You are on page 1of 3

SF and BM diagrams

Page 1 of 3

Chapter 4: Shear forces and bending moments The main objective of this chapter is to determine the variation of the internal actions of the beams in the form of shear forces and bending moments. Once the shear forces and bending moment are known, we can then establish the stress-force relation and displacement-force relations to compute the induced stresses, strains, and deflections. The investigation of stresses, strains and deflection will be discussed in the later chapters. Finding the shear forces and bending moments is an essential step in the design of any beam. We usually need to know not only the maximum values of these quantities, but also the manner in which they vary along the axis. Types of beams: Simply supported beam a beam with a pin support at one end and a roller support at the other. Cantilever beam: a beam which is fixed at one end and free at the other. Beam with an overhang: this beam is simply supported at two points but it also projects beyond the support at one end. Types of loads: Concentrated load, a load which applies over a very small area. When a load is spread along the axis of a beam, it is expressed as a distributed load, this type of load is measured by its intensity, which is expressed as Newtons per meter. A uniformly distributed load has constant intensity q per unit meter and a linearly varying load has an intensity that varies linearly from q1 to q2. The sign conventions: Distributed loads and concentrated loads are positive when they act downward on the beam and negative when they act upward. A couple acting as a load on a beam is positive when it is counterclockwise and negative when it is clockwise. (Refer to lecture for diagrams) Relationships between loads, shear forces and bending moments. : These relationships are quite useful when investigating the shear forces and bending moments throughout the entire length of a beam, and they are particularly useful when constructing shear-force and bending-moment diagrams. We note the following dV = q and differential equations from the static equilibrium consideration. dx dM = V . The function for V is one degree higher to that of q, and the function dx for M is one degree higher than that of V. Thus, Thus if q is a point load, then V is a linear function and M is a quadratic function. If q is a linear function, then V is quadratic and M is cubic. Shear force and bending moment for a beam with a concentrated load. (Refer to lecture for detailed discussion.) Certain characteristics of the shear-force and bending moment diagrans. At the point of application of the load P there is an abrupt change in the shearforce diagram(equal I magnitude to the load P). In the region of constant shear force, the slope dV/dx of the shear-force diagram is zero. In the same region, the slope dM/dx of the bending moment diagram is equal to V.

SF and BM diagrams

Page 2 of 3

For any interval along the beam, the area of the shear-force diagram represents the increase (or decrease) in bending moment between the same interval. For a simply supporting ends, the bending moments at both ends must be zero, then the area of the shear-force diagram between the ends of the beam musth be zero. (Provided that there is no couple.)

Relation between a shear force diagram and a load diagram. dV = q : The rate of change of the shear force at any point on the axis of the beam dx is equal to the negative of the intensity of the distributed load at that same point. For a shear force diagram, the gradient at any point on the curve equals to the negative of the intensity of the distributed load at that same point.
B

If there is distributed load on a segment of the beam (q = 0 ) and the shear force is constant in that part of the beam. If the distributed load is uniform along part of the beam ( q = constant ), then shear force changes linearly in that part of the beam. dv = qdx = -(area of the loading diagram between A and B).
A B

The change in shear force between two points along the axis of the beam is equal to the negative of the total downward load between those points. Relation between a bending moment diagram and a shear force diagram dM = V This equation shows that the rate of change of the bending moment at any dx on the axis of a beam is equal to the shear force at that same point. For a bending moment diagram, the gradient at any point equals to the shear force at that same point.

dM = Vdx = (area of the shear-force diagram between A and B)


A

The change in bending moment between two points along the axis of the beam is equal to the area of the shear force diagram between those two points.

SF and BM diagrams

Page 3 of 3

You might also like