmful organisms, chemicals and heavy metals(Natural Agency,2011). Disasters and Weather Emergencies U.S. Environmental Protection
Mask The researchers found out that student nurses are concern in using mask during an occurence of a disaster. Dust masks are used to prevent the inhalation of airborne particles from such sources as fire, volcanic eruption or dust storm. Face masks are also helpful in preventing and aiding in the prevention and the spread of disease, flu, etc. In the aftermath of a disaster gas explosion, earthquake, hurricane, volcano, tornado, tsunami, winter storm, terrorist attack, flood, fire, accident or other emergency, contaminants will be released into the air (QuakeKare Inc,2012).
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Beware of displaced snakes, insects or animals The researchers found out that student nurses are concern in having aware of displaced snakes, insects or animals after a disaster. Snakes, rodents, and stray animals can be extremely dangerous after a flood and it can carry diseases (Oblack,2012).
Do not attempt to cross bridge The researchers found out that student nurses are concern by not attempting to cross bridge during and after an occurrence of a disaster. Roads, bridges or ramps that might have been damaged by the earthquake must be avoided (Ferdinand Zuasola,2011).
Clean up chemical spills The researchers found out that student nurses are concern in cleaning up chemical spills after an occurence of a disaster.The impacts of chemical accidents can be deadly for both human and the environment (Disasters: Chemical Accidents and Spills,2010). Everyone has the responsibility to clean and keep environment clean after a disaster happens.
The first aid contains a complete supply needed and it is easy to carry and to use in the event of an emergency or disaster. Food and water are essential for food and water shortages are often an immediate health consequence of disasters. In a disaster situation, food and water may be a scarce commodity for a few days or even weeks. Keeping an emergency water and food supply safe is a must to compensate for survival and to prevent misusage of water for some water like tap water isnt . An emergency flashlight can refer to numerous types of flashlights that people keep in places like homes, cars, or emergency kits to be used in case of emergency rather than use an open flame that can be dangerous because of its inherent fire risk, even without a gas
leak, and also because if a gas leak is present, the flame can easily lead to devastating fires and personal injury. Cellphones and radios establishes communication all throughout, needing
charged batteries will keep these battery operated devices from running out of use. Clothing and bedding are important at the time of emergency. These clothing and bedding are important for the quick provision of clothing to the people affected with the emergency. One should have well and enough supply of clothing and bedding so that you be able to face the disastrous situations better. A successful disaster always leaves trails of unusual damages or even deaths leaving the victims empty handed which calls for everyone to always be prepared in terms of cash or source of income to generate an inevitable beginning in case everything was carried away by the disaster. One of the most overlooked disaster-planning measures is sanitation and hygiene plan just in case there is a disruption of sanitation services and access to hygiene supplies. Another supply that could help one to function well during a disaster is the whistle; your ability to signal for help would become necessary on the way. It could be helpful to gathering your things in an emergency situation in an plastic bag for easy transport. Rubbermaid and other similar manufacturers make plastic, sealable containers in many sizes and shapes, some with carrying handles that make them easy to transport. Clean trash containers with tight-fitting lids are another choice.
Standing water or stagnant water is ideal for the growth of microorganisms and molds. Acquiring diseases that can be brought by stagnant water like leptospirosis would be unnecessary so usage of boots especially during floods saves the possibility to acquire one. There are several very important items that you need in a survival situation. Emergency survival blankets are one of them. The areas you have to consider for survival supplies fall into these main categories. Shelter, fire, first aid, water and food are survival necessities, and blankets certainly fall into the shelter and fire, or warmth category. For fire accidents, use a fire extinguisher. A fire extinguisher is
typically a hand-held, portable cylinder that you aim at the base of a fire and pull a trigger to discharge a dry chemical. It is used for small, contained fires, not fires that are out of control.
Staying at home is probably the best overall strategy for most families in a variety of different disaster type situations. However, there are a few scenarios where your continued longterm survival may necessitate the evacuation of your home. Information brought by watching television and listening to radio is necessary to be aware of any impending danger and to be prepared how to respond on the situation. Being prepared and alert in facing emergency situations is very crucial. To be alert to whats going on, to be abreast of rumors and hearsay, to be aware of the prevailing trends of public opinion to earn knowledge so that one may have the idea how to respond to the situation. Gas tanks are one of the hazards one should take note, it must always be turned off once not use and in times of disaster. Also, do not operate any electrical supplies during flood or an earthquake for it may ignite a leaking gas and create an explosion. One important thing is to stay calm. In this way, one will be able to think what to do next. Stay away from any sharp objects and falling debris to prevent further injury. Original copies of insurance policies, personal documents (like birth certificates), retirement plans, account lists with contact numbers, and other important documents should be stored safely, in a more permanent location. Moving in a higher land is saving if warnings of tsunamis are incoming. Protecting once head from any fall and injury could save a life that is why it is necessary to find a way to do it for an instance, hide under the table during earthquake. Prayer for divine intervention at the time of disaster is well-documented. With a general belief in some sectors of the population that God or some external force drives disaster, to appeal to the same for help or direction should not be unexpected. A number of studies around the world and across cultures have found this to be true.
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To make preparations for possible power outage during disasters, with avoidance of danger is the first priority, report any broken power utility lines. Power lines that are broken or sagging because of a typhoon, earthquake or other disaster could give electric shocks and are very dangerous. Evacuation of people with disabilities will be given the highest priority in all emergencies. Following sign exits helps. More importantly, usage of elevators is not recommended for it may fail during fire, earthquake or flood. Attempting to enter damaged buildings and crossing bridges is mostly prohibited they might fall for being damaged and that there is an increase potential that these could endanger lives. Dust masks are used to prevent the inhalation of airborne particles from such sources as fire, volcanic eruption or dust storm. Face masks are also helpful in preventing and aiding in the prevention and the spread of disease, flu, etc. In the aftermath of a disaster gas explosion, earthquake, hurricane, volcano, tornado, tsunami, winter storm, terrorist attack, flood, fire, accident or other emergency, contaminants will be released into the air. It is important to have an air filtration mechanism such as a dust mask or particulate air filter.
CHAPTER 5
Summary of Findings and Conclusions

Summary of Findings The present study come up with major and minor themes in regards to the concerns of Filipino nursing student about disaster.
The respondents of our study are those nursing students, comprised of 50(fifty) students.
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34 of them are categorizing as female and the remaining 16 of them were male. The ages of the respondent are ranging from 17 years old up to 25 years old.
Major and Minor Themes
Three major themes appeared on the qualitative data analysis. The first major theme, Timely Concerns, refers to student concerns relating to disaster management areas that applicable to the contemporary society. This theme is subdivided into minor themes namely: (1) Death, (2) Intellectual choice, (3) Process, (4) Support, (5) Impending doom, (6) and Professional function. Trending concerns, as the second major themes, refers to student concerns relating to disaster management areas that is considered classic until the present time. The theme is further divided into minor themes namely: (1) Safety, (2)Resources, (3)Literacy, and (4) Integrity.Trailblazing concerns, the 3rd major theme, refer to student concerns relating to disaster a management area that goes beyond the usual concerns of the students. The theme is further divided into minor themes namely: (1) Balance, and (2) Dejavu of Events.The major and minor themes are summarized in the River Wagon Model.
Moderatum Generalization
The present study elucidates that disaster preparedness is discipline specific. The key informants viewed their concerns as something multidimensional but health-preparation specific. Research is indeed an innovative undertaking. The researchers considered brochures as rich sources of research data that requires further exploration and academic consideration for scientific undertaking. Much has to be done to further explore various corpus of research data.
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Repertory Grid - Cool and Warm Analyses

MAJOR THEME TIMELY CONCERNS Refers to student concerns relating
MINOR THEME Death refers to icons, statements, brochure layout and content
DEFINITION The students perception include fear of termination
BROCHURE
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to disaster management areas that applicable to the contemporary society
which depicts concern of death of an individual during a disaster Intellectual Choice refers to icons, statements brochure layout and content which shows importance of having an intellectual decision during disaster The students perception include a rational or creative thought with regards to selecting for the benefit of all
Process refers to icons, statements, brochure layout and content illuminating several steps to follow during the time of disaster
The students perception include a step by step course of action to be taken by an individual
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Support refers to icons, statements, brochure layout and content which provide support-specific information (eg DOH contact) Impending Doom refers to icons, statements, brochure layout and content showing disastrous effects of calamities and its consequences Professional Function refers to icons, statements, brochure layout and content giving importance to the enactment of
The students understanding is that it is a helping hand given to someone who is in need
The students insight comprise an approaching destruction that is bound to happen The students understanding visualize it as a person who does something with great skill at any
profession-related TRENDING CONCERN Refers to student concerns relating to disaster management areas that is considered classic until the present time services Safety refers to icons, statements, brochure layout and content that posit importance of safety during disasters
given situation The students understanding include a feeling of security from any harm brought to individual
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Resources refers to icons, statements, brochure layout and content which reveals the need for preparing important tools to survive disaster
The students view it as a source of aid and support which can be drawn upon if needed
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Literacy refers to icons, statements, brochure layout and content showcasing concerns on knowledge acquisition among the
The students perception deal with the knowledge of an individual with regards to the aspects of life
population
Integrity refers to icons, statements, brochure layout and content
The students perception include reliability of an

depicting concerns for individual in a personal, interpersonal and extrapersonal integrity

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certain situation
TRAILBLAZING Refers to student concerns relating to disaster management areas that goes beyond the timely concerns
Balance refers to icons, statements, brochure layout and content emphasizing concern for homeostatic equilibrium Dejavu of Events refers to icons, statements, brochure layout and content revealing pictures of previous disasters and consequences mirrored to concern of preparation
The students insight comprise stability of thoughts and ideas with regards to calamities The students perception include repetition of situation that already happened in the past
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The Perception of Disaster Preparedness Among Filipino Nursing Students

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The Perception of Disaster Preparedness Among Filipino Nursing Students

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Our Lady of Fatima University

CHAPTER 1 The Problem and Its Background

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Significance of the Study

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Scope and Limitation of the Study

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CHAPTER 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies

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Natural Disaster Reduction: National Response and International Cooperation.

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disaster situations (Palacio, 2007).

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Preparedness, Recovery, and Relief Projects (Nursezone, 2011).

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Stay indoor/ Stay at home / Stay at safe place

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Information from the News by watching TV/listening to Radio