THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER PROGRAM TRAFO.

EXE

USERS MANUAL
Comments:
1. This program is a DOS version. The registration file REGISTNO.BIN must be in the same directory as TRAFO.EXE to run it. In WINDOWS 2000, also having the FORTRAN file F77L.EER helps to get input/output error messages (e.g., when letters are in a field that should only have numbers). In WINDOWS XP, F77L.EER does not seem to help; the program just exits without creating output files in case of input/output errors. 2. The names for input and output files must not have more than 8 characters (DOS convention). 3. Real numbers are interpreted as they look, in contrast to what the manual says. Therefore, the user no longer has to know the FORTRAN E-edit descriptor. For example, the following three numbers will all be interpreted as 21.0 in a 6-column input field: 21 E00, 21 , .21E2 . Right-adjustment is not necessary for real and integer numbers. As before, integer numbers must not contain a period within the input field. 4. Comment lines are accepted if they start with either "C ", or "c " (one blank after C or c) in columns 1-2, or with "*" in column 1. 5. The program was written for the EMTP version MicroTran. However, it also works for the DCG/EPRI version EMTP96 of the EMTP, and probably also for the ATP, and creates the "punch file" in DCG/EPRI EMTP format, if the input file starts with a line with "XFORMER 44.". See the input file BCTRAN.DCG for DCG/EPRI and ATP use on the next page.

January 2002 Hermann W. Dommel Microtran Power System Analysis Corporation 4689 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, B. C., CANADA V6R 2R7

Example of input file for use with the MicroTran version of the EMTP (file TRAFOYYD.DAT); without comment lines
Test case for three-phase unit in Yyd-connection. 360. .428 300. 135.73 .428 300. 1132.79056 .2054666 H-1 H-2 H-3 263.393059 .0742333 L-1 L-2 L-3 3 50 .0822 T-1 T-2 T-2 T-1 1 20. 8.74 300. 7.3431941 300. 3 1 1 30. 8.68 76. 26.258183 300. 2 30. 5.31 76. 18.552824 300. 00 135.73 1 3 0

Example of input file for use with EMTP96 of DCG/EPRI (same case as for MicroTran); probably works for ATP as well (file BCTRAN.DCG)
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE C BENCHMARK DCNEW-8 C TEST OF "BCTRAN" 3-PHASE TRANSFORMER ROUTINE OF EMTP. THIS C PARTICULAR TEST CASE IS FROM HERMANN'S ORIGINAL UBC WRITEUP. C XFORMER card----------------------><-N XFORMER 44. C Excitation data I I C P I P C pos pos pos zero zero zero h T I r C Freq I S LOSS I S LOSS a e P i C excite excite excite excite excite excite s s u n C <---------<---------<---------<---------<---------<---------<---------<e<t<t<t 3 60. .428 300. 135.73 .428 300. 135.73 1 3-1 C Winding data Winding k C Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 C k<-Vkrating<-------Rk Bus1->Bus2->Bus3->Bus4->Bus5->Bus6-> 1 132.79056 .2054666 H-1 H-2 H-3 2 63.393059 .0742333 L-1 L-2 L-3 3 50. .0822 T-1 T-2 T-2 T-1 C Short circuit test data I C D I C pos pos zero zero e L C Z S Z S l o C ik rating ik rating t s C <k<------Pik<---------<---------<---------<---------<a<s 1 2 0. 8.74 300. 7.3431941 300. 3 1 1 3 0. 8.68 76. 26.258183 300. 2 3 0. 5.31 76. 18.552824 300. BLANK CARD TO TERMINATE THE SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST DATA BLANK CARD TO TERMINATE "XFORMER" DATA CASES BEGIN NEW DATA CASE BLANK

From lecture notes of H. W. Dommel on Transformers for EMTP Short Courses; April 2002. The ideas discussed here are not implemented in TRAFO.EXE
For three-phase units, add nonlinear inductances to lowest voltage winding of each phase, to represent core leg saturation. Three-phase units also have zero sequence exciting current Izero Ipositive (Zm-zero Zm-positive). Zero sequence magnetizing impedance of threelegged core design is very low (0.3 to 3 p.u. ?). More or less linear because of flux return through air gap. Add across high-voltage winding, and correct zero- sequence shortcircuit impedances in input for TRELEG , BCTRAN, TRAFO or similar support routines for its effect (A. Narang and R. H. Brierley, "Topology based magnetic model for steady-state and transient studies for three-phase core type transformers", IEEE Trans. Power Systems, Vol. 9, pp. 1337-1349, Aug. 1994). Above paper suggests a reasonably accurate representation of three-phase transformers as follows: o Assume that the zero sequence short-circuit impedances are identical to positive sequence values, except for influence of zero-sequence magnetizing impedance (0.3 p.u. in example above). o Model three-phase unit as three single-phase units, using positive sequence values. o If zero sequence exciting current is known, or can be estimated: Xmag-zero = 1/Iexciting-zero in p.u. o If zero sequence exciting current is not known, but zero sequence shortcircuit impedances are known: calculate Xmag-zero from differences between positive and zero sequence short-circuit impedances.

transformer - 7a

I did the latter for the three-phase three-winding transformer in that paper (I ignored the fact that is was an autotransformer; going from full to autotransformer windings may require further refinements): If I model it as three single-phase transformers, the errors in zero sequence would be XH-L = 7.5 %, XH-T = 11.4 %, XL-T = 4.6 %. If I add Xmag-zero = 291.9 % on high side with a value to have no error for H-T *), then the errors are XH-L = + 2.4 %, XH-T = 0 %, XL-T = -1.7 %. If I use TRELEG, BCTRAN, or TRAFO with positive and zero sequence data input, there would be no errors, but there would be no Zmag-zero. If the transformer from p. 6-31 of the EMTP Theory Book is modelled as three single-phase transformers, the errors in zero sequence would be XH-L = 16.1 %, XH-T = 23.5 %, XL-T = 11.6 %. If I add Xmag-zero = 111.5 % on high side with a value to have no error for H-T *), then the errors are XH-L = + 7.6 %, XH-T = 0 %, XL-T = -6.9 %. o Once Xmag-zero is known, convert it to seen from high side, and connect three coupled impedances across high side. In MicroTran and probably in other EMTP versions, this can be done with zero-sequence admittance = 1/Xmag-zero and positive sequence admittance = 0. Then Yself = Ymutual = Ymag-zero/3 with inverse reactance input. Historical note: adding a zero sequence magnetizing reactance Xmag-zero is very similar to adding a zero sequence reluctance R0 to the saturable transformer component, as implemented in the EMTP by Angel Perez (Spain) in 1974, except that R0 was added to the star point.

*) Windings H & L: wye-connected; winding T: delta-connected. If you make the error zero for H-L, both L and T would be shorted in the zero sequence test H-L, unless the delta winding is opened. This would have to be considered in finding Xmag-zero.

transformer - 7b