Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter6
CHEMICALREACTIONS
A chemicalreactionisarearrangement ofatomsinwhichsomeoftheoriginalbonds arebrokenandnewbondsareformed togivedifferentchemicalstructures. Inachemicalreaction,atomsareneithercreated,nordestroyed. A chemicalreaction,asdescribedabove,issupportedby Daltonspostulates.
Chemistry51
Chapter6
THECHEMICALEQUATION
A chemicalequation isashorthandexpressionforachemicalreaction. Wordequation: ChemicalEquation: Aluminumcombineswith ferricoxidetoform ironandaluminumoxide. Al+Fe2O3 Fe+Al2O3
2. Coefficientsareplacedinfrontofsubstancestobalance theequation:
3. Reaction conditionsareplacedoverthearrow:
D 2Al+ Fe2O 2Fe+A l 2O 3 3
4. Thephysicalstateofthesubstancesareindicatedbysymbols(s),(l),(g)and(aq):
D 2Al(s) +F e2O 3(s) 2Fe(l)+ A l2O 3 (s)
Chemistry51
Chapter6
WRITING&BALANCINGEQUATIONS
A balancedequationcontainsthesamenumberofatoms oneachsideoftheequation,and thereforeobeysthelawofconservationofmass. Manyequationsarebalancedby trialanderrorbutitmustberememberedthatcoefficients canbechangedinordertobalanceanequation,butnotsubscriptsofacorrectformula. Thegeneralprocedureforbalancingequationsis: 1. Writetheunbalancedequation Makesuretheformulaforeachsubstanceiscorrect
Reactant 1C 4H 2O =
Product 1C 2H 3O
Whenfinallydone,checkforthesmallestcoefficientspossible.
Chemistry51 Examples: 1)
Chapter6
AgNO3 +H2S Ag2S+HNO3 Ag Reactant Products ___AgNO3 +___H2S ___Ag2S+ ____HNO3 H S NO3
2)
Al(OH)3 +H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 +H2O Al Reactant Products ___Al(OH)3 +___H2SO4 ___Al2(SO4)3 +____H2O H O SO4
3)
4)
C4H10 +O2 CO2 +H2O C Reactant Products ___C4H10 +___O2 ___CO2 +___ H2O H O
Chemistry51
Chapter6
TYPESOFCHEMICALREACTIONS
Chemicalreactionsareclassifiedintofive types: 1. SynthesisorCombination
(A+BAB)
(ABA +B)
(A+BCB+AC )
Chemistry51
Chapter6
TYPESOFCHEMICALREACTIONS
4. DoubleReplacement
(AB+CDAD+BC)
Twocompoundsinteracttoformtwonewcompounds. Thesereactionswillbediscussedinmoredetaillaterinthischapter. 5. CombustionReactions: Areactionthatinvolvesoxygenasareactantandproduceslargeamountsofheat is classifiedasacombustionreaction. CH4 (g)+2O2 (g) CO2 (g)+ 2 H2O(g) Examples: Classifyeachofthereactionsbelow: 1. Mg+CuCl2 MgCl2 +Cu
2.
CaCO3 CaO+CO2
3.
4.
5.
4Fe+3O2 2Fe2O3
Chemistry51
Chapter6
DOUBLEREPLACEMENT REACTIONS
Doublereplacementreactionscanbesubdividedintooneofthefollowingsubgroups: 1. Precipitation: Inthesereactionsoneoftheproductsformedisaninsolublesolidcalledaprecipitate. Forexample,whensolutionsofpotassiumchromate,K2CrO4 ,andbariumnitrate, Ba(NO3)2 ,arecombinedaninsolublesaltbariumchromate,BaCrO4 ,isformed. K2CrO4 (aq)+Ba(NO3)2 (aq) BaCrO4 (s)+2KNO3 (aq) Precipitate ThesereactionswillbefurtherdiscussedinChapter8 2. Neutralization: Themostimportantreactionofacidsandbasesiscalledneutralization.Inthese reactionsanacidcombineswithabasetoformasaltandwater.Forexample:
Saltsareionic substanceswiththecationdonatedfromthebaseandtheanion donatedfromtheacid. Inthelaboratory,neutralization reactionsareobservedby anincreaseintemperature(exothermicreaction). 3. Unstableproduct: Somechemicalreactionsproducegasbecauseoneoftheproductsformedinthe reactionisunstable. Twosuchproductsarelistedbelow: Carbonicacid Sulfurousacid H2CO3 (aq) CO2 (g)+H2O(l) H2SO3 (aq) SO2 (g)+H2O(l)
Chemistry51
Chapter6
DOUBLEREPLACEMENTREACTIONS
Examples: Completeandbalanceeachneutralizationreactionbelow: 1. HNO3 (aq)+Ba(OH)2 (aq)
2. H2SO4 (aq)+NaOH(aq)
3. HC2H3O2 (aq)+KOH(aq)
Completeandbalancetheunstableproductreactionshownbelow:
Chemistry51
Chapter6
OXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTIONS
Reactionsknownasoxidationandreduction(redox)havemanyimportant applicationsinoureverydaylives.Rustingofanailorthereactionwithinyourcar batteriesaretwoexamplesofredoxreactions. Inanoxidationreductionreaction,electronsaretransferredfromonesubstanceto another.Ifonesubstanceloseselectrons,anothersubstancemustgainelectrons.
Combination,decomposition,singlereplacementandcombustionreactionsareall examplesofredoxreactions.
Chemistry51
Chapter6
OXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTIONS
Ingeneral,atomsof metalsloseelectronstoformcations,andaretherefore oxidized,whileatomsof nonmetalsgainelectronstoformanions,andare thereforereduced. Forexample,intheformationofcalciumsulfidefromcalciumandsulfur Ca+SCaS
2+ CaCa +2e 2 S+2 e S
oxidized(loseselectrons) reduced(gainselectrons)
oxidized(loseselectrons) reduced(gainselectrons)
Ineveryoxidationreductionreaction,thenumberofelectronslostmustbeequal tothenumberofelectronsgained.
______________________
3+ 2+ c) Fe +e Fe
______________________
d) 2Br B2 +2e
______________________
10
Chemistry51
Chapter6
OXIDATIONREDUCTIONINBIOLOGICALSYSTEMS
Manyimportantbiologicalreactionsinvolveoxidationandreduction.Inthese reactions, oxidationinvolvesadditionofoxygen or lossofhydrogen,and reductioninvolveslossofoxygenorgainofhydrogen. Forexample,poisonousmethylalcoholismetabolizedbythebodybythe followingreaction: CH3OH H2CO+2H methylalcohol formaldehyde oxidation(lossofhydrogen)
Theformaldehydeisfurtheroxidizedtoformicacidandfinallycarbondioxideand waterbythefollowingreactions: 2H2CO+O2 2H2CO2 formaldehyde formicacid 2H2CO2 +O2 CO2 +H2O formicacid oxidation(gainofoxygen)
oxidation(gainofoxygen)
11
Chemistry51
Chapter6
OXIDATIONREDUCTIONINBIOLOGICALSYSTEMS
Insummary,theparticulardefinitionofoxidationreductiondependsonthe processthatoccursinthereaction.Asummaryofthesedefinitionsappearsbelow:
b) IsFADoxidizedorreduced?
12
Chemistry51
Chapter6
ACTIVITYSERIESOFMETALS
Onetypeofredox reactionsaresinglereplacementreactions.Inthesereactionsanactive metalreplacealessactivemetal. Activityseriesisalistingofmetallicelementsindescendingorderofreactivity. Hydrogen isalsoincludedintheseriessinceitbehavessimilartometals. Activityseriestablesareavailableintextbooksandothersources. Elementslistedhigherwilldisplaceanyelementslistedbelow them.ForexampleNawilldisplaceanyelementslistedbelowit fromoneofitscompounds. 2Na(s)+ MgCl2 (aq) 2NaCl(aq)+Mg(s) Na(s)+AgCl(aq) NaCl(aq)+Ag(s) Elementslistedlowerwillnotdisplaceanyelementslistedabove them.ForexampleAgcannotdisplaceanyelementslistedaboveit fromoneofitscompounds.
Ag(s) +CuCl2 (aq) NoReaction Ag(s)+HCl(aq) NoReaction Examples: Useactivityseriestocompleteeachreactionbelow.Ifnoreactionoccurs,writeNoReaction. 1. Pb(s)+HCl (aq)
2.
Zn(s)+MgCl2 (aq)
3.
4.
Mg(s)+AlCl3 (aq)
13
Chemistry51
Chapter6
LAWOFDEFINITECOMPOSITION
Inapurecompound,theelementsarealwayspresentinthesamedefiniteproportionbymass. TwosamplesofNH3 wereanalyzedforcomposition: Massofsample 1.840g 2.000g MassofN 1.513g 1.644g MassofH 0.327g 0.356g
Sample1 Sample2
Calculating%Nineachsample: Sample1
%N=
Sample2
%N=
8.50gBaI 2x
2. Mercuricsulfide,HgS,contains82.6%mercurybymass.Whatmassofmercuricsulfide canbepreparedfrom60.0gofmercury?
3. When12.66gofcalciumareheatedinair,17.73gofcalciumoxideisformed.Whatis thepercentofoxygeninthiscompound?
14
Chemistry51
Chapter6
THEMOLECONCEPT
Chemistsfinditmoreconvenienttouse massrelationshipsin thelaboratory,whilechemicalreactionsdependonthenumber ofatomspresent. Inordertorelatethe massandnumberofatoms,chemistsuse theSIunitmole (abbreviated mol).
Thenumberof particlesinamoleiscalledAvogadrosnumber
andis6.02x1023. 23 1mol ofHatoms.contains:6.02x10 Hatoms 23 1mol ofH2 molecules.contains: 6.02x10 H2 molecules 23 2x(6.02x10 )Hatoms 23 1mol of H2Omolecules.contains: 6.02x10 H2Omolecules 23 2x (6.02x10 )Hatoms 23 1x (6.02x10 )Oatoms + 23 + 1mol ofNa ions...contains: 6.02x10 Na ions
Element H Mg Cl
15
Chemistry51
Chapter6
MOLARMASS
Themassofonemoleofasubstanceiscalledmolarmassandismeasuredin grams. MassofonemoleofH2O 2molH=2(1.008g)=2.016g 1mol O=1(16.00g)= 16.00g 18.02g
MolarMass
MassofonemoleofCa(OH)2 1molCa=1(40.08g)=40.08g 2molO=1(16.00g)= 32.00g 2molH=2(1.008g)= 2.016 g 74.10g Examples: Calculatethemolarmassofeachcompoundshownbelow: 1. Lithiumcarbonate(Li2CO3)
MolarMass
2. Salicylicacid(C7H6O3)
16
Chemistry51
Chapter6
CALCULATIONSUSINGTHEMOLECONCEPT
Whensolvingproblemsinvolvingmassmolenumberrelationships ofelementsorcompounds,wecanuse:
25.0gFe(
2. Whatisthemassof5.00moleofwater?
3. Howmanymagnesium atomsarepresentin5.00gofMg?
17
Chemistry51
Chapter6
MOLESOFELEMENTSINAFORMULA
Thesubscriptsinachemicalformulaofacompoundindicatethenumberofatomsofeach typeofelement. Forexample,inamoleculeofaspirin,C9H8O4,thereare9carbonatoms, 8hydrogenatomsand4oxygenatoms. Thesubscriptalsoindicatesthenumberofmolesofeachelementinonemoleofthe compound.Forexample,onemoleofaspirincontains9molesofcarbonatoms,8molesof hydrogenatomsand4molesof oxygenatoms.
C9H8O4
Carbon 9atomsC 9molesC Hydrogen 8atomsH 8molesH Oxygen 4atomsO 4molesO
Atomsin1molecule Molesofatomsin1mole
Usingthesubscriptsfromtheaspirinformula,onecanwritethefollowingconversionfactors foreachoftheelementsin1moleofaspirin:
9molesC 1moleC 9 H 8 O 4 8molesH 1moleC 9 H 8 O 4 4molesO 1moleC 9 H 8O4
2. Howmanycarbonatomsarepresentin1.50molesofaspirin,C9H8O4?
18
Chemistry51
Chapter6
SUMMARYOFMASSMOLECALCULATIONS
Mass Moles Particles
Massof element
MolarMass
Molesof element
AvogadrosNo.
Atoms orions
F o r m u l a
Massof compound
MolarMass
Molesof compound
AvogadrosNo.
19
Chemistry51
Chapter6
STOICHIOMETRY
Stoichiometryisthequantitativerelationshipbetweenthereactantsandproductsina balancedchemicalequation. Abalancedchemicalequationprovidesseveralimportantinformationaboutthereactants andproductsinachemicalreaction.Forexample: 1N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) 2molecules 200molecules 2millionmolecules 2molesNH3
ThisistheMOLERATIObetween REACTANTSandPRODUCTS
a)
molO2 = molCO 2
b)
molC 4 H 10 = molH 2O
20
Chemistry51
Chapter6
STOICHIOMETRICCALCULATIONS
MoleMoleCalculations: Relatesmolesofreactantsandproductsinabalancedchemicalequation Examples: 1. Howmanymolesofnitrogenwillreactwith2.4molesofhydrogentoproduceammoniaas showninthereactionbelow? 1N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
32molH2 x =molNH3
3. Inoneexperiment,6.80molofammoniaareprepared.Howmanymolesofhydrogenwere usedupinthisexperiment?
21
Chemistry51
Chapter6
STOICHIOMETRICCALCULATIONS
MassMoleCalculations: Relatesmolesandmassofreactantsor products inabalancedchemicalequation Examples: 1. Howmanygramsofammoniacanbeproducedfrom thereactionof1.8molesofnitrogen withexcesshydrogenasshownbelow? 1N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
Mole Ratio
Molar Mass
2. Howmanymolesofhydrogengasarerequiredtoproduce75.0gofammonia?
3. Howmanymolesofammoniacanbeproducedfromthereactionof125gofnitrogen asshownabove?
22
Chemistry51
Chapter6
STOICHIOMETRICCALCULATIONS
MassMassCalculations: Relatesmassofreactantsandproductsinabalancedchemicalequation
Molar Mass
Mole Ratio
Molar Mass
2. Whatmassofcarbondioxidewillbeproducedfromthereactionof175gofpropane,as shownabove?
175gC3H8 x x x =gCO2
23
Chemistry51
Chapter6
LIMITINGREACTANT
When 2ormorereactantsarecombinedin nonstoichiometric ratios,theamountof productproducedislimited bythereactantthatisnotinexcess. Thisreactantisreferredtoaslimitingreactant. Whendoingstoichiometricproblemsofthistype,thelimitingreactantmustbedetermined firstbeforeproceedingwiththecalculations. Analogy:
24
Chemistry51
Chapter6
LIMITINGREACTANT
Examples: 1. HowmanymolesofH2Ocanbeproducedbyreacting4.0molofhydrogenand3.0molof oxygengasesasshownbelow: 2H2 (g)+1O2 (g)2H2O(g) Assumehydrogenisthelimitingreactant: 4.0molH2 x =molH2O Assumeoxygenisthelimitingreactant: 3.0molO2 x =molH2O
Correctlimitingreactantis_________and__________molofH2Oareproduced.
25
Chemistry51
Chapter6
2. AfuelmixtureusedintheearlydaysofrocketrywasamixtureofN2H4 andN2O4,asshown below.HowmanygramsofN2 gasisproducedwhen100gofN2H4 and200gofN2O4 are mixed? 2N2H4 (l)+1N2O4 (l) 3N2 (g)+4H2O(g)
1molN2H4 3molN2 100 gN2H4 x x =4.68molN2 32.04gN2H4 2 molN2H4 LimitingReactant 1 molN2O4 3molN2 200 gN2O4 x x =6.52molN2 92.00gN2O4 1 molN2O4 28.0gN2 4.68molN2 x =131gN2 1 molN2
26
Chemistry51
Chapter6
LIMITINGREACTANT
Examples: 3. HowmanymolesofFe3O4 canbeproducedbyreacting16.8gofFewith10.0gofH2Oas shownbelow: 3Fe(s)+4H2O(g) AssumeFeisthelimitingreactant: 16.8gFex x =molFe3O4 AssumeH2Oisthelimitingreactant: 10.0gH2Ox x =molFe3O4
D Fe3O4 (s)+4H2 (g)
2AgBr(s)+Mg(NO3)2 (aq)
27
Chemistry51
Chapter6
PERCENTYIELD
Theamountofproductcalculatedthroughstoichiometricratiosisthemaximumamount of productthatcanbeproducedduringthereaction,andisthuscalledtheoreticalyield. Theactualyield ofaproductinachemicalreactionistheactualamountobtainedfromthe reaction. Thepercentyieldofareactionisobtainedasfollows:
SiC (s)+2CO(g)
100gSiO2 x x x =
28
Chemistry51
Chapter6
PERCENTYIELD
Examples: 3. Inanexperimenttoprepareaspirin,thetheoreticalyieldis153.7gandtheactualyieldis 124.0g.Whatisthepercentyieldofthisreaction?
Percentyield= x100=
Percentyield= x100=
29
Chemistry51
Chapter6
ENERGYCHANGESINCHEMICAL REACTIONS
Heatisenergychangethatislostorgainedwhenachemicalreactiontakesplace. Thesystemisthereactantsandproductsthatweareobserving.Thesurroundingsareall thethingsthatcontainandinteractwiththesystem,suchasthereactionflask,the laboratoryroomandtheairintheroom. Thedirectionofheatflowdependswhethertheproductsinareactionhavemoreorless energythanthereactants. Forachemicalreactiontooccur,themoleculesofthereactantsmustcollidewitheach otherwiththeproper energyandorientation.Theminimumamountofenergyrequired forachemicalreactiontooccuriscalledtheactivationenergy. Theheatofreactionistheamountofheatabsorbedorreleasedduringareactionandis designatedbythesymbol DH.
When heatisreleasedduringachemicalreaction,itissaidtobeexothermic.For exothermicreactions, DHisnegativeandisincludedontherightsideoftheequation. 3H2 (g)+N2 (g) 2NH3 (g)+22.0kcal DH= 22.0kcal
When heatisgainedduringachemicalreaction,itissaidtobeendothermic. For endothermicreactions, DHispositiveandisincludedontheleftsideoftheequation. 2H2O(l)+137kcal 2H2 (g)+O2 (g) DH=+137kcal
30
Chemistry51
Chapter6
CALCULATINGHEATINAREACTION
Thevalueof DHinachemicalreactionreferstotheheatlostorgainedforthe numberofmolesofreactantsandproductsinabalancedchemicalequation. Forexample,basedonthechemicalequationshownbelow: 2H2O(l) 2H2 (g)+O2 (g) Thefollowingconversionfactorscanbewritten:
137kcal 2molH 2 O or 137kcal or 2molH 2 137kcal 1molO 2
DH=+137kcal
Theseconversionfactorscanbeusedtocalculatetheamountofheatassociatedwitha particularchemicalreaction,basedongivenamountsofreactantsandproducts. Examples: 1. Giventhereactionshownbelow,howmuchheat,inkJ,isreleasedwhen50.0gofNH3 form? 3H2 (g)+N2 (g) 2NH3 (g) DH= 92.2kJ
31