Antibiotics by class

Generic name

Brand names

Common uses[2]

Possible side effects[2]

Mechanism of action

Aminoglycosides Binding to the bacterial 30S ri bosomal subun it (some work by binding to the 50S subuni t), inhibiting the translocation of Hearing the peptidylloss tRNA from the Vertigo A-site to the PKidney site and also damage causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.

Amikacin Gentamicin Kanamycin Neomycin Netilmicin Tobramycin

Amikin Garamycin Kantrex Neo-Fradin[3] Netromycin Nebcin Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli andKlebsiella p articularly Pseudom onas aeruginosa. Effective against Aerobic bacteria (not obligate/facultative anaerobes) and tularemia.

Paromomycin Humatin

Ansamycins Geldanamycin Herbimycin Experimental, as antitumor

antibiotics Carbacephem prevents bacterial cell division by inhibiting cell wall synthesis.

Loracarbef

Lorabid

Discontinued

Carbapenems Ertapenem Doripenem Invanz Doribax Bactericidal for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms and therefore useful for empiric broadspectrum antibacterial coverage. (Note MRSA resistance to this class.)

Imipenem/Cila Primaxin statin

Meropenem

Merrem

Gastroint estinal upset and diarrhea Nausea Inhibition of Seizures cell wall Headach synthesis e Rash and allergic reactions

Cephalosporins (First generation) Cefadroxil Duricef

Ancef Cefazolin (discontinued ) Good coverage against Gram Keflin Cefalotin or C (discontinued positive infections. efalothin ) Cefalexin Keflex

Gastroint estinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken concurre

Same mode of action as other betalactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglyc an layer of bacterial cell

ntly) walls. Allergic reactions

Cephalosporins (Second generation) Cefaclor Cefamandole Distaclor Mandol (discontinued ) Less gram positive Mefoxin cover, improved (discontinued gram negative ) cover. Cefzil Ceftin, Zinnat (UK)

Cefoxitin Cefprozil

Cefuroxime

Gastroint estinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken concurre ntly) Allergic reactions

Same mode of action as other betalactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglyc an layer of bacterial cell walls.

Cephalosporins (Third generation) Cefixime Cefdinir Cefditoren Suprax Omnicef, Cefdiel Spectracef

Improved coverage Cefobid of Gram negative Cefoperazone (discontinued organisms, ) except Pseudomon Cefotaxime Claforan as. Reduced Gram positive cover. Cefpodoxime Vantin Ceftazidime Ceftibuten Ceftizoxime Fortaz

Cedax Cefizox

Gastroint estinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken concurre ntly) Allergic reactions

Same mode of action as other betalactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglyc an layer of bacterial cell walls.

(discontinued ) Ceftriaxone Rocephin Cephalosporins (Fourth generation)

Cefepime

Maxipime

Covers pseudomonal infections.

Gastroint estinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken concurre ntly) Allergic reactions

Same mode of action as other betalactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglyc an layer of bacterial cell walls.

Cephalosporins (Fifth generation) Same mode of action as Gastroint other betalactam estinal upset antibiotics: and disrupt the diarrhea synthesis of Allergic the peptidoglyc reaction an layer of bacterial cell walls. Gastroint Same mode of estinal action as upset other beta-

Ceftaroline fosamil

Teflaro

Used to treat MRSA

Ceftobiprole

Zeftera

Used to treat MRSA

and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken concurre ntly) Allergic reactions

lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglyc an layer of bacterial cell walls.

Glycopeptides Teicoplanin Vancomycin Targocid (UK) Vancocin Active agaist aerobic and anaerobic Gram positive bacteria including MRSA; Vancomycin is used orally for the treatment of C. difficile Lincosamides Clindamycin Cleocin Serious staph-, pneumo-, and streptococcal infections in penicillin-allergic patients, also anaerobic infections; clindamycin topically for acne Lipopeptide Bind to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomal RNA thereby inhibiting protein synthesis

inhibiting pepti doglycan synth esis

Telavancin

Vibativ

Lincomycin

Lincocin

Possible C. difficilerelatedpseu domembran ous enterocolitis

Daptomycin

Cubicin

Grampositive organisms

Bind to the membrane and cause rapid depolarization, resulting in a loss of membrane potential leading to inhibition of protein, DNA and RNA synthesis

Macrolides Azithromycin Zithromax,Su mamed,Xithr one

Streptococcal Clarithromycin Biaxin infections, syphilis, Dynabac upper respiratory Dirithromycin (discontinued tract ) infections, lower Erythocin,Ery respiratory tract Erythromycin infections, mycopla throped smal Roxithromycin infections, Lyme disease Tao Troleandomyci (discontinued n )

Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (especial ly at higher doses) Prolonge d QT interval (especial ly erythrom ycin) Jaundice

Telithromycin

Ketek

Pneumonia

Visual Disturbance , Liver

inhibition of bacterial protei n biosynthesis b y binding reversibly to the subunit 50S of the bacterial riboso me, thereby inhibiting translocation of peptidyl tRNA.

Toxicity.[4] Spectinomycin Trobicin Spiramycin Gonorrhea

Rovamycine Mouth infections Monobactams Same mode of action as other betalactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglyc an layer of bacterial cell walls. Nitrofurans

Aztreonam

Azactam

Furazolidone

Furoxone

Bacterial or protozoal diarrhe a or enteritis

Nitrofurantoin

Macrodantin, Urinary tract Macrobid infections Penicillins

Amoxicillin

Novamox,Am oxil

Ampicillin Azlocillin Carbenicillin

Wide range of Principen infections; penicillin (discontinued used ) for streptococcal infections, syphilis, andLyme disease Geocillin (discontinued

Gastroint estinal upset and diarrhea Allergy with seriousa naphylac

Same mode of action as other betalactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglyc

) Cloxacillin Tegopen (discontinued ) Dynapen (discontinued ) Floxapen(Sol d to European generics Actavis Group) Mezlin (discontinued ) Staphcillin (discontinued ) Unipen (discontinued ) Prostaphlin (discontinued ) Pentids (discontinued ) Veetids (PenVee-K) (discontinued

Dicloxacillin

tic an layer of reactions bacterial cell Brain walls. and kidney damage (rare)

Flucloxacillin

Mezlocillin

Methicillin

Nafcillin

Oxacillin

Penicillin G

Penicillin V

) Piperacillin Penicillin G Pipracil (discontinued ) Pfizerpen Negaban (UK) (discontinued ) Ticar (discontinued ) Penicillin combinations Amoxicillin/cla Augmentin vulanate Ampicillin/sulb Unasyn actam Piperacillin/taz Zosyn obactam Ticarcillin/clav Timentin ulanate Polypeptides Eye, ear or bladder infections; usually applied directly to the eye or inhaled into the lungs; rarely given by injection, although the use of Inhibits isopren yl Kidney and pyrophosphate nerve , a molecule damage that carries the (when given building blocks by injection) of the peptidoglyc The second component prevents bacterial resist ance to the first component

Temocillin

Ticarcillin

Bacitracin

Colistin

intravenous colistin is experiencing a resurgence due to the emergence Coly-Mycin-S of multi drug resistantorganisms.

an bacterial cel l wall outside of the inner membrane [5] Interact with the gram negative bacte rial outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane. It displaces bacterial counter ions, which destabilizes the outer membrane. They act like a detergent against the cytoplasmic membrane, which alters its permeability. Polymyxin B and E are bactericidal even in an isosmotic solution.

Polymyxin B

Quinolones

Ciprofloxacin Enoxacin Gatifloxacin Levofloxacin Lomefloxacin Moxifloxacin Nalidixic acid Norfloxacin Ofloxacin Trovafloxacin

Cipro,Ciproxi n, Ciprobay Penetrex Tequin Levaquin Maxaquin Avelox NegGram Noroxin Floxin, Ocuflox Trovan Withdrawn Withdrawn Withdrawn Withdrawn Sulfonamides Urinary tract infections, bacterial prostatitis, communityacquiredpneumonia , bacterial diarrhea,mycoplas mal infections, gonorrhe a

Nausea (rare), irreversible damage to central nervous system(unc ommon), tendinosis (rare)

inhibit the bacterial DNA gyrase or the topoisomer ase IV enzyme, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and transcription.

Grepafloxacin Raxar Sparfloxacin Temafloxacin Zagam Omniflox

Mafenide

Sulfamylon

Sulfonamidoch rysoidine(arch Prontosil aic)

Urinary tract infections (except sulfacetamide, used Sulamyd, Sulfacetamide for eye infections, Bleph-10 and mafenide and Sulfadiazine Micro-Sulfon silver sulfadiazine, Silver used topically Silvadene sulfadiazine for burns) Thiosulfil Sulfamethizole Forte

Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea Allergy(i ncluding skin rashes) Crystals in urine Kidney failure

Folate synthesis inhibi tion. They are competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydr opteroate synthetase, DHPS. DHPS catalyses the conversion of PABA (para-

Sulfamethoxaz Gantanol ole Sulfanilimide ( archaic) Sulfasalazine Sulfisoxazole Azulfidine Gantrisin

Decreas e inwhite blood cellcount Sensitivit y to sunlight

TrimethoprimSulfamethoxaz Bactrim, ole(CoSeptra trimoxazole) (TMP-SMX)

aminobenzoat e) to dihydroptero ate, a key step in folate synthe sis. Folate is necessary for the cell to synthesize nuc leic acids (nucleic acids are essential building blocks of DNA and R NA), and in its absence cells will be unable to divide.

Tetracyclines Demeclocyclin Declomycin e

Syphilis, chlamydial Doxycycline Vibramycin infections, Lyme disease, mycoplas Minocycline Minocin mal infections, Oxytetracyclin Terramycin acnerickettsial infec e tions, *malaria *Note: Sumycin,Ach Malaria is caused by a protist and not Tetracycline romycin a bacterium. V, Steclin

Gastroint estinal upset Sensitivit y to sunlight Potential toxicity to mother and fetus during pregnan

inhibiting the binding of aminoacyltRNA to the mRNAribosomecompl ex. They do so mainly by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit in the mRNA

cy translation com Enamel plex. hypoplas ia (staining of teeth; potentiall y permane nt) transient depressi on of bone growth

Drugs against mycobacteria Clofazimine Dapsone Capreomycin Cycloserine Ethambutol Ethionamide Isoniazid Lamprene Avlosulfon Capastat Seromycin Myambutol Trecator I.N.H. Antileprotic Antileprotic Antituberculosis Antituberculosis, uri nary tract infections Antituberculosis Antituberculosis Antituberculosis Antituberculosis Reddishmostly Gramorange positive and mycob sweat, acteria tears, and urine Binds to the subunit of RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription Inhibits peptide synthesis

Pyrazinamide Aldinamide

Rifampicin (Rif Rifadin, ampin in US) Rimactane

Rifabutin

Mycobutin

Mycobacterium avium complex Antituberculosis Antituberculosis Others

rash, discolored urine, GI symptoms

Rifapentine Streptomycin

Priftin

As Neurotoxicit other aminogly y,ototoxicity cosides

Arsphenamine Salvarsan

Spirochaetal infecti ons (obsolete) Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome Inactivates eno lpyruvyl transferase, thereby blocking cell wallsynthesis

meningitis, MRSA, topical use, or for low cost internal Chlorampheni Chloromyceti treatment. Rarely: apla col n Historic: typhus,chol stic anemia. era. gram negative, gram positive,anaerobes

Fosfomycin

Monurol

Acute cystitis in women

Fusidic acid Linezolid

Fucidin Zyvox VRSA Infections caused by anaerobic bacteria; Thrombocyt openia Discolored Produces urine,heada toxic free che, metallic radicals which

Metronidazole Flagyl

also amoebiasis, tri taste, nause chomoniasis,Giardi a ;alcohol is asis contraindica ted

disrupt DNA and proteins. This nonspecific mechanism is responsible for its activity against a variety of bacteria, amoebae, and protozoa. Inhibits isoleucine tRNA synthetase (IleRS) causing inhibition of protein synthesis

Mupirocin

Bactroban

Ointment for impeti go, cream for infected cuts

Platensimycin Quinupristin/D Synercid alfopristin Rifaximin Xifaxan Traveler's diarrhea caused by E. coli Gramnegative, Grampositive, anaerobes. widely used in veterinary medicine. A Lacks chloramphenic known ol analog. May anemic inhibit bacterial side-effects. protein

Thiamphenicol

synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome Tigecycline Tigacyl upset stomach, protozoan infections bitter taste, and itchiness Urinary Tract Infections Common Uses
[2]

Tinidazole

Tindamax Fasigyn

Trimethoprim Generic Name

Proloprim, Trimpex Brand Names

Possible Side Effects[2]

Mechanism of action

[edit]References