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1 2012@JEK/FKEE
Outlines
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Introduction Important Definitions in Lighting Laws of Illumination Types of lamps and their characteristics Electrical Lighting Design Requirements of Proper Lighting
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Introduction
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Light is just one portion of the various electromagnetic waves flying through space which have both frequency and length.
Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
Energy consumption via lighting systems is significant. g y The global electricity consumption for lighting in 2005 is estimated at 3418 TWh (terawatthours), i.e. 19% of total global electricity consumption.
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Introduction
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Today the global light production (in lumen) can be on the b divided di id d as follows f ll th different sectors:
44 % for lighting of commercial and public building, 29 % for industrial lighting, 15 % for f residential id ti l lighting, li hti 12 % outdoor lighting (streets, security, road signs and car parks).
Introduction
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to provide the right quantity of light. to provide the right quality of light.
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Luminance (cd/m2) Measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through h h or is i emitted i d from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle.
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Uniformity
The uniformity of illuminance describes how evenly light spreads over an area. Non-uniform illuminance creates bright and dark spots, which can distract and discomfort some occupants.
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Glare
Gl i a sensation i caused d by b relatively l i l bright b i h objects bj i an Glare is in occupants field of view. The key word is relative, because glare is most probable when bright objects are located in front of dark environments.
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Colour Rendering
g of a light g source is an indicator for its The colour rendering ability of realistically reproducing the colour of an object. Colour rendering is given as an index between 0 and 100, where lower values indicate poor colour rendering and higher ones good colour rendering. Other index used is 1A (extremely good), 1B (Very good), 2 (Moderate), 3 (Low), and 4 (Little or almost none).
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Laws of Illumination
Inverse Square Law Defines the relationship between the illuminance from a point source and distance. y Lamberts Cosine Law g on any y States that the illuminance falling surface varies as the cosine of the incident angle, .
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Example 1:
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I=
F D12
I'=
D2
F cos 2 D2
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Example:
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10m
1 2
7m
D 2.5m
15m
C is the midway between the lamps. Calculate the illumination on the floor at positions C.
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Types of lamps
Incandescent lamps Tungsten Halogen Lamps T H l L Fluorescent lamps High pressure sodium lamps Low pressure sodium lamps Mercury vapour Metal halide Blended lamps LED lamps
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HID lamps
Incandescent Lamps
Efficiency: 70 90 % of energy converted into heat. Bulb contains vacuum or gas filling Efficacy: 12 lumen / Watt Color rendering g index: 1A Color temperature: 2500 2700 K Lamp life <2000 hrs
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Tungsten filament and a halogen gas filled bulb Tungsten atoms evaporate from the hot filament and move to cooler wall of bulb Efficacy: 18 lumens/Watt Color rendering index: 1A Color temperature: warm Lamp life < 4000 hrs
Advantages: More compact Longer life More and whiter light
Fluorescent Lamps
STEP 2 The impact diverts the electron of the
mercury atom out of its orbit. When it snaps back place, into to p ace, ultra-violet u t a v o et radiations ad at o s are a e produced. p oduced.
ELECTRODE
When the ultra-violet radiations reach the phosphor crystal, the impulse travels to one of the active centers in the crystal and here an action similar to that described in Step 2 takes place. This time, however, visible light is produced.
STEP 3
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types (T12, , T8 and T5) ) differing g T10, in diameter and efficiency efficient at ambient temperature of 20-30 oC,
Most
Features: Halo-phosphate Efficacy 80 lumens/Watt (HF gear increases this by 10%) Color Rendering Index 2-3 Color Temperature Any Lamp Life 7-15,000 hours Tri-phosphor Efficacy 90 lumens/Watt Color Rendering Index 1A-1B Color Temperature Any Lamp Life 7-15,000 hours
Compact C
Used in outdoor and industrial applications ballast high high- voltage electronic Consist of: ballast, starter, ceramic arc tube, xenon gas filling, sodium, mercury No starting electrodes High efficacy: 60 80 lumen/Watt Color rendering index: 1 - 2 Color temperature: warm Lamp life < 24,000 hrs
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Commonly included in the HID family Highest 100 - 200 lumen/Watt Hi h t efficacy: ffi l /W tt Poorest quality light: colors appear black, white or grey shades Limited to outdoor applications C Color rendering index: 3 Color temperature: yellow Lamp life < 16,000 hours
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Oldest HID lamp Consists of: arc tube with mercury and argon gas and quartz envelope, third electrode, outer phosphor coated bulb, outer glass envelope Long life and low initial costs Very poor efficacy: 30 65 lumens/Watt Color rendering index: 3 Color temperature: intermediate Lamp life: 16000 24000 hours
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Works similar to tungsten halogen lamps g , size and rating g Largest choice of color, Better efficacy than other HID lamps: 80 lumen/Watt Require high voltage ignition pulse but some have third electrode for starting Color rendering index: 1A 2 Color temperature: 3000 6000 K Lamp life: 6000 20,000 hours
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Blended Lamps
Two-in-one: 2 light sources in 1 gas filled bulb Q Quartz mercury y discharge g tube Tungsten filament
Suitable for flame proof areas Fit into incandescent lamps fixtures Efficacy: 20 30 lumen/Watt Lamp life < 8000 hours High power factor: 0.95 Typical rating: 160 W
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LED Lamps
Newest type of energy efficient lamp yp Two types: red-blue-green array phosphor-coated blue lamp Emit visible light in a very narrow spectrum and can produce white light U d in Used i exit it signs, i traffic t ffi signals, i l and d the technology is rapidly progressing Significant energy savings: 82 93% Longest lamp life: 40,000 100,000 hours
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Reflectors
Impact how much light reaches area and distribution pattern Diffuse reflectors: 70-80% reflectance but declining in time Painted or powder coated white finish
Specular reflectors: 85-96% 96% reflectance and less decline in time 85 Polished or mirror-like Not suitable for industrial open-type strip fixtures
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Gear
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Comparing Lamps
Type of Lamp Lumens / Watt
Avg. Range Incandescent 8-18 14
Typical Application
Life (Hours)
1000
Homes, restaurants, general lighting, emergency lighting Offices, shops, hospitals, homes
Fluorescent Lamps
46-60
50
5000
40-70
60
8000-10000
44-57
50
Fair
General lighting in factories, garages, car parking, ki flood fl d lighting Display, flood lighting, stadium exhibition grounds, construction areas General lighting in factories, ware houses, street lighting Roadways, tunnels, canals, street lighting
5000
Halogen lamps
18-24
20
Excellent
2000-4000
High pressure sodium (HPSV) SON Low pressure sodium (LPSV) SOX
67-121
90
Fair
6000-12000
101175
150
Poor
6000-12000
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General Lighting for rooms and areas used either infrequently and/or casual or simple visual tasks
450 1500
3000
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Example 3
An industrial plant has an incandescent lighting load of comprising 100 Nos. of 60 W and 140 Nos. of 100 W. Calculate the energy savings if each incandescent load is replaced by 1 X 40W fluorescent load. Lighting is required for 4000 hours/year and the cost of electricity is RM 0.22 per kWh. Replacement cost is RM 13.5 per unit consider ballast consumption as 15 W.
Given data: 100 W incandescent lamp 60 W incandescent lamp 40 W Fluorescent lamp = = = 2200 lumens 1320 lumens 2400 lumens
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Solution
Power required by existing incandescent lamps = 100 x 60 + 140 x 100 = 6000 +14000 =20.0 kW. One 40 W fluorescent lamp each will be required to replace one 100 W incandescent and two of 60 W lamps (as observed from given data). we require 140 nos. of 40W fluorescent lamps (to replace 100 W incandescent lamps) and 50 Nos. of 40 watts fluorescent lamps (to replace 60W incandescent lamps). T l number Total b of f Fluorescent Fl l lamps required d = 50 + 140 = 190 Nos. Power required for one of fluorescent lamp is 55 W (including conventional ballast power)
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Solution
Power required for total fluorescent load = 190 x 55 W = 10.45 kW Annual Energy Savings = (20 10.45) x 4000 = 38,200 kWh Annual cost savings = 38,200 x RM 0.22 = RM 8404.00 Replacement cost = 190 x RM13.5/unit = RM2565.00 Simple payback period = (RM 2565.00/ RM 8404.00) X 12 = 4 months
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Methods of Lighting
normally for checking use only. According to the watts/m2 of area to be illuminated. illuminated
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Lumen Method
Lumens received on the working plane UF = N W OR = N W UF MF DF
N W UF DF MF
= number of lamps = wattage of each lamp = efficacy ff of f each hl lamp (l (lumens/watt) / ) = utilisation factor = depreciation factor = maintenance factor
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Utilisation Factor
UF = Lumens reaching the working plane Total lumens given out by the lamps
SemiIndirect Lighting
Indirect Lighting
Direct Lighting
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Depreciation Factor
DF = Illumination under ideally clean conditions Illumination under normal working conditions
reflector lamp
Wall
Maintenance Factor
The ratio of illumination on a given area after a period of time to the initial illumination on the same area. Lighting efficiency is seriously impaired by blackened lamps, by lamp life, and by dirt on the lamp reflecting surfaces of the luminaire. The losses are due to the physical changes on lamps, reflecting and transmitting surfaces, ceiling and walls. T i l value Typical l i is about b t0 0.8. 8
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Example 4
A lecture hall with dimension of 12 m long and 10 m wide is to be illuminated and the illuminance required is 350 Lux. Assuming a depreciation factor of 1.2 and utilisation factor of 0.6 for the lighting scheme design. If 36 W fluorescent lamps (75 l lumens/ / watt) ) were to be b used, d calculate the number of fluorescent lamps required.
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Solution
Area = 12 m x 10 m = 120 m2. Total lumens required = 350 lux x 120 m2 = 42,000 lumens. 1 x 36 W Fluorescent lamp = 75 lumens/W x 36 W = 2700 lumens. Gross lumens output by the lamps: = 42,000 x (1.2/0.6) = 84,000 lumens. Nos of lamps = 84,000/2700 32 lamps.
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