Experiment No.

Aim: To measure fluid flow over (a) V-notch (b) Rectangular notch and to find out its co-efficient of discharge (Cd).

Practical significance: In actual practice quantity of liquid flow can be measured by using a notch or weir. Here, notch is put to measure flow of water in canal. The amount of water supplied to the fields of farmers can be measured by putting weirs in canal. Amount of water flowing from the dam can also be measured by weirs. Prerequisite Theoretical Background: Following devices are used to measure the discharge of liquid 1) Orifice 2) Notch 3) Weir Orifice: an opening in a vessel through which the liquid flows out is known as an orifice. This hole or opening is called as orifice, so long as level of the liquid on the upstream side is above the top of the orifice. The usual purpose of an orifice is the measurement of flow. Notch: A notch may be defined as an opening in one side of a tank or a reservoir with the upstream liquid level below the top edge of the opening. Weir: A structure of dam at upstream or river, over which the water flows, is called a weir. The conditions of flow in case of a weir are practically the same as those of a rectangular notch. This is the reason why a notch is sometimes called a weir. The only difference between a notch and a weir is that the notch is of a small size, but a weir is of large size. Moreover, a notch is made in plate whereas a weir is made of masonry or concrete. In cases of a notch, top-edge of the notch above the liquid level serves o purpose; therefore a notch may have only bottom-edge and sides. The bottom edge, over which the fluid flows, is known as SILL or CREST of the notch and the sheet of liquid flowing over notch is known as Happer or Vein. There are many types of notches. Depending upon shape, the following are important. 1. Rectangular notch 2. V-notch or triangular notch. 3. Trapezoidal notch. Advantages of V-notch over rectangular notch 1. Only one reading i.e. head H is required for a given V-notch 2. A V-notch gives more accurate results for low discharge than a rectangular notch. 3. The same v-notch can measure a wide range of flows accurately.

Discharge Equation for a V-notch

Qact= 8/15 Cd (2g) tan /2 H 5/2

Discharge Equation for a Rectangular notch

Qact= 2/3 Cd b (2g) H 3/2 Where, Qact = actual discharge

Cd = Co-efficent of discharge g = gravitational acceleration H= Head of the notch i.e height of water above sill of the notch b= width of the notch Equipment required. 1. V-notch or Rectangular notch set-up 2. Stop watch 3. Hook gauge 4. Measuring tank 5. Ruler b

V-notch

Rectangular notch

Precautions: Reading must be taken when flow remains constant Reading of hook gauge must be taken up to two decimal points Before starting experiment check for sufficiency of water Procedure 1. Put the pointer of hook gauge at sill of the notch and take intial reading . 2. Start flow of water over the notch. 3. Adjust cock such that constant height of water over the notch is maintained. 4. Note initial height of water in measuring tank. Collect water in the measuring tank for certain time. Note final height of water in measuring tank. Also note time

5. put the pointer of hook gauge at the water level and note final reading of height of water 6. Repeat above steps for different steps. Observation Table: Sr . Notch reading initial final Difference H Measuring Tank reading Initial Final Diff. d Time t sec

Dimensions of notch:For a V- notch angle = for a rectangular notch b= Dimensions of measuring tank Length= l Width =- w

Calculations:
Area of measuring tank A= l x w Actual discharge = Q act = ( A X d )/ t

Theoretical discharge :
Discharge Equation for a V-notch

Qth = 8/15 (2g) tan /2 H 5/2

Discharge Equation for a Rectangular notch

Qth= 2/3 b (2g) H 3/2

Co-efficent of discharge :

Cd= Qact / Qth Conclusions.