407

Chapter 14

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)


14.1 (a) We first find
1 2 3 4
4, 6, 7, 6, 3, and 8 k y y y y y = = = = = = . Thus,

Obs. Grand mean Tr. Effect Residuals

ij
y y
i
y y
ij i
y y

5 9
8 4
4 2
7 9
(
(
(
(
(

=
6 6
6 6
6 6
6 6
(
(
(
(
(

+
1 1
0 0
3 3
2 2
(
(
(
(
(

+
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
(
(

(
(
(

(b) Treatment SS = 2(1)
2
+ 2(0)
2
+ 2(-3)
2
+2(2)
2
= 28
Residual SS = (-2)
2
+ (2)
2
+ + (-1)
2
+ 1
2
= 20
Mean SS = 8(6)
2
= 288
Total SS = 5
2
+ 9
2
+ + 9
2
= 336
Total SS (corrected) = (5 6)
2
+ + (9 6)
2
= 336 288 = 48
(c) Error d.f. = 2 2 2 2 4 4
i
n k = + + + =

Treatment d.f. = k 1 = 4 1 = 3
(d) The analysis-of-variance table is

ANOVA Table








Source Sum of Squares d.f.
Treatment 28 3
Error 20 4
Total 48 7
408 CHAPTER 14. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
14.2 (a) We first find
1 2 3
3, 27, 15, 18 k y y y = = = = . Thus,

Obs. Grand mean Tr. Effect

ij
y y
i
y y

35 24 28 21
19 14 14 13
21 16 21 14
(
(
(
(

=
20 20 20 20
20 20 20 20
20 20 20 20
(
(
(
(

+
7 7 7 7
5 5 5 5
2 2 2 2
(
(

(
(


Residuals

ij i
y y
+
8 3 1 6
4 1 1 2
3 2 3 4
(
(

(
(



(b) Treatment SS = 4(7)
2
+ 4(-5)
2
+ 4(-2)
2
= 312
Residual SS = 8
2
+ (-3)
2
+ + (-4)
2
= 170
Total SS = (35 20)
2
+ (24 20)
2
+ (28 20)
2
+ + (14 20)
2
= 482
(c) Error d.f = 4 4 4 3 9
i
n k = + + =

Treatment d.f. = k 1 = 3 1 = 2
(d) The analysis-of-variance table is
ANOVA Table






14.3 (a) We first find
1 2 3
3, 5, 3, 1, and 33/11 3 k y y y y = = = = = = . Thus,
Obs. Grand mean Tr. Effect Residuals

ij
y y
i
y y
ij i
y y

7 5 4 4
6 1 2
2 1 0 1
(
(
(
(

=
3 3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3 3
(
(
(
(

+
2 2 2 2
0 0 0
2 2 2 2
(
(
(
(

+
2 0 1 1
3 2 1
1 0 1 0
(
(

(
(



(b) Treatment SS = 4(2
2
) + 3(0
2
) + 4(-2)
2
= 32
Residual SS = 2
2
+ 0
2
+ + 0
2
= 22
Mean SS = 11(3)
2
= 99
Total SS = 7
2
+ 5
2
+ 0
2
+ 1
2
= 153
Total SS (corrected) = (7 3)
2
+ (5 3)
2
+ (4 3)
2
+ (4 3)
2
+ + (1 -3)
2
=
153 99 = 54

Source Sum of Squares d.f.
Treatment 312 2
Error 170 9
Total 482 11
409


(c) Treatment d.f. = k 1 = 3 1 = 2
Residual d.f. = 4 3 4 3 8
i
n k = + + =

Total d.f. = 4 + 3 + 4 1 = 10
(d) The analysis-of-variance table is
ANOVA Table






14.4 The analysis-of-variance table is
ANOVA Table






14.5 We first find
1 2 3 4
48
2, 3, 6, = 4, and 4
12
y y y y y = = = = = . Thus,
Obs. Grand mean Tr. Effect Residuals

ij
y y
i
y y
ij i
y y

2 1 3
1 5
9 5 6 4
3 4 5
(
(
(
(
(

=
4 4 4
4 4
4 4 4 4
4 4 4
(
(
(
(
(

+
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2 2
0 0 0
(
(

(
(
(

+
0 1 1
2 2
3 1 0 2
1 0 1
(
(

(
(
(

Treatment SS = 3(-2)
2
+ 2(-1)
2
+ 4(-2
2
) + 3(0)
2
= 30
Residual SS = 0
2
+ (-1)
2
+ 1
2
+ + 0
2
+ 1
2
= 26
Total SS = (2 4)
2
+ (1 4)
2
+ (3 4)
2
+ (1 4)
2
+ + (5 4)
2
= 56
Treatment d.f. = k 1 = 4 1 = 3
Residual d.f. = 3 2 4 3 4 8
i
n k = + + + =

Total d.f. = 3 + 2 + 4 + 3 1 = 11
The analysis-of-variance table is
ANOVA Table






Source Sum of Squares d.f.
Treatment 32 2
Error 22 8
Total 54 10
Source Sum of Squares d.f.
Treatment 34 5
Error 58 (= 92 - 34) 20 (= 25 5)
Total 92 25
Source Sum of Squares d.f.
Treatment 30 3
Error 26 8
Total 56 11
410 CHAPTER 14. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
14.6
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3
10(5) 6(2) 9(7)
5
10 6 9
n y n y n y
y
n n n
+ + + +
= = =
+ + + +

Treatment SS =
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
( ) ( ) ( ) n y y n y y n y y + +
= 10(5 5)
2
+ 6(2 5)
2
+ 9(7 5)
2
= 90
Residual SS =
10 6 9
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
j j j
j j j
y y y y y y
= = =
+ +

= 30 + 18 + 25 = 73

1 2 3
10 6 9 25 n n n n = + + = + + =
Treatment d.f. = 3 1 = 2
Residual d.f. = (10 + 6 + 9 3) = 22
Total d.f. = 10 + 6 + 9 1 = 24
The analysis-of-variance table is
ANOVA Table






14.7 The overall mean is

20 94.4 20 92.9 20 75.5 5256
87.6
20 20 20 60
y
+ +
= = =
+ +

Treatment SS = 20 (94.4 87.6)
2
+ 20 (92.9 87.6)
2
+ 20 (75.5 87.6)
2
= 4,414.80
SSE = 19 (58.4)
2
+ 19 (54.2)
2
+ 19 (38.1)
2
= 148,196.39
ANOVA Table






14.8 (a) F
0.05
(7, 10) = 3.14
(b) F
0.05
(10, 7) = 3.64

14.9 (a) F
0.10
(3, 5) = 3.62
(b) F
0.10
(3, 10) = 2.73
(c) F
0.10
(3, 15) = 2.49
(d) F
0.10
(3, 30) = 2.28
(e) Increasing the denominator d.f. decreases the upper 10
th
percentile.

14.10 From the F-table, F
0.10
(5, 20) = 2.16. We observe that
Treatment / ( 1) 12 / 2
2.365
/ ( ) 104 / 41
SS k
F
SSE n k

= = =

Consequently, we reject the hypothesis of equal treatment means, at level
0.10 = .
Source Sum of Squares d.f.
Treatment 90 2
Error 73 22
Total 163 24
Source Sum of Squares d.f.
Treatment 4,414.80 2
Error 148,196.39 57
Total 152,611.9 59
411


14.11 For
1 2
5 and 30 v v = = in the F-table, F
0.05
(5, 30) = 2.53. We observe that
Treatment / ( 1) 23/ 5
2.46
/ ( ) 56/ 30
SS k
F
SSE n k

= = =

So, we fail to reject
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
: H = = = = = , at level 0.05 = .

14.12 We are to test the null hypothesis
0 1 2 3 4
: H = = = versus the alternative
hypothesis that the means are not all equal. Given 0.05 = , the rejection region
is determined by the value F
0.05
(3, 4) = 6.59 obtained from the F-table. From
Exercise 14.1, the observed value of F is
Treatment / ( 1) 28/ 3
1.87
/ ( ) 20/ 4
SS k
F
SSE n k

= = =

Consequently, we fail to reject the null hypothesis that the four means are equal.

14.13 We are to test the null hypothesis
0 1 2 3
: H = = versus the alternative
hypothesis that the means are not all equal. Given 0.05 = , the rejection region
is determined by the value F
0.05
(2, 9) = 4.26 obtained from the F-table. From
Exercise 14.2, the observed value of F is
Treatment / ( 1) 312/ 2
8.26
/ ( ) 170/ 9
SS k
F
SSE n k

= = =

Consequently, we reject the null hypothesis that the means are equal at the
0.05 = level of significance.


14.14 (a) We could mark five slips of paper with recipe 1, five with recipe 2 and five
with recipe 3. At each baking, we would draw one of the slips, without
replacement, and use that recipe.
(b) We are to test the null hypothesis
0 1 2 3
: H = = versus the alternative
hypothesis that the means are not all equal. Given 0.05 = , the rejection
region is determined by the value F
0.05
(2, 12) = 3.89 obtained from the F-
table. Observe that T = 10.57, T
1
= 3.98, T
2
= 3.54 and T
3
= 3.05.
Consequently,
Total
2 3 5
2
1 1
0.2280
ij
i j
T
SS y
n
= =
= =

2 2 2 3
1
(10.57)
7.5349 0.0866
15
i
T
i i
T T
SS
n n
=
= = =

SSE = Total SS SS
T
= 0.1414
Therefore,
0.0866/ 2
3.675
0.1414/12
F = =
Consequently, we fail to reject the null hypothesis of equal mean densities.
The p-value is about 0.06.

412 CHAPTER 14. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
ANOVA Table






14.15 We are to test the null hypothesis
0 1 2 3
: H = = versus the alternative
hypothesis that the means are not all equal. Given 0.05 = , the rejection region
is determined by the value F
0.05
(2, 8) = 4.46 obtained from the F-table. From
Exercise 14.3, the observed value of F is
Treatment / ( 1) 32/ 2
5.82
/ ( ) 22/ 8
SS k
F
SSE n k

= = =

Consequently, we reject H
0
at the 0.05 = level.

14.16 We are to test the null hypothesis
0 1 2 3
: H = = versus the alternative
hypothesis that the means are not all equal. Given 0.05 = , the rejection region
is determined by the value F
0.05
(2, 57) 3.13 obtained from the F-table. From
Exercise 14.7, the observed value of F is

Treatment / ( 1) 4, 414.80/ 2
0.8490
/ ( ) 148,196.39/ 57
SS k
F
SSE n k

= = =

Consequently, we fail to reject the null hypothesis that the mean reading levels are
equal at the 0.05 = level of significance.

14.17 For multiple-t confidence intervals we use
/ 2m
t

with d.f. = n k .
(a)
0.05
0.00833
2 2(3) m

= = and, with d.f. = 26, t

0.0083
= 2.559
(b)
0.05
0.005
2 2(5) m

= = and, with df = 26, t

0.005
= 2.779

14.18 We have previously calculated
n
1
= 5,
1
12 y = n
2
= 4,
2
17 y =
n
3
= 7,
3
16 y = n
4
= 6,
4
15 y =
Also, we have
94
2.285
22 4
SSE
s
n k
= = =

.
There are
4
6
2
m
| |
= =
|
\
pairs of mean,
0.05
0.00417
2 2(6) m

= = and we extrapolate
T
0.004
= 2.96 for d.f. = 18. The multiple-t confidence intervals are given by:
( ) ( )
1 2
1 1
: 12 17 2.96 2.285 or 9.54, 0.46
5 4
+
Source Sum of Squares d.f. F-ratio
Treatment 0.0866 2 3.675
Error 0.1414 12
Total 0.2280 14
413


( ) ( )
1 3
1 1
: 12 16 2.96 2.285 or 7.96, 0.04
5 7
+
( ) ( )
1 4
1 1
: 12 15 2.96 2.285 or 7.10,1.10
5 6
+
( ) ( )
2 3
1 1
: 17 16 2.96 2.285 or 3.24, 5.24
4 7
+
( ) ( )
2 4
1 1
: 17 15 2.96 2.285 or 2.37, 6.37
4 6
+
( ) ( )
3 4
1 1
: 16 15 2.96 2.285 or 2.76, 4.76
7 6
+
Observe that the first mean is smaller than
2 3
and .

14.19 The error d.f. = (14 + 20 + 30 +15 - 4) = 75. The t intervals use t
0.025
= 2.00 and
the multiple-t intervals use
0.05
0.00417
2 2(6) m

= = so we extrapolate t
0.00417
= 2.7.
Using the formulae
( )
1 1
2.00(1.56)
i j
i j
y y
n n
+ for the t-interval and
( )
1 1
2.7(1.56)
i j
i j
y y
n n
+ for the multiple t-interval, we obtain:
(a) (b)
t-interval multiple-t interval

1 2
: 0.9 1.087 0.9 1.467

1 3
: 0.37 1.01 0.37 1.363

1 4
: -0.06 1.159 -0.06 1.564

2 3
: -0.53 0.901 -0.53 1.215

2 4
: -0.96 1.066 -0.96 1.438

3 4
: -0.43 0.987 -0.43 1.331
None of the population means differ according to the multiple t-intervals.

14.20 (a) We chose 0.06 = . With
3
3
2
m
| |
= =
|
\
, we have 0.01
2m

= . From Appendix
Table 4 with d.f. = 57, we interpolate t
0.01
= 2.388. From the ANOVA table,
s = 50.9896. Hence simultaneous 94% confidence intervals for the
differences are given by
( )
1 2
: 94.4 92.9 2.388 50.9896 1/ 20 1/ 20 = 1.5 38.5049 +
( ) or 37.01, 40.00
( )
1 3
: 94.4 75.5 2.388 50.9896 1/ 20 1/ 20 = 18.9 38.5049 +
414 CHAPTER 14. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
( ) or 19.60, 57.40
( )
2 3
: 92.9 75.5 2.388 50.9896 1/ 20 1/ 20 = 17.4 38.5049 +
( ) or 21.10, 55.90
(b) Even if the observed differences were statistically significant, they could have
been systematically caused by uncontrolled variables. Also, the causal
relation could conceivably be in the reverse direction.

14.21 The t-interval is given by
/ 2
1 1
i i
i i
Y Y t S
n n

+ , while the multiple-t interval is

given by
/ 2
1 1
i i
m
i i
Y Y t S
n n

+ . So, the ratio of their lengths, namely,

/ 2
/ 2
/ 2
/ 2
1 1
2
1 1
2
i i
m
m
i i
t S
n n t
t
t S
n n

+
=
+

does not depend on the data. For m = 10 and = 0.10, this ratio is
0.05
0.005
1.753
0.595
2.947
t
t
= = for d.f. = 15.

14.22 Randomization should be employed. For each breed, number the dogs, 1, 2, and
3. Select one number at random and the dog selected gets a Brand A collar.
From the remaining two numbers, select one at random and the dog selected gets
a Brand B collar. The third dog gets a Brand C collar. You could use a random
number table and ignore all digits except 1, 2, and 3. Perform a different random
selection for each breed.

14.23 (a) We first find k = 3,
..
y = 8,
1.
y = 7,
2.
y = 6,
3.
y = 11. Also, b = 4,
.1
y = 11,

.2
y = 8,
.3
y = 9, and
.4
y = 4. Thus,

Obs. Grand mean Tr. Effect

ij
y
..
y
.. . i
y y

11 10 7 0
7 8 7 2
15 6 13 10
(
(
(
(

=
8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8
(
(
(
(

+
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
(
(

(
(


Bl. Effect Error

. .. j
y y
. . .. ij i j
y y y y +
415


+
3 0 1 4
3 0 1 4
3 0 1 4
(
(

(
(

+
1 3 1 3
2 2 0 0
1 5 1 3
(
(

(
(



(b) The sums of squares are:

Treatment SS = 4 (-1)
2
+ 4(-2)
2
+ 4(3)
2
= 56
Block SS = 3(3)
2
+ 3(0)
2
+ 3(1)
2
+ 3(-4)
2
= 78
Residual SS = 1
2
+ 3
2
+ (-1)
2
+ + 1
2
+ 3
2
= 64
Mean = 12(8)
2
= 768
Total SS = 11
2
+ 10
2
+ 7
2
+ + 13
2
+ 10
2
= 966
Total SS (corrected = 11
2
+ 10
2
+ 7
2
+ + 13
2
+ 10
2
12 (8)
2

= 966 768 = 198
(c) Treatment d.f. = k 1 = 2
Block d.f. = b 1 = 3
Residual d.f. = (k 1) (b 1) = (2)(3) = 6

14.24 (a) We first find k = 3,
..
y = 20,
1.
y = 27,
2.
y = 15,
3.
y = 18. Also, b = 4,

.1
y = 25,
.2
y = 18,
.3
y = 21, and
.4
y = 16. Thus,

Obs. Grand mean Tr. Effect

ij
y
..
y
.. . i
y y

35 24 28 21
19 14 14 13
21 16 21 14
(
(
(
(

=
20 20 20 20
20 20 20 20
20 20 20 20
(
(
(
(

+
7 7 7 7
5 5 5 5
2 2 2 2
(
(

(
(


Bl. Effect Error

. .. j
y y
. . .. ij i j
y y y y +
+
5 2 1 4
5 2 1 4
5 2 1 4
(
(

(
(

+
3 1 0 2
1 1 2 2
2 0 2 0
(
(

(
(


(b) The sums of squares are:
Treatment SS = 4 (7)
2
+ 4(-5)
2
+ 4(-2)
2
= 312
Block SS = 3(5)
2
+ 3(-2)
2
+ 3(1)
2
+ 3(-4)
2
= 138
Residual SS = 3
2
+ (-1)
2
+ 0
2
+ + 2
2
+ 0
2
= 32
Total SS = 35
2
+ 24
2
+ 28
2
+ + 21
2
+ 14
2
12(20)
2
= 482
(c) Treatment d.f. = k 1 = 2
Block d.f. = b 1 = 3
Residual d.f. = (k 1) (b 1) = (2)(3) = 6



416 CHAPTER 14. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
14.25 The null hypothesis is that the three treatment population means are the same; the
alternative hypothesis is that they are not the same. The analysis-of-variance
table is








Since the critical value at the 0.05 level for an F distribution with 2 and 6 degrees
of freedom is 5.14, we fail to reject the null hypothesis of equal treatment means.
Since F
0.05
with 3 and 6 degrees of freedom is 4.76, the block effect is not
significant.

14.26 The null hypothesis is that the three treatment population means are the same; the
alternative hypothesis is that they are not the same. The analysis-of-variance
table is







Since the critical value at the 0.05 level for an F distribution with 2 and 6 degrees
of freedom is 5.14, we can reject the null hypothesis. The treatment means are
not the same. Since F
0.05
with 3 and 6 degrees of freedom is 4.76, the block effect
is also significant.

14.27 (a) At each baking, select a loaf of bread from each recipe and randomize the
position of the loaves in the oven.
(b) The Grand mean is ( )
..
1 10.77
0.95 0.71 ... 0.44 0.718
15 15
y = + + + = = .
The Block means are 0.7833, 0.863, 0.6133, 0.7233, and 0.6067.
The recipe means are 0.796, 0.708, and 0.650.
SS
B
= 3[(0.7833 - 0.718)
2
+ (0.863 - 0.718)
2
+ (0.6133 - 0.718)
2

+ (0.7233 0.718)
2
+ (0.6067 - 0.718)
2
] = 0.1015
SS
T
= 5[(0.796 - 0.718)
2
+ (0.708 - 0.718)
2
+ (0.650 - 0.718)
2
] = 0.0540
Total SS = (0.95 - 0.718)
2
+ + (0.44 - 0.718)
2
= 0.2971
Hence, we have SSE = 0.2971 (0.0540 + 0.1015) = 0.1416
The ANOVA table is
Source of
variation
Degrees of
freedom
Sum of
squares
Mean
square
F
Treatments 2 56 28 2.62
Blocks 3 78 26 2.44
Error 6 64 10.667
Total 11 198
Source of
variation
Degrees of
freedom
Sum of
squares
Mean
square
F
Treatments 2 312 156 29.250
Blocks 3 138 46 8.625
Error 6 32 5.333
Total 11 482
417










Since F
0.05
(2, 8) = 4.46 < 8.17 we conclude that a significant treatment
difference is indicated by the data. Also, F
0.05
(4, 8) = 3.84 < 4.66, so the
block effects are significant.

14.28 (a) With = 0.05 and m =
3
2
| |
|
\
= 3, we have /2m = 0.00833. From Appendix
Table 5 with d.f. = 8, t
0.00833
= 3.015. From the ANOVA table
0.0177 0.1330 s = = hence, simultaneous 94% confidence intervals for the
differences are given by

1

2
: (0.796 - 0.708) 3.015 0.1330 2/ 5 = 0.088 0.2536

1

3
: (0.796 - 0.65) 3.015 0.1330 2/ 5 = 0.146 0.2536

2

3
: (0.708 - 0.65) 3.015 0.1330 2/ 5 = 0.058 0.2536
(b) The array of residuals is
0.075 0.077 0.001
0.028 0.050 0.022
0.005 0.003 0.009
0.095 0.007 0.101
0.042 0.030 0.072
(
(

(
(
(

(
(

and the normal scores plot is given below.
















Source of
variation
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
square
F
Treatments 0.0540 2 0.027 8.17
Blocks 0.1015 4 0.0254 4.66
Residual 0.1416 8 0.0177
Total 0.2971 14
418 CHAPTER 14. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
-
DENSITY - *
-
- *
0.060+
- * *
- *
-
-
0.000+ * * * *
- * *
- * *
-
-
-0.060+
- * *
-
+ + + + +
-1.40 -0.70 0.00 0.70 1.40
NSCORE

14.29 (a) The Grand mean is

..
1 653.96
(19.09 16.28 ... 21.58) 18.1656
36 36
y = + + + = = .
The block means are 17.7533, 18.78, 18.2367, 17.94, 17.6867, and 18.5967.
The variety means are 19.6683, 17.1083, 17.2683, 17.7, 16.0767, and 21.177.
SS
B
= 6[(17.7533 - 18.1656)
2
+(18.78 18.1656)
2

+ + (18.5967 18.1656)
2
] = 6.112
SS
T
= 6[(19.6683 18.1656)
2
+ (17.1083 18.1656)
2

+ + (21.1717 18.1656)
2
] = 106.788
SS = (19.09 18.1656)
2
+ (16.28 18.1656)
2

+ + (21.58 18.1656)
2
= 117.898

Hence, we have SSE = 117.898 (6.112 + 106.788) = 4.998.
The ANOVA table is







Since F
0.05
(5, 25) = 2.603 < 106.79 we conclude that a highly significant
treatment difference is indicated by the data. Also, F
0.05
(5, 25) < 6.11 so the
block effects are significant.

Source of
variation
Sum of squares d.f. Mean square F-ratio
Treatments 106.788 5 21.358 106.79
Blocks 6.112 5 1.222 6.11
Error 4.998 25 0.200
Total 117.898 35
419


(b) Array of residuals
0.166 0.416 0.546 0.212 0.586 0.331
0.007 0.157 0.287 0.264 0.229 0.416
0.571 0.299 0.041 0.181 0.268 0.137
0.157 0.687 0.487 0.166 1.071 0.426
0.569 0.091 0.449 0.159 0.372 0.397
0.001 0.219 0.181 0.091 0.151 0.023

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

The dot diagrams are given on the next page. Note that -1.071 is a possible
outlier. The normal scores plot is also given on the next page (directly
following the dot diagrams) and the same point is a little low.


*
* * * * *
----+------------+------------+------------+------------+-----------+---- block 1

* * * * * *
----+------------+------------+------------+------------+-----------+---- block 2

* * * * * *
----+------------+------------+------------+------------+-----------+---- block 3

* * * * **
----+------------+------------+------------+------------+-----------+---- block 4

* * ** * *
----+------------+------------+------------+------------+-----------+---- block 5
*
* * * * *
----+------------+------------+------------+------------+-----------+---- block 6
-1.05 -0.70 -0.35 0.00 0.35 0.70

Dot diagrams for Exercise 14.29.











420 CHAPTER 14. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)

% DRY WEIGHT
- *
0.60+ * *
- *
- **
- ****
- ***2 **
0.00+ **2
- **
- *****
- 2
- **
-0.60+ 2 *
-
-
- *
-1.20+
------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+------------
-1.60 -0.80 0.00 0.80 1.60
NSCORES

Normal-scores plot for Exercise 14.29.

14.30 With = 0.10 and m = 5, /2m = 0.01. From Appendix Table 5 with d.f. = 25,
t
.01
= 2.485. From the ANOVA table, s = 0.447. Hence, simultaneous 90%
confidence intervals for the differences between the mean of variety 6 and each of
the means are given by

6

1
: (21.172 19.668) 2.485 0.447 2/ 6 or (0.863, 2.145)

6

2
: (21.172 17.108) 2.485 0.447 2/ 6 or (3.423, 4.705)

6

3
: (21.172 17.268) 2.485 0.447 2/ 6 or (3.263, 4.545)

6

4
: (21.172 17.7) 2.485 0.447 2/ 6 or (2.831, 4.113)

6

5
: (21.172 16.077) 2.485 0.447 2/ 6 or (4.454, 5.736)

14.31 Note that k = 3. We first find
1 2 3
19, 13, 14, 225/15 15 y y y y = = = = = .









421



ij
y y
19 18 21 18
16 11 13 14 11
13 16 18 11 15 11
(
(
(
(

=
15 15 15 15
15 15 15 15 15
15 15 15 15 15 15
(
(
(
(



i
y y
ij i
y y
+
4 4 4 4
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
(
(

(
(

+
0 1 2 1
3 2 0 1 2
1 2 4 3 1 3
(
(

(
(



14.32 Treatment SS = 4(4)
2
+ 5(-2)
2
+ 6(-1)
2
= 90
Residual SS = 0
2
+ (-1)
2
+ + (-3)
2
= 64
Total SS = 3529 15(15)
2
= 154
Treatment d.f. = k 1 = 3 1 = 2
Residual d.f. = 15 3 12 n k = =
The analysis-of-variance table is







Since the observed F = 8.44 > F
0.05
(2, 12) = 3.89, we reject
0 1 2 3
: H = = at
0.05 = .

14.33 (a) F
0.05
(7, 13) = 2.83
(b) F
0.05
(7, 20) = 2.51
(c) F
0.10
(7, 12) = 2.28


14.34 (a) Model , 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
ij i ij
Y e i j = + = =

i
= mean for i-th fabric, and
ij
e are all independently distributed as
N(0, ). The means are
1 2 3 4
16.78, 11.76, 10.24, 11.98 y y y y = = = = ,
and the grand mean is 12.69 y = .

Treatment SS = 5(16.78 12.69)
2
+ + 5(11.98 12.69)
2
= 120.498
Residual SS = (17.8 16.78)
2
+ + (10.7 11.98)
2
= 46.260.

The analysis-of-variance table is given below:
Source of
variation
Degrees of
freedom
Sum of
squares
Mean
square
F
Treatments 2 90 45 8.44
Error 12 64 5.33
Total 14 154
422 CHAPTER 14. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)







Since the observed F = 13.9 > F
0.05
(3, 16) = 3.24, we reject the null
hypothesis of no difference in degree of flammability for the four fabrics
at 0.05 = .
(b) We choose to construct a set of 94% multiple-t confidence intervals for
pairwise differences. There are
4
6
2
m
| |
= =
|
\
pairs,
0.06
0.005
2 2(6) m

= = .
From Appendix Table 4 the upper 0.005 point of t with d.f. = 16 is 2.921
and from the ANOVA table, 2.891 s = . Since 5, 1, 2, 3, 4
i
n i = = , the
multiple-t confidence intervals are given by:
( ) ( )
1 2
1 1
: 16.78 11.76 2.921 2.891 or 1.88, 8.16
5 5

| |
+
|
\

( ) ( )
1 3
1 1
: 16.78 10.24 2.921 2.891 or 3.40, 9.68
5 5

| |
+
|
\

( ) ( )
1 4
1 1
: 16.78 11.98 2.921 2.891 or 1.66, 7.94
5 5

| |
+
|
\

( ) ( )
2 3
1 1
: 11.76 10.24 2.921 2.891 or 1.62, 4.66
5 5

| |
+
|
\

( ) ( )
2 4
1 1
: 11.76 11.98 2.921 2.891 or 3.36, 2.92
5 5

| |
+
|
\

( ) ( )
3 4
1 1
: 10.24 11.98 2.921 2.891 or 4.88,1.40
5 5

| |
+
|
\

Therefore, fabrics 2, 3, and 4 have the lowest mean burn times and fabric
1 is significantly higher.
(c) The following normal scores plot shows a bend.
Source of
variation
Degrees of
freedom
Sum of
squares
Mean
square
F
Treatment 3 120.498 40.166 13.9
Error 16 46.260 2.891
Total 19 166.758
423




(d) Take 25 slips of paper and mark 1 on five, mark 2 on five, mark 3 on five,
mark 4 on five, and mark 5 on five different slips. Each time, draw a slip,
without replacement, from the mixed pile of slips. Use that fabric
number.

14.35 The Minitab output is shown below:







424 CHAPTER 14. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
14.36 (a) From the ERROR line in the table, we know that SSE = 16.962 with
d.f. = 147. Also, under Pooled StDev, s = 0.340.
(b)
Treatment / ( 1) 11.345/ 2
49.16
/ ( ) 16.962/147
SS k
F
SSE n k

= = =

(c) Since
3
3
2
m
| |
= =
|
\
pairs,
0.05
0.00833
2 2(3) m

= = and interpolate to obtain

0.00833
2.41 t = for d.f. = 147. Since 50, 1, 2, 3
i
n i = = , the multiple-t
confidence intervals are given by:
( )
1 2
1 1
: 3.428 2.770 2.41 0.115 or (0.495, 0.821)
50 50

| |
+
|
\

( ) ( )
1 3
1 1
: 3.428 2.974 2.41 0.115 or 0.290, 0.617
50 50

| |
+
|
\

( ) ( )
2 3
1 1
: 2.770 2.974 2.41 0.115 or 0.368, 0.041
50 50

| |
+
|
\

Observe that the first population mean is larger than the other two. The means

2
and
3
differ slightly.

14.37 (a) We first find k = 3,
..
y = 8,
1.
y = 6,
2.
y = 7,
3.
y = 11. Also, b = 4,
.1
y = 7,

.2
y = 12,
.3
y = 3, and
.4
y = 10. Thus,

Obs. Grand mean Tr. Effect

ij
y
..
y
.. . i
y y

8 9 1 6
5 12 0 11
8 15 8 13
(
(
(
(

=
8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8
(
(
(
(

+
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3
(
(

(
(


Bl. Effect Error

. .. j
y y
. . .. ij i j
y y y y +
+
1 4 5 2
1 4 5 2
1 4 5 2
(
(

(
(

+
3 1 0 2
1 1 2 2
2 0 2 0
(
(

(
(


(b) The sums of squares are:
Treatment SS = 4 (-2)
2
+ 4(-1)
2
+ 4(3)
2
= 56
Block SS = 3(-1)
2
+ 3(4)
2
+ 3(-5)
2
+ 3(2)
2
= 138
Residual SS = 3
2
+ (-1)
2
+ + 2
2
+ 0
2
= 32
Total SS = 8
2
+ 9
2
+ 1
2
+ + 8
2
+ 13
2
12(8)
2
= 226



425


(c) The 3 k = rows of the treatment array sum to zero, and the 4 b = columns of the
block array sum to zero. All of the entries of the Error array sum to zero as do
the columns and the rows. Consequently,

Treatment d.f. = k 1 = 2
Block d.f. = b 1 = 3
Residual d.f. = (k 1) (b 1) = (2)(3) = 6

14.38 (a) SSE = 22.83 for d.f. = 6.
(b) Since
Block / ( 1) 90.92/ 3
7.965
/ ( ) 22.83/ 6
SS l
F
SSE n k

= = =

exceeds F
0.05
(3, 6) = 4.76, we reject the null hypothesis of equal block
means.
(c) Since
Treatment / ( 1) 71.17 / 2
9.352
/ ( ) 22.83/ 6
SS k
F
SSE n k

= = =

exceeds F
0.05
(2, 6) = 5.14, we reject the null hypothesis of equal task
means.
(d) Since
3
3
2
m
| |
= =
|
\
pairs,
0.05
0.00833
2 2(3) m

= = and interpolate to obtain

0.00833
3.287 t = for d.f. = 6. From the ANOVA table, MS Error = 3.81, so
the simultaneous-t confidence intervals for the differences between mean
task times are given by:

( ) ( )
. . . .
2 2
3.287 MSE 3.287 1.952
4
i i i i
y y y y
b

=

( )
1 2
: 8.0 9.5 4.54 or ( 6.04, 3.04)
( ) ( )
1 3
: 8.0 13.75 4.54 or 10.29, 1.21
( ) ( )
2 3
: 9.5 13.75 4.54 or 8.79, 0.29

Observe that the population for the first mean task time is smaller than the
third task mean time.









426 CHAPTER 14. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)