Panini

` sh na?vvtu, sh naE? un, sh vIy? krvavhE, tejiSv navxI?tmStu ma iv?i;avhE?, ` zaiNt/> zaiNt/> zaiNt?>.
(s> = he; h = indeed; naE = us two; Avtu = may protect; s> = he; h =verily; ; naE = us two; un = may nourish; sh = (we two) together; vIyRm! krvavhE = may acquire the capacity (to understand & study the scriptures); AxItm! = what is studied; tejiSv = (be) brilliant; naE = for us; AStu = let it be; ma ivi;avhE = may we not cavil at each other) May He protect us both (the teacher & the taught) together (by revealing knowledge). May He nourish us both (by vouchsafing the results of knowledge). May we (both) acquire the capacity (to understand the scriptures). May our study be brilliant (and invigorating). May we not cavil at each other. Oh Lord, may I have peace of the three types of obstacles those centered around me, those arising from other living beings and those from natural forces.
yena]rsmaaymixgMy mherat!, kTm! Vyakr[< ae< tSmE pai[nye nm>. vaKykar< vric< a:ykar< ptilm!, pai[in< sUkar< c [tae=iSm muinym!. ` zaiNt/> zaiNt/> zaiNt?>. (yen = by whom or by which, because, since; A]r = alphabet; smaaym! = handing down by tradition or from memory, collection or compilation of sacred texts, the sacred texts in general; AixgMy = to study, to be desirous of studying or reading; mherat! = by Lord Maheshavara; kTm! = absolutely complete; Vyakr[m! = grammar ; ae m! = spoken of, addressed; tSmE = that; pai[nye = that Panini; nm> = salutations; vaKykarm! = the author of vaKysvRd ; vricm! = a grammarian [also a poet , lexicographer, and writer on medicine], sometimes identified with kaTyayn, [the reputed author of the vaitRka or supplementary rules of pai[nI] - He is placed, by some, among the nine gems of the court of Vikramaditya, and by others, among the ornaments of the court of Bhoja - He was the author of the akt! grammar called akt!-kaz, and is said to be the first grammarian who reduced the various dialects of akt! to a system pt!-kwa> ; a:ym! = commentary; ptilm! = a celebrated grammarian, author of the mhaa:ym! , also a philosopher (the propounder of the Yoga philosophy); pai[inm! = that Panini; sUkarm! = the composer of the stra (a short sentence or aphoristic rule, and any work or manual consisting of strings of such rules hanging together like threads) - these stras form manuals of teaching in ritual, philosophy, grammar etc.); [m! = to bend or bow down before, make obeisance to, to cause a person to bow before; AiSm = I; muin> = a saint, sage, seer, ascetic, monk, devotee, hermit; ym! = a triad) Unto pai[in, by whom, having understood the A]r and by the grace of Bhagvn, the entire Vyakr[< zam! was told, my salutation unto pai[in
06.10.2004 An Introduction to Painian Grammar AXyayI (A = eight; AXyaya> = chapters; AXyayI = that which has 8 chapters) is the book written by Paini which enumerates the rules of Sanskrit Grammar. Each AXyay> has 4 pada> (quarters or sections). Each pad> has a number of sUai[ (stras). A stra is that which briefly states a fact clearly. There are approximately 3980 stras in the AXyayI, The stras are numbered according to the following scheme Take an example - s<ihtayam! 6.1.72. Here the number 6 represents the AXyay the number 1 represents the pad the number 72 represents the stra number
Each stra gives a definition, a rule, an interpretation etc. in the least amount of syllables. Paini used many codes and arrangements in order to keep the number the of stras to the least possible, to describe the Sanskrit language. It is said "Reducing a stra by half a syllable causes happiness equal to having a grandson" The first stra is v&iradEc 1.1.1. It is also a m<glcr[m! (prayer, an auspicious statement), meaning - "Let the knowledge grow up to the point from which it cannot grow further, like A grows into Aa etc. (The grammatical meaning is discussed later) Paini based his grammar on 14 initial stras called maherai[ sUai[, They are so called as they were given to Paini by the Lord ma he rai [ sU ai [ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 A # % [! \ k @ Aae ' @e AaE c! h y r v q l~ [! | m ' [ n m! H |! " F x ;! j b g f d z! o ) D Q w c q t v! k p y! z ; s r h l #it maherai[ sUai[. Simple vowels All vowels Dipthongs Semi-vowels Nasals The 4th of all the class consonants The 3rd of all the class consonants The 2nd & 1st of all the class consonants Sibilants
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The maherai[ sUai[, also known as Tyahar stras are fourteen in number and they represent the alphabets in a certain order The final letters in all the above maherai[ sUai[ are consonants and Panini calls them #t! [that which goes (away)] letters. They have been placed there for the formation of Tyahar (that which is compressed, abbreviations). TyaiyNte v[aR> yiSmn! s> Tyahar (it Aa "|!) = that into which letters are compressed #t! (Root # - II C P)= AnubNx = that which is added or indicatory letters or tag letters, which carry information and after giving out their information they go away. In the maher sU their purpose is to mark the end of a Tyahar, The short A that is added to all the consonants in the maher sU is to facilitate enunciation. hkaraid;u Akar> %CDar[> - l"ukar's statement. It does not have the status of an #t! letter. The exception to this is the A~ which is nasalised and attached to the l in the stra - l~[!, That nasalised A~ has the status of an #t! letter
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07.10.2004 There are @kcTcairzt! (Forty-One) Tyhar by Panini. They are # 1 # 1 Tya har A[! A # % [! Letters of the Tyahar 3 5 4 3 2 9 8 4 2 1 3 1 4 1 3 4 1 9 9 3 11 5 4 9 Svr + 20 A"ae; all semi-vowels all vowels + semivowels dipthongs Svr all vowels Svt Svr simple vowels
2 2.1 Ak A # % \ k 3 2.2 #k # % \ k 4 2.3 %k % \ k 5 3 @' @ Aae ' Ac! A # % \ @ Aae @e AaE c! #c! # % \ @ Aae @e AaE c! @c! @ Aae @e AaE c! 6 4.1 7 4.2 8 4.3 1 0
9 4.4 @ec! @e AaE c! 5 Aq A # % \ @ Aae @e AaE h y v r q A[! #[! y[! A # % \ @ Aae @e AaE h y v r l~ [! # % \ @ Aae @e AaE h y v r l~ [! y v r l~ [!
11 6.1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 2 2 2 6.2 6.3 7.1 7.2 7.3 8 9.1 9.2 1 1 1 1
Am! A # % \ @ Aae @e AaE h y v r l~ | m ' [ n m! ym! y v r l~ | m ' [ n m! 'm! y|! H;! ;! Az! hz! vz! Hz! ' [ n m! y v r l~ \ m ' [ n H |! H " F x ;! " F x ;!
IV of the class
A # % \ @ Aae @e AaE h y v r l~ | m ' [ n H 2 " F x j b g f d z! h y v r l~ | m ' [ n H " F x j b g f d z! v r l~ | m ' [ n H " F x j b g f d z! H " F x j b g f d z!

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0 0.1 1 0.2 2 0.3 3 0.4
9 2 0 1 8 1 0
soft consonants
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2 2 2 6 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4
1 1
4 0.5 5 0.6 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
jz! bz!
j b g f d z! b g f d z!
5 4 6 semi-vowels + all class consonants
Dv! D Q w c q t v! yy!
y v r l~ | m ' [ n H g F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q 2 t k p y! 9 2 4 2 0 1 0 2 2 3 1 3 8 3 9 + 33 = 42 v[Rmala Vyn A"ae;
7 2.1 8 2.2 9 2.3 0 2.4 1 3.1 2 3.2 3 3.3 4 3.4 5 3.5 6 4.1 7 4.2 8 4.3 9 4.4 0 4.5 1 4.6
my! m ' [ n H " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t k p y! Hy! H " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t k p y! oy! yr o ) D Q w c q t k p y!
I, II, III, IV of the class hard consonants all consonants except h
y v r l~ | m ' [ n H " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t 3 k p z ; s r
Hr H " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t k p z ; s r or o ) D Q w c q t k p z ; s r cr c q t k p z ; s r zr z ; s r Al hl vl rl
A # % \ @ Aae @e AaE h y v r l~ | m ' [ n H 4 " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t k p z ; s h l q t k p z ; s h l p z ; s h l z ; s h l 2 3 2 1 2 4 4 h y v r l~ | m ' [ n H " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c 3 v r l~ | m ' [ n H " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t k 3 r l~ | m ' [ n H " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t k p 3
all letters of the alphabet all the class consonants
Hl H " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t k p z ; s h l zl z ; s h l #it pai[in Tyahar.
The above 41 Tyahar are formed using the following stra @k< Ii[ punEk< cTvayeRk< y< ym!, @k< e ;q twEvEk< ctu> p ;fev c. #it. Note: Az! and or are used in ivsgR siNx Tyah ar No t b y P ani ni
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Aasnm! = Swanm! = Points of Articulation ba ym! throat palate A aE lips Tyahar Ak simple vowels @c! dipthongs y[! ANtSwa> semi-vowels |y! Vyna> all class vowels zl ^:ma[> sibilants The above is explained in the following stra Swan-y-ya a[aeit buxeilma>, Tyahar-kar[ mat&ka ivxya twa. h z ; s k cu pu qu tu -y v r l mUxa R roof of mouth External Effort k{Q> talu> ae dNta > teeth Aa_yNtr ym! Internal Effort A # % Aae \ AaE ivv&tm! complete opening ivv&tm! complete opening $;TSp&m! slight contact Sp&m! complete contact $;d-ivv&tm! slight opening
@ @e
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About Panini Stras A Stra has to be ALpa]rm! (minimum number of words) A stands for Lord Shiva Panini has A A as the last Stra representing ' ` nm> izvay ' which is a m<glcr[m! (prayer) %pdez is everything that Panini said in the beginning i.e. maherai[ sUai[, AaXyayI, xatu-paQ, %[aidpaQ, g[-paQ, ilanuzasn, Tyy (affix), Aadez (replacement), Aagm (augment) etc. All the stras are vaKy (sentences) made of words strung together, like beads in a garland, hence the rules given by Paini are called stra Each topic is called Aixkar Every word in the sutra is a pdm!, A fully formed word will end in a sup! or it' affix. There are no verbs in Panini Stras hence one may 'add' vit / viNt / AiSt etc. for clarity There are six kinds of stras 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. s<}a ivix inym = definition i.e. it defines technical terms = statement or a general rule = restrictive rule i.e. it restricts the operation of ivix pira;a = key to interpretation i.e. it interprets how or where a particular terms or operation is used
Aixkar = head or governing rule (defining topic, subject or section), which exerts a direction or governing influence over other rules i.e. it marks the beginning of a particular section of stras Aitdez = extended application by analogy i.e. it extends application of ivix
When there is a conflict between stras as to which one should apply, the following are the deciding criteria prTvm! inTyTvm! ANtrTvm! Apvad
08.10.2004 - 1100 Uses of ivi by Panini 7. 8. 9. Anything ordained will be put in the wm (First Case) e.g. Aadez> / Tyy> / Aagm> etc. SwanI (what is to be replaced) will be put in the ;I (Sixth Case) A inim (cause) that brings about a change (of replacement or augment) to the SwanI, if it is immediately preceding the SwanI, it will be put in the pmI (Fifth Case). This will be understood as "when precedes'. tSmad #it %rSy 1.1.67 10. A inim (cause) that brings about a change (of replacement or augment) to the SwanI, if it is immediately following the SwanI, it will be put in the smI (Seventh Case). This will be understood as "when follows'. tiSmiit inidRe pUvRSy 1.1.66 11. A inim (cause) that brings about a change (of replacement or augment) to the SwanI, if it can be connected to the SwanI on either side, it will be put in the t&tIya (Third Case). This will be understood as 'when is connected' Some Abbreviations & Terms used in this document (effort has been made to keep the order of appearance as below) s sUm! The original aphorism from the AaXyayI of pai[in, The number after the stra indicates the
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U I A p A s v & T v a S N V N R I k a Introduction Anuv&i pdDed ANvy> smas> v&i of wmav&i> Translation vaitRka Summary Note Vasu's Text Vasu's Detailed Explanation Note Remarks Information
AXyay, pad, stra-number, separated by a full-stop. The "S<number>" indicates the number as per isaNt-kaEmudI Introduction to the topic or stra Is that which comes down from the previous stra. This forms a part of the stra Is the breaking-up of words with their respective case & number Is re-arranging the words to make a meaningful sentence Are the compound word Is the explanatory sentence of the sUm!, It is formed by expanding the terms contained in the stra. The original v&i has been lost wmav&i> (in three volumes) is a simplified set of v&i written by d ij}asu Translation from Sanskrit to English normally of the text stated in the preceding row The supplementary rules of pai[nI written by kaTyayn The stra explained in brief Any special comment or point(s) that need special attention The basic translation of the stra by Iz cN vsu The detailed explanation by Iz cN vsu Important points to be noted Remarks - generally by Sumit Category of the stra i.e. s<}a, ivix, pira;a, Aixkar, inym, Aitdez, Or any other information Only 5 chapters of jyaidTy & 3 chapters of vamn v&i have survived As these two scholars kaizka v&i stayed in kazI, and their v&i accepted by the Pandits of Kashi, this combined work of theirs is now known as kaizka v&i This book was written by aejI dIi]t explaining the meaning of the 'most important & commonly used rules of pai[in, The number in the beginning of the v&i is from Of vrdraja (disciple of nagaejI ajI) is an abridged version of isaNt kaEmuid and has only approx. 1200 stras The example(s) / sample usage of the stra Mentions the words of the stra which are carried forward, also the stra number up to which they are valid
is isaNt kaEmuid l % f l"uisaNt kaEmuid %dahr[m! carry forward
Sample usage When # $ \ (#k) is followed by any dissimilar vowel of Aic (A # % \ @ Aae @e AaE) then y! , v! , r , l are the replacements. Therefore s U #kaey[ic 6.1.77 / S47
A s<ihtayam!,7,1, 6.1.72 p #k>,6,1, y[!,1,1, Aic,7,1, A s<ihtayam!,7,1, #k>,6,1, y[!,1,1, Aic,7,1, v s<ihtayam! iv;ye #k> Swane y[! vit Aic pre
& T V In the subject matter of siNx, y[! (y v r l) is the replacement of #k (# % \ ) when Ac! (A # % \ @ Aae @e AaE) follows The semi-vowels y v r l are the substitutes of the corresponding vowels - # % \ (long & short), when followed by a vowel This stra is rather too wide. It must be restricted by Ak> sv[eR dI"R> 6.1.101 viz. the following vowel must not be of the same class as the preceding for the application of this rule. Thus dix + Ac mXvc ktR& + AwRm! kRwRm! htR& + AwRm! hRwRm! + Aakit lakit Vrtika: This semi-vowel substitution of vowels takes place, when preceded by a prolated vowel, even to the suppression of 6.1.101 requiring lengthening. Thus Aa 3 + # #Nm!! Aa 3 iyNm! pqa 3 + % %dkm!! pqa 3 vudkm! Aa 3 + # Aaza Aa 3 yaza pqa 3 + % Aaza pqa 3 vaza ae 3 + # #Nm!! ae 3 ivNm! The phrase 'when a vowel follows' exerts its influence up to sMsar[a 6.1.108 k a Aic prt> #k> y[!-Aadez> vit, dX, mXv, kRwRm!, hRwRm!, lakit>. #k> Plut-pUvRSy sv[R-dI"R-baxnaw y[!-Aadez> vVy>. ae3 # #Nm!, ae3 iyN!, AcIit c Aym!-Aixkar> 'sMsar[at! c 6.1.108' #it yavt!.
is 34 gu[-v&i-zBda_ya< y gu[-v&i ivxIyete t '#k>' #it ;(Nt< pdmupitte I y[! siNx. ivix-sU. f Aic 6.1.125 12.10.2004 - 1100 sU Intro pdDed Anuv &i ANvy > smas > v&iradEc! 1.1.1 / S16 v&i is a m'lacr[m! (prayer) [ b&ih - v&aE = [] v&i>,1,1, AadEc!,1,1,
none as this is the first stra v&i>,1,1, AadEc!,1,1, Aat! c = Aa, @et! c = @e AadEc! , smaharN-smas>, s<}asUm! #dm!
v&i Aat! c @ec! v&i-s<}> Syat! Trans. Aa, @e and AaE are called by the name v&i ka v&izBd> s<}aTven ivxIyte Tyekm!-AadEca< v[aRna< samaNyen td-aivtanam!Aaivtanam! c, tprkr[mEjw tadip pr> tpr> @it , oqvEkaid;u ima-ctumaR-sFile : 8643430.doc Page # 10 of 82 Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 09:10 Hrs.
inv&ye, Aalayn>, @eitkayn>, AaEpgv>, AaEpmNyv>, zalIy>, malIy>, v&ideza> 'isic v&i> prSmEpde;u 7.2.1' #it @vmady>. is I f 16 AadEc!c v&is<}> Syat! v&i> siNx. s<}a-sU. v&i> 1.1.3 %da has no notation marks Anuda is denoted with an under-score Svirt is denoted with a vertical line above The notation mark indicating nasalization is a crescent with a dot Av[R> 1 Sv A A/ A? dI"R Aa Aa/ Aa? Plut A3 A/3 A?3 A~ A~/ A~? Nasalised Aa~ Aa~/ Aa~? A~3 A/~3 A~?3
Hence A has 18 forms, and so do the other vowels Anudata & Svirta do not have importance in grammar as they are only accents / mannerisms of enunciation Most rules apply to Sv and dI"R Not Pluta Hence Pluta has different rules
t prk r[m! tprkr[m! - Panini follows a rule of adding a t! (tkar) as a tag to the vowels to restrict the maa to what is mentioned. This process is called tprkr[m!, He needs this because he has made an earlier rule that all the letters of the Tyahar -A [! (A # % \ @ Aae @e AaE h y v r l), when mentioned as such stand for all their sv[R (homogenous, similar) counterparts. Therefore, in order to refer to a vowel with a particular maa alone he uses this tprkr[m! At! = tpr> Akar>, where Hence s U At! means only A Aat! means only Aa A means the entire Av[R> i.e. A, Aa..... - all the 18 forms \ stands for \, and (no dI"R of ) t> pr> ySy = tpr> = that which has a t! following it tat!> pr> = tpr> = that which follows a t!
23.10.2004 - 1100 Swane=Ntrtm> 1.1.50 /S39
A Swane,7,1, 1.1.49 p Swane,7,1, ANtrtm>,1,1, A Swane,7,1, ANtrtm>,1,1,

s v &
svR #me=Ntra>, Aym! @;am! AitzynaNtr> = ANtrtm> = sztm>, Aitzayne tmibnaE 5.3.55 #it tmp! Tyy Swane aPyma[am! ANtrtm> = sztm> Aadez> vit When there is an occasion of replacement of the SwanI with the Aadez (substitute / replacement) and there is more than one option available, one should choose that Aadez which is closest to the SwanI. The closeness is determined in the following order
12. AaSy or Swanm! 13. Aa_yNtr ym! 14. ba-ym!
= the point of articulation = internal effort = external effort
15. Any other thing should match v & V AaNty ctuivRx< vit - Swanktm! , AwRktm! , gu[ktm! , ma[kt< c #it When a common term is obtained as a substitute, the likest of its significates to that in the place of which it comes, is the actual substitute \ is A, @ & Aae. There is nothing to specify what letter is the gu[ of what. It might be said that Aae is the gu[ of # because the definitions as laid down up to so far, do not say anywhere that Aae is not the gu[ of #. So that when in a word like ic we are told 'let there be gu[ of #' we do not know what specific gu[ is substituted, whether it is A, @ or Aae. To clear this doubt, this stra declares that the likest of its significates is to be substituted. Now the nearest in place to # is @ , both having their place of pronunciation, the palate. Similarly, Aae is the gu[ of %, because both are labials. There are four sorts of proximity of nearness 16. Nearness in Swan (place) or i.e. palate, throat etc. 17. Nearness in AwR (meaning) such as singular terminations to be used after words used in the sense of singular 18. Nearness in ma[ (quantity) such as a short vowel to replace a short vowel, a long vowel to replace a long vowel 19. Nearness in gu[ (quality) such as aspirates to replace aspirates, sonants to replace sonants Of all these approximates the first viz. the nearness in the organ of utterance has preference in the selection of proper substitute 20. Thus in applying stra Ak> sv[eR dI"R> 6.1.101, "when a homogeneous vowel follows Ak, the corresponding long vowel is the substitute of both". We must have recourse to the present stra for finding the proper vowel. Thus d{f + A< d{fa<. Here the substitution of the long Aa, for the two short A's is an example substitution by nearness of place, for both A and Aa are gutturals 21. A good example of substitution by the sense of the word is afforded by pd-dae-mas!-izsn!yU;n!-dae;n!-yk|!Dkudas|!DS⁢u 6.1.63 "the words pd , dt! , ns! etc. are substitutes when the case-affixes zs! [accusative (second case) - plural] etc. follows". Here, we know the substitutes, but we do not know of what they are substitutes. We apply the maxim of AwRt> - "that only can become a substitute which has the power to express the meaning of the original, i.e. a substitute takes the place of that the meaning of which it is able to express". Thus, we find that pd is the substitute of pad, dt! of dNt,
This stra also lays down another rule of pira;a. To explain this we must take an example. The gu[ of A, #, % &
ns of naiska etc., which convey the same meaning and contain almost the same letters. Another example of this is afforded by iya> pu<vait-pu<SkadnU'-smanaixkr[e iyampUr[I-iyaid;u 6.3.34 by which feminine words in a compound are changed into masculine. Thus vat[fI (fem.) + yuvit vat{f(yuvit> 22. An example of prosodial substitution (ma[t>) is afforded by stra Adsae=sedaR dae m> 8.2.80 "% is the substitute of what comes after the d of Ads! not ending in s! and in the room of d there is s!". Thus - Am + SmE ^_yam! Amu:mE ; Am + _yam! Ama + _yam! (suip c 7.3.102) Am + AmU_yam!, Here, short % replaces the short A and the long % replaces the long Aa
23. An illustration of qualitative substitution is afforded by cjae> k i"[!{ytae> 7.3.52 "a letter of the guttural is substituted for c! and j! when an affix having an indicatory "! follows". Applying the rule of gu[t> we find that k which is an ALpa[ and A"ae; letter replaces c! having the same quality, while j! which is "ae; and ALpa[ is replaced by the letter g! possessing similar quality. Thus 24. pc! + "|! (suoaid_y> kt&R-vednayam! 3.1.18) rag>, 25. Though the Anuv&i of the word Swan was understood in this stra from the last, the repetition of this word indicates the existence of the following pira;a 26. Whenever there exist several kinds of proximity between that for which something else shall be substituted, and its possible substitutes, there the proximity as to the organ of speech is weightier than the rest, i.e. there that only is substituted which is nearest as regards the organs of speech with which both are uttered. 27. Thus, in finding the gu[ substitutes of # and % out of the three gu[ letters A, @ , Aae, we find that A is a proximate substitute having regard to prosodial measure, i.e. A, # and % have one mtr; while having regard to the proximity of the organ of utterance, we get @ and Aae ; the latter however prevails to the exclusion of the first; as ceta, Staeta. Why do we use the word 'likest' in the superlative degree? Where there are many sorts of proximities, the likest must be taken. Thus vak + hsit vaG"sit. Here, by Hyae hae=NytrSyam! 8.4.62 "after a letter of the Hy! ( H " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t k p ) class, h is changed into a letter homogeneous with the preceding" hence h must be changed into a letter of the class k. Out of the five letters of this class, 1. o! and h are both aspirates, but o! is hard, and h is soft 2. g! and h are both soft, but g! is un-aspirate, and h is aspirate - hence these have to be rejected. The only letter which has the nearest approach to h is ", which is both soft and aspirate. Similarly, in iub!sit, the h has been changed into . is 39 se sit sztm> Aadez> Syat!, "y Anek ivxmaNty t Swant AaNty blIy>" (p) k Swane aPyma[anam!-ANtrtm> Aadez> vit sztm>, kt zVdSy AaNtyRm! ? SwanawR-gu[a ma[t>, Swant> Ak> sv[eR dI"R> 6.1.101 - d{fam!, yUpam!, yae> Akaryae> k{Qy> @v dI"R> Aakr> vit, AwRt> - vt{fI c AsaE yuvit> c vat{f(yuvit>, pu<vaven ANtrtm> pu<zBd> AitidZyte, gu[ta> - pak>, Tyg>, rag>, cjae> k i"[!{ytae> 7.3.52 #it ckraSy ALpa[Sy A"ae;Sy taz> @v kkar> vit, jkarSy "ae;vt> ALpa[Sy taz> @v gkar>, ma[t> - Amu:mE, AmU_yam!, Adsae=sedaR dae m> 8.2.80 #it SvSy Sv>, dI"RSy dI"R>, Swane #it vtRmane pun> Swane-h[< ikm! ? y Anekm! AaNty sMvit t Swant> @v AaNtry blIy> ywa Syat!, ceta, Staeta, ma[t> Akar> gu[> >, t Swant AaNtyaRd @karaEkaraE vt>, tmBh[< ikm! ? vag! "sit, i;qub! sit, Hyae hae=NytrSyam! 8.4.62 #it hkarSy pUvRsv[eR iyma[e
pak>, Tyj! + "|!
Tyag>, r! + "|!
sae:ma[> sae:ma[ #it itIya> sa>, nadvt> nadvNt #it t&tIya>, tmBh[at! ye sae:ma[> nadvNt> c te viNt, ctuwRa>. I f pira;a-sU. --
26.10.2004 - 1100 s U ywas<Oym! Anudez> smanam! 1.3.10 /S128
A -p ywas<Oym!,0,0, Anudez>,1,1, smanam!,6,3, A ywas<Oym!,0,0, Anudez>,1,1, smanam!,6,3, s s'Oyam! AnitMy ywas'Oym! - AVyyIav> v & T V smanam! = sms'Oyanam! Anudez> = pat! kwnm! , ywas'Oym! = s'Oyame[ vit This is another stra that tells how the replacements are made. If the number of the Aadez (replacements) and the number of the SwanI are equal, then the replacement is made according to the order of enumeration When a rule involves the case of equal numbers of substitutes and of things for which these are to be substituted their mutual correspondence or assignment of each to each, is according to the order of enumeration Thus stra niNd-ih-pcaid_yae Lyu-i[Nyc> 3.1.134 declares - "the affixes Lyu, i[in, Ac! are applied to niNd, ih, pc! class of words". It means the affix Lyu is applied to the words of niNd class, the affix i[in to words of ih class, and Ac! to words of pc! class. The application must be respectively, according to order and not haphazard. Similarly, in #kaey[ic 6.1.77 (if a vowel follows) in the place of # % \ there is y[! (y! r l v!). So also see tUid-zlatur-vmRit-kcvarf-Fk-D[!-F|!-yk> 4.3.94 where the four affixes - Fk-D[!-F|!-yk are applied respectively to the words tUid-zlatur-vmRit-kcvar; i.e. the first affix in the order of enumeration to the first word, the second affix to the second word etc. As - taEdey>, zalturIy>, vamRtey>, kaEcvayR>, Why do we say "of equal members" ? This rule will not apply if the number of substitutes and of things for which these are to be substituted are unequal. As in stra l][eTw<UtaOyan-ag-vIpsasu it-pyRnv> 1.4.90 for here the words l][ etc. in the first part of the stra are four in number, while the words it etc. are only three. That stra must be read as thus - "The words it, pir, Anu are kmRvDnIy, whenever they indicate either l][ (a mark), #mUtaOyan (a statement of mere circumstance), ag (division) or vIPsa (desire)" % #kaey[ic 6.1.77, tUid-zlatur-vmRit-kcvarf-Fk-D[!-F|!-yk> 4.3.94 is 128 sms<bNxI ivix> ywas'Oy< Syat!, iky! > - ik< > , ikv! lyit - ik< lyit, ikl adyit ik< adyit, s<Oya-zBden A m> lyte, yws<Oy< ywmm! Anudez> vit, AnuidZyte #it Anudez>, pad %ayRte #TywR>, smana< sms<Oyana< smpirpiQtanam!-1 %eiznam! Anudeizna< c ywamm! %eizi> Anudeizn> s<bXyNte, tUid-zlatur-vmRit-kcvarf-Fk-D[!-F|!-yk> k 4.3.94, wmat! wm>, itIyad itIy #tyaid, taEdey>, zalaturIy>, vamRtey>, kaEcvayR>, a samnam! #it ikm! ? l][eTw<UtaOyan-ag-vIpsasu it-pyRnv> 1.4.90. l][ady> cTvar> AwaR>, tyadyy>, sveR;a< svR kmRvcnIys<}a vit, #h kSmad n vit - vezaeyz AdeRgad yl 4.4.131, o c 4.4.132 #it ? Svirten ilen ywas<Oym! , y ne:yte t SvirtTv< it}ayte, Svirtenaixkar> 1.3.11 #it Svirth[m! pUveR[ Aip s<bXyte.
I pira;a-sU. f -28.10.2004 - 1100 s U @cae=yvayav> 6.1.78 /S61
A s<ihtayam! ,7,1, 6.1.72 Aic,7,1, 6.1.77 p @c>,6,1, Ayvayav>,1,3, A s<ihtayam! @c> Ayvayav> Aic s Ay! c Av! c Aay! c Aav! c Ayvayav> - #tretrN> v @c> Swane, Ay! , Av! , Aay! , Aav! #Tyete Aadeza> ywas'Oym! Aic prt> viNt , s<ihtaya< & iv;ye In the subject matter of siNx - @, Aae, @e, AaE are replaced by Ay!, Av!, Aay!, Aav! respectively T (ywas'Oym! = in the order of enumeration), when followed by any vowel Here the number of SwanI is four. And the number of Aadez is also four. Therefore, it is easy to use the pira;asU - ywas<Oym! Anudez> smanam! 1.3.10 to determine which Aadez will replace which SwanI V For the vowels @ , @e , Aae & AaE are respectively substituted by Ay! , Aay! , Av! & Aav! when a vowel follows Thus - ce + Anm! cyvnm!, lae + Anm! lvnm!, cE + Ak cayk, laE + Ak> lavk>, See also kyete, Vyeyte, Vyav[i
% cynm!, lvnm!, cayk>, lavk>, k @c> Swane Aic prt> Ay! Aav! Aay! Aav! #Tyete Aadeza> ywas<Oy< viNt, cynm!, lvnm!, a cayk>, lavk>, kyete, yyete, vayavv[i. I ivix-sU. Ayav siNx. f @c> 6.1.83 s U
Aadgu[> 6.1.87 /S69
A s<ihtayam!,7,1, 6.1.72 Aic,7,1, 6.1.77 @k>,1,1, 6.1.84 pUvRpryae>,6,2, 6.1.84 p Aat!,5,1, gu[>,1,1, A s<ihtayam!,7,1, Aat!,5,1, Aic,7,1, pUvRpryae>,6,2, @k>,1,1, gu[>,1,1, v & T V s<ihtaya< iv;ye Av[[aRt! (Aic) pre pUvRpryae> (Swane) @k>-gu[>-Aadez> vit In the matter of siNx, when Av[R precedes and Ac! (any vowel) follows, the preceding and the following are together replaced by a single gu[ letter The gu[ is the single substitute of the final A or Aa of a preceding word and a simple vowel of the succeeding vowels (A or Aa + a vowel = gu[) vowel, in the room of both these preceding and succeeding vowels, there is the single substitute gu[, Thus tv + #dm! tvedm!, oqva + #N> oqveN>, mala+ #N> maleN>, tv + $hte tvehte, oqva + $hte oqvehte, tv + %dkm! tvaedkm!, oqva + %dkm! oqvaedkm!,
The word Aic is understood here. For the vowel which follows a A or Aa and for the A or Aa which precedes a
tv + \Zy> tvZyR>, oqva + \zy> oqvzyR>, tv + kar> tvLkar>, oqva + kar> oqvLkar>, By analogy of %r[! r~pr> 1.1.51, the gu[ substitute of being A is always followed by , as that of \ is followed by r, This universal rule is limited by the stra v&ireic 6.1.88. % %peN>, rmez>, gaedkm!, Aic #it AnuvtRte, AvaRt! pr> y> Ac!, Aic c pUvR y> Av[R>, tyae> pUvRpryae> Av[R-Acae> k Swane @k> gu[> Aadez> vit, tvedm!, oqveN>, maleN>, tvehte, oqvehte, tvaedkm!, a oqvaedkm!, tvZyR>, oqvzyR>, tvLkar>, oqvLkar>, karSy Swane y> A[! tSy lprTvim:yte. is 69 Av[aRt! Aic pre pUvRpryae> @k> gu[> Aadez> Syat! s<ihtayam!, %peN>, rmez>, gaedkm!, --
I ivix-sU. f
14.12.2004 & 15.12.2004 - 1100 pdm! Only a pdm! can be used in a sentence pdm! are of two types sui'Nt< pdm! 1.4.14 What is sup! ? affixes) aitpidkm! (nominal base) + sup! xatu (root) + it' it'Ntm! pdm! (finite form of the verb) subNtm! pdm! The process of deriving a it'Ntm! pdm! from a xatu is called the process of conjugation s U What is it' ? sup! = Declensional affixes (total 21 it'Nt< pdm! = Personal terminations (total 18)
sui'Ntm! pdm! 1.4.14 /S29
A -p sui'Ntm!,1,1, pdm!,1,1, s sup c it' c sui'aE, #tretr N>, sup!-it'aE ANte ySy tt! sui'Ntm! , bIih> v & T v & subNt< it'Nt< c zBdp< pds<}< vit A word (a meaningful collection of letters) that ends in a sup! or it' is called a pdm! = "word" or grammatically a "word" sup!-it' #it Tyaharh[m!
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sup! stands for the group of 21 declension affixes mentioned in the stra T 4.1.2 it' stands for the group of 18 personal terminations enumerated in the sutra
su - AaE - js! - Am! - AaEq -
zs! - qa - _yam! - is! - 'e - _yam! - _ys! - 'is - _yam! - _ys! -'s! - Aaes! - Aam! - i' - Aaes! - sup! itp! - ts! - iH - isp! - ws! - w -
imp! - vs! - ms! - t - Aatam! - H - was!- Aawam! - Xvm! - #q- vih - mih' 3.4.78 V That which ends in sup! (Case-affix) 4.1.2; or in 3.4.78 (tense-affix), is called a pd (inflected word) The sup! (Case-affixes) are those by which nouns are decline; and it' (tense-affixes) by which verbs are conjugated. They have already been given before. Thus a[ + js! a[ (the Brahmans cook) It might be asked by a caviler why the word ANt has been used in the stra, for by the rule of tdNt given in stra yen ivixStdNtSy 1.1.72 a rule relating to sup! will mean and include also that which ended with a sup! Affix. To this we reply, that the very fact that the word ANt is used in this stra, indicates by }apk (implication) that the tdNt rule of stra yen ivixStdNtSy 1.1.72 does not apply to s<}a (definition) made with regard to affixes. Thus trp! & tmp! are called " by the stra trp!-tmpaE "> 1.1.22. The tdNt-ivix will not apply here; words ending with these affixes will not be called ", Thus i[tra will not be called ", for had it been so called, the long $ will be shortened in gaErI i[tra, In short, "an affix when employed in a rule which teaches the meaning of a technical term (s<}a) does not denote a word-form ending with the affix." % a[a>,1,3, pQiNt,3,1,. [a[a> = a[ + js! (sup!)] [pQiNt = pQ + AiNt (it')] is 29 subNt< it'Nt< c pds<}< Syat! k a sui'-#it Tyaharh[m!, subNt< it'Nt< c zBdp< pds<}< vit, a[a> pQiNt-1, pds<}ayam! ANth[m! ANy s<}a-ivxaE Tyye h[e tdNt-ivxe> it;exawRm! (pir0 27), gaErI ai[tr, pddeza> - pdSy 8.1.16, pdat! 8.1.17 #it @vmady>. pdm! 1.4.17
I ivix-sU. f
su p! su - AaE - js! - Am! - AaEq - zs! - qa - _yam! - is! - 'e - _yam! - _ys! - 'is - _yam! - _ys! -'s! Aaes! - Aam! - i' - Aaes! - sup! 4.1.2 Case # I II III IV V VI VII Case Name Nominative Accusative Instrumental Dative Ablative Genitive Locative
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Questions (Answers) who (the doer) whom, what (object/result of an action) by / with what (action is done) to, for (given, purpose) the origin from, out of, due to
ivi ktaR kmR kr[m! ne kae se, ke ara
S su ! qa 'e 'is
D AaE _yam ! _yam ! _yam !
P js! zs! is! _ys! _ys! Aa m! s up!
Am AaEq
sMdanm! ke ilye, kae Apadanm! sMbNxm! Aixkr[m! se ka, ke, kI me<, pr
who's (relationship) where (in, on), (place of action)

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's! Aaes! i' Aaes!
i t' itp! - ts! - iH - isp! - ws! - w - imp! - vs! - ms! - t - Aatam! - H - was! - Aawam! - Xvm! - #q- vih mih' 3.4.78 wm pu;> (Third Person) S itp! t D ts! Aatam! P iH H S isp! mXym pu;> (Second Person) D ws! P w S imp! %m pu;> (First Person) D vs! vih P ms! mih' prSmEpdm! AaTmnepdm ! 3.4.78
was! Aawam! Xvm! #q
sU A v& T v& T V
itp! - ts! - iH - isp! - ws! - w - imp! - vs! - ms! - t - Aatam! - H - was! - Aawam! - Xvm! #q- vih - mih' 3.4.78 /S2154 lSy,6,1,3.4.77 xatae>,5,1,3.1.91 Tyy>,1,1,3.1.1 pr>,1,1, c,0,0,3.1.2 xatae>,5,1, lSy (=lkarSy) (Swane)
,1,1,
itp!-ts!-iH-isp!-ws!-w-imp!-vs!-ms!-t-Aatam!-H-was!-
Aawam!-Xvm!-#q-vih-mih'
#Tyete Aadza> Aadeza> viNt
These 18 affixes, the itp! ...mih' are placed immediately following the root, in place of the lkar t nv Aadeza> prSmEpidna< xatUnam! , nv c AaTmnepidna< xatUnam! Among those the first 9 are added to prSmEpdI roots and the other 9 are added to AaTmnepdI roots. (Refer notes on kit / ivkit affixes) The following are the substitutes of ' l ' itp!-ts!-iH-isp!-ws!-w-imp!-vs!-ms!-t-Aatam!-H-was!Aawam!-Xvm!-#q-vih-mih' These are the well-known conjugational affixes, also called personal endings/terminations and are ordained generally after all the ten tenses (lkara>). But as a matter of fact, they undergo various additions and alterations in the different tenses. Some of these changes have already been mentioned in luq> wmSy faraE-rs> 2.4.85, SytasI -luqae> 3.1.33 etc. Others will be mentioned hereafter. It is only in the present tense or lq that the affixes as above given, may be applied to the root, in some cases, without alteration. The pkar in itp!, isp! and imp! is for the sake of accent (AnudaaE sup!-iptaE 3.1.4); the qkar in the #q is for distinguishing it in the stra #qae=t! 3.4.106; and the 'kar in mih' for forming the Tyahar it' which is the general name of the above 18 conjugational or personal affixes. Stripped off their #t! letters, the following table shows the conjugational affixes as added under various tenses.
lkar lq III II I l' III II I ivixil' S it is im S t s! As! S

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prSmEpd D ts! ws! vs! D tam! tm! v D P AiNt w ms! P An! t m P

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AaTmnepd S te se @ S t was! v S D Aate Aawe vhe D Aatam! Aawam! vih D P ANte Xve mhe P ANt Xvm! mih P
III II I laeq III II I ilq III II I luq III II I l&q III II I lu' III II I
AazIilR '
$t! $> $ym! S tu ih Aain S A w A S ta tais taiSm S Syit Syis Svaim S sIt! sIs! sm S yat! yas! yasm! S Syt! Sys! Sym!
$tam! $tm! $v D tam! tm! Aav D Atus! Awus! v D taraE taSws! taSvs! D Syts! Syws! Syavs! D Stam! Stm! Sv D yaStas! yaStm! yaSv D Sytam! Sytm! Syav
$yu> $t $m P ANtu t Aam P %s! A m P tars! taSw taSms! P SyiNt Svw Syams! P sus! St Sm P yasus! yaSt yaSm P Syn! Syt Syam
$y $was $t S tas! Sv @e S @ se @ S ta tase tahe S Syte Syse Sye S St Swas! is S sI sIas! sIy S Syt Sywas! Sye
$vih $yawam! $yatam! D Aatas! Aawas! AavhE D Aate Aawe vhe D taraE tasawe taSvhe D Syete Svwe Syavhe D satas! sawas! Svih D sIyaStas! sIyaSwam! svih D Syetas! Syewas! Syavih
$mih $Xvm! $rn! P ANtas! Xvm! AamhE P #re Xve mhe P tars! taXve taSmhe P SyNte SyXve Syamhe P st Xvs! Smih P sIrn! sIXvm! sImih P SyNt SyXvm! Syamih
III II I l&' III II I is
2154 @te=adz ladeza> Syu> lSy itvady> Aadeza> viNt, itp!-isp!-impa< pkar> SvrawR>, #qkar> - #qae=t! 3.4.106 #it ivze;[awR>, itbaidi> Aadez> tuLyTvad n dezivXywR>, mhI'> 'kar> it' #it
ka
Tyahar-h[awR>, pcit, pct>, pciNt, pcis, pcw>, pcw, pcaime, pcav>, pcam>, pcte, pcete, pcNte, pcse, pcewe, pcXve, pce, pcavhe, pcamhe, @vm! ANye;u Aip lkare;u %dahayRm!.
I f
pira;a-sU. -File : 8643430.doc Page # 19 of 82 Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 09:10 Hrs.
16.12.2004 - 1100 s U I Uvady> xatv> 1.3.1 /S18 xaryit #it xatu>, That which supports (the language). It is the basic unit from which words are formed
A -p Uvady>,1,3, xatv>,1,3, A Uvady>,1,3, xatv>,1,3, s U c va> c UvaE, taE Aaid,1,2, ySy Uvaid>, te - dNgR-bIih> v & T ' U ' #it @vmady>, 'va' #it @v<karka> iyavcna>, zBda>, xatu-s<}ka> viNt The words (meaningful collection of letters) such as U , va etc., that denote an action (listed in the xatu paQ) are called by the name xatu This defines the word xatu or root. The list of Sanskrit verbs begins with the root U (to be). Sanskrit grammarians have divided all verbs into ten classes, according to certain modifications which their roots undergo before certain terminations. They are U , Ad , , idv! , su , tud , ! , tn! , i , cur . There are nearly two thousand verbs, and they are conjugated in two forms, some taking the prSmEpdI terminations only, the others the AaTmnepdI terminations and some both. The third chapter deals with mostly with rules determining the nature of the verbal root, whether it is prSmEpid or AaTmnepid or both (%ypid ). A verb expresses action. The word xatu is a word coined by older grammarians than Panini and they employed the term in denoting a word expressing action. Here also, therefore, the word xatu means a word which expresses action. The va in the stra is for the sake of auspiciousness; for the regular siNx of U + Aaid is _vaid and not Uvaid ; while Dr. Ballantyne considers that va is a separate root: he translates the stra thus "Let the verbal roots U va and the like be called xatu" U> #Tyevmady> zBda> iyavcna> xatu-s<}ka> viNt, U-vit, @x - 2Xte, SpxR - SpxRte, xatuzBd> pUvaRcayR-s<}a, te c iyavcnana< s<}a< k s<}ay[at!, iyavcnanam! @v UvadIna< xatu-s<}a ivxIyte, a uvadIna< vkarae=y< mlawR> yuJyte, uvae vawR> vdNtIit _vwaR va vady> Sm&ta>. xatu-deza> - xatae> 3.1.91 #Tyevmady>. I s<}a-sU. xatu> = Root (Primitive & Derived) R see sna*Nta> xatv> 3.1.32 f s U xatv> 1.3.93 ktvNt>, tidh Aip pUvaRcayR-
V The words beginning with U (to become), and denoting action, are called xatu (verbal roots)
sna*Nta> xatv> 3.1.32 / S2304
A -p sna*Nta>,1,3, xatv>,1,3, A sna*Nta> xatv> s sn! Aaid> ye;a< te sandy> bIih>, sndy> ANte ye;a< te sn*Nta> bIih>
v &
sna*Nta> smudaya> xatus<}ka> viNt The first Tyy in this group is sn!, The "collection of letters" that end in any one of these snaid-Tyys is called sna*Nt> and is given the name xatu, That is, it becomes a derived root, which is also called TyyaNt-xatu, snaid is a group of affixes enumerated from stras pu;aid-*uta*!idt> prSmepde;u 3.1.55 to Aayady AaxRxatuke va 3.1.31 The snaid Tyy are enumerated as follows, along with the stra numbers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. sn! Kyc! kaMyc! Ky' Ky;! i[' i[c! y' i[c! 3.1.5-3.1.7 3.1.8 3.1.9 3.1.11 3.1.13 3.1.20 3.1.21 3.1.22 3.1.25 3.1.27 3.1.28 3.1.29 3.1.30
10. yk 11. Aay 12. $y' 13. i['
V All the words ending with the affixes sn! and others are called xatu This extends the sphere of xatu (roots) already defined in Uvady> xatv> 1.3.1. These roots may be called derivative roots. They are separate independent roots and have all the functions of a root, as taking tense-affixes etc. as shown in the above examples. Thus ickI;aR (to wish to do), kair (to cause to do), ceiy (to do repeatedly) are separate roots and not the same as k (to do) and thus take zp! etc. % ickI;Rit, puIyit, pukaMyit k a sn! Aaid> ye;a< te snady>, snady> ANte ye;a< te sna*Nta>, sn*Nta> smudaya> xatus<}ka> viNt, Tyy-h[-pira;a (pir0 23) @v pd-s<}ayam! ANtvcnen ilen iti;a (pir0 27) stI punirhaNtvcnen itsUyte, ickI;Rit, puIyit, pukaMyit
I s<}a-sU. (Derived / Secondary Roots) R see Uvady> xatv> 1.3.1 f s U --
Tyy> 3.1.1 / S180
A -p Tyy>,1,1, A Tyy> s -v & #t> Ae Aa pmaXyay - pirsmae>,5,1, #it s<]aTven Aixiyte

Starting from here 3.1.1 up to the end of the fifth chapter i.e. 5.4.160, whatever is ordained - that is called by the name Tyy> An Affix This is a stra intended solely to regulate the sense of others. From this place forward up to the end of the fifth chapter i.e.5.4.160, whatsoever we shall treat of, will get the name of Tyy (affix), except the kit (base) (such as gup!, itj!, ikt! etc. in gup!-itj!-ik(> sn! 3.1.5 are bases, the affix being sn!), the '%ppda' (dependent word)
k kit-%ppd-%paix-ivkar-Aagman! vjRiyTva Tyy-s<}a vit
V - (such as StMb, zkt in StMb-zktaeirn! 3.2.24 are %ppda), the %paix (attribute), the special cause that & occasions changes (such as pzu in hrteR-nawyae> pzaE 3.2.25 is an %paix); in the sutra StMb-zktaeirn! 3.2.24, the word hrit is a kit v&i and naw are %pxa - pzu is an %paix, the affix being #n!, the substitute and the augment. Such as the affixes sVyt!, tVy, AnIyr taught in tVyVyanIyr> 3.1.96, as ktRVym!, kr[Iym! incomplete % kRVym!, kr[Iym! k a Aixkar> Aym!, Tyy-zBd> s<}aTven Aixiyte, Aa pmaXyay-pirsmae> yaint ^XvRm! Anuim:yam>, Tyy-s<}a> te veidtVya>, kit-%ppd-%paix-ivkar-Aagman! vjRiyTva, vyit tVyVyanIyr> 3.1.96, kRVym!, kr[Iym!, Tyy-deza> - Tyylaepe Tyyl][m! 1.1.62 #Tyevmady>. Tyy> 5.4.160
I Aixkar-sU. f s U
pr 3.1.2 / S181
A Tyy>,1,1, 3.1.1 p pr>,1,1, c,0,0, A Tyy> pr> c s -v & T k a ySy Tyy-s<}a ivihta, pr vit - #it s<}aNven Aixkar> veidtVy> Aa pmaXyay,5,1, pirsmae> That which is given the name Tyy, will always be added after something. This rule applies from here up to the end of the fifth chapter i.e. 5.4.160 xatae> v aitpidkad va pr> vit (Tyy>)
T The Tyy is placed immediately following a xatu or a aitpidkm! And Subsequent. This is also an Aixkar (regulating) stra and is understood in all subsequent stras; or it might V & also be called a pira;a or interpreting stra. That is called an affix comes after, or is placed after, the dhtu (root) or the aitpidk (crude form); as ktRVym! The force of the word c 'and' in this stra is to indicate that the affixes here treated of, are to be place after a root etc.; not so, however, the affixed not in this chapter. These, later, such as %[aid affixes, may sometimes be placed in the beginning of in the middle of a word % kRVym!, tEirIym!, k Aym! Aip Aixkar> yaegeyaege %pitte, pira;a va, pr s vit xatae> va aitpidkad va y> a Tyy-s<}a, kRVym!, tEirIym!, ckar> punrSy @v smuyawR>, ten %[aid;u prTv< n
ivkLPyte. I pira;a-sU. f pr 5.1.160
17.12.2004 - 1100 A s U ySmat! Tyyivix> tdaid Tyye Am! 1.4.13 /S199
p ySmat!,5,1, Tyyivix>,1,1, tdaid,1,1, Tyye,7,1, Am!,1,1, A - to be done later s TyySy ivix> - Tyyivix> ;ItTpu;>, tSy Aaid> tdaid> tdaidraidyRSy tt! tdaid bIih> v ySmat! (xataevaR aitpidkaa ) Tyyivix> = Tyyae> ivxIyte, tdaidzBdpSy Tyye & prtae=s<}a vit T Whenever a Tyy is ordained, whatever (collection of letters) that precedes that Tyy is called the A for that Tyy V After whatsoever there is an affix enjoined, whether verbal root or crude-form, that which begins therewith in the form in which it appears when the affix follows it, is called an A (Inflective base) ivix> compound of Tyy meaning an affix and ivix>, a percept 1.S. a rule enjoying an affix ; tdaid, i.e. that which begins therewith; Tyye 7.S. = in a Tyy follows (1.1) is called a base. After whatsoever there is an affix enjoined, whether it be a xatu (verbal root) or a nominal base (aitpidk), the word form having that as its beginning, is called a A, with regard to the affix that follows. The word ySmat! is used in the stra to point out the thing named, as A. The word 'base' is thus a relative term with regard to its affix. Thus k + ta ktaR (he will do), + ta htaR (he will do). kir:yit, hir:yit. Here, because the root k and get the name A, they undergo gu[ (savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84) similarly because %pgu etc. get the name A, their vowel undergoes v&i in AaEpgv> etc. The words k, are A with regard to the affix Aa etc. %pgu + A[! kpqu are A with regard to A[! Similarly k + Sy + v> kir:y + v> kir:yav>, Here the whole word form kir:y is regarded as A and as such the short A is lengthened by Atae dI"aeR yi| 7.3.101 ; because though the affix va> is enjoined after the word k the form which begins with k i.e. kir:y will also be called A when the affix is to be added. The word tdaid, therefore, has been used in the stra to make the definition of A applicable to the forms which a word may assume after taking the intermediate affixes alike Sy etc. or num! before the final affixes. Thus k{f + num! + # k{fn! + # +# k{fain (npu<skSy Hlc> 7.1.72 & svRnamSwane cas<buaE 6.4.8). k{f + num! k{fain (bowls). Here the whole form k{fn! is called A and as such it lengthens its k{fn! + # AaEpgv>, kapqv>. Here %pgu and
The words of this stra require some explanation. ySmat! after whatsoever; Tyy-ivix> compound of Tyy-
vowel before the case-affix $ by 6.4.8. Why have we used the word Tyy ? Without it the rule would have run thus "After whatever there is anything enjoined etc., is called A ". Then in I + #yit yit. Here siNx of vowels is enjoined between $ + # $, Here, if I was an A, then its last vowel would have been replaced by 6.4.77, the form being iiyyit. Why have we used the word ivix ? Has we omitted it the rule would have run thus "After whatsoever there is an affix, whether root or aitpidk is A ". Thus in dix Axuna, though the word dix is not enjoined by any rule; and the word dix is not called an A. Had it been so called, then the # of dix should have been elided by the stra
6.4.148 The word Tyy has been repeated twice in this stra in order to show that when an affix is elided, the term A will not apply to what stood before it. Thus in the compound word iyE + AweR (weR (for the sake of the woman). Here in forming the tTpu; compound the Dative Case (IV Case sMdanm!) Affix after the word i has been elided, for as a general rule case-affixes are elided in forming compounds. If the word I after its affix had been elided, still retained its old designation of A, the I + AweR would have been iyweR, the #y' augment being added by the rule 6.4.77. U + itp! - U is the A for itp! % U + zp! + itp! - U is the A for zp!, (U + zp!) is the A for itp!, cur + i[c! + zp! + itp! - cur is the A for i[c!, (cur + i[c!) is the A for zp! , (cur + i[c! + zp!) is the A for itp!, ySmat! Tyy> ivxIyte xatae> va aitpidkat! va tdaid zBdp< Tyye prt> As<}< vit, ktaR, htaR, kir:yit, hir:yit, Akir:yt!, Aaepgv>, kapqv>, ySmat! #it s<i]indeRzawRm!, tdaid #it k s<bNxat!, Tyyh[m! ikm! ? Nyivzt, VyI[It, 'neivRz> 1.3.17' #it %psgaRt! ivix> AiSt, tdade> a A-s<}a Syt!, ivixh[m! ikm! ? Tyy-prTvmae ma Ut!, I #ytI. Tdaid vcnm! SyaidnumwRm!. kir:yav>, kir:yam>, k{fain, pun> Tyyh[< ikmwRm! ? luTyye ma ut, (I) !ywRm!, !vwRm!, Adeza> - ASy 6.4.1 #it @vamady>. f --
lkar (No Panini Sutra for this) A lkar (l) is a Tyy representing ktaR, kmR or av-AwR of the action that is added to a root and Panini codes these lkar into 10+1 modes of conjugation of a root. He uses the vowels added to the lkar as #t! letters to denote the different modes and uses two consonants q & ' to divide these lkar into two groups iqt! lkara> and i't! lkara> to facilitate his method of deriving the ivkit-it' affixes to denote the different modes. The lkar are iqt! lkara> 1 2 3 4 5 6 Present Tense Remote Past Perfect Tense Periphrastic Future / First Future Tense General / Second / Simple Future Tense Vedic Subjunctive Tense Imperative Mood Aa}awR> i't! lkara> 7 Imperfect Past Tense An*tn Utkal> l~' Past Tense - not of today vRman-kal> prae] Utkal> An*tn iv:yt!kal> iv:yt!-kal> l~q il~q l~uq l&~q le ~q lae ~q Past tense not witnessed by the speaker
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8.a Potential Mood il' 8. b 9 Benedictive Mood Simple Past Tense Conditional Past Mood 10 General / Second / Simple Future Tense itNtyaega> The three types of itNtyaega> are ktRir-yaeg> ave-yaeg>
ivXywR>
ivixil' AazIilR '
samaNy Utkal>
l~u'
General past tense
l&~'
- The lkar> denotes the ktaR - agent of an action - The lkar denotes the abstract sense of the root
kmRi[-yaeg>- The lkar denotes the kmR object of the action
20.12.2004 - 1100 s U l> kmRi[ c ave c AkmRke_y> 3.4.69 /S2152
A kRir,7,1, (3.4.67), xatae>,5,1, 3.1.91 p l>,1,3, kmRi[,7,1, c,0,0, ave c,0,0, AkmRke_y>,5,3, A l> ktRir c kmRi[ c (skmRke_y>) xatae> l> ktRir c kmRi[ c (AkmRke_y>) xatae>
v l> = lkara> skRmke_yae xatu_y> kmRi[ karke viNt ckarat! ktRir c, AkmRke_yae xatu_yae & ave viNt ckarat! ktRir c. lkar can be added to roots denoting ktaR & kmR in the case of skmRk roots And ktaR & av in the case of AkmRk roots i.e. T v & V All roots will have ktRir-yaeg skmRk roots will have kmRi[-yaeg AkmRk roots will have ave-yaeg
ikarh[ay 'ktRir' #it sMbXyte, AkmRkh[at! skmRka Aip xatv Aai]a viNt The tense-affixes called l are used in denoting the object and the agent and after intransitive verbs, they denote the action as well as the agent when stripped of all indicatory letters, leave behind only the letter l which is thus common name for them all. The l> in the stra, is the nominative plural of l, By the word c in the stra, we draw in the word ktaR or 'agent' from the stra VgeyvnIyaepSwanIyjNyaPlaVyapaTya va 3.4.68 into this. The force of these tense-affixes, when placed after transitive verbs is to denote the object and the agent; and when placed after intransitive verbs, is to denote either 'action' (av) or it may denote the 'agent'. The verb 1. Denotes the action; to be or to do, generally; or to be or to do, in a particular manner
The term l means the ten affixes known as lq, ilq etc. is the common element of them all and these affixes
2. 3. 4.
In the active voice the affix marks the agent in the passive voice of a transitive verb, it marks the object in the passive form of an intransitive verb, the action itself
Thus gMyte amen devden (the village is gone to by Devadatta). Here te of gMyte denotes the object and is in passive construction. gCDit amm devd> (Devadatta goes to the village). Here the affix it of gCDit denotes the agent and the sentence is in active construction. The verb gm! being a transitive verb, can take both the active and passive constructions or to use the Sanskrit technical phraseology, the tense affixes, after transitive verbs, denote the agent and the object. They can never denote av or action after transitive verbs i.e. transitive verbs cannot be used impersonally. Let us now give examples of Intransitive verbs AaSyte devden (it is seated by Devadatta). The word AaSyte here denotes merely av or 'action'. In other words, we may call this an impersonal construction. AaSyte devd (Devadatta sits) here the verb AaSyte denotes the agent or is in the active voice. Professor Bohtlingk translates the stra thus "A finite verb expresses the agent as well as the object; but the Intransitive verbs denote, in addition to that, the Impersonal idea of the action". The word av means action considered to be abstract. skmRke_y> kmRi[ - pQ(te iv*a a[en % ktRir - pQit iv*a< a[> AkmRke_y> ave - AaSyte devden, hSyte devden ktRir - AaSte devd>, hsit devd> k a f s U l> #it %Ts&-AnubNx< samaNy< g&te, wma-bvcnaNt< c @tt!, lkara> kmRi[ karke viNt , ckart! ktRir c, AkmRke_y> xatu_y> ave viNt, pun> ckarat! ktRir c, gMyte am> devden, gCDit m< devd>, AkmRke_y> - AaSyte devden, AaSte devd>, skmRke_y> ave n viNt. --
xatae> 3.1.91 /S2829
A Tyy>,1,1, 3.1.1. pr>,1,1, c,0,0, 3.1.2 p xatae>,5,1, v & Aa t&tIyXyay pirsmae> xatae> #it Aixkar> veidVy> From here, up to the end of the third chapter i.e. 3.4.117, the Aixkar of xatae> is present. It means TyyT Aixkar starts from 3.1.1 and that a Tyy is placed after something (pr 3.1.2). Connecting Tyy 3.1.1 and pr 3.1.2 with xatae> 3.1.91, the meaning is All Tyy are enumerated from 3.1.91 till the end of the third chapter i.e. 3.4.117, will be placed immediately after the root V This is an Aixkar-sU. All the verbal affixes are broadly divided into two parts kt! and kTy! affixes, which will be described later This is an Aixkar stra. All the verbal affixes are broadly divided into two parts kt! and kTy! affixes, which will be described later
% -k xatae> #it Aym! Aixkar> veidtVy>, Aa t&tIyaXyay-pirsmae> yidt ^XvRm! - Anuim:yam> a xatae> #Tyevy< td veidtVym!, vyit - tVyVyanIyr> 3.1.96 #it, kmRVym!, kr[Iym!, xatuh[m! AnwRkm! , y'-ivxaE xaTvixkarat!, kd-%ppd-s<}aw tihR, AiSm! xaTvixkare te ywa
Syatam! , ma Utam! #it, AaxRxatuk-s<}aw c itIy< xatu-h[< ktRVym!, xatae> #Tyevm! ivihtSy ywa Syat!, #h ma Ut! - lU_ya< lUi> #it. f s U xatae> 3.4.117
t'anaE AaTmnepdm! 1.4.100 /S2156
p t'anaE,1,2, AaTmnepdm!,1,1, s t' c Aan t'anaE #tretryaegN> v & T v & t'-AanaE AaTmnepds<}km! vt> The Tyahar - t' which is the second part of it' AND the Tyy that ends in 'Aan' are called by the name AaTmnepdm! pUveR[ sUe[ prSmEpds<}aya< aayanaTmnepd< ivxIyte
T <to be done later> The nine affixes comprised under the Tyhar t' and the two ending in Aan (zanc! & kanc! vide stra 3.2.106), which are substitutes of l are called AaTmnepd, The following are AaTmnepd affixes V & III Person II Person I Person it' N t' zt& ,Kvsu zanc! ,kanc! prSmEpdm! AaTmnepdm! prSmEpdm! AaTmnepdm! S t was! #q D Aatam! Aawam! vih P H Xvm! mih'
% t, Aatam!, H, was!, Aawam!, Xvm!, #q, vih, mih', Aan> = zanc! , kanc! t'-#it Tyahar> nvana< vcnanam!, Aan #it zanc!-kancae> h[m!, pUveR[ prSmEpdk s<}aya< aya< t'anyae> AaTmnepd-s<}a ivxIyte, t, Aatam!, H, was!, Aawam!, Xvm!, #q, a vih, mih', Aan> oLvip - zanc!-kancaE, l> #Tyev - ktIh inan>, AaTmnepd-deza> Anudai't AaTmnepdm! 1.3.12 #Tyevmady>. f --
24.12.2004 - 1100 s U it'Ii[ Ii[ wm-mXym-%m> 1.4.101 /S2160
p it'>,6,1, Ii[,1,3, Ii[,1,3, wm-mXym-%m>,1,3, s wm mXym %m wmmXymaema>, #tretryaegN> v & it',6,1, Aadz-Tyya> Ii[ Ii[ ywam< wm-mXym-%m-s<}ka> viNt
T Of the 18 Tyahar - it', each set of three get the name of wm pu;> (Third Person), mXym pu;> (Second
Person) and %m pu;> (First Person) The three triads in both the sets prSmEpd and AaTmnepd, of conjugational affixes (comprised under the V general name it', a Tyahar formed of the first and last of them viz. itp! & mih'), are called in order, Lowest (III Person), Middle (II Person), Highest (I Person) Of the 18 conjugational affixes, 9 are prSmEpd & 9 are AaTmnepd . Each of these two classes is subdivided into three classes according to person wm pu;> stra 3.4.78 @k prSmEpdm! AaTmnepdm! % AaTmnepde;u it'> Aadz Tyya>, nv prSmEpd-s<}ka> nv AaTmnepd-s<}ka>, t prSmEpde;u yika> k a ywam< wm-mXym-%m-s<}a> viNt, AaTmnepde;u Aip yika> wm-mXym-%ms<}a> viNt, itp! , ts! , iH #it wm>, isp! , ws! , w #it mXym>, imp! , vs! , ms! #it %m>, AaTmenepde;u - t, Aatam! , H #it wm>, was! ,Aawam! ,Xvm! #it mXym>, #q, vih, mih' #it %m>, wmmXymaem-deza> - ze;e wm> 1.4.108 #Tyevmady>, f s U it' Ii[ 1.4.104 itp! t (Third Person) i ts! Aatam! b iH H @k isp! was! mXym pu;> (Second Person) i ws! Aawam! b w Xvm! @k imp! #q %m pu;> (First Person) i vs! vih b ms! mih'
itp! , ts! , iH #it wm> pu;>, isp! , ws! , w #it mXym>, imp! , vs! , ms! #it %m>, twa @v
tain @kvcn-ivcn-bvcnain @kz> 1.4.102 S2161
p tain,1,3, @kvcn-ivcn-bvcnain,1,3, @kz>,0,0. A tain,1,3, = (it'>,6,1, Ii[,1,3, Ii[,1,3, ) @kvcn-ivcn-bvcnain @kz> s @kvcn< c ivcn< c bvcn< ceit @kvcn-ivcn-bvcnain, #tretryaegN> v & tain,1,3,=(it'>,6,1, Ii[,1,3, Ii[,1,3,) @kz> = @kEk< pd< me[ @kvcn-ivcn-bvcn-s<}kain viNt Of them in each triplet, each Tyy is called Singular, Dual and Plural, respectively, in that order T @k< vum zIl< ASy #it @kvcnm! that which denotes ONE (object) that which denotes TWO (objects) i vum zIl< ASy #it i vcnm!
b vum zIl< ASy #it b vcnm! that which denotes MANY (objects) These three triads of conjugational affixes, which have received the name of Lowest etc. are called (as regard the three V expressions in each triad) severally "the expression for one" @kvcnm! (singular), "the expression for two" i vcnm! (dual), and "the expression for many" b vcnm! (plural) Of the six triads thus formed, each is divided according to number into three classes viz. @kvcnm! (singular), i vcnm! (dual) and b vcnm! (plural)
% itp! - @kvcnm!, ts! - ivcnm!, iH - bvcnm!, @vm! Ae Aip k tain @kvcn-ivcn-bvcn-s<}ain viNt, @kz> @kEk< pdm!, itp! #it @kvcnm!, ts! #it ivcnm!, a iH #it bvcnm!, @v< svR @kvcn-ivcn-bvcn-deza> - b;u bvcnm! 1.4.21 #Tyevmady>, f tain @kvcn-ivcn-bvcnain @kz> 1.4.103
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s U v & T V %
yu:m*uppde smanaixkr[e SwainNyip mXym> 1.4.105 /S2162
p yu:mid,7,1, %ppde,7,1, smanaixkr[e,7,1, Swainin,7,1, Aip,0,0, mXym>,1,1, y:mid zBde %ppde smanaixkr[e sit Swainin AyuJymane Aip mXym p;> vit When the pronoun yu:md (you), is related to the verb and is in smanaixkr{ym! with the verb, mXym pu; (Tyy) is used, even if the pronoun 'you' is not mentioned When the pronoun yu:md (you), understood, and also when the same expressed, is the attendant word in agreement with the verb, then there is the verbal termination called the middle (II person - mXym) This defines the II Person of conjugation affixes. As Tv< pcis (thou cookest) or pcis ; yuva< pcw> or pcw> (you two are cooking); yUy< pcw or pcw (you cook) yuJymane Aip Tv<,2,1, pcis,2,1,, yuva<,2,2, pcw>,2,2,, yUy<,2,3, pcw,2,3,, AyuJymane Aip pcis,2,1, pcw>,2,2, pcw,2,3, lSy 3.4.77, #it AixkTy samaNyen itbady> ivihta>, te;am! Ay< pu;inym> iyte, y:mid %ppde k a f sit Vyvihte c AVyvihte sit smanaixkr[e smanixeye tuLykarke Swainin uJymane Aip AyuJymane Aip mXym-pu;> vit, Tv< pcis, yuva< pcw>, yUy< pcw, AuJymane Aip - pcis, pcw> , pcw. %ppde smanaixkr[e Swainin Aip 1.4.108 yu:mid mXym> 1.4.106
25.12.2004 s U ASm*um> 1.4.107 /S2164
p ASmid,7,1, %m>,1,1, A %Smid %ppde,7,1, smanaixkr[e,7,1, (sit) Swainin,7,1, (AyuJymane Aip) %m> v & T V % %Smid %ppde smanaixeye sit yuJymane Aip %m> pu;> vit When the pronoun ASmd "I", is related to the verb and the verb denotes it, %m pu;> (Tyy) (first person) is used, even if the pronoun 'I' is not expressly mentioned When the pronoun ASmd (I), understood and also when expressed, is the attendant word in agreement with the verb, then there is the verbal termination called the Highest or I Person. This is clear. As Ah< pcaim (I cook) or merely pcaim, Aava< pcav> or merely pcav>. Ah<,2,1, pcaim,2,1,, AyuJymane Aip Aava<,2,2, pcav>,2,2,, vy<,2,3, pcam>,2,3, pcaim,2,1, pcv>,2,2, pcam>,2,3,
k %m-pu;> inyMyte, ASmid-%ppde smanaixeye yuJymane Aip AyuJymane Aip %ma pu;> vit, Ah< pcaim, Aava< pcav>, vy< pcam>, AyuJymane Aip pcaim, pcv>, pcam>. f s U --
ze;e wm> 1.4.108 /S2165
A ze;e %ppde,7,1, smanaixkr[e,7,1, (sit) Swainin,7,1, Aip wm> v mXym-%m-iv;yat! ANy> ze;> y ze; [(what remains), here means other than the pronouns "You" and "I"]
& yu:md-ASmdaE smanaixkr[e %ppde n St>, tiSmn! ze;-iv;ye wm-pu; vit T V When any other word (noun or pronoun), other than the pronouns "You" and "I" are denoted (by the verb), then the wm-pu;> (third person), is used In other cases, viz. where 'thou' or 'I' are not the attendant words in agreement with the verb, there is the verbal termination called the Lowest III Person pcw>,3,2, pciNt>,3,3,
As pcit (he cooks), pct> (they two cook), pciNt (they cook) % pcait,3,1, k ze;> #it mXym-%m-iv;yat! ANy> %Cyte, y yu:md-ASmdI smanaixkr[e %ppde n St>, t a ze;e wm-pu;> vit, pcait, pcw>, pciNt>. f -28.12.2004 - 1100 s U p s v & T is V it'-izt! savRxatukm! 3.4.113 / S2166
A xatae>,5,1, 3.1.91 Tyy>,1,1, 3.1.1 pr>,1,1, c,0,0, 3.1.2 xatae>,5,1, 3.1.22 it'-izt!,1,1, savRxatukm! z! #t! ySy s izt! , bIih> it' c izt! c it'-izt! smaharae N> [ " xatae> " #it s<zBdnen ] xatae> pra> ivhita>, it'> izt> c Tyya> savRxatuk-s<}ka> viNt The Tyy of it' and those that have zkar as #t! letter (i.e. izt!-Tyy) that are ordained to come immediately after a xatu are called by the name savRxatukm! Tyy should be added immediately after a xatu That Tyy should be ordained by using the word xatae> (i.e. xatae should be explicitly uttered) All personal endings itp! - ts! - iH - isp! - ws! - w - imp! - vs! - ms! - t - Aatam! - H - was!- Aawam! - Xvm! - #q- vih - mih' 3.4.78 and affixes with an indicatory zkar are called savRxatuk Of course, this applies to the affixes which have been already treated before, viz. the affixes which relate to verbal roots and not to tit affixes etc. Thus, Svipit, raeidit, pcman>, yjnam>, ilq, AazIilR' are exceptions it'> izt> c Tyya> savRxatuk-s<}ka> viNt, vit, nyit, Svipit, raeidit, pvman> yjman>, savRxatuk-deza> - savRxatuke yk 3.1.67 #Tyevmady>. -1,1,
% vit, nyit, Svipit, raeidit, pvman> yjman> k a f s U v
AaxRxatuk< ze;> 3.4.114 /S2187
A xatae>,5,1,3.1.91 Tyy>,1,1,3.1.1 pr>,1,1, c>,0,0,3.1.2 xatae>,5,1,3.1.22 ["xatae>" #it s<zBdnen] xatae>,5,1, pra> ivhita> ze;a> (it'-izt!-vijRta>) Tyya> & savRxatuk>-s<}ka> viNt T All Tyy other than it' and those that have zkar as #t! letter (i.e. izt!-Tyy) that are ordained to come immediately after a xatu are called by the name AaxRxatukm!
V The remainder, i.e. the affixes other than it' and those with an indicatory zkar subjoined to a verbal root are called
AaxRxatuk Thus the affixes t&, tuc!, tVym! etc. are AaxRxatuk affixes as in the words livta, livtum!, livtVym!. Here the augment #q is added because of these affixes being called AaxRxatuk by AaxRxatukSyef vlade> 7.2.35 The word xatae> whose Anuv&i began with the stra - xatae> 3.1.91, is understood here also. So that the affixes in relation to the verbal roots get the name of savRxatuk and AaxRxatuk ; the affixes applied to nouns do not get these names. Thus the case-affix _yas! when added to the noun lU , is not called an AaxRxatuk affix, and therefore we have lU_yas!, lUi> etc. Had these affixes been AaxRxatuk, they would have caused the gu[ of the base savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84. Similarly, the affixes Tv< and ta in the words v&]Tv< and v&]ta are not AaxRxatuk affixes. Had they been so, there would have been the insertion of the augment #q AaxRxatukSyef vlade> 7.2.35 Similarly in stra guiiJkd_y> sn! 3.1.5 the affix sn! is used without changing the sense after the roots gup!, itj! and ikt!, But as this affix is added without the enunciation of the word xatae> as it is in the stra xatae> kmR[> smankt&RkaidCDaya< va 3.1.7 this sn! is not called AaxRxatuk and does not take the augment #q as juguPste % livta, livtum!, livtVym! k a f # 3.1.1 Tyy> 3.1.2 pr> 3.1.3 Aa*uda 3.1.5 gup -itj -ik(> sn! 3.1.6 man!-bx-dan!-zan!_yae dI"Ra_yasSy 3.1.7 xatae> kmR[> smanktR&kaidCDaya< va 3.1.21 mu{f-im-[-lv[-t-v-hl-kl-kt-tUSte_yae i[c! sn ! sn ! namxatuk & Miscellaneous AaxRxatuk savRxatuk-AaxRxatuk except kt! All kt! except it' Non-AaxRxatuk snaid-Tyy - give rise to new roots Stra it' izt> c vjRiyTva ANy> Tyy ze;> xatu-s<zBdnen iviht> AaxRxatuk-s<}> vit, livtum!, livtVym!, xatae> #Tyev - v&]Tvm! , v&]taiSt, lU_yam! , lUi>, juguPste. livta,
3.1.22 xataerekacae hlade> iya-smihare y' 3.1.31 Ayady AaxRxatuke va 3.1.90 ki;-rjae> aca< Zyn! prSmEpd< c 3.1.91 to 3.4.117 Rules Tyy is added immediately after the root That Tyy should be ordained by using the word xatae>
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29.12.2004 - 1100 s U lSy 3.4.77 /S2153
p lSy,6,1, v #t> Ae Aa t&tIyaXyay pirsmae> vyma[ain kayaRi[ lkarSy @v Swane viNt #it Aixkar> & veidtVy> This is an Aixkar stra, Starting from here, it extends up to the end of the third chapter 3.4.117 This means that all the operations mentioned from here, take place in the place of lkar alone, for e.g. the next stra T ordains the 18 it' Tyy and they are the replacements of lkar, Therefore, they are called ladeza>, The it' Tyy mentioned in the sutra 3.4.78 are the kit Tyy (primary affixes). Those mentioned in the following sutras are modifications of these kit Tyy giving rise to ivkit Tyy (modified / secondary) affixes, meant for each for the 10 lkara> V In the place of l will be substituted the affixes which we shall announce hereafter This stra consists of one word lSy meaning of ' l '. It is an Aixkar stra. The word lSy is the genitive singular of l, the A in l being for the sake of pronunciation. The l means the ten affixes lq (Present), ilq (Perfect), luq (First Future), l&q (Second Future), laeq (Imperative), leq (Vedic Subjunctive), l' (Imperfect), il' (Potential and Benedictive), lu' (Aorist), l&' (Conditional) Six of these tenses have indicatory q and four have indicatory ' Prof. Bohtlingk translates stra thus "In the following stras the word lSy should be supplied to complete the sense, i.e. the phrase 'in the place of all those endings which are known as the personal endings of various tenses and moods, and are known in their totality as 'l' lSy #it Aym! Aixkar>, Akar> %ar[awR>, lkar-ma< SwainTven Aixiyte, yitt ^XvRm! Anuim:yam>, lSy #Tyev< td veidtVym!, ikm! c #d< lSy #it ? dz lkara> AnugNxiviza> k ivihta> AwRivze;e kalivze;e c, te;a< ivze;kr-AnubNxan! %Ts&Jy yt! samaNy< td g&hyte, ;q a iqt>, cTvar> i't>, A]r-smaayvd-AnupUVyaR kWyNte, lq, ilq, luq, q, leq, laeq, l', il', lu', ' #it, Aw lkar-maSy h[< kSmad n vit - lunait cUfal> #it ? xatu Aixkar> AnuvtRte, kady> c ivze;ka>. f lSy 3.4.117
30.12.2004 - 1100 <<<<<<<<<<derivation of U to be done>>>>>>>>>> s U vtRmane lq 3.2.123 /S2151
p vtRmane,7,1, lq,1,1, A xatae> 3.1.91 Tyy>,1,1, 3.1.1 pr>,1,1, c,0,0, 3.1.2 v & T vRmane AweR vtRmanad xatae> lq Tyy pr vit, pr> c vit The Tyy - lq is added immediately after the root, when the root is (to be conjugated) in the sense of the present tense
V The affix lq comes after a verb when denoting a present action The word vtRman means that which is begun and which has not yet come to an end. The action denoted by a verb in
the present tense is yet continuing and has not stopped. As pcit (he is cooking); pQit (he is reading). So also whatever is constant, regular, uniform, is represented by the Present Indefinite. As itiNt pvRta> (the mountains stand); biNt nda> (the rivers flow) % pcit, vit, pQit k arBx> Apirsma> c vtRman>, tiSmn! vtRmane AweR vtRmanat! xatae> lq Tyy vit, pcit, a pQit. f vtRmane 3.3.1
31.12.2004 s U Ade'-gu[> 1.1.2 /S17
p Ade',1,1, gu[>,1,1, (Ade' = At + @') s At! c = A , @' c = Ade' , smaharNsmas> v & T A, @ , Aae #Tyete;a< v[aRna< gu[s<}a vit The letters A, @, Aae are called by the name gu[ Each of the letters A, @, Aae whether radical or secondary is called a gu[ letter; as the initial vowels in the V following - AaiR (he moves); @it (he comes); Aaeoit (he goes). Here the initial vowels of the roots \, #, %o! & have undergone gu[ and changed into Ar, @, Aae respectively, before the third person singular termination it The term gu[ occurs in stras like imdeguR[> 7.3.82 "Let there be gu[ substitute for the #k of the root imd (to melt)" ceta, neta, Staeta, ktaR, htaR, tirta, ivta % jyit, nyit, pciNt, pQiNt pce, yje, deveN>, sUyaeRdy>, mhi;R> k a f gu[-zBd> s<}aTven ivxIyte Tyekm! Ade'a< v[aRna< samaNyen taivtanam! Ataivtana< c, tprkr[< tu #h svaRwRm!, tirta, ceta, Staeta, pciNt, yjiNt, Ah< pce, gup-deza> - imdeguR[> 7.3.82 #Tyevmady>. gu[> 1.1.3
The following is a pira;a sU connected to gu[-substitution s U #kae gu[v&I 1.1.3 /S34
A v&i>,1,1, 1.1.1 gu[>,1,1, 1.1.2 p #k>,6,1, gu[-v&i,1,2, s gu[ v&i = gu[v&I, #tretryaegNsmas> v 'v&i> Syat! ', 'gu[> Syat!' #it gu[v&i-zBda_ya< y gu[v&i,1,2, t '#k>',6,1, #it ;(Nt< pd< & %piSwt< Vym!, t gu[v&I #k>,6,1, Swane vt> #TywR> Whenever gu[ & v&I are ordained with a specific mention of the words gu[ & v&I by saying "let there be gu[", T "let there be v&I" then, there in that stra a word in the sixth case, #k> presents itself. That is, the sixth case being Swan-;I, the gu[ & v&I substitutions ordained will take place only in place of #k-#k>,6,1, (Swane).
This is a pira;a stra i.e. an interpretation stra. Therefore, the example for this stra will be another stra. This pira;a stra applies in those situations where a specific mention of the SwanI is not made. for e.g. in the stra N -savRxatuk-AaxRxatukayae> 7.3.84 and pugNtSy-l"UpxSy c 7.3.86 specific mention of the SwanI is not made, thereby this pira;a, the #k> in the sixth will present itself and provide the SwanI, Whereas, when directly SwanI is mentioned, this pira;a will not work V In the absence of any special rule, whenever gu[ or v&i, it is to be understood to come in the room of the #k (#,%,\,) vowels only, of that expression v&i letters will come. The present rule will apply where there is the specification of no other particular rule. The stra savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84 declares "when a savRxatuk or AaxRxatuk affix follows there is gu[ of the base". Here the SwanI (the original expression) which is to undergo gu[ substitution, is not specified, and to complete the sense the word #k> must be read into the stra. The rule then being "when a savRxatuk or an AaxRxatuk affix follows there is gu[ of the #k vowels of the base". The gu[ of # or $ is @ ; of % or ^ is Aae ; of \ or is Ar ; of is Al ; and their v&i is @e, AaE, Aar, Aal respectively. Thus - nI + Ait nyit (he leads) Therefore, wherever in any rule in this grammar, gu[ or v&i is ordained by employing the terms gu[ or v&i, there the word #ka> in the genitive (VI - sMbNx) case, meaning "in the place of #k ", is to be supplied to complete the meaning. The word #k is thus understood in the following rules, and is there qualified by the term A (base) imdeguR[> 7.3.82, m&jev&Ri> 7.2.114, pugNtl"UpxSy 7.3.86, 7.4.11, 7.4.16, 6.4.156 In the following stras the term #k is understood and qualifies the word A (base) 7.3.83, savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84. The word #k has been used in the stra to show that the long Aa, @c! or dipthongs and hl consonants are not to take gu[ or v&i by this rule, so in the following examples yanm! (a carriage), Glyait (he feels aversion), %iMta (confined). Here Glayit is formed by adding the affix itp! III Person Singular termination with the class a affix zp!, to the root GlE as - GlE + zp! + itp! GlE + A + it . At this stage, stra - savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84 would require Glyit . But this is wrong, the letter @e, being not included in the Tyahar #k, yanm! the gu[ substitution of the vowel of the base before the savRxatuk termination A ; the gu[ substitute of @e being @ , there would be Gle + Ait is not effected by the stra - savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84 and there is no gu[ substitution in this case. Similarly there is no change in the long Aa of yanm! . Thus ya + Lyuq (Lyuq c 3.3.115) (yuvaraenakaE 7.1.1). Here, had there been gu[ by stra savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84, the Aa of ya, would have been changed into A, and the form would have been ynm! which is wrong. But it is not so, as Aa is not an #k vowel. So also %M! + #ta kar The repetition of the words gu[ and v&i in this stra, (though by Anuv&i or the supplying of a word from the previous stra these words followed from the two preceding stras) is for the purpose of indicating that, this is a restrictive rule applicable only there, where gu[ or v&i has been ordained by the employment of the words gu[ or v&i. Therefore, it is not so in the following cases *aE (sky), pNwa (way), s> (he), #mm! (this). *aE is the nominative (I case - ktaR) singular of the base idv! . It is formed by rule 7.1.84, which declares that "in the nominative singular the letter AaE takes the place of idv! ". Here the letter AaE is no doubt a v&i letter, but as this substitution is not enjoined by the enunciation of the term v&i, AaE does not take the place of the vowel # of idv!,
This is a pira;a stra and is useful in determining the original letters in the place of which the substitute gu[ and
%iMta. Here, there is no gu[ substitution in the place of the consonant
but it replaces the final v! . Thus - id + AaE + s!
*aE
Similarly, rule 7.1.85 declares that of the word piwn!, Aa is the substitute. The Aa is a v&i letter no doubt, but not being enunciated by the term v&i, it takes the place of n! of piwn! and not of # . Thus we have pNwa>, the n being added by wae Nw> 7.1.87 Similarly, s> from td, which is formed by TydadIna> 7.2.102 "short A is the substitute of Tyd etc.". Here Akar takes the place of dkar, Thus we have tkar, which is changed again into skar by tdae> s> savnNTyyae> 7.2.106 % me*it, ceta, ktaR, jyit, maiR, AlavIt! pira;a @y< Swain-inymawaR, Ainym-se inym> ivxIyte, v&i-gu[aE Svs<}ya iz:yamai[k> @v Swane veidtVyaE-1, vyit - savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84 ASy gu[> #it, s> #k> @v Swane veidtVy>, trit, nyit, vit, v&i> oLvip - Aka;IRt!, Ahar;IRt!, AcE;It!, AnE;It!, AlavIt!, k a AStavIt!, y-2 gu[-v&I> Svs<}ya ivxIyete t #k> #it @td %piSwtm! Vym!, ik< kt< vit ? itIya ;I aaRVyte, imidm&ij-pugNt-l"UpxiCDRizi]]ue;u Aen #k ivze:yte, juis savRxatukaid-gu[ei:vka< ivze:yte, me*it-3, Aibyu>, #k> #it ikm! ? AaTsNXy]rVynan< ma Ut! - yanm!, Glayit, %iMta, pun>-gu[-v&i-h[< Svs<}ya ivxane inymawRm!, #h ma Ut! *aE>, pNwa>, s>, #mm! #it.
1 - vt> #it veidtVym! - #it paQaNtrm!. 2 - y - #it n savRik. 3 - me*te - #it aiyk> AppaQ>.
f #kae gu[v&I 1.1.6 s U
savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84 /S2168
A ASy,6,1, 6.4.1, gu[>,1,1, 7.3.82 #k>,6,1, p savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae>,7,2, p savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae> (ANtSy) s savRxatuk AaxRxatuk savRxatuk-AaxRxatuke, tyae> < < < #tretrN> A #k> ASy (= #gNtSy = ASy tdNtivix>) gu[> savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae>,7,2, v & T V savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae> Tyye prt> #gNtSy ASy (ANtSy) gu[> vit When a savRxatuk or a AaxRxatuk Tyy follows, the final letter (#k - # % \ ) of an #gNt-A [an A which ends with an #k (# % \ ) letter] is replaced/substituted with a gu[ The gu[ is substituted for the final #k vowel of a stem before the affixes called savRxatuk and AaxRxatuk (3.4.113 etc.). As trit, nyit, vit, ktR&, cet&, Staet&. Why savRxatuk and AaxRxatuk affixes only ? Observe AiTvm! and Aikamyit. For had the stra been si' then the rule would have applied to affixes like sn! kaMyc etc. which go to form Denominative verbs. s' includes all affixes beginning with sn! and ending with mih', If the stra had been Tyye, then the rule would have applied to affixes Tvm! etc. To exclude these cases, the two words savRxatuk & AaxRxatuk are used. For exceptions see ;I Swaneyaega 1.1.49, iK'it c 1.1.5, dxIvevIqam! 1.1.6 % U + itp! ktRirzp! 3.1.68 (here U + zp! + itp! savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84 ae + zp! + itp! U is a #gNt-A and zp! is a savRxatuk Tyy)
k savRxatuke AaxRxatuke c Tyye prt> #gNtSy ASy gu[> vit, trit, nyit, vit, AaxRxatuke File : 8643430.doc Page # 35 of 82 Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 09:10 Hrs.
ktaR, ceta, Staeta, savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae> #it ikm! ? AiTvm!, AikaMyit, yid> ih Tyye s'Iit vaeCyet, #h Aip Syat!.
f savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.86 03.01.2005 - 1100 s U pugNtSyl"UpxSy c 7.3.86 /S2189
A savRxatukaxRxatukyae>,7,2,7.3.84 ASy,6,1, 6.4.1, gu[>,1,1, 7.3.82 #k>,6,1, p pugNtSy-l"UpxSy,7,2, c,0,0, A pugNtSy (ASy) c l"UpxSy ASy,6,1, #k>,6,1, savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae>,7,2, s v & puik ANt> pugNt>, smItTp;>, lXvI casaE %pxa c l"Upxa, kmRxarytTpu;>, pugNt l"Upxa c pugNtl"Upxm! , tSy smaharN> pugNtSy ASy, l"UpxSy c (ASy) #k> (Swane) savRxatuke c AaxRxatuke c prt> gu[> vit The #k (# % \ ) of an A that is pugNt or that is l"UpxSy is replaced by a gu[ letter when a savRxatuk or AaxRxatuk Tyy follows T l"u = a short letter. %pxa = penultimate letter An A that has a l"u-%pxa is called a l"Upx> A (l"u-%pxa ySy s> #it l"Upx> = that which has a short letter at the penultimate position) gu[ is substituted before a savRxatuk and an AaxRxatuk affix, for the #k vowels of the Causative stems V which take the augment pkar (AaitRIVlIrIUyImaYyata< pug! [aE 7.3.36) and for the short penultimate vowel of a root which ends in a single consonant As hlepyit, epyit, aepyit, ednm!, Dednm!, ea, Dea Of course the vowel should be l"u (light), before the addition of the affix; the heaviness caused by the addition of the affix, will not prevent gu[, Thus id + t&, though d + t& & causes the # to become heavy, that will not prevent gu[ for ivXype]< l"u h[m! O If this be so, why the forms ki{ft&, i{ft& are not incorrect, for in them also the vowel is l"u (the roots are kf & f ), and the augment n! is added afterwards by a v&i rule ? R The augment n! is added to the root, and becomes %pdeizvt! (#idtae num! xatae> 7.1.58) O If so, how do you cause v&i in r! , as in rag> with "|! ; as r! + "|! v&i by At %pxaya> 7.2.116 ? R The exceptional forms Syd> from SyNd + "|! and w from Nw! + "|! mentioned in Sydae jve 6.4.28 & AvaedExaEwihmwa> 6.4.29 teach by implication that roots of this form take v&i as a general rule O If the ivXype] maxim is not of universal application; though by Aaepae=n> 6.4.134, the A of An! etc is elided in stems like rajn! thus ra}a; yet the A should not be elided if you be consistent, in An' augment added by AiSwdixsKWy[amn' %da> 7.1.75 to dix, AiSw etc. In fact, you could not get the forms da, skWna etc. Moreover though there can be the lengthening of the penultimate in samn!-samain (before z affix in nominative plural), yet not in the case of k{fain from k{f for here n! is added by another rule npu<skSy Hlc> 7.1.72. If you say, the maxim is not of universal application, then there can be no gu[ of $ in id to form e&
rj! + "|! (the |! being dropped by
"i| c avkr[yae> 6.4.27) for it is after the elision of |! , that the A of rj! becomes penultimate and can admit of
R The gu[ takes place in forms like e& etc., because the prohibition of the following rule na_yStSyaic ipit savRxatuke 7.3.87, with regard to the affixes beginning with a vowel, proves by implication that before affixes beginning with a consonant, as t&, the gu[ also takes place O The prohibition in the case of vowel beginning affixes for the sake of l' to form Anenek, This is derived from inijr (juhaeTyaid - III C), in the Imperfect, as A + inj! + zp!u + itp! then reduplication (aE 6.1.10) then gu[ of the reduplicate (inja< ya[a< gu[> aE 7.4.75), then itp! which had become t! in the Imperfect is elided by hL'(aB_yae dI"aRt! suitSyp&< hl 6.1.68. Thus Ainj! + u + t! A + ininj! + t! (aE 6.1.10) A neinj! + t! (inja< ya[a< gu[> aE 7.4.75) A nein|! (6.1.98) Annk. The elided tkar produces its effect, the gu[ by pugNtl"UpxSy 7.3.86. This is why Ac! is taken in stra - na_yStSyaic ipit savRxatuke 7.3.87 viz. Ajaid affixes do not cause gu[, the hlaid affixes like t! cause gu[. You cannot therefore say that Aic in na_yStSyaic ipit savRxatuke 7.3.87 is }apk R The stra is-g&ix-x&i;-i]pe> 3.2.140 teaches the addition of nu to As etc. as gu> ; if this nu had not tended to cause the gu[ of the penultimate vowels of these roots, what was the necessity of making this affix a ikt! ? Similarly, hlNta 1.2.10 teaches that sn! (desiderative) is ikt! after roots ending in consonants. These rules show that words like t etc. get gu[ , and the final consonant of the root plus the initial consonant of the affix, does not make the root vowel heavy O The ikt! of sn! is for the sake of the elision of the nasal in ixPsit, xaPsit (Ainidta hl %pxaya iK'it 6.4.24) R Let it be so. Still the ikt! of is enough for us The '%pxa (short)' must be the vowels of the #k Tyahar, Therefore, in ina, the penultimate is short A of m! and it does not take gu[. In fact, the word penultimate qualifies the word #k understood. Others explain it by saying that pugNt is to be analysed by puikANt "in the vicinity of @". The word ANt means smIp, and means the #k vowel in the proximity of puk, The word l"Upxa should be analysed as lXvI and is a kmRxayR compound, and means "a short or light penultimate". The word pugNtl"Upx is a smahar N> 1 l"UpxSy A % bux! + zp! + itp! -savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84 ae + zp! + itp! (here bux! is a %pxa and zp! is a savRxatuk Tyy) 2 pugNt A - <<<the example to be discussed later>>> pugNtSy ASy l"UpxSy c savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae> gu[> vit, pugNtSy - Vlepyit, epyit, aepyit, l"UpxSy - ednm!, Dednm!, ea, Dea, Tyy-Aade> A-AvyvSy c hlaeranNtyeR sit l"Upx-gu[> n VyavTyRte #it }aiptm! @tt! usnae> ikTkr[en, isg&ixx&i;i]pe> u> 3.2.140, hlNta 1.2.10 #it, k a s<yaege gurs<}aya< gu[ae eunR isXyit, ivXye]> l"aeasaE kw< ki{fnR :yit. 1. xataenuRm> kw< re> SyiNdNWyaeinRpatnat!, An'laepizdI"RTve-1 ivXype]e n isXyt>. 2. A_ytSy ydahaic l'wR> tTkt< vet, usnaeyRt! kt< ikv< }apk< Sya"aeguR[e-2. 3. %pxa c A #k-@v g&te, tt> ini #it gu[> n vit, Ape puik ANt> pugNt>, lvI %pxa l"Upxa, pugNt l"Upxa c pugNt-l"Upxm! #it sUaw v[RyiNt.
1 - AnaepizdI"RTve - #it paQaNtrm!. 2 - #d< kairkay< Nyaskta n VyaOyatm!
pugNtSy-l"UpxSy 7.3.87
04.01.2005 & 05.01.2005 - 1100 s iK'it c 1.1.5 /S2217

U A n,0,0, 1.1.4, #kae,6,1, gu[-v&I,1,2, p iK'it,7,1, c,0,0, A pugNtSy (ASy) c l"UpxSy ASy,6,1, #k>,6,1, savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae>,7,2, s iK'it [(g! + k + ') #t!,7,1, g! + k + ' v & iK'it (=when a igt! or a ikt! follows)
igt!-ikt!-i't!-inimke #k> Swane wi g[v&I aut> te n vt> The gu[ and v&i substitutions that are ordained to come in place of #k when caused by a igt! or a ikt! or a i't!
T Tyy will not take place. This means that whenever a gu[ or a v&i substitution is mandated, in place of #k, with the pira;a #kaegu[v&I being active they will not take place if the Tyy that follows is a ikt! or a i't! V That which otherwise would have caused gu[ or v&i, does not do so, when it has an indicatory k, g! or ' Thus the past participle terminations and vtu are AaxRxatuk affixes, which would, by the general rule savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84, have caused gu[, but as their indicatory letter k is #t! , the real terminations being, t and tvt!, they do not cause gu[. Therefore, when these terminations are added to a root, the #k of the root does not undergo any gu[. Thus with the root ic (to collect) ict> or ictvan!, U> (to hear), utvan!, I (to fear), It>, Itvan! Similarly the terminations Kyp!, keilm, Kvsu, kanc!, va, in! etc. are all ikt! terminations, the indicatory letters of all being k the real affixes being y, @ilm!, vs! etc. Before these the root does not undergo gu[. Thus we have from & (to bear) &Ty, from id (to pierce) ideilm The terms ikt! etc. of this stra are in the locative (VII case Aixkr[m!). The force or this case termination her is that of inim (cause), i.e. the gu[ or v&i which would otherwise have been caused, does not take place, if an affix is ikt!, igt! or i't! . Thus all AaxRxatuk and savRxatuk affix zp! (A) in the following U + zp! + itp! ae + A + it vit (he is). Similarly savRxatuk and AaxRxatuk affixes cause the gu[ substitution of the short baexit penultimate #k of the inflective base (jaae=ivic{[iL'Tsu 7.3.85). Thus bux! + zp! + itp!
The general force of the locative case in the stra is to cause the operation directed, on the expression preceding it (tiSmiit inidRe pUvRSy 1.1.66). If the force of the locative case in the present stra were also that as explained in tiSmiit inidRe pUvRSy 1.1.66 then the interpretation would be this "An affix having an indicatory k or g! or ', would not cause gu[ substitution of the vowel #k, immediately preceding it. The case of the penultimate short #k will not be covered by it. Then though the rule may apply to ic + V This, however, is prevented by explaining the locative as one of "occasion" and thus id g! ij:[u (victorious) (3.2.139), so also Swanu> (durable) ivd> ict> (collected), it would not apply to id + ; there would be nothing to bar the gu[ substitution of the penultimate # of id, i (broken) Similarly from the root ij we have the word ij:[u (victorious), in which the affix g!u has an #t! g! . Thus ij + Similarly, the affix A' is a i't! affix, the real suffix being A the ' is an #t! . Therefore when A' is added to a root, there is no gu[ or v&i . Thus we have from ivd (to know) Similarly, vide stra savRxatukm!-Aipt! 1.2.4, all the savRxatuk affixes that are not marked by an #t! , are treated as i't! . Thus the II Person Singular termination is i't!, and we have icnut (they two collect). Similarly, icNviNt (they collect), m&j! + m& (cleansed), m&jiNt (they cleanse) The phrase 'when indicated by the term #k " is understood in this stra. The prohibition, therefore applies to #k vowels only, and not to all vowels in general. Thus by stra - kmei[R' 3.1.30, the root km! (to desire), takes the affix i[' ; of this affix the letters [! & ' are #t!, and the real affix is # . The force of [! is to cause v&i (At>
%pxaya> 7.2.116). The #t! does not prevent such v&i, as the letter A of km! is not included in #k . Thus we have kaim + Ate kame + Ate kamyte (he desires). According to the wish of the author of the Mahbhshya, the verb m&j! optionally takes v&i before ikt! or i't! affixes beginning with a vowel. As pirm&jiNt or pirmaRiNt (they rub). Here in this stra there is prohibition of the gu[ of the penultimate #k also The #t! ''' of the verbal tense affixes i.e. l', il', lu', l&', is an exception to this rule of i't! . This is an inference deduced from 3.4.104 which declares "when the sense is that of benediction, then the augment yasuq of il' is as if it were distinguished by an #t! 'k'. There would have been no necessity of making yasuq a ikt! if il' were a i't!, but the very fact of making yasuq a ikt! indicates by implication or is }apk that the final ' of l', il', lu', l&' does not make these tense affixes i't! . Thus in l' (imperfect tense) we have Aicnvm! (he collected) % Of a i't! Tyy % Of a ikt! Tyy % Of a i't! Tyy (' - as an #t! letter) k a f -sU savRxatukmipt! 1.2.4 /S2234 A p s T s T T f i't!,1,1, 1.2.1 savRxatukm!,1,1, Aipt!,1,1, p! #t! ySy ipt! bIih> That which has a p! as an #t! letter is a ipt! n ipt! Aipt! n|!-tTpu;> That which is not a ipt! A savRxatuk Tyy that does not have a p! as an #t! letter is considered to be a i't! A savRxatuk (3.4.113) Tyy that does not have a p! as an #t! letter is considered to be a i't! Aipt! 1.2.5
v& Aipt! savRxatuk< i'dvt! vit
06.01.2005 s U v & v & T ASy 6.4.1 /S200 Aixkar> Aym! Aa smaXyay pir smae>
T This is an Aixkar sU that extends up to the end of the seventh chapter (i.e.7.4.97). yan! #t!> ^XvRm! Anuim:yam> 'ASy' #Tyev< td DeidtVym! Whatever rules that we would enumerate from here all those have to be understood as mandated as ASy,6,1, (of the A,1,1,)
f ASy 7.4.97 s U
Alae=NTyaTpUvR> %pxa 1.1.65 /S249 Al>,5,1, ANTyat!,5,1, pUvR>,1,1, %pxa,1,1,
A ANTyat! Al> pUvR> %pxa v & ANTyat! Al> pUvR> y> %pxas<}k> vit
T The letter that precedes the final letter is called %pxa (penultimate) The letter immediately preceding the last letter of a word is called the penultimate This defines %pxa or penultimate. Thus in the words pc!, id, bux!, v&t! the letters A,#,%,\ are %pxa. The word %pxa occurs in the stra - At> %pxaya> 7.2.116 % k a f s U xaTvadaE v[Rsmudaye ANyat! Al> pUvR y> v[R> s> Al @v %pxa-s<}> vit, pc!, pQ Akar>, d, iDd - #kar>, bux!, yux! - %kar>, v&t! , v&x! - \kar>, Al> #it ikm! ? iz>, izvan!, smudayat! pUvRSy ma ut!, %pxadeza> At> %pxaya> 7.2.116 #it @vmady>.
Sv< l"u 1.4.10 /S31
v maikSy (@kmaikSy) sv< s<}a kta (refer ^kal> Ac! SvdI"RPlut 1.2.27) tSy Anen l"us<}a & ivxIyte k a T Sv A]r< l"us<}< vit The vowel that has one unit of pronunciation was called Sv in the stra 1.2.27; now that same Sv is called l"u by this stra. Therefore, this stra says 'a Sv vowel is called l"u' The short vowel is called l"u ("light") This defines the word l"u, A Sv vowel which has already been defined in ^kalae=JH!rSvdI"Plut> 1.2.27, is V under certain circumstances called l"u ; thus the # of id (to break), is l"u, and by being l"u, it undergoes gu[ before the affix ta + Aa, as ea (he will break), by virtue of the stra pugNtl"UpxSy c 7.3.86, which declares that a l"u penultimate vowel undergoes gu[ before a savRxatuk or an AaxRxatuk affix. So also Dea, AcIkrt! and AjIhrt! % k maikSy Sv-s<}a kta, tSy Anen l"u-s<}a ivxIyte, Sv A]r< l"us<}< vit, ea, Dea, a AcIkrt!, AjIhrt!, l"udeza> - pugNtl"UpxSy c 7.3.86 #it @vmady> f --
vagwaRivv sMp&aE vagwRitpye, jgt> iptraE vNde pavRtI prmeraE. 1 pad 1 va 2 g 3 wa 4 iv 5 v 6 s 7 Mp 8 aE 1 va 2 g 3 wR 2 pad 4 5 it 6 p 7 8 ye
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R 3 pad 1 j 2 g 3 t 4 ip 5 t 6 raE
& 4 pad 7 v 8 Nd e 1 pa 2 vR 3 tI 4 p 5 r 6 me 7 8 raE
Note: All shaded cells are the gu the rest are l"u. aeke ;< g< }ey< svR pm> l"u>, ictu:padyae Sv< sm< dI"Rm! ANyyae>. Every pad has s U s v & T Six gu 6th is the gu 5th is l"u 7th is Sv in the 2nd and 4th pad all rest are dI"R
07.01.2005 - 1100 ^kalae=JH!rSvdI"Plut> 1.2.27 /S4
A Ac>,6,1, c,0,0,1.2.28 %> c, ^> c, %>3 c #it v>,1,3, = #tertr N> % ^ %3 #Tyekal> y> Ac! s> ywas<Oy< Sv-dI"R-Plut-s<}k> vit The vowels which have the time of enunciation equal to that of % ^ %3 are said to be Sv (short - having 1 maa), dI"R (long- having 2 maa), Plut (prolated - having 3 maa)
k pira;a #ym!, SwaininymawaR, Sv-dI"R-Pluta> Svs<}ya iz:yma[a> Ac> @v Swane a ;eidtVya> T This is a pira;a sU meant for determining the SwanI, When Sv-dI"R-Plut are ordained by using these names, one should understand that they will be substitutes in place of vowels only. <will be discussed in detail later> A vowel whose time is that of short %, long ^ and the prolated %, is called, respectively, Sv (short), dI"R (long),Pluta (prolated) The % having one mtr or measure is short, having two measures is long, having three measures is Pluta . This stra defines three kinds of vowels according to their mtr. The letter ^ has been taken to illustrate the stra. The V phrase Sv-dI"R-Pluta is a N compound, in the singular, and is exhibited in the masculine gender, contrary to the general rule 2.4.17 The word kal means measure of time required for pronouncing a vowel As dix (curd), mxu (honey) here # and % are short. kmarI, gaErI here $ is long. devda3 ANvas (Devadatta!) here A is Pluta or prolated These % k ^ #it ya[am! Aym! maikimaikimaika[a< i-indeRz>, Sv-dI"R-Plut> #it a NEkvd-ave pu~iindeRz>, % ^ ^3 #it @vm!-kal> Ac! ywam< Sv-dI"R-Plut> #it
words
are
used
in
the
following
stras
Svae
npu<ske
aitpidkSy
1.2.47,
AkTsavRxatukyaedIR"> 7.4.25, vaKySy qe> Plut %da> 8.2.82
@vm! s<} vit, %kal Sv-dix, mxu, ^kal> dI"R> - kmarI, gaErI, ^3 kal> Plut> - devd3 A Nvis, kalh[m! pirma[awRm!, dI"R-Plutyae> Sv-s<}a ma Ut! - AalUy, lUy, SvSy ipit kit tuk 6.1.71 #it tu' n vit, Ac!-h[m! s<yaegat! smuday-inv&ywRm!, ty, ry, Sv-Aay> tu' ma Ut!, itt-%CDm!, dI"aRt! 6.1.75 pdaNtad va 6.1.76 #it iva;a tu' ma Ut!, SvdI"R-Plut-deza> - Svae npu<ske aitpidkSy 1.2.47, AkTsavRxatukyaedIR"> 7.4.25, vaKySy qe> Plut %da> 8.2.82. f s U Sv-dI"R-Plut 1.2.28 Ac! 1.2.31
10.01.2005 s<yaege gu 1.4.11 /S32
p s<yaege,p-7,1, gu,1,1, A Svm!,1,1, A Sv< s<yaege gu v & T s<yaege prt> Sv< A]r< gus<}k< vit When a s<yaege follows, a short vowel is considered to be gu (both heavy or long) When a conjunct consonant follows, a short vowel is termed gu (heavy) V A Sv vowel however is not to be called 'light' when it is followed by a conjunct consonant. As the # of iz]a (learning) is a heavy vowel. Thus iz]a is derived from iz] + A (gurae hl> 3.3.103 let the affix A come after that verb which has a heavy vowel and ends in a consonant when the word to be formed is feminine). So also k{fa and i]a % k Svm! #it vtRte, pUveR[ l"u-s<}aya> aaya< gu-s<}a ivxIyte, s<yaege prt> Svm! A]rm! a gu-s<}< vit, k{fa, {fa, iz]a, i]a, gudeza> - gurae hl> 3.3.103 #it @vmady>. f sU A nu A n! v & T gu 1.4.12
dI" c 1.4.12 /S33 gu 1.4.11 dI" c gu dI" c A]r< gus<}k< vit The long vowel is also called gu And a long vowel is also called gu (heavy) This is clear the Anuv&i of the word conjunct is not understood in this stra. As # of $ha<ce (he endeavored), $]a<ce (he saw). Here the letter $ is guru and because of its being called gu, the stra - #jade gumtae=n&CD> 3.1.36 is applied in forming the perfect tense by the addition of the augment Aam!, Thus all long vowels and short vowels followed by conjunct consonants are gu (heavy). All other short vowels are l"u
f s U
--
hlae=nNtra> s<yaeg 1.1.7 /S30
p hl>,1,3, AnNtra>,1,3, s<yaeg,1,1, s n iv*te AnNtr< ye;a< te AnNtra> T Those that have nothing separating them v & T k a ijatIyE AiJ> AVyvihta> iaeairta> hl> s<yaegs<}a vit The consonants that are enunciated close together without being separated by vowels (which belong to a different category of sounds) are called by the name "s<yaeg" smuday s<}I All of them, together, get the name (i.e. s<yaeg). Therefore, the name s<yaeg will apply to a group of two or T more consonants coming together like ANt (2 consonants), #N (3 consonants), ka:{yRm! (4 consonants), kaTSNyRm! (5 consonants) Consonants un-separated by a vowel are called conjunct consonants This defines the word s<yaeg. The stra consists of three words hl>- the plural of the Tyhar hl, denoting all the consonants, AnNtr> means "without any separation of space" and s<yaeg> which is the word defined and means "conjunct consonants". So that the stra means, conjunct consonants are those consonants between which there is no heterogeneous separating vowel and which are pronounced jointly, such as in the word kq> (cock). The word s<yaeg applies to the whole of the conjunct consonants jointly and not to them separately. The V plural number shows that the conjunction may be of two or more consonants Why do we say 'consonant' ? If two vowels come together they will not be called s<yaeg . Thus itt%CD< (a sieve umbrella) the two vowels A and % have come together un-separated by any consonant; yet they are not called s<yaeg, otherwise the final % would have been rejected by the stra - s<yaegaNtSy laep> 8.2.23 "there is a elision of the final of that pada which ends in a s<yaeg letter" Why do we say 'un-separated by a vowel' ? If consonants separated by a vowel were also called s<yaeg, then in the sentence pcit pnsm!, the syllable sm! would be called s<yaeg and by the stra - Skae> s<yaega*aerNte c 8.2.29, the initial s would be elided f -savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae> pugNt-l"UpxSy c SwainymawaR pira;a gu[in;ex sU (negates gu[) #kaegu[v&i> iK'it c savRxatukm! Aipt! (i't!)
7.3.84 7.3.86 1.1.3 1.1.5 1.2.4
11.01.2005 g[ivkr[m! for different conjugations

Introduction zp! is the %TsgR Tyy for all the roots and it is ordained to come immediately after a root when a ktRir savRxatuk Tyy follows (a root). All other Tyy which become the g[ivkr[m! of the other conjugations are Apvad for zp!. Thus, it is seen that these g[ivkr[m! that account for conjugation ional differences effect only savRxatuk lkar and that too only in ktRir Tyy. When an AaxRxatuk Tyy follows there are no conjugational differences. Conj . # I II III IV V VI VII VII IX X _vaidg[> Adaidg[> juhaeTyaid g[> idvaidg[> Svaidg[> tudaidg[> xaidg[> tnaeTyaidg[ > (aidg[> curaidg[> U Ad idv! su t ud x! tn! I cur m! % a zp! xaid_y> m! 3.1.78 tnaidk_y> %> 3.1.79 (aid_y> a 3.1.81 sTyap - paz - p< - vI[a - tUl - aek - sena - laem Tvc - vmR - v[R - cU[R - cur - Aaid_y> i[c! 3.1.25 450 z tudaid_y> z> 3.1.77 50 zp! zp! * zp! * Zyn! u ktRir zp! 3.1.68 Ad_yStat! 7.1.4 juhaeTyaid_y> 2.4.75 idvaid_y> Zyn! 3.1.69 Svaid_y> u 3.1.73 50 Sanskrit Name Root Tyy pai[in sU
Approx. # of Roots 1200
Note: * will be dropped later s U
ktRir zp! 3.1.68 /S2167
A xatae>,5,1,(3.1.22) Tyy>,1,1,(3.1.1) pr>,1,1, c,0,0,(3.1.2) savRxatuke,p-7,1,(3.1.67) p ktRir,7,1, zp!,1,1, A xatae>,5,1, ktRir,7,1, savRxatuke,p-7,1, zp!,1,1, Tyy>,1,1, pr>,1,1, c,0,0, v & T ktR&vaicin savRxatuke prt> xatae> zp! Tyy> vit. When a savRxatuk Tyy denoting the ktaR (agent) follows a root, the Tyy zp! is ordained to come immediately after the root.
V The affix zp! comes immediately after a root, when a savRxatuk follows, signifying the agent. In active voice zp! is employed in the conjugational tenses. This affix which is technically called ivkr[ comes after
roots of the U class and after compound roots formed by sn! etc. (sna*Nta> xatv> 3.1.32). The #t! 'z'makes it a savRxatuk affix vide stra - it'-izt savRxatukm! 3.4.113, the p! indicates that the vowel has Anuda accent (3.1.4). As U + zp! + itp! k a
1
U + A + it
vit (savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84). So also pcit.
kt&Rvaicin savRxatuk prt> xatae> zp! Tyy vit, pkar> SvawR> , zkar> savRxatuk-s<}awR>, pcit.
1 - ywaNyas< paQ>
% - to be inserted f s U ktRir 3.1.88
idvaid_y> Zyn! 3.1.69 /S2505
A xatae>,5,1,3.1.22 Tyy>,1,1, 3.1.1 pr>,1,1, c,0,0, 3.1.2 savRxatuke,p-7,1, 3.1.67 p idvaid_y>,5,3, Zyn!,1,1, A idvaid_y>,5,3, xatae>,5,1, (xatu_y>,5,3,) ktRir,7,1, savRxatuke,p-7,1, Zyn!,1,1, Tyy>,1,1, pr>,1,1, c,0,0, v & T idvaid_y> xatu_y> Zyn! Tyy> vit ktRir savRxatuke prt>. After the roots of the idvaidg[> (IV Conjugation), Zyn! Tyy comes immediately after the root when ktRir savRxatuk-Tyy follows. The affix Zyn! comes after a root of the idvaid class, when savRxatuk affix denoting the agent follows. V This debars zp!, The servile n of Zyn! is for the sake of accent (6.1.197) showing that the %da accent falls on the radical verb and not on the affix and the #t! z makes the affix savRxatuk ; as idv! + Zyn! + itp! it (7.2.77) dIVyit ; so also sIVyit . The idvaid verbs belong to the Fourth Conjugation. dIv! + y +
k idv! #it @vm!-Aaid_yae> xatu_yy> Zyn! Tyyae vit, zpae=pvad>, nkar> SvarawR>, zkar> a savRxatukawR>, dIVyit, sIVyit. % - to be inserted f Zyn! 3.1.72 II III VII VIII In II Conjugation the zp! comes and then is dropped by luk. In III Conjugation the zp! comes and then is dropped by uu, And because u elision there is reduplication. xaid_y> m! 3.1.78 [xatae>,5,1,3.1.22 Tyy>,1,1,3.1.1 pr>,1,1, c,0,0,3.1.2 savRxatuke,p-7,1,3.1.67] xaid_y> m! 3.1.79 [xatae>,5,1,(3.1.22) Tyy>,1,1,(3.1.1) pr>,1,1, c,0,(3.1.2) savRxatuke,p-7,1,(3.1.67)] (aid_y> a,3.1.81 [xatae>,5,1,(3.1.22) Tyy>,1,1,(3.1.1) pr>,1,1, c,0,(3.1.2) savRxatuke,p-7,1,(3.1.67)]
IX
s U
tudaid_y> z> 3.1.77 /S2534
A xatae>,5,1, 3.1.22 Tyy>,1,1, 3.1.1 pr>,1,1, c,0,0, 3.1.2 savRxatuke,p-7,1, 3.1.67

p tudaid_y>,5,3, z>,1,1, A tudaid_y>,5,3, xatae>,5,1, (xatu_y>,5,3,) z>,1,1, Tyy>,1,1, pr>,1,1, ktRir,7,1, savRxatuke,p-7,1. v & tud-Vywne #Tyevmaid_y> xatu_y> z> Tyy> vit ktR&vaicin savRxatuke prt>.
T The Tyy 'z' comes immediately after the roots of the VI Conjugation when a ktRir savRxatuk-Tyy follows. The affix 'z' is employed after the roots of the tudaid class (VI Conjugation) in denoting the agent when a V savRxatuk-Tyy follows. This debars zp! . The #t! - z makes this affix a savRxatuk affix. As tud + z + it (savRxatukm!-Aipt! 1.2.4) f -tudit (savRxatukm!-Aipt! 1.2.4) (he pains or torments). % tudit, nudit, -- to be derived later -tud + A + it
zp! Zyn! IV Conj. I Conj., II Conj., III Conj., All derived Roots, including X Conjugation % VIII u V Conj. z VI Conj. m! VII Conj. Conj. u IX Conj.
17.01.2005 s U v&iradEc 1.1.1 /S16
p v&i,1,1, radEc,1,1, A v&i,1,1, radEc,1,1, s Aan! c @ec! c (refers to @e AaE) = AadEc + su AadEc!. v & Aa @e AaE @te;a< v[aRna< v&is<}a Syat!.
T Aa @e AaE are called by the name v&i. N v&i is an Apvad for gu[, i|t! or i[t! i.e. a savRxatuk or AaxRxatuk Tyy will cause v&i of the final vowel. V Aa, @e, Aae are called v&i . This defines the word v&i . The letters Aa, @e, Aae are v&i letters. The stra consists of three words - v&i, At! and @ec! . Aat! means the long Aa, the final t! being #t! only and is for the sake of the Tyhar - @ec!, and the Tyhar - @ec! means the letters @e and AaE . The #t! t! in Aat! serves the purpose of showing that the very form Aa having two mtrs or prosodial measure, is to be taken. This t! also joins with the succeeding vowels @e and AaE by the stra tprStTkalSy 1.1.70 or that
"which preceds or succeeds t! ", and indicates that these vowels must be taken as having two maa only, though they may be the result of the combination of vowels whose aggregate maa may be more than two. A short vowel has one rule of siNx or euphonic conjunction of letters Aa + Aa Aa, as mha + Aazy> mhazy> . Here ha has two maa and not four. So also in odEfk vowel @e the resultant of has only two, not four maa. Thus the initial vowels in the following secondary derivative nouns are v&i forms of their primitive vowels. Aa (bodily) from A (body), @eiCDk (optional) from #CDa (option), AaEpgv (the son of Upagu) from the word %pgu (a sage called Upagu). Similarly, in zalIy (belonging to the house) the Aa is radical and is also called v&i . The word v&i occurs in strs like 7.2.1 "let the final #k of the base get v&i substitute before the affix of the prSmEpd ". s U
Acae i[it 7.2.115 /S254
A Ac>,6,1, i[it,7,1, v&i>,1,1, ASy,6,1, A Ac> = A = AjNTySy = ANTySy v&i> i[it. s | [ [aE, [aE #taE ySy i[t!,----- tiSmn! i[it. v & AjNtSy ASy (ANtSy) v&i> vit i|it i[it c Tyye prt>.
T The final vowel of an A ending in a vowel is replaced by a v&i letter when a i|t! or a i[t! Tyy follows. In the stra - m&jev&Ri> 7.2.114, Acae i[it 7.2.115 & 7.2.116 Panini did not mention savRxatukN AaxRxatukyae> because it is understood in the context, when we are considering a Tyy that immediately follows a root. Any Tyy that immediately follows a root has to be either savRxatuk or AaxRxatuk, by default Before the affixes having an #t! - |! or [!, v&i is substituted for the end-vowel of a stem V Thus @kSt{fulincay>, 3.3.20 aEzUpRin:pavaE, kar> and har> (with x|!); gaE, gavaE, gav>, soayaE, soay> where the case-endings are i[t! by 7.1.90, 92. jEm!, yaEm! with the %[aid +[! from ij & yu . CyaE> with [! and means strength. It is an obsolete Vedic word 18.01.2005 In the following example 1 6,1 = ramSy 2 6,1 = dzrwpuSy 3 6,1 lm[ajSy 4 6,1 = ayaR> 5 6,1 sItaya > 6 1,1 = pu> 7 1,1, lv>
1, 2, & 3 are in samanaixkr{ym! 3 & 4 are in vEwixkr{ym! s U At> %pxaya> 7.2.116 /S2282
A v&i,1,1, ASy,6,1, i[it,7,1, A ASy,6,1, %pxaya>,6,1, At> v&i i[it.

v &
ASy %pxaya AkarySy v&i> vit i|it i[te Tyye prt>.
T The short A which is the %pxa of an A takes v&i substitution when a i|t! or a i[t! Tyy follows % Dd i[c! Daid + it At> %pxaya> 7.2.116 @cae=yvyav> 6.1.78 Dad + i[c! Dadyit
Comparative Table gu[ sU savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae> ASy gu[> (#k>) 1 ASy (ANtSy) gu[> savRxatukAaxRxatukyae>. 2 pugNtSy, l"UpxSy c ASy gu[> (#k>) pugNtSy, ASy, l"UpxSy c ASy != #k> gu[>. v&i sU Ac> = ASy i[it v&i> AjNtSy = ASy != ANtSy v&i> i[it. At> %pxaya ASy v&i> i[it, ASy != %pxaya = At> v&i> i[it.
Note- The pira;a stra - #kaegupv&i,1.1.3 will not apply to the v&i stra - Acae i[it 7.2.115 & At> %pxaya> 7.2.116 because here the SwanI is specifically mentioned as Ac> in Acae i[it 7.2.115 & At> %pxaya> 7.2.116. Therefore, any vowel at the end of an A will take v&i and of course, the short A at the %pxa position will also take v&i when a i|t! or a i[t! Tyy follows On the other hand, this pir;a (1.1.3) applies to the two gu[ stras savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84 and pugNtl"UpxSy 7.3.86 because the SwanI is not specifically mentioned in them. As a result only #k vowels will take gu[ substitution by these stra 21.01.2005 s U sTyap-paz-p<-vI[a-tUl-aek-sena-laem-Tvc-vmR-v[R-cU[R-cur-Aaid_y> i[c! 3.1.25 /S2563
A xatae> Tyy> pr> A curaid_y>,5,3, xatae>,5,1, (xatu_y>,5,3,) i[c!,1,1, = Tyy>,1,1, = pr>,1,1, c,0,0, v & T sTyap ---cU[R #Tyete_y> zBde_y> curid_ya> c xatu_y> i[c! Tyy vit. The Tyy i[c! is called immediately after the words sTyap--- and also immediately after the roots of the curaidg[ (X Conjugation). [This is a Ainimm rule. Hence, it is a very strong rule]
V The Tyy i[c! is called immediately after the words sTyap--- and also immediately after the roots of the curaidg[ (X Conjugation). [This is a Ainimm rule. Hence, it is a very strong rule] A[ + #|! (male child) Aai[> (mal)e child of A[. % This i[c! which is a SvaweR Tyy i.e. it has no additional meaning to add to the meaning of kit (the words sTyap---cU[R and the roots of curaidg[,) 24.01.2005 s U sna*Nta> xatv> 3.1.32 /S2304
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p sna*Nta>,1,3, xatv>,1,3, s sn! Aaid> ye;a< te snady> , bIih>, T sn! is at the beginning of which. s sn! ANta> ye;a< te sna*Nta>, bIih> (bIih>) v & sna*Nta> smudaya> xatus<}ka> viNt,
T The words (collection of letters) that have (any one or more of) the snaidTyy at the end are called xatu. N These roots are called as derived roots or secondary roots or TyyaNt roots against the primitive roots listed in the xatupaQ in 10 g[. All the words ending with the affixes sn! and others are called xatu. V This extends the sphere of xatu (roots) already defined in the stra Uvady> xatv> 1.3.1 . These roots may be called derivative roots. They are separate independent roots and have all the functions of a root, as taking tenseaffixes etc. as show before. Thus ickI;aR (to wish to do), kair (to cause to do), ceiy (to do repeatedly) are separate roots and not he same as k (to do) and thus take zp! etc. % Derivation of g to know. X Conjugation AaTmnepd he knows, present tense, ktRiryaeg -- to be inserted --
Derivation of g to know. X Conjugation AaTmnepd he knows, present tense, ktRiryaeg sTyap-paz-p-vI[a-tUl-aek-sena-laem-Tvc-vmR-v[R-cU[R-curaid_yae i[c!, g + + gair+te gair+te gair+A+ te ism!. g+i[c! g is an #gNt A, Therefore, gu[ is possible by savRxatuk-AaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84 Being a i[t! i[c! can cause v&i of the final vowel. But v&i being Apvad will overrule gu[. Acae i[it sna*Nta> xatv> + lSy> + itbady> (this short form is used for itp!-ts!-iH-isp!-ws!-w-imp!-vs!-ms!-tAatam!-H-was!-Aawam!-Xvm!-#q-vih-mih') 7.2.115 3.1.32 3.4.77 3.4.78 3.1.68 7.3.84 6.1.78 + gar+i[c! 3.1.25
+ ktRir zp! + savRxatukaxRxatukyae> + @cae=yvyav> garyte ]l to wash, to clean he washes, he cleans
]l
sTyap-paz-p-vI[a-tUl-aek-sena-laem-Tvc-vmR-v[R-cU[Rcuraid_yae i[c!,
3.1.25 3.1.32 3.2.123 3.4.77
]l+i[c! ]l+i[c! +l ]l+i[c! +lq
+ sna*Nta> xatv> + vtRmane lq + lSy

Page # 49 of 82 Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 09:11 Hrs.
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+ ]l+i[c! +itp! ]ail+i[c! +zp! +itp! ]ail+zp! +itp! ]ale+A+it ism!.
itp!-ts!-iH-isp!-ws!-w-imp!-vs!-ms!-t-Aatam!-H-was!-Aawam!Xvm!-#q-vih-mih'
3.4.78 3.1.68 7.2.116 7.3.84 6.1.78
+ ktRir zp! + At> %pxaya> + savRxatukaxRxatukyae> + @cae=yvyav> ]alyit cur to steal, X Conj. he steals
cur
sTyap-paz-p-vI[a-tUl-aek-sena-laem-Tvc-vmR-v[R-cU[Rcuraid_yae i[c!,
3.1.25 3.1.32 3.2.123 3.4.77 3.4.78 3.1.68 7.3.86 7.3.84 6.1.78
cur+i[c! cur+i[c! +l cur+i[c! +lq
+ sna*Nta> xatv> + vtRmane lq + lSy + itp!-ts!-iH-isp!-ws!-w-imp!-vs!-ms!-t-Aatam!-H-was!-Aawam!Xvm!-#q-vih-mih'
cur+i[c! +itp! caeir+i[c!+zp ! +itp! caer+A+it caer+A+it ism!.
+ ktRir zp! + pugNtSy-l"UpxSy c + savRxatukaxRxatukyae> + @cae=yvyav> caeryit kw! to tell he tells
kw!
sTyap-paz-p-vI[a-tUl-aek-sena-laem-Tvc-vmR-v[R-cU[R-curaid_yae i[c!,
3.1.25 3.1.32 3.2.123 3.4.77 3.4.78 3.1.68 6.4.48
kw!+i[c! kw!+i[c! +l kw!+i[c! +lq
+ sna*Nta> xatv> + vtRmane lq + lSy + itp!-ts!-iH-isp!-ws!-w-imp!-vs!-ms!-t-Aatam!-H-was!-Aawam!-Xvm!#q-vih-mih'
kw!+i[c! +itp! kw!+i[c!+z p! +itp!
+ ktRir zp! + Atae laep>
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Page # 50 of 82
* * kiw+zp! +itp! kwe+A+it ism!.
+ Ac> priSmn! pUvRivxaE> + savRxatukaxRxatukyae> + @cae=yvyav> kwyit This is a pira;a sU talking about Swainvdav> (detailed discussion later). This says that when an Ajadez (Aadez in place of an Ac!) if brought about by the inim, something that immediately follows is 'as though' reversed, when another operation is to be done by the same inim at a place prior to the Ajadez, In the above example, the Ajadez is the 'dropping of the "A" ' and the inim is i[c! which is immediately following the 'A'. Here the 'A' that was dropped in the Ajadez. It was Note brought about by the inim - i[c!, which is immediately following. Now when the At> %pxaya> 7.2.116 tries to operate, this i[c! is trying to cause an operation that is prior to the place of Ajadez. At this point, for the time of the operation, the Ajadez is as though reversed. Therefore, At> %pxaya> 7.2.116 finds w! as %pxa and cannot act. k w! (A)* + i[c! + zp! + itp! * brought back by Ac> priSmn! pUvRivxaE> 1.1.57
1.1.57 7.3.84 6.1.78
* *
31.01.2005 Some pira;a stras s U ;I Swaneyaega 1.1.49 /S38
p ;I,1,1, Swaneyaega,1,1, s Swane yaegae=Sya> sey< Swaneyaega , bIih>, A inpatnat! sMya Alug vit. v & AiSmn! zae Ainytyaega (=AinytsMbNxa) ;I Swaneyaega mNtVya. In this za any ;I ivi (sixth case) that is not connected to any other specific thing connected to the Swanm! T (ave yaeg) = s = situation i.e. the SwanI in the context of replacement. And this is what is known as Paninian sixth case = Swane ;I even though (to be very accurate), it should be referred as 'Swaneyaega ;I '. V That which it is intended should be most affected by the act of the agent is called the object or kmR, That which is especially desired by the agent to be accomplished by the action is called kmR. As kq< kraeit (he makes the mat), am< gCDit (he goes to the village). Why do we say 'desired by the agent' ? Observe ma;e:v < b<xait (he ties the horse in the gram field). Here gram is no doubt most desired buy the horse, but as horse is not the agent of the verb the word ma; takes the locative case. Why do we use the word 'most' ? Observe pysaEdn< u' e (he eats the food along with the milk). Here, milk is no doubt desired by the agent, but not bring the principal object desired, takes the Instrumental Case (III Case kr[m! ). Though the word kmR was understood in this stra by Anuv&i from the previous stra, the repetition of this word here is to indicate that the Anuv&i of the word Axar does not extend to this stra, because as we do not take Anuv&i of the word kmR into this stra, we do not take the Anuv&i of any word of the previous stra into this.
Had we taken the Anuv&i of the word kmR from the last stra, then we could use the Accusative Case (II Case kmR) in those limited instances, where the word is capable of taking the Locative Case (VII Case Aixkr[m!) also, but not in other cases. Thus while we could very well say geh< ivzit (he enters the house), we could not say Aaedn< pcit (he cooks the food), su< ipbit (he drinks saktu). By repeating the word kmR in this stra, such examples become valid everywhere. The kmR-kark takes the second case affix. In the sU - #k>,6,1, y[,1,1, Aic,7,1. % The first case on y[! indicates that y[! is the Aadez The seventh case on the Ac! indicates that the Ac! which immediately follows is the inim = cause for replacement to take place. The sixth case on #k is not specifically connected to the other words in any other sMbNx and is therefore, an AinytsMbNx ;I, And is therefore not connected to the s of replacements as the SwanI which is also indicated by the seventh case of Ac!. Anuv&i & smas to be discussed later f Swane 1.1.50
s U
Swane=Ntrtm> 1.1.50 /S39
A Swane 1.1.49 p Swane,7,1, ANtrtm>,1,1, s v & svR #me=Ntra>, Ayme;amitzynaNtr> = ANtrtm> = sztm>, Aitzayne tmibnaE (5.3.55) #it tmp! Tyy. Swane Pyma[anamNtrtm> sztm Aadezae vit. When there is an occasion of replacement of the SwanI with the Aadez (substitute) and there is more than one option available, one should choose that Aadez which is closest to the SwanI. The closeness is determined in the following order T AaSy or Swanm = the point of articulation A_yNtr ym = internal effort ba-ym! = external effort Any other thing should match
If that which is not intended to be most affected by the act becomes however similarly connected with the action it V also is called kmR . That which is not desired by the agent is AnIiPst or object of aversion. Thus iv;a ]yit (he eats poison), caEran! pZyit (he sees the thieves). amm! gCDn! v&]mUla NyuspRit (going to the village, he plucks the roots of the trees) f -s U
tiSmiit inidRe pUvRSy 1.1.66 /S40
p tiSmn!,7,1, #it,0,0, inidRe,7,1, pUvRSy,6,1,

v & T
tiSmiit = sMya ivya inidRe sit pUvRSyEv kay vit When any rule is stated using the seventh case, then the operation will take place on 'that which is immediately preceding' to what is stated. This is known as the Paninian Seventh Case or prsmI 1.1.67
is smIindeRzen ivxIyman< kay v[aRNter[ AVyvihtSy pUvRSy baeXym! f inidRe 02.02.2005 s U
tSmaidTyurSy 1.1.67 /S41
A inidRe 1.1.66 p tSmat!,5,1, #it,0,0, %rSy,6,1, v & T pMya ivya inidRe sTyurSyEv kay vit When any rule is stated using the inim (cause), that is causing the change in the fifth case, then the operation will take place on 'that which is immediately follows' An operation caused by the exhibition of a term in the ablative or fifth case (Apadanm!), is to be understood to enjoin the substitution of something in the room that which immediately follows the word denoted by the term This stra explains the force of words in the ablative case when employed in these stras. As the locative case refers to a preceding word, so the ablative refers to a succeeding word Thus stra 8.4.61 declares that "after %d of Swa and St, the substitute is a letter belonging to the class of the V prior". Thus %d + Swanm! . Here the word %d is exhibited in the original stra in the ablative case, and in the present stra it means that a dental letter w! must be substituted in the place of Swan and by stra - Aade> prSy 1.1.54 ANte, this dental takes the place of s! ; we have %d + Swanm! %Tw-wanm! . Similarly, in the stra 8.2.18 ("a word ending in a conjugational affix, when following after a word ending in a non-conjugational affix becomes Anuda "). Here the word Ait[> is exhibited in the ablative case, therefore, the operation directed by this stra, namely, the substitution of Anuda accent, must take place in the word that follows. Thus Aae/dn< p?cit, but not so in pcTyaednim?it . % f AasIn>, Ipm!, ANtrIpm!, - derivations later --
is pmIindeRzen yma[< kay v[aRNter[ AVyvihtSy prSy }eym!
To summarize the above few rules SwanI will be in the sixth case The inim that brings about the change will be in the seventh case. That is, if the inim is in the seventh case, then the operation will be done on that which immediately precedes The inim that brings about the change, being in the position that is immediately prior to the inim, is put in the fifth case. That is, if the inim is in the fifth case, the operation will be done on that which immediately follows That which is ordained i.e. an Aadez or Aagm or anything else will be in the first case
Rules for Replacement s U Alae=NTySy 1.1.52 /S42
A ;I 1.1.49 p Al>,6,1, ANTySy>,6,1, v ;IinidRSy y Aadez %Cyte sae=NTySyal> Swane vit & s> ANTySy Al> veidtVy> T % Whenever an Aadez (replacement), is told to be replacing a SwanI that is mentioned in the sixth case, it will replace the final letter of that SwanI *aE, s>, pgaei[> - derivations later The substitute takes the place of only the final letter (of that which is denoted by a term exhibited in the genitive or sixth case (sMbNx) V The rule of substitution by nearness of place applies to the last letter of the word which is exhibited in the genitive case and not to all its letters. Thus by stra TydadIna> 7.2.102, it is declared "in the place of Tyd etc. there is A ". It does not mean that the whole word Tyd is to be replaced by A, though at first sight it may appear to man so; but it means, by virtue of the present explanatory stra, that the last letter of Syd viz. d is to be replaced by A k ;I-inidRSy y> %Cyte Aadez> s> ANtySy Al> Swane veidtVy>, #d gae{ya> 1.2.50 a pgaei[>, dzgaei[>. f Al> 1.1.54, ANTySy> 1.1.53
03.02.2005 s U Anekal-izt!-svRSy 1.1.55 /S45
A ;I 1.1.49 p Anekal-izt!,1,1, svRSy,6,1, s n @k = Anek> = n|! tTp;> T not one = many s Anek> Al ySy s> =bIih> T That which has more than one letter = Anekal s z #t! ySy =izt!-bIih> T That which has z as an #t! letter s Anekal c izt! c, N> T That which has more than one letter and has z as an #t! letter v Anekal izt! c y> Aadez> s> svRSy ;IinidRSy Swane vit & s> ANTySy Al> veidtVy> An Aadez (replacement), which is T Anekal (that has more than one letter) AND izt! (that which has z as an #t! letter)
replaces the entire SwanI that is mentioned in the sixth case.

v &
Alae=NTySy 1.1.52 #it sUSy Apvad #dm!
T This stra is negation (exception) of the Alae=NTySy 1.1.52 A substitute consisting of more than one letter, and a substitute having an #t! - z take the place of the whole of the original expression exhibited in the sixth case This stra is an exception the stra - Alae=NTySy 1.1.52 by which it was declared that an Aadez or substitute replaces only the last letter. This stra on the contrary enjoins that an Aadez consisting of more than one letter replaces the whole expression in the genitive case, and not only the last letter. Even where an Adez consists of a single letter, but if it has a z as an #t! letter, it replaces the whole word Thus, there is a stra 2.4.53 which means "in place of U let there be vc!". Here the Aadez vc! consists of V three letters (more than one) and therefore, it replaces the whole word U and not only the last letter ^ . That is to say in forming certain tenses the verb U is replaces by vc! . Thus the future tense of U is va (he will speak) So also there is a stra 5.3.3 by states "in the place of #dm! there is #z! ". Here the Aadez - # is an Aadez having the z! as its #t! letter, and though it consists of only one letter, it replaces the whole word #dm!, and not only its last letter m! Of course, it must be understood that the phrase "consisting of more than one letter" applies to the actual substitute, and not to the substitute with its #t! letters, the latter being for the purposes of counting regarded as mere surplusages and not to be taken into account. To see whether an affix Anekal or not, the #t! letters must not be counted; and the affix must be stripped of all its #t! letters % k Anekal y> Aadez> izc! c, s> svRSy ;I-inidRSy Swane vit, ASte> U> 2.4.52 - ivta, a ivtum!, ivtVym!, izt! oLvip jz!-zsae> iz> 7.1.20 - k{fain itiNt, k{fain pZy. is 45 Spm!, ......... f s U - -- -
i' 1.1.53 /S43
A Alae,6,1, ANTySy,6,1, 1.1.52, ;I,1,1, 1.1.49 p i't!,1,1, c,0,0, A i't!,1,1, c,0,0, ;IinidRSy,6,1, ANTySy,6,1, = Al>,6,1, s ' H ySy = i't! bIih>, v Anekal izt! c y> Aadez> s> svRSy ;IinidRSy Swane vit. & s> ANTySy Al> veidtVy>. T v & v & An Aadez (replacement), that is a i't! (replaces even if it is more than one letter) replaces only the final letter of the SwanI which is mentioned in the sixth case Anekal-izt!-svRSy 1.1.55 #it cyit, tSy Aym! purStad Apvad>
T He is going to say Anekal-izt!-svRSy 1.1.55 later. This stra is 'prior negation' (exception) of that stra AwaRt! Anekalip sn! i'd-Aadez> ANTySy Al> Swane vit n tu svRSy
T An Aadez that is a i't! replaces only the final letter of the SwanI even though it has more than one letter. It does not
replace the entire SwanI And the substitute which has an #t! ' (even though it consists of more than one letter) takes the place of the final letter only of the original expression This stra is an exception by anticipation to stra Anekal-izt!-svRSy 1.1.55 . By that all substitutes, consisting of more than one letter, replace the whole word V Thus in forming the N compound of mat& and ipt& there is a stra Aan' \tae Ne 6.3.25 which states "in the place of words ending in \ there is substitution of An' in forming N ". Now the substitute Aan' is a i't! substitute, and therefore it applies to the last letter of the word and not to the whole word, viz. the \ of mat& is only changed into Aa and not the whole word; and we have the compound mataiptraE, so also haetapaetaraE . There is an exception, however, ', yet replaces the whole expressions tu and ih and not only their finals. As Jivtat! (he may live Or may you live), instead of jIvtu (may he live) or jIv (live thou). % ceta, neta, mataiptraE, haetapaetaraE, k a f i' y> Aadez>, s> Anekal Aip Alae=NtSy Swane vit, Aan' \tae Ne van!, jIvtat! Tvm!. -6.3.25 haetapaetaraE, mataiptraE, tati' i'Tkr[Sy gu[-v&i-it;exawRTvat! svaRdezStat' vit, jIvtad
04.02.2005 s U Aade> prSy 1.1.54 /S44
A Al>,6,1, 1.1.52 ;I,1,1, 1.1.49 p Aade>,6,1, prSy,6,1, s ' H ySy =i't! v & bIih>, A i't!,1,1, c,0,0, ;IinidRSy,6,1, ANTySy,6,1, =Al>,6,1, prSy %Cyman< kay tSy Aade> Al> iz:yte i' 1.1.53 tSmaidTyurSy 1.1.67 This stra is integrally connected to the tSmad #it %rSy 1.1.67 - whenever a SwanI is determined using this T 1.1.67 (either by this alone or along with ;I indeRz) the operation ordained will take place on that which follows immediately. At that time this stra will make the Aadez replace the first letter of that SwanI v & Alae=NTySy #it sUSy ApvadsUm! #dm!
T This stra is an exception to the stra Alae=NTySy 1.1.52 V That which is enjoined to come in the room of what follows is to be understood as coming in the room only of the first letter thereof When any operation is to be made in a word following another, such operation is to be made in the initial letter of such subsequent word. To give an illustration there is a stra - (NtpsgeR_yae=p $t! 6.3.97 which states "in the place of Ap! used after the words i and ANtr and the particles called %psgR there is $". This may be stated in other words as "in the place of Ap! there is $ when Ap! follows i or ANtr". Now it is clear that $ is not to replace all the letters of Ap! but only one. But this stra makes an exception, viz. where an operation is directed to be made in a word, simply by reasons of its being placed after another word; such change is to be made in the beginning of such second word. Therefore, the $ replaces the A of Ap! and we have i + Ap!
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Ip (an island) (the final A is
added by stra 5.4.74) ANtrIp (promontory). So also in the stra $das> 7.2.83 "long $ is the substitute of An when the latter comes after the root Aas ". Here also the $ replaces the initial A of Aas How can we find when an operation is to be performed on a subsequent word ? When the previous word is exhibited in the Ablative Case (V Case) ... the details in stra - tSmad #it %rSy 1.1.67 k prSy kay iz:yma[m! Aade> Al> TyetVym!, Kv c prSy kay iz:yte ? y pmI-indeRz>, td ywa a - $das> 7.2.83 - AasIn> yjte, (NtpsgeR_yae=p $t! 6.3.97 - Ipm!, ANtrIpm!, tIpm!, smIpm!. % e.g. for Alae=NTySy 1.1.52 f s U -Example 1 for Alae=NTySy 1.1.52 Atae dI"aeR yi| 7.3.101 /S2170
A savRxatuke 7.3.84 ASy 6.4.1 p At>,6,1, dI"R>,1,1, yi|,7,1, A At> = ASy (AdNtSy ASy) yi| savRxatuke dI"R, T The A ending in an Akar is replaced by a dI"R when a savRxatuk Tyy beginning with a y|! (y v r l) letter follows The long Aa is substituted for the final Akar of a Tense-Stem before a savRxatuk Tyy beginning with v! or m! (literally a consonant of the y|! Tyahar). As pcaim, pcam>, pyav>, pyam> Why for the 'A' only ? Observe icnuv>, icnum> Why before y|! consonant (semi-vowels, nasals and H & only) ? Observe pct>, pcw> V Why a savRxatuk ? Observe Aana, kezv> Some read the Anuv&i of it' in this stra from 7.3.88 so that the lengthening takes place only before personal terminations. According to them before Kvsu there is no lengthening, as vvan! The word vvan! is thus formed. To U is added Kvsu, the comes zp!, treating Kvsu as a savRxatuk under 3.4.117; there duplication of the root ending in zp! is prevented, because the word xatu is used in 6.1.8 which ordains reduplication of a root only, and not of a root plus a ivkr[ like the form v ( + zp!). Those who do not read the Anuv&i or it' in this stra, but only of the word savRxatuke, they explain the form as a Vedic anomaly % U + imp! U + zp! + imp! U (AdNt A is SwanI) + imp! (y|aid Tyy) vaim Atae dI"aeR yi| 7.3.101 + Alae=NTySy 1.1.52 v! + A (to be replaced by Aa)+ im
f At>
7.3.104 dI"aeR yi| 7.3.102
04.02.2005 Example 2 for Alae=NTySy 1.1.52 s U ASteUR> 2.4.52 /S2470
A AaxRxatuke,7,1, 7.3.84 p ASte>,6,1, U>,1,1, T The root U will replace the root As! when a AaxRxatuk Tyy follows V U is the substitute of the verb As! (to be) when a AaxRxatuk Tyy is to be applied ivta (he will be), ivtum! (he will be), ivtVym! (must be) Now the Perfect tense affixes are also AaxRxatuk affixes (3.4.115). The Perfect of As! is therefore the same as that of U , viz. bUv etc. There is, however, an important exception to this rule, viz. when As! is employed as an auxiliary verb in forming Periphrastic
Perfect of other verbs. In that case, As! forms its Perfect tense regularly, Aas, Aastu>, Aasu> etc. This apparent breach of the present stra is explained by taking the term k|! in 3.1.40 as Tyahar including k, U and As! and if As! could not form its Perfect in the regular way, its inclusion in this Tyahar would be useless; hence we conclude that as an auxiliary verb, As! forms its Perfect regularly f At> 7.3.104 dI"aeR yi| 7.3.102 he will be q - III Person Singular, Future + SytasI -luqae> + ASte> U> . As! - SwanI . Sy AaxRxatuk-Tyy. 3.1.33 2.4.52 6.1.77 8.3.59 ae+Sy +itp!+#q ae+#Sy +itp! v+#Syit ism!. % vn vn + js! % U
U + itp!
+ #kaey[ic + Aadez-Tyyyae> iv:yit. + jz!-zsae> iz> + npu<ska nu~m! augment. .iz - svRnam Swanm! . iz being a izt! replaces the As! totally vnain. + savRxatukaxRxatukyae> \t!-%zns!-pud<sa>-Anehsa<,6,3, AsMbuaE,7,1,) c,0,0, (ASy,6,1, An',1,1, saE,7,1,
vnanI - I Case Plural (here As! is replaced by izp!) 7.1.20 7.1.19
% ic
vn+iz vn+n!+iz vnan!+# ism!. ic + t&c!
+ %pxa-dI"R of the A
to collect Case Plural (here As! is replaced by izp!) Example for i' 7.3.84
cet& + su~
+ When a \karNt A and the A- %zns!, pud<sa>, Anehs! are 7.1.94 followed by su~ (nominative singular), the A gets an Aadez of An~' (An!) . + i' 1.1.53
cet!+An!!+su + %pxa-dI"R of the A cetan!!+su ism!. 08.02.2005 - 1100 s U Aade> prSy 1.1.54 /S44 + sulaep> + nlaep> aitpidkaNtSy ceta. 8.2.7
A Al>,6,1, 1.1.52 ;I,1,1, 1.1.49 p Aade>,6,1, prSy,6,1,

A i't!,1,1, c,0,0, ;IinidRSy,6,1, ANTySy,6,1, =Al>,6,1, v & prSy %Cyman< kay tSy Aade> Al> iz:yte i' 1.1.53 tSmaidTyurSy 1.1.67 This stra is integrally connected to the tSmad #it %rSy 1.1.67 - whenever a SwanI is determined using this T 1.1.67 (either by this alone or along with ;I indeRz) the operation ordained will take place on that which follows immediately. At that time this stra will make the Aadez replace the first letter of that SwanI v & Alae=NTySy #it sUSy ApvadsUm! #dm!
T This stra is an exception to the stra Alae=NTySy 1.1.52 That which is enjoined to come in the room of what follows is to be understood as coming in the room only of the first letter thereof When any operation is to be made in a word following another, such operation is to be made in the initial letter of such subsequent word. To give an illustration there is a rule (NtpsgeR_yae=p $t! 6.3.97 which states "in the place of Ap! used after the words i and ANtr and the particles called %psgR there is $". This rule may be stated V in other words as "in the place of Ap! there is $ when Ap! follows i or ANtr . Now it is clear that $ is not to have been the last letter of Ap!, but this stra makes an exception, viz. where an operation is directed to be made in a word, simply by reason of its being placed after another word; such change is to be made in the beginning of such second word. Therefore, the $ replaces the A of Ap! and we have i + Ap! comes after the root Aas! ". Thus Aas! + An Aas! + $n Ip (an island) the final A is added by 5.4.74), ANtrIp (promontory). So also in the stra - $das> 7.2.83 "long $ is the substitute of An when the latter AasIn>. Here also the $ replaces the initial A of An How can we find when an operation is to be performed on a subsequent word ? When the previous word is exhibited in the fifth or Ablative Case see stra - tSmad #it %rSy 1.1.67 f - -- % e.g. for Alae=NTySy 1.1.52 ----- the above sutra is to be reviewed as the notes were not very clear 09.02.2005 & 10.02.2005 s U
%r[! r~pr> 1.1.51 /S70
p %>,6,1, A[!,1,1, r~pr>,1,1, A Swane,7,1, 1.1.49 A %>,6,1, Swane,7,1, A[!,1,1, = r~pr>,1,1, %>,6,1, Swane,7,1, y> A[!,1,1, vit s> r~pr>,1,1, @v vit
s r> prae> ySmat! s rpr> bIih> v & O T \v[RSy Swane A[! ( A # % ) Jyman @v rprae vit Since \ & are the odd ones out of the vowels as they have a small consonant component (hl ivi) with a major vowel component AJi (division). The hl ivi of \v[R is r and the hl ivi of is l \ & are sv[R to each other
E T
The Akar attached to l in the stra l~[! is a Anunaisk and therefore, is an #t! letter. And r~ in the stra is a Tyahar
Whenever a \v[R - \,, - is replaced by an A[!- A,#,% - that replacement even as it replaces the SwanI, is r~pr> - i.e. it has a r or a l following it, as the case may be When a letter of A[!- Tyahar comes as a substitute for \ it is always followed by a r This stra consists of three words viz. %> which is the genitive singular of \ and means literally "of \ "; the second word is A[!, a Tyahar denoting A, #, % both long and short; the third word is a rpr> which qualifies A[! and means 'having a r after' This stra is useful in fixing the proper substitutes of \, Thus, there are only three gu[ vowels A, @, Aae. Of these what is the proper gu[ for \ ? By application of the rule of 'nearness of place' we see that A is the nearest substitute. So that A is the gu[ of \ ; and further by this rule, this A must have a r after it. Thus though technically speaking A is the gu[ of \, the actual substitute is Ar . Thus k + Ait kaR ; similarly htaR So also when \ is replaced by # vide stra t #d xatae> 7.1.100, this substitute # must be followed by r . As
V k + Ait
ik + r + Ait
ikrit (he scatters); similarly igrit (he swallows)
So also when \ is replaced by %, vide stra - 4.1.115 this % must be followed by r . As i + mat& + A[! Ematur (son of two mothers) This r to be added only when \ is replaced by A, # or % (A[! vowels), and not when it is replaced by any other letter. Thus by suxaturk' c 4.1.97 "the \ of the word suxat& is replaced by Ak (technically Ak') when the affix #|! is added". Thus suxat& + #|! suxat! + Ak + # saExatik (a descendent of Sudhtri). Here the substitute of \, that is to say, the syllable Ak is not followed by r. The r in the text has been taken by some to be a Tyahar formed by the letter r and A of l[!, In that case the stra would mean that A[! substitutes of \ & are followed by r & l, respectively. Thus gu[ of \ = Ar and of = Al. k % Swane A[! sJyman @v rprae veidtVy>, ktaR, htaR, ikrit, igrit, Ematur>, Ematur>, %> #it a ikm! ? oeym!, geym!, A[!-h[m! ikm! ? suxaturk' c 4.1.97 - saExatik>. f - -- to go s& + itp!! sr+A+itp! pism!. % p! & + itp!! kLp!+zp!+itp! pism!. % g g& + itp!! gare+A +te pism!. % s to go
% s&
+ +
savRxatukaxRxatukyae> %r[! r~pr> srit
7.3.84 1.1.51
+ +
savRxatukaxRxatukyae> %r[! r~pr> kLpte
7.3.84 1.1.51
7.3.84 6.1.78
to speak following examples to be checked again + + savRxatukaxRxatukyae> @cae=yvayav> garyte
s& + itp!! sare+A +te pism!. % t to swim t& + itp!! tare+A+te pism!. 10.02.2005 Throat Palate Roof of the Mouth Teeth Lips
+ +
savRxatukaxRxatukyae> @cae=yvayav> srit
7.3.84 6.1.78
+ +
savRxatukaxRxatukyae> @cae=yvayav> trit Guttural Palatal Cerebral Dental Labial k, o, g, ", '. k{Q(> talVy> mUxRNy> dNty> Aae(>
7.3.84 6.1.78
Sp&a>
Vyna>
Hard & Soft Mutes (The 25 class consonants)
c, D, j, H, |. q, Q, f, F, [. t, w, d, x, n. p, ), b, , m.
$;TSp& > $;iv&t> ivv&t> s<v&t>
ANtSwa> ^:ma[>
Semi-vowels Sibilants Vowels
y, r, l, v. ;, z, s. A, Aa, #, $, \, , , %, ^. Short** A
** This A is s<v&t> only for enunciation but for all grammatical purposes it is taken as ivv&t>. 11.02.2005 ivsgR is a product of r or h. Qualities 1 2 3 %da, Anuda, Svirt s<var, nad, "ae; ivvar, as, A"ae; Tyahar Ac! A # % \ @ Aae @e AaE hz! h y v r l~ | m ' [ n H g F x j b g f d or o ) D Q w c q k p z ; s ALpa[ 19 y[! | m!
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s<}a Ak - Svt Svr @c! - siNx Svr soft consonants hard consonants
mhaa[ 14 H; ! o HgFx o)DQw

y v r l~ |m'[n
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jz! cy !
jbgfd cqtkp
zl
z;sh
Qualities or hz ! s U hard consonants these are flat sounds - A"ae; - which resonate in the 8 sinuses (nasal etc) ivvar, as, A"ae; s<var, nad, "ae;
soft consonants these resonate - "ae; - lesser than the hard consonants
tuLyaSyy< sv[Rm! 1.1.9 /S10
p tuLyaSyy<,1,1, sv[Rm!,1,1, s k a k a T k a AaSye y> AaSyy> , smItTpu;>, tuLy AaSyyae ySy (yen sh), tt! tuLyaSyy<, bIih>, AaSye v< AaSym! tuLy zBd> szpyaRy>
T The word tuLya here means it is similar AaSye vm! = AaSym! taLvaidSwanm! AaSya here refers to the oral cavity and these points of articulation are present in the oral cavity and are therefore called AaSym! too y< = y> = Sp&taidv[Rgu[>
T y< = y> = Sp&taidv[Rgu[> = the internal efforts of the sounds such as Sp&ta etc. s v & T AaSye y> AaSyy> smItTpu;>, tuLy AaSyyae ySy (yen sh), tt! tuLyaSyy< , bIih> tuLye AaSye yae ye;a< te v[aR> prSpr< sv[Rs<}aka viNt In the AaSym! (at the articular surface) when one v[R (sound) has the same internal effort as that of another, it is said to be sv[R (homogenous) with that other When one letter has the two factors T 1. 2. The AaSym! (point of articulation) And Aa_yNtr ym! (the internal effort)
is 10 talvaid Swanm! Aa_yNtry> c #Tyed y< ySy yen tuLy< tt! imw> sv[Rs<] Syat!
similar to another letter, then these letters are said to be sv[R with each other is 10 A-k--ivsjRnIyana< k{Q> T Av[R-kvgR-hkar and ivsgR all have k{Q as AaSym! is 10 #-c-y-zana< talu T $v[R-cvgR-ykar and zkar all have talu as AaSym!
is 10 \-qu-r-;[a< mUxaR T \vgR-qvgR-re) and ;kar all have mUxaR as AaSym! is 10 -tu-l-sana< dNta> T vgR-qvgR-lkar-skar and skar all have dNta> as AaSym! is 10 %-pu-%pXmanIyana< AaeaE T %v[R-pvgR-%pXmanIy all have AaeaE as AaSym! is 10 |m'[nana< naiska c T The nasals i.e. the second of the class have the nose too as AaSym! along with their primary AaSym! is 10 @t! -@etae> k{Qtalu T @ & @e have k{Q & talu as their AaSym! is 10 Aaet! - AaEtae> k{Qaem! T Aae & AaE have k{Q & AaeaE as their AaSym! is 10 vkarSy dNtaem! T vkar has dNt & Aae (only lower lip) as its AaSym! Those whose place of utterance and effort are equal are called sv[R or homogenous letters. This defines the word sv[R or homogenous letter. The stra consists of four words - tuLy (equal or similar), AaSy (mouth or place of pronunciation), y (effort), sv[Rm! (words of the same class). The AaSy or places or portions of the mouth by contact with which various sounds are formed are chiefly the following 1. k{Q Throat 2. talu Palate 3. mUxaR Head 4. dNta> Teeth 5. AaEaE Lips 6. naiska Nose. The y (quality or effort) is of two sorts primarily, - Aa_yaNtr (internal) and ba (external). Aa_yaNtr (internal) is again sub-divided into five parts 1. sp&m! (complete contact of the organs). The twenty-five letters from k to m belong to this class. In pronouncing these there is a complete contact of the root of the tongue with the various places, such as throat, palate, dome of the palate, teeth and lip 2. $;Tsp&m! (slight contact). The letters y, r, l, v belong to this class of contacts. "In pronouncing these semivowels the two organs, the active and the passive, which are necessary for the production of all consonantal noises, are not allowed to touch each other, but only to approach" 3. 4. 5. ivv&tm! (complete opening). The vowels belong to this class $;d ivv&tm! (slight opening). The letters z, ;, s, h belong to this class. Some however place the vowels and z etc into one group and call them ivv&t s<v&tm! (contracted). In actual use, the organ in the enunciation of the short A is contracted but it is considered to be open only, as in the case of the other vowels, when the vowel A is in the state of taking part in some operation of grammar The Aa_yaNtr y is the mode of articulation preparatory to the utterance of the sound, the ba y, is the mode of articulation at the close of the utterance of the sound. The division of letters according to Aa_yaNtr y has been already given. By that we get 1. SpzR mute letters. 2. ANtSw intermediate SpzR (mute letters) & ^:ma[> (semi-vowels or liquid letters). 3. Svr vowels or ivv&t letters. 4. ^:ma[> sibilants or flatus letters The first division of letters according to ba y gives us 1. A"ae; - Surds also called as letters. 2. "ae; Sonants also called nad letters
The second division of letters according to ba y is into 1. mhaa[ - Aspirated. 2. ALpa[ - Un-aspirated. The vowel A has 18 forms. The acute A (%da), grave A (Anuda), circumflexed A (Svirt). Each one of these three may be Anunaisk (nasalised) or inrnunaisk (not nasalised). Then lastly everyone of these six may be short, long or prolated. Thus 3 A? Aa? A?3 A~? Aa~? A~?3
Similarly, the letters #, % & \ also have 18 forms each. The letter has no long form; it has therefore 12 modifications. The dipthongs have no short forms, they have therefore only 12 forms. The ANtSw or semi-vowels with the exception of r have two forms each viz. nasalised & un-nasalised. The semi-vowels have no homogeneous letters corresponding to them. All letters of a vgR (class) are homogeneous to each other. Thus then the sv[R (homogeneous) letters must satisfy two conditions before they could be called sv[R, First, their place of AaSy (pronunciation) must be the same. Secondly their y (effort/quality) must be equal. If one condition be present and the other be absent, there can be no sv[R-hood. Thus c & z are both palatals, their AaSy or place of pronunciation being talu (palate), but still they are not sv[R because their y is different, the y of c being Sp& and that of z being ivv&t Similarly, k & c though their y is the same i.e. Sp&, yet their AaSy being different, one being guttural and the other palatal, are not sv[R There is an exception to this rule in the case of \ & , which though having different AaSy are still called sv[R by virtue of the vaitRka> of kaTyayn "the homogeneousness of \ & , one with another, should be stated". Thus haet& + kar> haetkar> ; here \ & have been coalesced into the long by rules of siNx, on the assumption that they are sv[R letters The word sv[R occurs in stras like 6.1.101 Why do we say "the place of pronunciation" ? So that there may not be homogeneous relationship between kcq & p whose y is the same but whose AaSy is different. What is the harm if we make them sv[R ? Then in words like taR & tRum!, the p would be elided, if it be held homogeneous with t vide 8.4.65 "there is optional elision of Hr, preceded by a consonant, when a homogeneous Hr follows" Why do we say "effort" ? That there may be no homogeneity between # and the palatals, and y & z, whose organ of pronunciation is the same, but whose y is different. What harm if it be so ? Then in Az!Cyaetit, the z would be elided before c by the stra Hrae Hir sv[eR 8.4.65 k a f tuLyaSyy< sv[Rm! 1.1.10 15.02.2005 some facts about the language Book AaXyayI mhaa:ym! qIka Author pai[in kaTyayn ptil mUlm! sU Description
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zBdkaEStu aEFmnaerm a balmnaerma tvbaeixnI isaNt kaEmuid l"u zBdeNxuzeor b&ht! zBdeNxuzeor prml"u zBdeNxuzeor l"uisaNt kaEmuid vrdraja nagaejI ajI aejI dIi]t>
almost like a:ym! of AaXyayI literal meaning that which pleases intelligent people literal meaning that which pleases the children literal meaning that which truth
These three books are based on iya
an abridged version of - isaNt kaEmuid - this has only 1200 aphorisms (vrdraja was a disciple of nagaejI ajI)
yae ixa - Effort is of Two Types Internal & External l Aa*> pxa - Sp&-$;TSp&-#;divv&t-ivv&t-s<v&t edat!, is Aa*> ctuxaR - Sp&-$;TSp&-s<v&t edat!, Note: All the grammarians prior to Varadraja, author of l"u isaNt kaEmuid considered that there were only 4 T internal efforts. They did not have #;divv&t in their list. Therefore, all the vowels other than Akar and ^:ma[> were considered to be ivv&t, 21.02.2005 or ivvar-as-A"ae;a> (hard consonants) ivsgR ijamUlIy %pXmanIy s<var-nad-"ae;a> (soft consonants) is vgaR[a< wm-t&tIy-pma> yrlva ALpa[a>, ANye (vgaR[a< itIy ctuwaR> hkar) mhaa[a> T The first, third & fifth of the class consonants and the semi-vowels are ALpa[a The second & fourth of the class consonants and hkar are mhaa[a Even though the external effort is not a point to be considered in determining sv[RTvm! (homogeneity) it is used in the analysis of closeness by the aphorism Swane=Ntrtm> 1.1.50 o)DQwcqkpz;s >
is y*ip baya> sv[Rs<}ayam! Anupyua> twaip AaNtrtmprI]ayam! %pyaeyNte #it baeXym! T
10.02.2005 s hil c 8.2.77 /S354

U A rvae>,6,2, %pxaya>,6,1, dI"R,1,1, #k>,6,1, 8.2.76 xatae>,6,1, 8.2.64 p %>,6,1, A[!,1,1, r~pr>,1,1, A rvae>,6,2, = xatae>,6,1, (re)vkaraNt-xatae>) %pxaya>,6,1, = #k>,6,1, dI"R>,1,1, hil,7,1, s -v & T hil c prt> re)-vkaraNtSy xatae> %pxaya> #k> dI"R> vit The #k which is %pxa (penultimate) of a dhtu that ends in a r or v! is replaced by the dI"R when a hl follows (this xatu) Thus, AaStI[Rm!, ivStI[Rm!, ivzI[Rm!, AvgU[Rm! all ending in r, So also - dIVyit, sIVyit ending in v! The phrase "of the root", is understood here also. Therefore, not here dIVyit and ctuyRit, which are derived from the nouns - idv & ctur i.e. idvimCDit idVyit, ctur #CDit ctuyRit The phrase #k> "of the vowels # or %" is understood here also. Therefore not here, SmyRte, Vym! This rule applies to cases which are not final in a pd: but to cases where r or v! are in the middle of a pd or word k a % hil c prt> re)-vkaraNtSy xataepxaya #kae dI"aeR vit, AaStI[Rm!, ivStI[Rm!, ivzI[Rm!, AvgU[Rm!, vkaraNtSy- dIVyit, sIVyit, xataeirTyev - idvimCDit idVyit, ctur #CDit cutyRit, #k #Tyev -- SmyRte, Vym!, ApdaNtawaeR=ymarM>. re)aNtSy - AaStI[Rm!, ivStI[Rm!, ivzI[Rm!, AvgU[Rm! vkaraNtSy - dIVyit, sIVyit
V Of a root ending in r or v! , the penultimate # or % is lengthened, before a consonantal beginning affix.
f hil 8.2.78 s U
%pxaya< c 8.2.78 /S2265
A hil,7,1, 8.2.77 rvae>,6,2, %pxaya>,6,1, dI"R,1,1, #k>,6,1, 8.2.76 xatae>,6,1, 8.2.64 p %pxayam!,7,1, c,0,0, A xatae>,6,1, (re)vkaraNt-xatae>) %pxayam!,7,1, = #k>,6,1, dI"R>,1,1, rvae>,6,2,= %pxaya>,6,1, hil,7,1, (tyae> rvae>,7,2,) =
s -v & T V hil prt> yaE xatae> %pxa-UtaE re)-vkaraE tyae> %pxaya> #k> dI"R vit When hl follows a re) or a vkar which is %pxa of a root, the #k that immediately precedes the %pxaUt-re) or a vkar (i.e. which is %pxa to the %pxa-Ut-re) or a vkar) is replaced by dI"R The short # or % of a root is lengthened when the verb has re) or vkar as its penultimate letter, and is followed by a consonant consonant, for the application of this rule. Thus DaR - iDRta. mUDaR - mUiDRta. tUvIR - tUivRta. xUvIR - xUivRta The re) or vkar must be followed by a consonant. Therefore, not here: as icir, ijir are having roots having a re) which, however, is followed by a vowel. Therefore, we have icir[aeit, ijir[aeit Q Why there is not lengthening in iryRtu>, iryuR>, ivVytu>, ivVyu>, Perfect forms derived from the roots
The Anuv&i is current. The root must end in a consonant and must have a re) or vkar as preceding such
- ir (gtaE) and vI (gtaE) etc. Here the # of the A_yas required lengthening and it would not be shortened as it is Ais A The y[! substitute of # here by @rnekacae=s<yaeg-pUvRSy 6.4.82 is treated as Swainvt! to #, and therefore, the re) or vkar is considered as not to be followed by a consonant, and hence there is no lengthening. Another reason is that the y[! substitute is taught in Aaixkar - @rnekacae=s<yaeg-pUvRSy 6.4.82 and depends upon the affix, and is consequently bihr, with regard to this rule of lengthening which is ANtr, Hence, y[adez> is considered as Ais. Therefore, re) and vkar are not followed by a consonant (for ykar is not considered as such for the above reasons) Similarly in ctuiyRt& formed with t&c! affix from the Denominative (Kyc!) root ctuyR, Here #q is added before t&c! as ctuyR + # + t& and then A is elided, ctuyR! + # + t&, Here the elision of A is a bihr process and therefore re) is not here really penultimate and so there is no lengthening of the vowel In itdIa (Instrumental Singular) there is lengthening by hil c 8.2.77 to the root it-idv! is added kinn! by %[aid 1.156, and we have itidvn!, To this added qa (Instrumental affix), as itidvn! + Aa, and A is elided by Aaepae=n> 6.4.134, and we get itdIvna, The lengthening takes place here, the elision of A is not considered as Swainvt! , and so vkar becomes penultimate. In fact, here we apply the maxim that a laep substitute of a vowel is not to be considered as Swainvt! when a rule of lengthening is to be applied (see n pdaNt ivRcn-vre-ylaepSvr-sv[aRnuSvar-dI"R-jz!-civRix;u 1.1.58) Q Well, let it not be Swainvt! but the elision by Aaepae=n> 6.4.134 depends upon a case-affix, and is bihr and therefore Ais for the purposes of this rule which is ANtr and so therefore, there would be no lengthening ? A The maxim of Ais< bihrmNtr should not be applied here because it is not AinTy rule The word iji is formed by the %[aid affix in! added to the root j (ijr), the re) being changed to vkar (%[aid 5.49). So also - ikir> & igir> are formed by the %[aid affix ik added to k and g (%[aid 4.143). The genitive dual of which is ikyaeR> & igyaeR>, There is no lengthening iji, ikyaeR> & igyaeR>, on the maxim that the %[aid formed words are primitive words and not derivate; and so the rule of etymological changes do not apply to them (%[adyae=VyuTpain aitpidkain) k a % DaR - iDRta. muDaR - mUiDRta. %vIR - îvRta. xuvIR - xUivRta f --
18.05.2005 smasnm! smas> putting together nicely compounding process (ave) a word that is put together nicely (kmRi[) the possibility of combining two words into one is called samWyRm! . Only when such a samWyRm! is there, can a smas be formed Only when the words are meaningfully connected together, such a samWyRm! arises Compounds are formed, generally, by combing two subNtm! pdm! which results in a smas which is a aitpidkm! and to which a sup!-Tyy is added resulting in a subNtpdm! e.g. ram> dzrwSy* pu>* these two words have a meaningful connection of - father-son relationship (jNy-jnk sMbNx) expressed by the sixth case. This connection can be compounded according to the rules of compounding
the words are broken down to their aitpidkm! and affixes. e.g. ram> pu-su all vowel siNx rules are applicable e.g. ram> dzrw-pu-su. ram> there is a sixth case in this, hence it is called ;I tTpu;>
dzrw-'s!
pu-su
the intermediate affixes are eliminated and only sup! affixes of the last aitpidkm! is added e.g. ram> dzrwdzrwpu-su. ram> dzrwpu>
pUvRpdm! = the word which comes first in a smas. %rpdm! = the word which comes second in a smas. There are rules which govern which word will be pUvRpdm! & %rpdm! in a smas
s U v &
%pdeze=jnunaisk #t! 1.3.2 /S3
p %pdeze,7,1, Ac!,1,1, Anunaisk>,1,1, #t!,1,1, %pdeze yae=nunaiskae=c! tSy #t! s<}a vit
T An Anunaisk vowel (nasalised vowel) seen in the %pdez is called by the name #t! Aw kae=ym! %pdezae nam ? What is %pdez ? is Whatever is enunciated at the beginning i.e. maherai[ sUai[, AaXyayI, xatu-paQ, %[aid-paQ, g[-paQ, ilanuzasn, Tyy (affix), Aadez (replacement), Aagm (augment) etc. Tyy izvsUai[ Aadez AagmaStwa, xatupaQae g[e paQ> %pdeza> kIitRta> The nasalised vowels are #t! in %pdez (original enunciation) Anunaisk or nasalised vowels are #t! when occurring in technical words. Thus in iKvn!, ivd, ivc! the Anunaisk # is #t!, The original stra contains the word %pdez which we have translated as a technical term. %pdez literally means instruction or the first mentioning of a thing either in sUpaQ or xatupaQ or g[paQ From this stra up to 1.3.9, there is a description of servile or indicatory letters called #t!, "In pai[nI's grammar there is no visible sign of the nasality of a vowel hence we can know a vowel to be nasalised only from pai[nI's explicitly asserting that it is so, or from our finding that he treats it in such a way that we must conclude he regarded as nasal". An %pdez is defined as signifying an original enunciation, i.e. to say, an Tyy (affix) or an Aagm (augment) or a xatu (verbal root), or in short, any form of expression which occurs only in technical treatises of grammar and which is not a word ready for use, but one of the supposed original elements of a word. Thus in a root @x (to increase), the final A is indicatory, the real root is @x!, So also the final A of SpR is an #t! If the word is not an %pdez, then the nasal vowel is not #t!, As A Aa~ Ap>, A word may be an %pdez and nasal, but if it is not a vowel, it need not be #t! as the affix minn! in stra minNKvinBvinp 3.2.74. It is only the nasal vowel of an %pdez that becomes #t!, and not all vowels. The word #t! occurs in stras 5.2.16 etc. % %pidZyte Anen #it %pdez> za-vaKyain, sUpaQ> iolpaQ> c, t y> Ac! Anunaisk> s> #t! k s<} vit, @x, SpR, it}anunaisKya> pai[nIya> (Vya0 p0 121), %pdez> #it ikm! ? A Aa~ a Ap> (\Gved> zakls<ihta 5.48.1) Ac! #it ikm! ? Aatae minNKvinBvinp 3.2.74 , Anunaisk> #it ikm! ? svRSy Ac> ma Ut!, #Tdeza> - Aaidt 7.2.16, #Tyevmady>. f %pdez #t! 1.3.8
28.02.2005 #t! = that which goes away. #t! in a %pdez

1.
Nasalised vowel . 2.
The final consonant
It has detailed earlier about Tyahar and their usage in the mher sU, The final consonants in the maher sU are called #t! (indicatory or tag letters) which serve a purpose and are dropped after that. A Tyahar is formed by starting with a non-#t! letter and ends with an #t! letter and is then the abbreviation represents the first letter and all the non-#t! letters in between. Panini has a stra hlNTym! 1.3.3 which states that all the final consonants in the %pdez are #t! letter. In that he uses the Tyahar hl from the maher sU , he need to define the #t! letters. This stra defining the #t! letters uses the Tyahar, which cannot be formed without defining the #t! letter. Therefore, there seems to be a defect of ANyaeNy-Aay, The way to avoid this ANyaeNy-Aay is to interpret the stra hlNTym! 1.3.3 is in two ways s U hlNTym! 1.3.3 /S1
A %pdeze,7,1, 1.3.2 #t!,1,1, 1.3.2 p s hl,1,1, ANTym!,1,1, ANte vmNTy< idgaidTvat! 4.3.54 yt! Tyy hSy l hl , ;ItTpu;>, hl c hl c = spa[am! #it Anen 1.2.64 @kze;>, jait ivv]ayam! @kvcn< c, Anya rITya hl Tyahar> in:p*te
v %pdeaze ANTym! hl #t!s<}k< vit & %pdeze - maher-sUe;u - hil #it sUe T In the %pdez the final consonant will be an #t! letter is -V In the %pdez , the final consonant of roots etc. is #t! All the final consonants of roots, affixes etc are indicatory. As in the Tyahar stras A # % [! - here [! is #t!, \ k - here k is #t!, @ Aae ' - here ' is #t!, @ AaE c! - here c! is #t! , It is only in %pdez that the final consonant is #t! . Not therefore in Aiic! or saemsut! which are complete words % A # % [! #it [karSy, \ k #it kkarSy, %pdez> #it vtRte ANte vm! ANTym!, xaTvade> smudaySy yd ANTy< hl, td #t! s<}< k a vit, A # % [! - nkar>, \ k - kkar>, @ Aae ' - 'kar>, @e AaE c! - ckar>, %pdez> #Tyev Aiict!, saemsut!, hSy l hl/! #it-1 itIym! A hlh[< te[ %pa< Vym!, ten Tyahar paQe hl-#Ty lkarSy #t! s<}a iyte, twa c sit hlNTym! #Ty Tyahare n #tretr-Aaydaez> vit. I s<}a-sU. f hlNTym! 1.3.4
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09.02.2006 s U vah ^Q 6.4.132 /S329
A sMsar[m!,1,1 6.4.131 Sy,6,1, 6.4.129 ASy 6.4.1 p vah,6,1, ^Q,1,1, A vah ASy Sy ^Q sMsar[m!, vah ANTySy ASy Sy ^Q #it sMsar[m!,
s -v & vah #Tyyevm! ANTySy ASy Sy ^Q #Tyett! sMsar[< vit
T The -A that ends in vah takes the sMsar[m! ^Q V The vkar in vah is vocalized to ^ (^Q) when the compound stem is The word vah is a i{v formed stem by vh 3.2.64. It can never stand alone, but, must be preceded by an %ppd: hence he have used the word "compound". Thus - aEh>, aEha, aEhe, idTyaEh>, idTyaEha, idTyaEhe, By sMsar[a 6.1.108 ^ + Aa (of va) = ^; and then + ^h aE; the v&i being substituted by @TyexTyUQsu 6.1.89. This form could have been evolved by simple sMsar[ thus: + vh + zs! ^ + As! (sMsar[a 6.1.108) + + Aaeh + As! (the affix i{v - vh 3.2.64, will produce gu[) aEh>
(v&ireic 6.1.88). In fact i{v is never added to vh (vh 3.2.64) unless the preceding member ends in A and that A + Aae of va will always produce AaE. The making of this special sMsar[ in ^Q, indicates the existence of following maxim - Ais< bihrm! ANtre; and the sMsar[ being a bihr operation, is considered as Ais for the purposes of gu[ which is an ANtr operation: therefore, we can never get the form Aaeh. vah #TyemaNtSy Sy ^Q #Tyett! s<sar[< vit, aEh>, aEha, aEhe, idTyaEh>, k a idTyaEha, idTyaEhe, '@TyexTyUQsu 6.1.89' #it v&i>, Aw imwRmUQ iyte, s<sar[< @v kte gu[e c 'v&ireic 6.1.88' #it v&aE sTya< is< p< vit aEh #it, AnkaraNte c %ppde vhei{vRnR Zyte ? }apanawRm!, @tj! }apyit vTye;a pira;a -- 'Ais< bihr'mNtre (pir0 50)' #it, tSya< ih sTya< bihrSy s<sar[SyaisTvad ANtrae gu[ae n Syat!. % aEh>, aEha, idTyaEh>, idTyaEha, idTyaEhe, f --
28.02.2006 s U H;StwaexaeR=x> 8.2.40 /S2280
A -p H;>,5,1, twae>,6,2, x>,1,1, Ax>,5,1, A Ax>,5,1, H;>,5,1, twae>,6,2, x>,1,1, s twae> #TywR> #tretrN> v & T H;> %ryae> tkar-wkaryae> Swane xkar Aadez vit, fuxa|! #it @t< xatu< vjRiyTva The tkar or wkar which is immediately preceded by a H;! (H " F x) letter is replaced by xkar except when the xatu - fuxa|! (xa) precedes
V x is substituted by t or w coming after H " F x or w but not after the root xa (dx) Thus from l! we have lBxa, lBxum!, lBxVym!, AlBx, AlBxa> The ! of l! is changed to b! by Hla< jz! Hiz 8.4.53 From h -- daeGxa, daeGxum!, daeGxVym!, Agx, AGxa>. The h is changed to x by 8.2.32 and then it is changed to g by Hla< jz! Hiz 8.4.53 From ilh - leFa, leFum!, leFVym!, AlIF, AlIFac>. In leFx& etc the h is changed to F by 8.2.31 and x changed to F by una u> 8.4.41, before which the preceding the F is elided by 8.3.13 From bux - baea, baeum!, baeVym!, Abu, Abua>. For the x or bux! there is substituted d by Hla< jz! Hiz 8.4.53 Why do we say "but not after the root xa" ? Observe - x>, xTw>. ful;! - lBxa, lBxum!, lBxVym!, AlBx, AlBxa>. % h - daeGxa, daeGxum!, daeGxVym!, Agx, AGxa>. ilh - leFa, leFum!, leFVym!, AlIF, AlIFa>. bux - baea, baeum!, baeVym!, Abu, Abua>. k a f s U H; %ryae> tkar-wkaryae> Swane xakr Aadez> vit, dxait< vjRiyTva, lBxa, lBxum!, lBxVym!, AlBx, AlBxa>, h - daeGxa, daeGxum!, daeGxVym!, Agx, AGxa>, ilh - leFa, leFum!, leFVym!, AlIF, AlIFa>, bux - baea, baeum!, baeVym!, Abu, Abua>, Ax #it ikm! ? x> xTw>. -- no carry forward --
Fae Fe laep> 8.3.13 /S2335
A s<ihtayam!,7,1, 8.2.108 p Fae,6,1, Fe,7,1, laep>,1,1, A Fae Fe laep> s<ihtayam!0 s -v & Fkare prt> FkarSy laep> vit s<ihtaya< iv;ye
T The Fkar which is followed by Fkar is dropped V There is elision of F when F follows Though this stra is read in the division of grammar which is governed by pdaixkar , yet this elision takes place only then when the F is not at the end of a pd, Thus lIF from ilh + t, The h is changed to F by 8.2.31 and the t is first changed to xby 8.2.40 and then to F by una u> 8.4.41. Thus ilF + F, The first F is elided by this stra. Similarly, mIFm!, %pgUFm!, The change of x into F by una u> 8.4.41 should be considered as valid and is for the purposes of this rule, otherwise this rule will find no scope O: It will find scope before that F which is primary, as in ilF + FaEkte, where F of FaEkte is primary R: No. Here, the first F will be changed to f by jz! rule (Hla< jzae=Nte 8.2.39) and so there will be no occasion to elide it. The form will be ilf FaEkte, Nor is this F laep> rule an Apvad to jZTv rule, because it has its scope in lIF etc. For the jz! rule depends upon one pd, and is ANtr or being prior to this laep is Ais with regard to it. Therefore, jZTv will take place first. Moreover in ilF + F there is similarity of sounds (uitktm! AanNtyRm!); though there may be not be theoritical similarity (zaktm! AanNtyRm!) when the change of x into F by una u> 8.4.41, is considered Ais But this theoritical dissimilarity will be removed by the express text
of the present stra. But in ilf FaEkte there is neither similarity of sound (uitktm! AanNtyRm!) between f and F, nor similarity by any technical rule; therefore F laep has no scope here. It is bihr as well as subsequent to jz! rule (Hla< jzae=Nte 8.2.39); and therefore, doubly Ais; and consequently it does not debar the jz! rule. So when F is changed to f by jz! rule (Hla< jzae=Nte 8.2.39) in ilf, then there remains no sort of AaNtyR - neither of uit nor of za % lIFm!, %pgUFm!. FkarSy Fkare laep> vit, sTyip pdaixkare tSy-As<vat!-ApdaNtSy FkarSy Ay< laep> iv}ayte, lIFm!, mIFm!-1, %pgUFm!, uTvSya isTvm! Aayad Vym!, ilf FaEkt #Ty tu jZTve kte k a kayIR-2 naiSt #it laep-Aav>, n c Flaep> jZTv Apvad> iv}atu< zKyte, tSy ih lIFaid> iv;y> s<vit, t ih uitktm! AanNtyRm! AiSt, zakt< tu yd AnaNty-3 uTvSy AisTven am!, tt! tu sUkr[-samWyaRd baXyte, ilf FaEkte #Ty tu n uitktm! AanNtyRm! , n zaktm! #it Aiv;y> Ay< FlaepSy.
1 -mIFm! #it naiSt muite;u. 2 - kayRm! - #it AppaQ> muite;u. 3 - yda n AnNtyRm! #it hE0, - yda - tt! - n s<vdete,
laep> 8.3.14
01.03.2006 - 1100 s U F+laepe pUvRSy dI"aeR=[> 6.3.111 /S174
A -p F+laepe,7,1, pUvRSy,6,1, dI"R>,1,1, A[>,6,1, A F+laepe pUvRSy A[> dI"R> s Fkar re) F+aE tyae> laep> yiSmn! sh F+laep> tiSmn! NdgRbIih> v & T F+laepe pUvRSy A[> dI"aeR> vit The A[! (A # %) that precedes the dropped F or r in the zBdsmUh that has a laep of a F or r is replaced by dI"R> Thus - lIFm!, mIFm!, %pgUFm!, rlaepe - nIr + rm! r< vas>, ata rajy>, puna rm! vas>. For elision of F see Fae Fe laep> 8.3.13 and for the elision of r see 8.3.14. But Aav&Fm! , the \ is not lengthened because it is not included in the Tyahar - A[! which is formed with the [! of A # % [! % k a f s U Flaepe - lIFm!, mIFm!, %pgUFm!, mUF>. rlaepe - nIrm!, AIrw>, #Nrw>, r< vas>, ata rajy>, puna rm! vas> Fkar-re)yae> laep> yiSmn! s> F+laep>, t pUvRSy A[> dI"R> it, lIFm!, mIFm!, %pgUFm!, mUF>, rlaepe - nIrm!, AI rw>, #N rw>, puna r< vas>, ata rajy>, pUvRh[m! Anurpde Aip pUvRmaSy dI"aRwRm!, A[> #it ikm! ? AatUFm! , AavUFm!. F+laepe 6.3.112 pUvRSy 6.3.112 dI"R> 6.4.18 A[> 6.4.2 nIrm!, Air + rw> AIrw>, #Nrw>,
V When F or r is elided, for the preceding A # % a corresponding long vowel is substituted
;Fae> k> is 8.2.41 /S295
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p ;Fae>,6,2, k>,1,1, is,7,1, A -s ; F ;FaE tyae> #tretrN> v & ;kar-Fkaryae> Swane kkar-Aadez> vit skare prt>
T The ;kar or Fkar which are immediately followed by a skar are replaced by a kkar V k is substituted for ; or F before s Thus for ; of iv;! we have ivveyit, Aveyt!, iviv]it. For F of ilh (ilF 8.2.31) we have - leyit, Aleyt!, ilil]it For the s of the affix Sy etc. is substituted ; by Aadez-Tyyyae> 8.3.59 Why do we say "before s" ? Observe - pini, leiF % ;karSy - ip;! - peyit, Apeyt!, ipip]it FkarSy - ilh - leyit, Aleyt!, ilil]it
k ;kar-Fkaryae> kkar-Aadez> vit skare prt>, ;karSy -- ip;! -- peyit, Apeyt!, ipip]it, FkarSy - ilh a - leyit, Aleyt!, ilil]it, is #it ikm! ? ipni, leiF. f --
01.03.2006 - 1530 s U A @i' prpm! 6.1.94 /S78 %psgaRt!,5,1, 6.1.91 xataE,7,1, 6.1.91 Aat! 6.1.87 @k>,1,1, 6.1.84 pUvRpryae>,6,2, 6.1.84 s<ihtayam!,7,1, 6.1.72 Aat!-%psgaRt! , @i' xatae> prt> Av[aRNtat! %psgaRt! @'adaE xataE prt> pUvRpryae> prpm! @k> s<ihtayam!
p @i',7,1, prpm!,1,1, A
s -v & T Av[aRNtad %psgaRd @'adaE xataE prt> pUvRpryae> Swane prpm! @k> Aadez> vit When a %psgR ending in Av[R precedes and a xatu beginning with @' (@ Aae) follows the preceding and the following are replaced by a single replacement of the following
V For the A or Aa of the preposition @ or Aae of a verbal root, the second vowel is the single substitute The words Aat! , %psgaRataE are understood here. In an %psgR ending in A or Aa followed by a root beginning with @ or Aae coalesce and the single-substitute is the form of the second vowel ( prp). This debars v&i taught in v&ireic 6.1.88 Thus %pleyit, elyit., %pae;it, ae;it. Some read into this stra the option allowed by va suPyaipzle> 6.1.92, according to them the pr-p substitution is optional in the case of Denominative roots. Thus %pefkiyit or %pEfkiyit, %paednIyit or %paEdnIyit. Vrtika: The pr-p substitution takes place in the case of zkNxu> etc. As zk + ANxu klqa, sIm + ANt> #h + @v sImNt> (hair), when not referring to hair, the form is sImNt> A*Ev. When the sense is that of inyaeg the v&i takes place: as #hEv v. zkNxu>, kl + Aqa
Vrtika: The pr-p substitution takes place when @v follows a word, and the sense is not that of 'appointment'. Thus #hev, A* + @v Vrtika: The pr-p substitution takes place optionally when Aaetu & Aae are compounded with another word, as
SwUl Aaetu>
SwUlaEtu> or SwUlaetu> so also ibMbaEI or ibMbaeI, When not a compound, the
v&i is cumpulsory; as it devdaE< pZy (stay Devadatta, see the lip) Vrtika: In the Vedas, the pr-p substitution takes place when @mn etc. follows. Thus Apa< Tva @mn! Apa< Tvemn!, So also Apa< Tva Aaen! % %p + @lyit %pleyit, elyit. %p + Aae;it %pae;it, ae;it. AaidTyev, %psgaRd xataE #it c, Av[aRNtat!-%psgaRt!-@'adaE xataE pUvRpryae> prpm! @kadez> vit, v&ireic 6.1.88 #it ASy Apvad>, %pelyit, elyit, %pae;it, ae;it, va suPyaipzle> 6.1.92 #it AnuvtRyiNt, tt! c vaKyeden suBxataE ivkLp< kraeit, %pefkIyit, %pEfkIyit, k a %paednIyit, %paEdnIyit. zkNXvaid;u prpUp< vVym!. zk ANxu> zkNxu>, kl Aqa klqa. sImNt> keze;u. sIn> ANt> sImNt>, ANy sImaNt>. @ve c Ainyaege prp< vVym!. #h @v #hev, A* @v A*ev, Ainyaeg> #it ikm! ? #hEv v, maNy ga>. AaeTv-Aaeyae> smase va prp< vVym!. SwUl Aaetu> SwUlaEtu>, SwUlaetu>, ibMbaEI, ibMbaeI, smas #it ikm! ? it devd Aae< pZy. @maid;u DNdis prp< vVym!. Apa< Tva @mn! , Apa<? Tve?mn! (mE0 s<0 2.7.18), Apa< Tva Aaen! , Apa<? Tvae?n! (mE0 s<0 2.7.18). f -Apa<Tvaen!
following stra is incomplete s U @TyexTyUQsu 6.1.89 //S73
A v&ireic 6.1.88 Aat! 6.1.87 @k>,1,1, 6.1.84 pUvRpryae>,6,2, 6.1.84 s<ihtayam!,7,1, 6.1.72 p @it-@xit-^Qsu,7,3, Aat!,5,1, @it>,1,1, (@TyetSy,6,1,) @ic,7,1, ( A @xit> @k>
,1,1,
1),
,7,1,
^Q
,1,1,
(@Tyetyae>
,6,2,
) Aic
2),
,1,1,
v&i>
,1,1,
s<ihtayam!
,7,1,
s @t @x ^Q c @TyexTyUQ> te;u #tretrN> v AvaRt! pra y #[! gtaE #TyetSy @c! , @x v&aE ^Q @Tyetyae yae=c! , @te;u c pUvaeR & yae=v[RStyae> pUvRpryaerv[aRcae> Swane v&i> @k> Aadez> vit, s<ihtayam! iv;ye v & T AvaRt! pra y #[! gtaE #TyetSy @c! , @x v&aE ^Q @Tyetyae y> Ac! 1. 2. That @c! which belongs to the root #[! - gtaE, which follows an Av[R and That Ac! which belongs to the root @x! - v&aE or ^Q 2 above) tyae> (ref. 1 & 2 above) pUvRpryae>,6,2, Av[R-
v @te;u c pUvR> y> Av[R> (ref.
& Acae>,6,2, Swane v&i> @k> Aadez> vit, s<ihtayam! iv;ye T S V When these follow the Av[R that immediately precedes these, in place of these two i.e. Av[R and Ac! , which are pUvR and pr, v&i is the single replacement in a siNx situation When an Av[R precedes and an Ac! of @it and an Ac! of @xit (@x - v&aE) and ^Q follows, the preceding and the following are together replaced by a single replacement of v&i , in a siNx situation The v&i is the single substitute for the A or Aa & @ of @it (root #) and @xit (root @x), and for A or Aa & ^ of ^Q (the substitute of va in vah by vah ^Q 6.4.132)
The whole of the last stra and Aat! are understood here. The @c! of the last stra qualifies the root # in @it i.e.
when the root # assumes the form @ by internal changes, then applies this v&i rule. The @c! does not qualify the root @x! as that root always has an initial dipthong, nor does @c! qualify ^Q for ^ is not a dipthong. Thus %p + @it %pEit, %p + @i; %pEi;, %pEim,, %p + @xte %pExte, Exte,, + ^h aeha. In the last example, gu[ was the substitute required by Aad gu[> 6.1.87 the present stra ordains v&i instead. In the case of @it & @xit the v&i was debarred by @i' prpm 6.1.94, this stra makes an exception to that rule. The present stra is an exception to @i' prpm 6.1.94 and not to Aaema'ae 6.1.95 because the maxim is purStadpvada AnNtran! ivxIn! baxNtenaeran! (Apvad that precede the rule which teach operations that have to be suppressed by the Apvad operations, supercede only those rules that stand nearest to them, not the subsequent rules). Therefore, the form AvEih is wrong. So also %p + #t> %pEt>, for here the root # has not assumed the form @, therefore the rule does not apply. The word @it qualifies the root # Vrtika: The v&i is the single substitute when A] is followed by îhnI as A]aEih[I sna Vrtika: The v&i is the single substitute when Sv is followed by $r or $ir[ thus SvrEm!, SvrE[I. The word $r is formed by the affix "|! added to $r - gtaE (8C) Svenaiawe[ $r[< = SvErm the compounding takes place by kt&R-kr[e kta blm! 2.1.32. Another form is SvrE = Svenaaye[er te gCDit with the affix i[in (suPyjataE i[inStaCDILye 3.2.78) Vrtika: The v&i is the single substitute when is followed by ^h, ^F,îF, @;, @:y as aEh>, aEF, aEiF>, E;>, E:y>. The word @; is derived from th adding the affix "|!; and the word @:y is derived from the same roots by adding Vyt! . This vrtika ordains v&i, while @i' prpm 6.1.94 would have caused prp>. While the roots $;! (to glean) and $;! (to go, to injure, to show) (Mah.Bh. 115 & 642), from $;> and $:y> with the above affixes; and with , their forms will be e;> and e:y> Vrtika: The v&i is the single substitute when word ending in A is followed by \t and forms an instrumental tTpu;> compound: as suoen \t> suoatR>, >oen \t> Why in instrumental ? Observer prmtR> Why compound ? See suoentR> Vrtika: The v&i is the single substitute when the word \[! follows the following: , vTstr, kMbl, vsn. As a[Rm! (principal debt), vTstra[Rm! (the debt of a steer), kMbla[Rm! (debt of a blanket), vsna[Rm! (debt of a cloth) Vrtika: So also when the words \[ and dz are followed by \[> - as \[a[Rm! (a debt incurred to pay off prior debt) and dza[Rm! (name of a river & of a country) % %pEit, %pEi;, %pEim, %pExte, Exte, aaEh>, aeha, aEhe k v&ireic #it vtRte, Aaidit c, td @td @c-h[m! @terev ivze;[m!, n pun> @xte>, AVyicard a ^Q As<vat!, #[! gtaE (Adaidg[> 38) #TyetiSmn! xataE @ic - @x v&aE (_vaidg[> 2) #TyetiSmn! îQ c pUv yd Av[Rm!, tt pr> y> Ac!, tyae> pUvRpryae> Av[R-Acae> Swane v&i> @kadez> vit, %pEit, %pEi;, %pEim, %pExte, Exte, aaEh>, aeha, aEhe, îQ Aadgu[-Apvadae v&i> ivxIyte, @Tyexyae> tu @i' prp-Apvad>, Aaema'ae 6.1.95 #Tyett! tu prp< n baXyte - yen n Aae y> ivix> Aar_yte s> tSy baxk> vit, (pira;a-pira;eNzeorSwa 57) #it , purStad Apvad> AnNtran! ivxIn! baxNte0 (pira;a-pira;eNzeorSwa 59) #it va, ten #h n vit - %p> Aa> #t> %pet #it, @ic #Tyev - %p> #t> %pet>. A]eaihNya< v&i> v Vya>. A]aEih[I. SvacIreir{yae> v&i> vVya-1. SvErm!, SvEir[I. FaeF(e;E:ye;u-2 v&i> vVya. aEF>, aEiF>, E;>, E:y>. \te c t&tIya-smase Av[aRd v&i> vVya. suoen \t> suoatR>, >oen \t> >oatR>, \t> #it ikm! ? suoen #t> suoet>, t&tIya #it ikm! ? prmtR>, smas> #it ikm! ? suoentR>. vTstrkMblvsnanam&[e v&i vVya. a[Rm!, vTstr - vTstra[Rm!, kMbl File : 8643430.doc Page # 75 of 82 Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 09:12 Hrs.
>oatR>; but suoen #t>
suoet>
kMbla[Rm!, vsn - vsna[Rm!, \[dza_ya< v&i> vVya. \[a[Rm!, dza[Rm!. f --
02.03.2006 1530 s U A idv %t! 6.1.131 /S337 pdaNtadit 6.1.109 The word pd is brought here by frog-leap
p idv>,6,1, %t!,1,1, A idv> pdSy (ANTySy) %t! s -v & idv> pdSy %karadezae vit, idv @it aitpidk< g&te, n xatu> The final letter of idv! when it is a pd is replaced by %kar T Here the word idv! , in the stra, does not refer to the root idvu - Ifayam! , but the aitpidk idv! which is ANyuTp (naturally occuring) V For the final of the nominal-stem idv! there is the substitution of %kar, when it is a pd (sui'Ntm! pdm! 1.4.14 etc.) The portion pd is to be read into this stra from @'> pdaNtadit 6.1.109. The word idv! is here a nominal-stem and not a verbal root. Thus - idiv kamae ySy = *ukam>, *uman!, ivml*u idnm!, *u_yam!, *ui> We have said here that idv! is here a aitpidk and not a xatu, for as a xatu it ought to have a servile letter AnubNx and should have read as idvu, In the case of its being used as a verb, there takes place the substitution of long ^ for vkar by CD!vae> zUfnunaiske c 6.4.19. In that case we shall have A]*U_yam!, A]*Ui>. The %t! with a short tkar shows that short % is meant, and debars ^Q (CD!vae> zUfnunaiske c 6.4.19). In the case of ^Q substitution the forms will be - *U_yam!, *&Ui>. The ^Q also comes because it is taught in a subsequent stra Why do we say "when it is a pd" ? Observe - idvaE, idv> % idiv kamae ySy s *ukam>, *uman!, ivml*u idnm!, *u_yam!, *ui> @'> pdaNtadit 6.1.109 #Tyt> pd-h[m! AnuvtRte, idv> #it aitpidk< g&te n xatu>, k a sanubNxkTvat!, idv> pdSy %kar-Aadez> vit, idiv kam> ySy *ukam>, *uman!, ivml*u idnm!, *u_yam!, *ui>, inrnnvNxk-h[at! (pira;a-pira;eNzeorSwa 81) #h n vit - A]*U_yam!, A]*Ui> #it, tprkar[m! ^Q> inv&yw *u_yam!, *ui> #it, Atr ih prTvat! ^Q aaein, pdSy #it ikm! ? idvaE, idv>. f s U --
cturnfuhaermuda> 7.1.98 /S331
A svRnamSwane,7,1, 7.1.86 ASy,6,1, 6.4.1 p cturnfuhae>,6,2, Aam!,1,1, %da>,1,1, A cturnfuhae> ASy Aam! %da> svRnamSwane s ctu Anfva~ cturnfuhaE tyae> #tretrN>
v &
ctur Anufh #Tyetyae> svRnamSwane prt Aam! Aagmae vit, s c %da>
T The A - ctur and Anfuh get an Aagm - Aam! which is %da> when a svRnam-Swan affix follows V ctur and Anfuh get the acutely accented augment Aa (Aam!) after the %kar in the strong cases Thus - cTvair>, Anfvan!, AnfvahaE, Anfvah>, Anfvahm!, The rule applies to compounds ending with cTvar and Anfh , as iycTvar, iycTvaraE, iycTvar>, iyanfvan!, iyanfvahaE, iyanfvah> Vrtika: In the case of Anufh there is option in the feminine, as a AnfufI or AnfvahI, This would be so, because it occurs in gaEraid class 4.1.41 % cTvar>?, Anfvan!, AnfvaaE?, Anfvah?>, Anfvah?m!, AnfvahaE? ctur Anufh #Tyetyae> svRnamSwane prt Aam! Aagmae vit, s c %da>, cTvar> k Anfvan! , AnfvahaE, Anfvah>, Anfvahm!, tdNtivix> Atre:yte, iycTva>, iycTvaraE, a iycTvar>, iynfvan!, iyanfvahaE, iyanfvah>. Anfuh> iya< va #it vVym!. AnfuhI Anfvaih, gaEraidpaQat! ism!. f cturnfuhae> 7.1.99
03.03.2006 1530 s U :[aNta ;q 1.1.24 //S369
A s<Oya,1,1, 1.1.23 p :[aNta,1,1, ;q,1,1, A :[aNta,1,1, s<Oya,1,1,;q,1,1, s ; n :[aE, :[aE ANte ySya> sa :[aNta, NgaeR bIih> v & T ;karaNta nkaraNta c ya s<Oya sa ;q-s<i}ka vit The numbers that end in a ;kar or a nkar are called by the name ;q The following numbers are called ;q - ctur, pn!,;;!, sn!, An!, nvn!, dzn! This stra defines the term ;qwhich is a subdivision of the larger group - s<Oya. Those s<Oyas which end in ;kar or nkar are called ;q. The word s<Oya is understood in this stra, because the word :[aNta is in the feminine gender, showing that it qualifies s<Oya which is also feminine The numerals that end in ;kar or nkar are six, viz. pn! (five), ;;! (six), sn! (seven), An! (eight), nvn! (nine), dzn! (ten) It is one of the pecularities of ;q words that they lose their nominative & accusative plural terminations ;f_yae luk 7.1.22. Thus - ;q itiNt, ;q pZy The word ANt in the stra shows that the letters ;kar & nkar must be AaEpdeizk i.e. must belong to the words as originally enunciated and not added afterwards as affix etc. Thus ztain (hundreds), shai[ (thousands), Aanam! (of eights) the nkar is not radical, but an augment, and therefore they are not ;q and the nominative & accusative plural terminations are not elided as ztan! + # % ;karaNta - ;q itiNt, ;q pZy, nkaraNta - p, s, nv, dz,
V The s<Oyas having ;kar or nkar as their final are callled ;q
ztain etc.
StrIil-indeRzat! s<Oya #it s<bXyte, ;karaNta nkaraNta c ya s<Oya sa ;q-s<}a vit, k ;karaNta tavt! - ;q itiNt, ;q pZy, nkaraNta - p,s, nvn!, dz, ANth[m! AaEpdeizkarwRm!, a ten #h n vit - ztain, shai[, Anam! #Ty nuq ;f_yae luk 7.1.22 #Tyevmady>. I f s U s<}a-sU. ;q 1.1.25 (;fctu_yR 7.1.55) vit, ;q-deza> -
;f_yae luk 7.1.22 /S261/////////////////////////////////
A jZzsae>,6,2, 7.1.20 ASy,6,1,,5,3, 6.4.1 p ;f_y>,5,3, luk,1,1, A ;f_yae Ae_y> jZzsae> luk s -v & ;qs<}ke_y> %ryae> jZzsae> lug! vit
T The Tyys - js! and zs! are dropped after the As called by the name ;q V The nominative & accusative plural terminations are elided after the numerals called ;q (:[aNta ;q 1.1.24) As ;q itiNt, ;q pZy, p, s, nv, dz. The rule applies even to the compounds ending with ;;! words as prm;q, %m;q, but the ;;! should be the principal; if it is only a secondary member of the compound, the rule will not apply: as iy;;>, iypan> For the elision of nkar see nlaep> aitpidkaNtSy 8.2.7 % ;q,1,1, itiNt, ;q,2,1, pZy, p, s, nv, dz k a I f s U ;qs<}ke_y> %ryae> jZzsae> lug! vit, ;q itiNt, ;q pZy, p, s, nv, dz, ;q-xanat! tdNtad Aip vit, pr prm;q-1, %m;q, y tUPsjRn< ;q tt> n vit - iy;;>, iypan> #it,
1 prm;q - #it naiSt hEddrabad-s<skr[m! - kaizkaya>
ivix-sU. luk 7.1.23
;fctu_yR 7.1.55 ////////////////////S338
A nuq,1,1, 7.1.54 Aaim,7,1, ,6,1, 7.1.52 ASy,6,1,,5,3, 6.4.1 p ;fctu_yR>,5,3, c,0,0, A ;fctu_yR>,5,3, Ae_y> nuq Aam>,6,1, s ;q c cTvar ;qcTvar>, te_y> - #tretrN> v & ;q-s<}ke_y> ctu>zBdat! c %rSy Aam> nuq Aagm> vit
T The Tyy - Aam! ,6,3, which comes after the A called ;q and the A ctur, gets a nuq (n!) augment V The augment nkar is added before the genitive plural ending Aam! after the numerals called ;;! and after ctur As ;{[am!, panam!, (naepxaya> 6.4.7), snam!, nvanam!, dznam!, ctu[aRm!, A numeral ending in re) is not ;;! , hence the specific mention of ctur This rule applies to compounds ending with these numerals, when these latter are the principal member, as
prm;{[am!, prmp<canam!, prmctu[aRm!, but iy;;am!, iypam!, iycturam! where the numerals are secondary (%psjRn) % ;{[am!, panam!, snam!, nvanam!, dznam!, ctu[aRm! ;qs<}ke_y> ctu>zBdat! c %rSy Aam> nuq Aagm> vit, ;{[am!, panam!, snam!, k a nvanam!, dznam!, ctu[aRm!, re)aNtaya> s<Oyaya> ;q-s<}a n ivihta, - ;f_yae luk 7.1.22 #it lug! ma ut!, bvcnindeRzat! A s<OyaxanSy h[< vit, prm;{[am!, prmsnam!, prmctu[aRm!, %psjRnI-utaya> tu s<Oyaya> n vit, iy;;am!, iypC|am!-1, iycturam! #it .
1 - iypam! - #it AppaQ hEddrabad-s<skr[m! - kaizkaya>
I f
ivix-sU. --
07.03.2006 - 1100 - also done on 31.01.2006 - 1530 s U dadexaRtae"R> 8.2.32 /S325
A h>,6,1, 8.2.31 Hil,7,1, 8.2.26 ANte,7,1, c,0,0, 8.2.29 pdSy,6,1, 8.1.16 p dade>,6,1, xatae>,6,1, ">,1,1, A dade> = xatae> h> "> Hil pdSy ANte c s dkar AaidyRSy s daid>, tSy < < < bIih> v & T dkarade> xatae> hrkarSy Swane "kar-Aadez> vit, Hil prt> pdaNte c The hkar of a dhtu that begins with a dkar is replaced by xkar when a Hl follows or it is at the end of a pd Note : This is an Apvad to haeF> 8.2.31
V Of a root beginning with dkar, the "kar is the substitute of hkar before a Hl letter or when final in a pd -- incomplete -% h - daeGxa, daeGxum!, daeGxVym!, pdaNte - kaxk, gaexuk dkarade> xatae> hkarSy "kar-Aadez> vit Hil prt> pdaNte c, dGxa, dGxum!, dGxVym!, kaxk, daeGxa, daeGxum!, daeGxVym!, gaexuk, dade> #it ikm! ? leFa, leFum!, leFVym!, k a gufilq, xatae> #it daidsmanaixkr[m! @td n, ik< tihR ? tize;[m! Avyv;(Ntm! - xatae> Avyv> y> daid> zBd> tdyvSy hkarSy #it, ik< kt< vit ? AxaeigTyaip "kar> is vit, kw< daeGxa, daeGxum! #it ? Vypdeizvd avat! (pira;a - pira;eNzeorSwa 30), Awva xatUpdeze y> daid> #Tyev< iv}ayte, twa c damilhm! #CDit damilit, damilte> iKvp! Tyy> damilifTyaip n vit, I f 09.03.2006 - 1100 s U Anudaaepdez-vnit-tnaeTyadInamnunaisklaepae Hil iK'it 6.4.37 //S2428
A ASy,6,1, 6.4.1 p Anudaaepdez-vnit-tnaeTyadInam!,6,3, Anunaisk,6,1, 0 laep>,7,1, Hil,7,1, iK'it,7,1, A Anudaaepdez-vnit-tnaeTyadInam! AnunaiskSy ASy laep> Hil iK'it
Anudaaepdez-vnit-tnaeTyadInam! = Aanam! (ANTySy) ASy laep> HladaE iK'it Anuda te %pdeza Anudaaepdeza>, kmRxary>, tnaeitraidyeR;a< te tnaeTydy>, bIih>, s vnit tnaeTyady AnudaaepdezvnittnaeTydy> te;a<, < < < #tretrN>, iK'it #Ty pUvRvt! smasae }ey> v Anudaaepdez-vnit-tnaeTyadInam! Anunaisk ANtana< vnte> tnaeTyadIna< c Aana< HladaE & iK'it Tyye prt> AnunaiskSy laep> vit The final nasal of the A - 1. that end in a nasal, 2. of those roots that mentioned with an Anuda in the xatupaQ, 3.of the root vn! (1C), 4. of the roots beginning with tnu (i.e. 8C); is dropped when a Tyy beginnig with Hl , which is iK't! follows T OR The nasal of the following is dropped when a Hlaid iK'it Tyy follows in the cases listed below 1. 2. 3. Roots having Anuda-Svr in the xatupaQ The Roots are - vn! / vnu of the first conjugation Roots are of the eighth conjugation
The final nasal of those roots which in the xatupaQ have an unaccented root-vowel, as well as of vn and tn etc., is V elided before an affix beginning with a consonant (except a semi-vowel or nasal), when these have an indicatory k or ' Thus - ymu gives us yTva (with Tva), yt> (with ), ytvan! (with vtu), yit> (with in!), Similarly, rmu gives us rTva, rt>, rtvan! , rit>, ym!, rm!, nm!, gm!, hn!, mn! which end in a nasal are to be considered as unaccented roots, though taught as accented in the xatupaQ, So also of vn! i.e. vit> with in!; with ic! the nasal is not elided as viNt ; 6.4.39; and beofer Hlaid affixes - v, retains nkar as all those affixes take the augment #q, The tnaid roots belong to the eight class. Thus tt>, ttvan!, The tnaid are roots are ten are in number - tn!, sn!, ][!, i][!, \[!, t&[!, "&[!, vn!, mn!, k|!, "&tvan!, vn! - vt>, vtvan!, mn! - mt>, mtvan!, Why do we say 'before i't! affix' ? Observe - Att, Atwa>, (il'iscavaTmnepde;u 1.2.11. These affixes are i't!). So also not in zaNt>, zaNtvan!, taNt>, taNtvan!, daNt>, daNtvan! , not being Anuda in xatupaQ, If the root does not end in a nasal, the rule does not apply, as in pKv>, pKvvan!, If the affix does not being with a Hl consonant, the rule does not apply: as gMyte, rMyte, If the affix is not ikt! or i't! the rule does not apply, as yNta, yNtVym!, Why do we say 'Anuda by %pdez>' ? So that the rule may apply to gm! root as git> but not to zm! as zaNt>, zaNtvan!, For git> is formed by in! affix and is accented with %da on the first, but it is a secondary %da and not of %pdez or xatupaQ, and does not prevent of elision of mkar or gm!, Similarly, zm! is %da %pdez though in zaNt it has become Anuda, The former though taught in the xatupaQ as %da has been specifically mentioned above Anuda, and zm! is taught as %da in the xatupaQ and nowhere else taught as Anuda % Anuda-%pdezanam! - ym! - yTva, yt>, ytvan!, yit>. rmu - rTva, rt>, rtvan!, rit>. vnte> - vit> tnaeTyidnam! - tt>, ttvan!. ][u - ]t>, ]tvan!. \[u - \t>, \tvan!. i'it - Att, Atwa> Of these sn! takes long Aa also sn> iic laepaSyaNytrSyam! 6.4.45. ][! - ]t>, ]tvan!, \[! - \t>, \tvan!, t&[! - t&t>, t&tvan!, "&[! - "&t>,
k Anuda-%pdezanam! Anunaisk-ANtnam!-1 Aana< vnte>-tnaeTyidnam! c laep>-2 vit HladaE a iK'it Tyye prt>, ymu - yTva, yt>, ytvan!, yit>, rmu - rTva, rt>, rtvan!, rit>, Anudaaepdeza> AnunaiskaNta> yimrimnimgimhinmNyTy>, vnit - vit>, in> pm! #tt!, iic tu - n iic dI"R
6.4.39 #it vit, ANy HladaE #qa ivtVym!, tnaeTyady> - tt>, ttvan!, snaete> AaTv< vyit jnsnona< sHlae> 6.4.42, ][u - ]t>, ]tvan!. \[u - \t>, \tvan!. t&[! - t&t>, t&tvan!, "&[! - "&t>, "&tvan!, vn! - vt>, vtvan!, mn! - mt>, mtvan!, i'it - Att, Atwa>, Anudaaepdez-vnittnaeTyadInam! #it ikm! ? zaNt>, zaNtvan!, taNt>, taNtvan!, daNt>, daNtvan!, AnunaiskSy #it ikm! ? pKv>, pKvvan!, Hl #it ikm! ? gMyte, rMyte, iK'it #it ikm! ? yNta, yNtVym!, %pdezh[m! ikm! ? #h c wya Syat! - git>, #h c ma Ut! - zaNt> zaNtvan! #it. I f Anudaaepdez-vnit-tnaeTyadInam! Anunaisk laep> 6.4.40
12.03.2006 - 1100 s U hae hNtei[Re;u 7.3.54 //S358
A k,1,1, 7.3.52 ASy,6,1, 6.4.1 p h>,6,1 hNte>,6,1, i[e;u,7,3, A 1, hNte> ASy h> k i|it i[it 2, hNte> h> k ne
s | [ [aE, [aE #taE ye;a< te i[t>, NgRbIih>, i[t n i[a>, te;u #tretrN> v & hNte> hkarSy Swane kvgR Aadez> vit, i|it i[it Tyye prt> nkare c The hkar of the root hn! is replaced by kvgR when a 1. T 2. 3. i|t! Tyy follows i[t! Tyy follows nkar follows
the hkar of the hn! immediately V A guttural is substituted for the hkar in hn! before an affix having an indicatory |kar or [kar and before nkar As "atyit with i[c! , "itka> with {vul , saxu" isn! with #|! , "at"atm! with [mul , "at> with "|! , iNt, Ntum! and An! before mkar, Why do we specify hkar ? Otherwise the substitute would replace the final letter. Why 'of hn!' ? Observe - har>, hark>, [kar & |kar qualify the affixes, and nkar means the nkar of hn! which becomes joined with hkar when the intermediate hkar is dropped. This nkar comes in immediate contact with hkar because it is heard in pronouncing, and in writing. If the elided Akar be considered as SwanIvt! then hkar can never be followed by nkar for there will exist the intervention of this letter A, by virtue of the special text of this stra, such an elided A should not be considered as an intervention. And if |, [, n be all considered as qualifying the hkar of hn! , still on the maxim yen naVyvxan< ten Vyvihte=ip vcnama{yat! therefore [kar or |kar are considered to come after hkar, though a portion of the root intervenes. But not so here., hnnimCDit hnnIyit, add {vul to this demonitative root, and we have hnnayk> % i|it - "atae vtRte. i[it - "atyit, "atk>, saxu"atI, "at<"atm!. nkare - iNt, Ntu, An! k hNte> hkarSy kvgR Aadez> vit, i|it i[it Tyye prt> nkare c, "atyit, "atk>, saxu"atI, "at<"atm, a "atae vtRte, nkare - iNt, Ntu, An!, h #it ikm! ? Alae=NtSy ma Ut!, hNte> #it ikm! ? har>, hark>, i[TTyy hNte> ivze;[m!, nkar> hkarSy - nkare AnNtrSy hiNt-hkarSy #it, tt! canNty s<inpat-ktm!-1 AaIyte, SwanIvd-avzakt< tu yd AnanNty td Aiv"atkm! , vcnsamWyaRt!, y*it svER> @v i[E> hiNt-hkar> iviz:yte twaip ' yen naVyvxan< ten Vyvihte=ip
vcnama{yat! (VyafIypira;a 46)' #it i[it xatu-Avyven Vyvihte Aip sit vit, #h tu n vit hnnimCDit, hnnIyit, hnnIyte{vuRl hnnIyk> #it.
1 - At> pUv muite;u - uitktm! - #it paQ AnavZyk>, sipatktm! #it uitktm! #TywR> - #it NyaspdmyaeRVyaROyatTvat!,
I f s U p A s v & T V % k a I f The root vowel of gm! , hn! , jn! , on! and "s! is elided before an affix beginning with a vowel, when it has an indicatory k or '; but not before the Aorist affix A' h> 7.3.56 hNte> 7.3.56 yen naVyvxan< ten Vyvihte=ip vcnama{yat!
gmhnjnon"sa< laep> iK'Tyni' 6.4.98 //S2363
A Aic,7,1, -0-0--- %pxaya,6,1, 6.4.89 ASy,6,1, 6.4.1
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` sh na?vvtu, sh naE? un, sh vIy? krvavhE, tejiSv navxI?tmStu ma iv?i;avhE?, ` zaiNt/> zaiNt/> zaiNt?>.

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 09:10 Hrs.

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 09:10 Hrs.

11 6.1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 2 2 2 6.2 6.3 7.1 7.2 7.3 8 9.1 9.2 1 1 1 1

A # % \ @ Aae @e AaE h y v r l~ | m ' [ n H 2 " F x j b g f d z! h y v r l~ | m ' [ n H " F x j b g f d z! v r l~ | m ' [ n H " F x j b g f d z! H " F x j b g f d z!

0 0.1 1 0.2 2 0.3 3 0.4

5 4 6 semi-vowels + all class consonants

y v r l~ | m ' [ n H g F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q 2 t k p y! 9 2 4 2 0 1 0 2 2 3 1 3 8 3 9 + 33 = 42 v[Rmala Vyn A"ae;

my! m ' [ n H " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t k p y! Hy! H " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t k p y! oy! yr o ) D Q w c q t k p y!

I, II, III, IV of the class hard consonants all consonants except h

all letters of the alphabet all the class consonants

Hl H " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t k p z ; s h l zl z ; s h l #it pai[in Tyahar.

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 09:10 Hrs.

is isaNt kaEmuid l % f l"uisaNt kaEmuid %dahr[m! carry forward

23.10.2004 - 1100 Swane=Ntrtm> 1.1.50 /S39

A Swane,7,1, 1.1.49 p Swane,7,1, ANtrtm>,1,1, A Swane,7,1, ANtrtm>,1,1,

12. AaSy or Swanm! 13. Aa_yNtr ym! 14. ba-ym!

= the point of articulation = internal effort = external effort

pak>, Tyj! + "|!

26.10.2004 - 1100 s U ywas<Oym! Anudez> smanam! 1.3.10 /S128

I pira;a-sU. f -28.10.2004 - 1100 s U @cae=yvayav> 6.1.78 /S61

Aadgu[> 6.1.87 /S69

sui'Ntm! pdm! 1.4.14 /S29

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 09:10 Hrs.

su - AaE - js! - Am! - AaEq -

ivi ktaR kmR kr[m! ne kae se, ke ara

D AaE _yam ! _yam ! _yam !

P js! zs! is! _ys! _ys! Aa m! s up!

sMdanm! ke ilye, kae Apadanm! sMbNxm! Aixkr[m! se ka, ke, kI me<, pr

who's (relationship) where (in, on), (place of action)

's! Aaes! i' Aaes!

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 09:10 Hrs.

was! Aawam! Xvm! #q

#Tyete Aadza> Aadeza> viNt

lkar lq III II I l' III II I ivixil' S it is im S t s! As! S

prSmEpd D ts! ws! vs! D tam! tm! v D P AiNt w ms! P An! t m P

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 09:10 Hrs.

III II I l&' III II I is

pira;a-sU. -File : 8643430.doc Page # 19 of 82 Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 09:10 Hrs.

sna*Nta> xatv> 3.1.32 / S2304

10. yk 11. Aay 12. $y' 13. i['

I s<}a-sU. (Derived / Secondary Roots) R see Uvady> xatv> 1.3.1 f s U --

Tyy> 3.1.1 / S180

A -p Tyy>,1,1, A Tyy> s -v & #t> Ae Aa pmaXyay - pirsmae>,5,1, #it s<]aTven Aixiyte

k kit-%ppd-%paix-ivkar-Aagman! vjRiyTva Tyy-s<}a vit

ivkLPyte. I pira;a-sU. f pr 5.1.160

17.12.2004 - 1100 A s U ySmat! Tyyivix> tdaid Tyye Am! 1.4.13 /S199

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 09:10 Hrs.

ivixil' AazIilR '

General past tense

kmRi[-yaeg>- The lkar denotes the kmR object of the action

20.12.2004 - 1100 s U l> kmRi[ c ave c AkmRke_y> 3.4.69 /S2152

xatae> 3.1.91 /S2829

t'anaE AaTmnepdm! 1.4.100 /S2156

24.12.2004 - 1100 s U it'Ii[ Ii[ wm-mXym-%m> 1.4.101 /S2160

tain @kvcn-ivcn-bvcnain @kz> 1.4.102 S2161

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 09:10 Hrs.

yu:m*uppde smanaixkr[e SwainNyip mXym> 1.4.105 /S2162

25.12.2004 s U ASm*um> 1.4.107 /S2164

ze;e wm> 1.4.108 /S2165

% vit, nyit, Svipit, raeidit, pvman> yjman> k a f s U v

AaxRxatuk< ze;> 3.4.114 /S2187

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 09:10 Hrs.

29.12.2004 - 1100 s U lSy 3.4.77 /S2153