Giral EIA (18-11-2011)

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY
FOR THE PROPOSED 2X125MW LIGNITE BASED THERMAL POWER
PLANT AT THUMALI VILLAGES, SHIV TEHSIL, BARMER DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN
Final EIA REPORT
Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant
: : :
Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited

PFC Consulting Limited (PFCCL)
(A wholly owned subsidiary of Power Finance Corporation)
A wholly owned Subsidiary of Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited
GIS Enabled Environment & Neo-Graphic Centre (GreenC)
FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT

A wholly owned Subsidiary of Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR PROPOSED 2x125 MW GIRAL THERMAL POWER STATION AT DISTRICT BARMER, RAJASTHAN
For and on behalf of GIS ENABLED ENVIRONMENT & NEO-GRAPHIC CENTRE Approved by : Nandini Choudhury Signed : Position : EIA Coordinator Date : 18.11.2011
The report has been prepared inline with the Prescribed ToRs issued vide letter no- F.1(4)/SEIAA/ SEAC_Raj/ Sectt/ Project/ Cat.(1dB1)(175)/08-09/649 dtd. 25th May, 2009 and addendum to ToR vide letter no- F.1(4)/SEIAA/ SEAC/Raj/ Sectt/ Project/ Cat.(1d)B1(175)/09-10/393 dtd. 9th August 2011 of State Level Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC), Rajasthan. This report has been prepared by GIS Enabled Environment & Neo-Graphic Centre with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the contract with the client, incorporating our General Terms and Conditions of Business and taking account of the resources devoted to it by agreement with the client.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED 2X125MW LIGNITE BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT AT THUMALI VILLAGES, SHIV TEHSIL, BARMER DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN
Prepared Compiled Revision
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G/AC1409001 G/ND0911002 002
Table of Contents
List of Tables List of Figures List of Annexures Executive Summary 1. Introduction...................................................................................................1 1.1 1.2 1.3 Background ................................................................................................... 1 The Project.................................................................................................... 1 Project Description .................................................................................. 2 Power Situation in India........................................................................... 6 Power Situation in Rajasthan ................................................................... 7 Twelfth Plan Perspective (2012-2017) ...................................................... 8 Purpose of the Report ............................................................................. 9 Scope of the Study ................................................................................ 10 Procedure for Environment Clearance ..................................................... 11 Justification of the Project .............................................................................. 6
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1.2.1 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.5 1.6 1.7 2.1 2.2 2.3 1.5.1
The Study ..................................................................................................... 9
Administrative and Legislative Background .................................................... 11 Environment Legislations .............................................................................. 12 Report Layout .............................................................................................. 14 Introduction ................................................................................................ 17 Plant Description .......................................................................................... 17 Project Requirements ................................................................................... 18 Land Requirement ................................................................................. 18 Fuel Requirement .................................................................................. 21 Water Requirement ............................................................................... 22 Lime Stone ........................................................................................... 23 Power Evacuation .................................................................................. 23 Construction Power ............................................................................... 23 Manpower ............................................................................................ 23 Steam Generator and Auxiliaries ............................................................ 23 Turbine and Auxiliaries .......................................................................... 25
2. Project Description ..................................................................................... 17
2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.6 2.3.7 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2
Technical Features of Main Plant ................................................................... 23
2.5 Auxiliary Systems ......................................................................................... 27 Project Proponent : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
A wholly owned Subsidiary of Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited (A wholly owned subsidiary of Power Finance Corporation)
Project Consultant EIA Consultant
: :
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2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.5.5 2.5.6 2.5.7 2.5.8 2.6 2.6.1 2.6.2 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
Lignite Handling Plant............................................................................ 27 Lignite Unloading System....................................................................... 27 Ash Handling System ............................................................................. 28 Plant Water System ............................................................................... 29 Effluent Treatment Plant ........................................................................ 29 Fire Detection and Protection System ..................................................... 30 PAGE | II Compressed Air System ......................................................................... 30 Air Conditioning and Ventilation System .................................................. 30 Sources of Pollution ............................................................................... 31 Pollution Control Aspects ....................................................................... 31 Status ................................................................... 36
Pollution Monitoring System ......................................................................... 30
3. Baseline Environment
Introduction ................................................................................................ 36 Component of Environment Baseline ............................................................. 36 Methodology................................................................................................ 36 Meteorology ................................................................................................ 37 Secondary Data Collected from IMD- Barmer .......................................... 38 Site-Specific Meteorological Data ............................................................ 40 Comparison of Primary and Secondary Data ........................................... 41 Methodology adopted for Air Quality Survey ........................................... 42 Ambient Air Quality ............................................................................... 45 Topography .......................................................................................... 47 Geology and Hydro-geological Aspects ................................................... 47 Physiography and Drainage ................................................................... 47 Land-use Pattern ................................................................................... 48 Land-use as per Census ......................................................................... 49 Soil Characteristics ................................................................................ 51 Methodology ......................................................................................... 55 Water Sampling Locations...................................................................... 56 Presentation of Results .......................................................................... 56 Groundwater Hydrology ......................................................................... 60 Depth of Ground Water ......................................................................... 62 Identification of Sampling Locations ....................................................... 63 : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.5 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.6 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3 3.6.4 3.6.5 3.6.6 3.7 3.7.1 3.7.2 3.7.3 3.7.4 3.7.5 3.8 3.8.1
Ambient Air Quality ...................................................................................... 42
Physical Environment ................................................................................... 47
Water Environment ...................................................................................... 55
Noise Environment ....................................................................................... 62
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3.8.2 3.9 3.9.1 3.9.2 3.9.3 3.9.4
Monitoring Results................................................................................. 65 Flora .................................................................................................... 66 Crops ................................................................................................... 67 Fauna ................................................................................................... 67
Ecology ....................................................................................................... 66
Summary .............................................................................................. 69 PAGE | III 3.10 Demography and Socio-Economic Aspects ..................................................... 69 3.10.1 Demographic Aspects ............................................................................ 69 4. Impacts & Mitigation 4.1 4.2 Measures ............................................................... 74 Introduction ................................................................................................ 74 Impacts during Construction Phase ............................................................... 74 Impact on Land Use .............................................................................. 74 Impact on Soil ...................................................................................... 75 Impact on Air Quality ............................................................................ 75 Impact on Water Quality........................................................................ 77 Impact on Noise Levels ......................................................................... 77 Impact on Ecological Environment .......................................................... 77 Impact on Society ................................................................................. 78 Traffic Congestion ................................................................................. 79 Impact on Land-use .............................................................................. 80 Impact on Soil ...................................................................................... 80 Impact on Air Quality ............................................................................ 81 Impact on Water Resources and Quality ................................................. 88 Impact of Solid Wastes .......................................................................... 88 Impact on Noise Levels ......................................................................... 89 Prediction of Impacts on Socio-Economics .............................................. 91 Impacts on Public Health and Safety ...................................................... 92 Air Pollution Management ...................................................................... 92 Water Pollution Management ................................................................. 92 Noise Pollution Management .................................................................. 93
4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.2.6 4.2.7 4.2.8 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7 4.3.8 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 5.1 5.2 5.3
Impacts during Operational Phase ................................................................ 79
Mitigation Measures during Operation Phase.................................................. 92
5. Alternative Analysis .................................................................................... 95 Introduction ................................................................................................ 95 Site Alternatives ........................................................................................... 95 alternatives for technology ........................................................................... 95
6. Environment Monitoring Plan ..................................................................... 99 Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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6.1
Environment Management System ................................................................ 99 Formation of an Environmental Management System .............................. 99 Implementation of an Environmental Management System ...................... 99 Environment Management Records .......................................................100 Environmental Management Reviews.....................................................100
6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 6.2 6.3
Environmental Monitoring Cell .....................................................................100 PAGE | IV Post-Project Monitoring: Parameters and Schedule .......................................101 Air Quality Management .......................................................................101 Water Management ..............................................................................101 Noise Levels.........................................................................................102 Soil......................................................................................................102 Ecology ...............................................................................................102 Implementation Schedule of Mitigation Measures ...................................103
6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4 6.3.5 6.3.6 6.4 6.5 7.1 7.2 7.3
Monitoring Equipment and Consumables ......................................................104 Budgetary Allocation for Environmental Protection ........................................105 Introduction ...............................................................................................107 Public Consultation......................................................................................107 Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Plan ..........................................108 Approach to the Study ..........................................................................108 Hazard Identification ............................................................................109 Hazard Assessment and Evaluation .......................................................110 Maximum Credible Accident Analysis (MCAA) .........................................112 Scenarios Considered for MCA Analysis ..................................................114 Lignite Handling Plant - Dust Explosion ..................................................115 Identification of Hazards Other than Fuel storage ...................................117 Risk Assessment Summary ...................................................................117 Risk Reduction Opportunities ................................................................118 Disasters .............................................................................................118 Objectives of Disaster Management Plan [DMP] .....................................119 Emergencies ........................................................................................120 Emergency Responsibilities ...................................................................121 Emergency Facilities .............................................................................124 Emergency Actions ...............................................................................126 General ...............................................................................................127 Off-site Emergency Preparedness Plan...................................................129 : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
7. Additional Studies ..................................................................................... 107
7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 7.3.4 7.3.5 7.3.6 7.3.7 7.3.8 7.3.9 7.4 7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3 7.4.4 7.4.5 7.4.6 7.4.7 7.4.8
Disaster Management Plan ..........................................................................118
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7.4.9 7.5 7.5.1 7.5.2 7.5.3 7.5.4 7.5.5 7.5.6 7.5.7 7.6 7.6.1 7.6.2 8.1 8.2
Roles of Various Officials ......................................................................130 Construction and Erection .....................................................................134 Operation and Maintenance ..................................................................135 Safety Plan ..........................................................................................135 Safety Organization ..............................................................................137 PAGE | V Safety Circle ........................................................................................137 Safety Training ....................................................................................137 Health and Safety Monitoring Plan .........................................................138 Possibility of Internal Flooding in Power Plant ........................................138 Possibility of External Flooding ..............................................................138
Occupational Health and Safety ...................................................................134
Area Drainage Study and Hydro-geological Study..........................................138
8. Project Benefits ........................................................................................ 141 Introduction ...............................................................................................141 Construction Phase .....................................................................................141 Employment ........................................................................................141 Community Services .............................................................................141 Population ...........................................................................................142 Education ............................................................................................142 Employment ........................................................................................142
8.2.1 8.2.2 8.3 8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.3 9.1 9.2
Operational Phase .......................................................................................142
9. Environment Management Plan ............................................................... 144 Introduction ...............................................................................................144 Components of Environment Management Plan ............................................144 Monitoring Programme/Plan..................................................................144 Mode of Implementation Schedule and Reporting Procedures .................144
9.2.1 9.2.2 9.3 9.4
Institutional Arrangements for Environment Protection and Conservation .......146 Environment Management Plan: Construction Phase .....................................147 Site Management Plan ..........................................................................147 Air Quality Management .......................................................................149 Water Quality Management ..................................................................150 Noise Management...............................................................................150 Waste and Hazardous Material Handling ................................................150 Ecological Aspects ................................................................................151 Socio-economic Environment ................................................................151 Health and Safety ................................................................................151 : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
1.1. ......................................................................................................................146 9.4.1 9.4.2 9.4.3 9.4.4 9.4.5 9.4.6 9.4.7 9.4.8
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9.5
Environment Management Plan: Operation Phase .........................................152 Air Environment ...................................................................................152 Air Quality Monitoring ...........................................................................153 Water Environment ..............................................................................154 Noise Environment ...............................................................................156 Ash Management .................................................................................156 PAGE | VI Hazardous Solid Waste Management .....................................................157 Social Environment ...............................................................................158 Labour Welfare ....................................................................................158 CSR Activities and Community Development Plan ...................................159
9.5.1 9.5.2 9.5.3 9.5.4 9.5.5 9.5.6 9.5.7 9.5.8 9.5.9
9.5.10 Green Belt Development .......................................................................161 9.5.11 Criteria for Selection of Species for Greenbelt ........................................161 10. Clean Development Mechanism ............................................................... 165 10.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................165 10.2 Kyoto Protocol ............................................................................................165 10.3 Outline of Project Process............................................................................166 10.4 Calculation of CO2 Emission Reduction .........................................................167 11. Disclosure of Consultant ........................................................................... 170 11.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................170 11.2 Project Team ..............................................................................................170 11.3 NABET Accreditation Status and Expert Involved ..........................................171
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List of Tables
Table 1-1: Salient Feature of Project ............................................................................ 2 Table 1-2: Actual Power Supply Position in India ........................................................... 6 Table 1-3: All India Installed Capacity as on 30.09.2011 (Figures in MW) ....................... 7 Table 1-4: Installed Capacity in Rajasthan (in MW) ....................................................... 8 Table 1-5: Actual Power Supply Position in Rajasthan .................................................... 8 Table 1-6: Capacity Addition Required during 12th Plan (Year 2017) ............................... 8 Table 1-7: Environmental Attributes and Frequency of Monitoring ................................ 10 Table 1-8: Legislative Provisions in India .................................................................... 12 Table 2-1: Features of Proposed Power Plant .............................................................. 17 Table 2-2: Land Requirements for the Power Plant ...................................................... 19 Table 2-3: Expected Quality of Lignite ........................................................................ 21 Table 2-4: Typical Characteristics of LDO .................................................................... 21 Table 2-5: Water Balance for Proposed Project ........................................................... 22 Table 2-6: Design Data for CHP for 2x125 MW plant ................................................... 27 Table 2-7: Ash Generation ......................................................................................... 28 Table 3-1: Environment Parameters ........................................................................... 36 Table 3-2: Climatological Data of IMD Station Barmer ................................................. 38 Table 3-3: Summary of Wind Pattern-IMD Barmer....................................................... 39 Table 3-4: Summary of Meteorological Data Generated at Site ..................................... 40 Table 3-5: Summary of Wind Pattern within Study Area............................................... 40 Table 3-6: Details of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring.................................................... 42 Table 3-7: Techniques Used For Air Quality Monitoring ................................................ 43 Table 3-8: Ambient Air Quality (SPM) in g/m3 ............................................................ 45 Table 3-9: Ambient Air Quality (PM10) in g/m3 .......................................................... 45 Table 3-10: Ambient Air Quality (PM2.5) in g/m3 ....................................................... 45 Table 3-11: Ambient Air Quality (SO2) in g/m3 ........................................................... 46 Table 3-12: Ambient Air Quality (NOx) in g/m3 .......................................................... 46 Table 3-13: Ambient Air Quality (Ozone) in g/m3 ...................................................... 46 Table 3-14: Land-Use of the Study Area (10 km Radius) .............................................. 48 Table 3-15: Land Use Pattern in the Study Area .......................................................... 49 Table 3-16: Soil Sampling Locations ........................................................................... 51 Table 3-17: Soil Analysis Results ................................................................................ 52 Table 3-18: Standard Classification of Soil .................................................................. 54 Table 3-19: Details of Water Sampling Locations ......................................................... 56 Table 3-20: Surface Water Quality in Study Area ......................................................... 58 Table 3-21: Ground Water Quality in Study Area ......................................................... 59 Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
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List of Tables
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Table 3-22: Details of Noise Monitoring Locations ....................................................... 65 Table 3-23: Ambient Noise Levels .............................................................................. 65 Table 3-24: List of Flora Found In the Study Area ....................................................... 66 Table 3-25: List of Fauna Species Recorded in Study Area ........................................... 67 Table 3-26: Distribution of Population in the Study Area .............................................. 69 Table 3-27: Distribution of Population by Social Structure ............................................ 70 PAGE | VIII Table 3-28: Distribution of Literate and Literacy Rates ................................................. 70 Table 3-29: Occupational Structure ............................................................................ 71 Table 4-1: Stack Emission Details (Worst Case Scenario) ............................................. 81 Table 4-2: Stability Classification ................................................................................ 82 Table 4-3: Mixing Height (Time period March to May) ................................................. 82 Table 4-4: Cumulative Resultant Concentrations due to Plant Operation ....................... 83 Table 4-5: Expected Solid Waste from Power Plant (Worst Case Scenario) .................... 89 Table 4-6: Predicted Noise Levels at the Plant Boundaries ........................................... 90 Table 4-7: Impact of Noise on Surrounding Villages .................................................... 90 Table 6-1: Environmental Monitoring Programme during Construction Phase ...............102 Table 6-2: Environmental Monitoring Programme during Operation Phase ...................103 Table 6-3: Implementation Schedule .........................................................................104 Table 6-4: Proposed Equipment for Environmental Management .................................104 Table 6-5: Proposed Cost Provision for Environmental Measures .................................105 Table 7-1: Hazardous Materials Stored, Transported And Handled...............................109 Table 7-2: Category Wise Schedule Of Storage Tanks ................................................109 Table 7-3: Properties of Fuel Used in the Plant ...........................................................110 Table 7-4: Applicability of GOI Rules To Fuel/Chemical Storage...................................110 Table 7-5: Preliminary Hazard Analysis For Storage Areas ...........................................111 Table 7-6: Preliminary Hazard Analysis For The Whole Plant In General.......................111 Table 7-7: Fire Explosion and Toxicity Index ..............................................................111 Table 7-8: Fire Explosion and Toxicity Index ..............................................................112 Table 7-9: Damage Due To Incident Radiation Intensities ...........................................113 Table 7-10: Radiation Exposure and Lethality.............................................................114 Table 7-11: Scenarios Considered For MCA Analysis ...................................................115 Table 7-12: Properties of Fuels Considered For Modeling ............................................115 Table 7-13: Occurrence of Various Radiation Intensities- Pool Fire ..............................115 Table 7-14: Hazard Analysis for Process In Power Plant ..............................................117 Table 7-15: Hazardous Events Contributing To On-Site Facility Risk.............................117 Table 7-16: Off-Site Action Plan ................................................................................132 Table 9-1: Mode of Implementation of Mitigation Measures for Construction ................144 Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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Table 9-2: Mode of Implementation of Mitigation Measures For Operation Phase .........145 Table 9-3: Environmental Mitigation Measures During Construction Phase ...................152 Table 9-4: Recommended Plants for Greenbelt ..........................................................162
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List of Tables
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List of Figures
Figure 1-1: Locational Profile of the Project Site ............................................................ 4 Figure 1-2: Coordinates on Toposheet-Plant Area and Ash Pond .................................... 5 Figure 2-1: Use wise Distribution of Plant Area............................................................ 19 Figure 2-2: General Layout Plan of Plant Area ............................................................. 20 Figure 3-1: Wind Rose-Pre Monsoon, IMD Barmer ....................................................... 39 Figure 3-2: Wind Rose Onsite Pre-monsoon (Mar-May, 2011) ...................................... 41 Figure 3-3: Details of the selected AAQM stations with reference to the Project Site ...... 44 Figure 3-4: Land-use/Land Cover Pattern for Study Area ............................................. 49 Figure 3-5: Landuse Map of the Study Area ................................................................ 50 Figure 3-6: Soil Sampling Locations in Study Area ....................................................... 53 Figure 3-7: Water Sampling Locations within Study Area ............................................. 57 Figure 3-8: Noise Monitoring Locations in Study Area .................................................. 64 Figure 3-9: Demographic Aspects of Study Area .......................................................... 72 Figure 4-1: Short Term 24 Hourly Incremental GLCs of SPM ........................................ 84 Figure 4-2: Short Term 24 Hourly Incremental GLCs of SPM (on Base Map) .................. 85 Figure 4-3: Short Term 24 Hourly Incremental GLCs of SO2 ......................................... 86 Figure 4-4: Short Term 24 Hourly Incremental GLCs of SPM (on Base Map) .................. 87 Figure 4-5: Noise Dispersion Contours at the Plant Site and Boundary .......................... 91 Figure 7-1: On-Site Emergency Organisation Chart .....................................................128 Figure 9-1: Proposed Organizational Structure of EM Cell ...........................................148
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List of Figures
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List of Annexures
Annexure I Annexure II Annexure III Annexure IV Annexure V Annexure VI Terms of Reference issued by SPCB Compliance Status of ToR Environment Pollution Standards Hourly Micro-meteorology Authenticated Flora and Fauna Demographic Data of Study Area
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List of Figures

Executive Summary
Barmer Thermal power Company Ltd (BTPCL) is implementing a 250 MW (2x125) Lignite based thermal power project at village Giral, Shiv Tehsil, District Barmer, Rajasthan. As per the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification dated 14th September 2006, the proposed project falls under Category B of activity type 1(d), which requires preparation of EIA Report to obtain Environmental Clearance( EC) from the State Expert Appraisal Committee, Rajasthan
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G/AC1409001 G/ND0911002 002
Executive Summary
Introduction
Barmer Thermal Power Company Ltd (BTPCL) is implementing a 250 MW (2x125) Lignite based thermal power project at village Giral, Shiv Tehsil, District Barmer of Rajasthan State. As per the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification dated 14
th
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September
2006, the proposed project falls under Category B of activity type 1(d), which requires preparation of EIA Report to obtain Environmental Clearance( EC) from the State Expert Appraisal Committee, Rajasthan. In view of sufficient quantity of lignite availability in these areas, Government of Rajasthan is planning to set up 2x 125 MW Giral Lignite-based Power Plant to utilize the available lignite. Secretarial of State Level Expert Committee (SEAC) Rajasthan has given ToR for the thermal power plant vide letter no- F.1(4)/SEIAA/ SEAC_Raj/ Sectt/ Project/ Cat.(1dB1)(175)/08-09/649 dt 25th May, 2009 and addendum to TOR dated 9th August 2011. Project Proponent: Barmer Thermal Power Company Ltd., is a wholly owned subsidiary of Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Ltd. They have initiated the process of selection of developer for setting up this power project under Case II of Guidelines for determination of trrif by Bidding Process for procurement of Power by Distribution Licensees issued by the Ministry of Power, Govt. of India. The total power generated from the project shall be utilized in the State of Rajasthan Location: The proposed power plant is in the geographical coordinates longitude 71o 15 20.61 E to 71o 14 48.78 E and latitude 26o 02 42.78 N to 26 05 2.45 N. The proposed project site is at a distance of 43 km from Barmer. Site elevation is about 221m above MSL. Present land use at the proposed plant site is industrial use as 2x125 MW power plant is under implementation. Site can be reached by NH#15(13-km, NE). The nearest airport is Jodhpur (200-km, E) while the nearest railway station is Barmer (43km). There are no Ecological Sensitive locations, wild life corridors, migratory bird paths, archaeological monuments, places of tourist interests and defence installations within 15km radius. No Reserved forest exists within 10-km radius study area.
Project Brief
The land requirement for the proposed project is estimated to be around 259.7 acres. The design life of the proposed unit will be 30 years. The Lignite requirement of the Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
Executive Summary
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G/AC1409001 G/ND0911002 002
proposed plant is about 2.1 MTPA at 85% PLF and will be met from Giral and Soneri Lignite mines located adjacent to the project. The water requirements of the plant will be 825m3/hr and met from the IGNP (Indira Gandhi Nahar Project) by laying about 165 kms of pipe line. The total project cost of the proposed expansion project is estimated about Rs.1000 Crores.
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Technical Features
The plant is proposed to be a 250MW project with configuration of 2x125MW. The details is given in table below
i) Steam generator ii) Steam turbine generator The steam generator (SG) would be designed for firing 100% Lignite The MCR rating of the steam turbine generator (STG) would be 125MW at the generator terminals, with valve wide open capacity of 105% MCR. Each electric generator would be rated to deliver 125MW at generator terminals. The generator would have water cooled stator windings, stator core and rotor. (iii) Stack (iv) Power evacuation Project schedule One stack of 220 m shall be provided for two units with twin flue. The power generated will be evacuated by 220 kV substations. Unit-1 Unit-2 36 months 40 months
Power Plant Requirements

Land Requirement: The total land required for the plant will be 259.7acres (105.09 hectares). The plant area is of 120.18 acres and is already under possession. The ash dyke area is for 139.6 acres and is under the process of acquisition. The break-up of the land for the plant is given below
Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Area Description Main Plant including BOP Lignite Handling including 7 days lignite storage Water system including waste disposal Green belt for main plant Reservoir with 5 m depth Road and drainage corridor Land (Acre) 31.6 30.0 18.0 24.0 6.5 10.0
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Executive Summary
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED 2X125MW LIGNITE BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT AT THUMALI VILLAGES, SHIV TEHSIL, BARMER DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN Sl. No. 7. Area Description Ash Pond Area TOTAL
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Land (Acre) 139.6 259.7
Fuel Requirement: The fuel for the plant will be lignite. The total requirement will be 2.1 MTPA. The lignite will be sourced from Giral and Soneri mines located near to the proposed plant. The Lignite containing Sulphur upto 6% and 27-32% of ash will be used in the proposed power plant. The lignite will be transported by truck and dumper from the mines which is adjacent of the power plant. The boiler will be designed for cold start-up and initial warm-up using Light Diesel Oil (LDO). LDO will be received to the proposed plant by means of the road tankers. Water Requirement: The total fresh water requirement for the expansion project power plant will be about 825 m3/hr. The water requirements of the plant will be met from the IGNP (Indira Gandhi Nahar Project) by laying about 165 kms of pipe line. Lime Stone: The Project will be based on the CFBC Technology. Lime stone will used as sulphur absorbent material in the boiler. A quantity of 0.12 MTPA of lime stone will be used for dosing. The lime stone required for the project may be made available by M/s RSMML. Power Evacuation: The power generated will be evacuated to the 220 kV substations. Construction Power: The construction power required for the proposed plant will be available from existing substation at Giral. Manpower: The proposed power plant will require personal during construction phase. Many of the people from neighbouring villages will get opportunity for employment during construction phase. Baseline Environmental Status Baseline environmental studies have been carried during summer season (March to May) of 2011. Studies have been carried out in 10-km radius from project as centre for Soil quality, Ambient air quality, Water quality, Noise level monitoring studies, flora and fauna Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
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Executive Summary
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G/AC1409001 G/ND0911002 002
studies and demography. The scope of the present study is in line with the Terms of References issued by SEAC, Rajasthan. Meteorological Data The meteorological parameters were recorded on hourly basis during the study period temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, rainfall and cloud cover. The onsite data for the study period is given below: near proposed plant site and comprises of parameters like wind speed, wind, PAGE |E-4
Temperature: The temperature recorded during the study period had a minimum reading of 18.6C in March and a maximum of 45.2C in May 2011. Relative Humidity: The relative humidity varies between 44% and 79%. Rainfall: No Rainfall was observed during Study Period. Wind Speed: The average wind speed was calculated at 10.2kmph. Wind Direction: The predominant wind direction was observed from South-West and the second predominant wind direction was from the West.
Air Quality The ambient air quality with respect to the study zone of 10-km radius around the proposed plant site forms the baseline information. The various sources of air pollution in the region are industrial, traffic, urban and rural activities. This will also be useful for assessing the conformity to standards of the ambient air quality during the plant operation. The study area represents mostly rural environment. The highest concentration of PM10 (72.0g/m3) and PM2.5 (25.1g/m3) was found in Thumbali village, which is adjacent to the existing plant. The P98 value of SO2 and NOX was found to be highest at Jalela village (22.5g/m3) and Agoria village (24.7 g/m3) respectively. The ozone was found highest at Thumbli village (12.7g/m3). The area generally has low levels of pollutants in ambient air, which is well within the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for industrial, residential or rural areas. Topography The land is fairly levelled and suitable for setting up for new units. The land identified for the main plant area is free from any up-ground infrastructure and having industrial land use. The land of main plant area is quite leveled. The elevation of main plant area varies from 216.7 m above MSL to 226.3 m above MSL. The main plant area is having a slope from west to east. The land identified for ash pond area is government barren land with Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
Executive Summary
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some thorny bushes. The land of ash pond is also fairly leveled having an elevation range between 210.4 to 212.0 m above MSL. Land-Use The major share of the land in the study area is barren land and consists of about 59.1%. 25.5% of the study area comprises of sand-dunes. Agricultural land covers about 13.3% of the total area. The settlements in the study area are termed as built-up land covering about 0.5% of the total study area. However, no major population concentration has been found and it is dispersed in pockets throughout the study area. Soil Quality Samples were collected and analysed from six locations as per approved methods of CPCB and MOEF. It was observed that the pH of the soil ranged from 7.6 8.2 indicating that the soils are neutral to alkaline in nature. The soil in the study area is predominantly of sandy type. The bulk density of the soil ranges between 1.3-1.4 gm/cc. The electrical conductivity was observed to be in the range of 4928-6585 S/cm. The Nitrogen and Phosphorous values are in the range of 11.4-23.8 kg/ha and 5.1-9.3 kg/ha respectively. The nitrogen and phosphorous levels of the soils in the region indicate that soils are very less. The Potassium values range between 64-78 kg/ha, which indicate that the soils have very less quantity of Potassium. The soil from the study area shows very less fertility due to their low NPK content. Water Quality Three surface water and six ground water sources were examined for physico-chemical, heavy metals and bacteriological parameters in order to assess the effect of industrial and other activities on surface and ground water. The samples were analyzed as per the procedures specified in 'Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater' published by American Public Health Association (APHA). Surface Water: The analysis results indicate a pH range of 7.3 to 8.0, which are within the specified desirable limit of 6.5 to 8.5. The TDS was observed to range between 190 to 450 mg/l. Dissolved oxygen was found in the range between 4.8 to 5.1 mg/l. The Chlorides were found to range between 22.7 to 79.4 mg/l and Sulphates in the range of 19.6- 21.7 mg/l. It can be observed that the concentrations of all the parameters, in comparison with IS: 2296, come under Class C, category of drinking water source Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
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without conventional treatment but with disinfection. The heavy metal content is below detectable limits. Ground Water: The analysis results indicate that the pH of 7.4-8.1, which is within the specified standard. The TDS was observed as 590-3260 mg/l, which is observed to be 102.1 1062.1 mg/l and 11.2-230 mg/l respectively. It is observed that the concentrations of all the parameters are in comparison with IS: 10500-1991 and fall in the category of water not fit for drinking. Bacteriological studies reveal the absence of Ecoli. The heavy metal content is either very low or below detectable limits. The overall quality considerations as far as water in the study area is concerned, indicate absence of any external polluting sources like industries and represent uncontaminated conditions. Noise Level Survey The noise monitoring has been conducted at 7 locations in the study area. The Day time and Night time Noise Levels in the study area ranged between 41.1dB (A) to 50.3dB (A) and 36.8dB (A) to 46.0dB (A) respectively. The noise levels in general found mostly within the acceptable levels as per standards for various zones as prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Flora and Fauna Studies The district falls in the Hot Desert Region. There is no forest but and the entire area falls in the desert, the rain fall is very less but there are few flora are present. Most of the flowering plants are shrubs and wild grasses. The grasses do not survive for more than a few months after the monsoon. The main varieties of trees are Khejri (Prosopis cineria), Rohira (Tecoma Undulata), Khair (Caparis aphylla), Ber (Zizyphus Jujuba), etc. The study area was found to be mostly barren land with or without scrubs. Among the shrubs and grasses found in the region are Bharut, Siwan, Makra, Lamp, Dhamasa, etc. Faunal studies were also conducted and identified about 50 animal species consisting of 12 species of mammals, 16 species of birds, 5 reptiles and 4 amphibians. Parthernium exceeding the permissible limit of 2000 mg/l. The chlorides and sulphates were found as PAGE |E-6
hysterophorus, calotropis gigantia, Acacia sengal, Azadirachta indica, Peltophroum ferrusinum, Annona squamosa, and Prospis cineria are the plant species recorded from
study area.
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Demography and Socio-Economic Condition As per 2001 census the study area consists of 21106 persons inhabited in the study area of 10 km radial distance from the periphery of the proposed power plant. The study area has an average family size of 6.36 persons per household. The density of population of the study area works out to about 152 persons per km2. The sex ratio of 854 is much below the national average. In the study area about 2.86% population belong to Scheduled Tribes (ST) and 9.56% Scheduled Castes (SC) indicating that about 12.43% of the population in the study area belongs to socially weaker sections. The analysis of the literacy levels in the study area reveals an average literacy rate of 42.88% as per 2001 census data. As per 2001 census records altogether the main workers works out to be 34.58% of the total population. The marginal workers and non-workers constitute to 15.03% and 35.95% of the total population respectively. The distribution of workers by occupation indicates that the non-workers are the predominant population. Sources of Pollution The Thermal Power Plant would be equipped with state-of-the-art pollution control devices to bring down the emission of pollutants to a level well within acceptable norms of the country. A thermal power station utilizing Lignite as its prime fuel and burning of the Lignite generally creates emissions of the following:
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Suspended particulate matters (PM10&PM2.5) Gaseous emissions (SOx, CO etc.) Thermal pollution Liquid effluents
The main pollutants from a thermal power plant are discharged through the following sources:
Stacks discharging particulate matters, gaseous emissions and heat; Circulating water blow down from condenser cooling circuit, discharging heat, water with higher salt concentrations and chemicals added for treatment of circulating water, if any;
Ash generated from Boilers; Effluents from the ion-exchangers of DM Plant discharging acidic and alkaline liquid through neutralizing pit; Lignite dust from Lignite Handling Plant and particulate matters. Project Proponent : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation measures

Air Environment In the present case, Industrial Source Complex [ISC3] dispersion model based on steady state Gaussian plume dispersion, designed for multiple point sources for short term and developed by United States Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA] has been used for simulations from point sources. Simulation Modeling studies reveal that, the maximum predicted short term 24 hourly ground level concentrations (GLCs) for SPM and SO2 during study period are 186.5g/m3 and 46.6g/m3 respectively. The GLCs are expected to occur at 2.5-km in SE direction from the main stack of the 2x125 MW plant. Air modeling estimations show that resultant concentrations of SO2 and SPM due to the proposed project will remain well within the National Ambient Air Quality Standards; Limiting of pollutant discharge and minimizing its effect on air quality, within prescribed standards, will be achieved; consequent to plant design for boilers and installation of stacks of adequate height that provides better dispersion of pollutants. Consequently it is unlikely to have any major impacts on local or regional air quality or to adversely affect human health or status of pollution-sensitive vegetation, either locally or on nearby terrain. Water Environment The total water requirement for the proposed power project is 825m3/hr, and it will be met from the IGNP (Indira Gandhi Nahar Project). Proposed expansion project will not extract groundwater and hence there will be no impact on ground water. Wastewater will be suitably treated in STP/ETP and utilized for greenbelt development, ash handling, dust suppression, service etc. Project is designed achieve zero discharge concept. The sludge generated in the raw water treatment plant will be used as manure in the greenbelt development. Noise Environment The main noise generating sources are blowers from boilers and turbines. The impact of noise emission from boilers will be minimized by acoustic enclosures and the noise levels will be limited to 85 dB(A). The predicted noise levels at the boundary due to various plant activities will be ranging in between 40 to 44 dB(A). The increment noise levels will be in the range of 32 dB (A) to 44 dB (A) at all of the surrounding habitations. Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
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Solid Waste Generation The maximum production of ash estimated from the plant is 0.7MTPA. The entire production of fly ash is proposed for consumption in cement manufacturing, brick manufacturing and other prospective usages. 100% fly ash utilization will be achieved amendments. Socio- Economics The major economic impacts, which will accrue to the region, during the construction phase and operation of the proposed power plant, will be an increased availability of direct and indirect employment. Local people will be benefited after commissioning of the proposed project in terms of petty to major contractual jobs and associated business establishments. Greenbelt Development A 50 m wide greenbelt, consisting of at least 3 tiers around plant boundary will be developed as greenbelt and green cover as per CPCB/MoEF, New Delhi guidelines. The plant density will be of 1500 trees per hectare with local native species in the green belt. Environmental Monitoring Programme A structured and certified environment management system is suggested at the industry level for ensuring that all the activities, products and services conform to the environmental requirement. The Environment Management Cell will be responsible for managing following activities related to environment function of proposed Power Plant: from 4th year onwards as per the Fly Ash Notification of MoEF and subsequent PAGE |E-9
Coordinate Appoint
and
manage
the
EMP staff
implementation to manage
during
pre-construction, monitoring
construction and operation phase dedicated environment environmental responsibilities Manage and coordinate environmental monitoring and control Coordination with other sections of the plant and government agencies in relation to environmental management activities Implement and monitor greenbelt development and plantation activities Safety specialist will ensure safe working practices in all the sections of the plant
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A well-defined environmental monitoring program would be emphasized with trained and qualified staff that would monitor the ambient air as well as stack emission quality to ensure that the pollutants level is maintained always within the permissible levels. It is proposed to invest about Rs. 145.97 crores on pollution control, treatment and
monitoring systems for proposed power plant. In addition to this, a recurring cost of Rs. PAGE |E-10 12.55 crores will be spent annually.
Risk Assessment and Disaster Management

Risks likely to pose a risk to humans, environment or property associated with various activities are addressed in this report. Such activities include transport, storage; handling and usage of fuels (fuels & LDO). Precautionary measures to be taken for preventing any hazards due to these materials are proposed in the report. All equipment vulnerable to explosion or fire would be designed to relevant IS codes and statutory regulations. Specific precautions should be taken with respect to hazardous chemicals and regular mock drills should be carried out to enact accident scenarios with reports sent to the top management. Suitable fire protection system comprising hydrants and spray systems are provided for fire protection. Fire extinguishers should be tested periodically and to always be kept in operational mode. Surrounding population (including all strata of society) should be made aware of safety precautions to be taken in case of any mishap in plant. On-site disaster management and off-site emergency plans, commands communication and controls will be established and maintained. Adequate provisions like emergency response, response organization, response plan, material safety data sheet, command & control, capabilities, transportation, medical facilities, mitigation measures, training, education, public awareness emergency plan review etc. to control any disaster situation will be made available.
Environment Management Plan

During operation phase, the impacts on the various environmental attributes should be mitigated using appropriate pollution control equipment. The Environment Management Plan prepared for the proposed project aims at minimizing the pollution at source.
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Air Pollution Management Fugitive and stack emissions from the power plant will contribute to increase in concentrations of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. The mitigation measures proposed in the plant are:
Installation of ESP of >99.9% efficiency to limit the PM concentrations below 50 mg/Nm3; Provision of 220 m high stack for wider dispersion of gaseous emissions; Dust extraction system will be provided at transfer points; Provision of water sprinkling system at material handling and storage yard; Asphalting of the roads within the plant area; and Development of greenbelt around the plant to arrest the fugitive emissions.
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Water Pollution Management The effluents generated from the power plant during operations will be collected streamwise for various treatments as envisaged in the wastewater treatment scheme. The wastewater recovery, as practiced, will considerably reduce the impact on the surface water quality. The recovered wastewaters collected in a central monitoring basin will be reused with in plant premises and greenbelt/irrigation. The measures proposed to minimise the impacts are:
Provision of sewage treatment plant to treat domestic sewage from plant and township; Utilization of treated domestic wastewater for greenbelt development; HDPE liners will be provided to the ash pond in order to arrest any seepage of ash pond water into groundwater; Provision of separate storm water system to collect and store run-off water during rainy season and utilization of the same in the process to reduce the water requirement;
Suitable rainwater harvesting structures to be constructed.
Noise Pollution Management In the process, various equipments like pumps, cooling tower, compressors etc generate noise. The proposed means to mitigate higher noise levels are:
Equipment will conform to noise levels prescribed by regulatory authorities; Provision of acoustic enclosures to noise generating equipments like pumps; Provision of thick greenbelt to attenuate the noise levels; and Project Proponent : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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Provision of earplugs to the workers working in high noise level area.
Solid Waste Management The main solid waste from the proposed power plant will be ash (fly ash and bottom ash). Considering the expected Lignite quality, about 0.7 MTPA of ash will be generated PAGE |E-12 from the power plant proposed unit. Out of this, the bottom ash will be about 20% of the total ash generated i.e. 0.14 MTPA and the fly ash will be remaining 80% of the total ash generated i.e. about 0.56 MTPA. It is proposed to utilize 100% of the fly ash generated from the project for cement and brick manufacturing at existing and proposed cement plants in the vicinity from 4th year of operations. During emergency the ash will be disposed off safely in ash pond area to avoid environmental hazards. All efforts will be made to utilize bottom ash for various purposes. Unused bottom ash will be disposed off in the ash pond proposed within the plant complex. To control fugitive dust emission from the ash pond area water sprinkling would be done. After the ash pond is abandoned, its area will be reclaimed through tree plantation. CSR Activities BTPCL will implement a Community Development Plan in phased manner through a dedicated cell, starting from the construction phase onwards. It is proposed to invest a good amount for various community development activities in the region. BTPCL will implement the same with the help of NGOs/Government Organizations in the region Conclusion The proposed power plant has certain level of marginal impacts on the local environment. However, with the implementation of the proposed pollution control and environment management measures, even the minor impacts anticipated due to construction and operation of the proposed power plant will be mitigated. Further, development of this project has certain beneficial impact/effects in terms of bridging the electrical power demand and supply gap and providing employment opportunities that will be created during the course of its setting up and also during the operational phase of the project. Thus, in view of considerable benefits from the project without any adverse environmental impact, the proposed project will be advantageous to the region as well as to the nation. Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
Executive Summary

Chapter-1: Introduction
This chapter describes the purpose of the report, identification of the proposed project and project proponent, brief description of nature, size and location of the project and importance to the region and country. This chapter also describes the scope of the study and details of regulatory scoping carried out as per Terms of Reference (TOR) issued by State Level Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA), Rajasthan.
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1.
INTRODUCTION
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1.1 BACKGROUND
Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited (RVPNL) a company under the Companies Act, 1956 was established on 19th July, 2000 by Govt. of Rajasthan under the provisions of the Rajasthan Power Sector Reforms Act, 1999 as the successor company of Rajasthan State Electricity Board (RSEB). The RERC has granted RVPNL a license for transmission and bulk supply in the State. Under the provision of the Electricity Act, 2003, RVPNL has been declared as State Transmission Utility (STU) by Government of Rajasthan (GoR). RVPNL provides the pathway for power within whole of Rajasthan. RVPNL owns, builds, maintains and operates the high-voltage electric transmission in the state. RVPNL also owns the shared generating projects as representative of erstwhile RSEB. Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited proposes to set up a Greenfields 2X125MW Lignite-based thermal power plant at Thumali Villages, Shiv Tehsil of Barmer District Rajasthan through Case II of Guidelines for Determination of Tariff by Bidding Process for Procurement of Power by Distribution Licensees, issued by the Ministry of Power, Government of India. A SPV in the name of Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited (BTPCL) has been registered by RVPNL on 5th July 2010.
1.2 THE PROJECT

The proposed 2x125 MW Lignite based thermal power plant shall be designed for base load operation and capable of full range of operating conditions with a high availability and high overall thermal efficiency in a cost effective manner. The power generated from the proposed power plant will be stepped up to 400 KV and will be linked to Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL) existing 400 KV line through LILO. The major reasons in planning the proposed lignite based thermal power plant of BTPCL are:
Lignite is a cleaner and cheaper fuel; Suitability of adequate land with approach roads; Land is adequate for installation of the proposed power plant with all facilities; Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
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Proximity to power evacuation grid Site has connectivity by rail, road and air; Suitability of land from topography and geological aspects; To mitigate the power deficit in state and region; and Water requirement can easily be sourced from groundwater.
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1.2.1 Project Description

Nature of the Project: BTPCL proposes to set up 2x125MW Lignite based Thermal power Plant at Thumali Village, Shiv Tehsil in Barmer District of Rajasthan. The required lignite for this project will be sourced from Giral and Soneri Mines adjacent to the plant. Lignite from mines will be transported through trough/dumper and stored in plant. Size of the Project: The estimated cost of the proposed 2x125MW power project would be Rs. 1400 Crores including IDC and financing charges. Location of the Project: The project is located at Thumali Villages, Shiv Tehsil in Barmer district, Rajasthan. The environmental setting of the site is given in Table 1.1. The location map of the project is given in Figure 1.1. Table 1-1: Salient Feature of Project
Sl. No. 1. 2. Particulars Plant Location SOI Toposheet No 40 O/1 Sl. No. Plant Site Coordinates (Refer 3. Figure 1.2 for coordinates superimposed on Toposheet) A B C D A Ash Pond Area Co-ordinates 4. (Refer Figure 1.2 for coordinates superimposed on Toposheet) 5. 6. General Elevation Climatological Conditions IMD Nearest IMD Station Barmer B C D E Latitude 26 03 00.5 N 26 03 00.1 N 26 02 37.5 N 26 02 35.4 N 26 05 19.8 N 26 05 23.4 N 26 05 10.6 N 26 05 05.8 N 26 05 13.1 N Longitude 71 15 25.9 E 71 15 42.6 E 71 15 41.7 E 71 15 25.3 E 71 15 18.3 E 71 15 43.0 E 71 15 42.9 E 71 15 25.1 E 71 15 08.5 E Details Thumali Villages, Shiv Tehsil, Barmer district, Rajasthan
221m above MSL
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED 2X125MW LIGNITE BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT AT THUMALI VILLAGES, SHIV TEHSIL, BARMER DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN Sl. No. Particulars Maximum temperature Minimum temperature Predominant wind direction Mean windspeed Total rainfall 7. Maximum temperature Minimum temperature Predominent wind direction Total rainfall 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Plant site topography Present land use at the site Nearest Highway Nearest Railway Station Nearest Airport Nearest Major Water Bodies Nearest Town/City Hills/Valleys Archaeologically places Protected areas as per Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and conservation reserves) 18. 19. 20. Reserved/ Protected Forests Seismicity Defence Installations important 45.6C (May) 6.3C (January) W, E, NE 11.1 kmph 262.9 mm 44.8C 13.2C SW and W 13.4mm Generally plain
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Details
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Climatological conditions-at project site
Single crop dry agricultural land NH-15, (13km, NE) Barmer (45 km) Jodhpur (200 km E) There is no any major water body in the study area Barmer (43 km,) Small hillocks existing in NE, N & SE directions Nil (within 15 km radius) as per Archaeological Survey of India records Nil (within 15 km radius) as per Wildlife Protection Act,1972
Nil (within 15 km radius) as per Wildlife Protection Act,1972 Seismic Zone-III as per IS 1983 (Part I): 2002 None within 10-km radius area
Note: All distances mentioned in parenthesis are aerial distances Source: Topographical Sheet 40-O/1, Survey of India, Government of India, Dehradun
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1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT

In order to meet the demand and supply gap in power generation, Government of India (GOI) initiated promotional measures for private participation in power generating sector. The enactment of Electricity Act 2003 has created a liberal framework for power development and a competitive environment to facilitate private investment. The main features of the Act are:
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De-licensed generation except hydroelectric and captive power plants free from control; Rural areas: Stand alone generation and distribution de-licensed; Mandates creation of regulatory commissions; Open access in transmission from outset; Open access in distribution to be followed by SERCs in phases; Gradual phasing out of cross subsidies; and Trading distinct activity permitted with licensing.
GOI seeks to bring about a qualitative transformation of electricity sector through a new paradigm. The power sector will be made healthy and would be able to attract funds from private companies by creating a liberal framework of development by distancing government from regulations.
1.3.1 Power Situation in India

The demand of electricity has been steadily increasing in the country due to rapid industrialization and large-scale use of electricity for irrigation, domestic and commercial purposes. Though there has been substantial growth in power sector infrastructure in India, the power supply position is still characterized by shortages, both in terms of demand met during peak periods and the overall energy supply. The actual power supply position and generation capacity in India is given in Table 1.2 and Table 1.3 respectively. Table 1-2: Actual Power Supply Position in India
Peak Region Demand (MW) Peak Peak Met (MW) Deficit/ Surplus (MW) Peak Deficit / Surplu s% Energy Requirement (MU) Energy Availability (MU) Energy Deficit/ Surplus (MW) Energy Deficit/ Surplus %
Northern Western Southern
42502 39596 33220
35044 33142 29776
7458 6454 3444
-17.5 -16.3 -10.4
24095 20020 20930
22479 18361 19745
1616 1659 1185
-6.7 -8.3 -5.7
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Peak Peak Met (MW) Deficit/ Surplus (MW) Peak Deficit / Surplu s% Energy Requirement (MU)
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Energy Deficit/ Surplus %
Peak Region Demand (MW)
Energy Availability (MU)
Energy Deficit/ Surplus (MW)
Eastern Northeast All India
14374 1876 131568
13683 1690 113335
691 186 18233
-4.8 -9.9 -13.9
8746 1005 74796
8380 919 69884
366 86 4912
-4.2 -8.6 -6.6
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Source: Central Electricity Authority (CEA) September 2011
Table 1-3: All India Installed Capacity as on 30.09.2011 (Figures in MW)

Region Northern Western Southern Eastern Northeast Islands All India Thermal Coal 24482.5 33105.5 20982.5 21122.9 60.0 99753.4 Gas 4171.26 7903.81 4690.79 190.00 787.00 17742.8 Diesel 12.99 17.48 939.32 17.20 142.74 70.02 1199.75 Total 28666.7 41026.7 26612.6 21330.1 989.7 70.02
118695.8 Nuclear
Hydro 14922.7 7447.5 11338.1 3882.1 1116.0 38706.4
R.E.S 3509.56 5937.60 10128.96 356.42 223.60 6.10 20162.24
Total 48719.06 56251.89 49399.59 25568.62 2329.34 76.12 182344.6
1620.00 1840.00 1320.00 4780.00
From the above tables it may be noted that there has been a continuous power shortage in all regions with maximum deficit in northern and western regions. The gap between demand and supply at the all India level has increased over the last few years resulting in overall power supply deficit. In recent times, core sector industries have failed to achieve the target production rate due to shortage of inputs, particularly electrical power, which is one of main factors inhibiting the attainment of production targets. Government of India has targeted sustained growth, which cannot be achieved without higher rate of growth of core sectors. Keeping the present scenario of shortages in energy and peak demand in view and to maintain a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth of 8% to 10%, the Government of India has very prudently set a target of about 2,12,000 MW of power generation capacity by March, 2012.
1.3.2 Power Situation in Rajasthan

The State of Rajasthan has an installed capacity of 9230.31 MW as in September 2011. Out of the total generation, 5077.01MW is under the state sector, the Central share is Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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2190.55 MW, while 1961MW is from private generation sources. The breakup of installed capacity in the State under utility sector is given in Table 1.4. Table 1-4: Installed Capacity in Rajasthan (in MW)
Region State Private Central TOTAL Thermal Nuclear Hydro RES Coal Gas Diesel Total 3615.00 443.80 4058.80 987.96 30.25 270.00 270.00 1692.75 899.48 221.23 1120.71 573.00 496.84 4784.48 665.03 5449.51 573.00 1484.80 1723.00 Total 5077.01 1961.75 2190.55 9230.31
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Table 1.5 shows the peak deficit and energy deficit in the state of Rajasthan from April 2011. As is evident from the table, the power situation in Rajasthan is poor and has the need for immediate power augmentation. Table 1-5: Actual Power Supply Position in Rajasthan
Peak Period Peak Peak Peak Deficit/ Deficit/ Surplus Surplus MW -286 -2618 % -4.1 -39.2 Energy Energy Energy Energy Deficit/ Deficit/ Surplus Surplus MU -282 -136 % -1.2 -3.7
Demand Met MW MW 6768 4058
Requirement Availability MU 23039 3629 MU 22757 3493
April Sept 2011 Sept 2011
7054 6676
1.3.3 Twelfth Plan Perspective (2012-2017)

The working group on power have considered that during the 12 plan period, assuming a GDP growth rate of 9% per annum and elasticity of 0.8 as compared to 1.0, during 11th plan mainly due to adoption of energy efficient technologies and other energy conservation and demand side management measures being taken up during the 11th plan, electricity demand is likely to grow @ 7.2% per annum. Accordingly the energy generation should increase to level of 1470 BU by 2016-17. The sensitivity analysis carried out assuming different GDP growth rate and electricity elasticity is given in Table 1.6. Table 1-6: Capacity Addition Required during 12th Plan (Year 2017)
GDP Growth GDP/Electricity Elasticity 0.8 0.9 Electricity Generation Required(BU) 8% 1,415 1,470 2,15,700 2,24,600 Peak Demand Installed Capacity (MW) 2,80,300 2,91,700 Capacity Addition required during 12th Plan (MW) 70,800 82,200
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED 2X125MW LIGNITE BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT AT THUMALI VILLAGES, SHIV TEHSIL, BARMER DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN GDP Growth GDP/Electricity Elasticity 0.8 0.9 10.8 0.9 Electricity Generation Required(BU) 9% 10% 1470 1532 1525 1597 2,24,600 2,33,300 2,32,300 2,44,000 Peak Demand
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Installed Capacity (MW) 2,91,700 3,03,800 3,02,300 3,17,000
Capacity Addition required during 12th Plan (MW) 82,200 94,300 92,800 1,07,500
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The actual growth in industrial, agricultural and domestic demand will establish that there is an appreciable shortfall in the installed capacity, demand and energy availability as on date. This shortfall will continue even after the commissioning of the proposed power plants in the State and in the Northern region. In Rajasthan, due to increasing industrialization, the demand for power will be ever increasing. All major industries in the State resort to captive power generation to meet their demand for uninterrupted power in spite of costs being high. Considering the above scenario of power requirement on all-India basis and the persisting power shortage in Western and Northern region, the proposed 250 MW capacity Thermal Power Project is well justified and will help bridge the demand supply gap in the country in general and in Northern and Western region in particular.
1.4 THE STUDY

1.4.1 Purpose of the Report
As per the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification dated 14th September 2006 and subsequent amendments, commissioning and operation of thermal power plants (<500 MW) falls under project type Activity 1(D) of schedule and under category B which requires Environmental Clearance (EC) from State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority before the commencement of ground activity. In line with the said Notification ToR was issued by SEAC, Rajasthan to Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited for 2x125 MW Lignite-based Thermal Power Project vide letter no- F.1(4)/SEIAA/ SEAC_Raj/ Sectt/ Project/Cat.(1dB1)(175)/08-09/649 dated 25th May, 2009 and addendum to ToR dated 9th August 2011. The TOR letter and TOR compliance is enclosed as Annexure-I & II respectively.
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1.4.2 Scope of the Study

With a view to assess the environmental impacts due to the proposed plant, M/s. GIS Enabled Environment & Neo-Graphic Centre, Ghaziabad, was appointed as environment consultant to prepare the EIA Report for various environmental components including air, noise, water, land and biological components along with parameters of human interest PAGE | which may be affected and to prepare an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for mitigating adverse impacts (Table 1.7). The scope of the study is as per the TOR prescribed by SEAC, Rajasthan. This EIA report addresses the environmental impacts of the proposed project in addition to the findings of the Risk Assessment (RA) study and the on-site Disaster Management Plan (DMP). Table 1-7: Environmental Attributes and Frequency of Monitoring
Sl. No. 1. Attributes Ambient Air Quality SPM, Ozone. Wind speed and direction, 2. Meteorology Temperature, humidity and Rainfall Physical, 3. Water quality Chemical and Grab samples were collected once during study period. Secondary data was collected from Forest Department. At every location data monitored once during EIA study. Once during study period Based on Survey of India Topo-sheet and Satellite imagery features, characteristics, Based on secondary sources data like primary census abstracts of census of India 2001. Separate R & R study conducted Based on data collected from Relative Parameters RSPM, SO2, NOX, Frequency 24 hourly samples twice a week for three months at ten locations. Near Project site continuous for 3 months with hourly recording and secondary sources of IMD station at Barmer.
10
Bacteriological parameters at 6 ground water and 3 surface water locations. Existing terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna. Noise levels in dB(A) at 10 locations. Soil quality at 5 locations Trend of land use change for different categories Socio-economic labour force boom town effects Household Survey Drainage area and pattern,
4. 5. 6. 7.
Ecology Noise levels Soil Characteristics Land use Socio-Economic aspects R&R Study Hydrology
8. 9. 10.
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED 2X125MW LIGNITE BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT AT THUMALI VILLAGES, SHIV TEHSIL, BARMER DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN Sl. No. Attributes Parameters nature of streams, aquifer characteristics, recharge and discharge areas Risk 11. and Assessment Disaster Identify areas where disaster can occur by fires and explosions and release of toxic substances
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Frequency secondary sources such as
hydrology, hydro-geology report
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Risk assessment and modelling
11
Management Plan
Source: Guidelines as per Central Pollution Control Board Norms, Delhi
1.5 ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGISLATIVE BACKGROUND

1.5.1 Procedure for Environment Clearance
Environmental clearance of any new project or expansion of existing projects is now done as per the new notification of the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF), Govt. of India dated 14th September 2006. The new notification requires prior environmental clearance of all projects from competent central govt. or state govt. authorities, as may be the case. The projects are now classified into Category A or Category B projects based on spatial extent of potential impacts on human health, natural and man-made resources. The Category A projects require prior clearance by the MoEF, Govt. of India while the Category B projects have to get clearance from the State level Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA), constituted by the Central Government for this purpose. The environment clearance procedure for new projects will require maximum of four stages all of which may not be applicable to all the projects. Stage 1- Screening: It refers to the definite assignment of environmental category to projects or activities where the same is not completely specified. The projects are categorized as A, B1 and B2. Category A projects are scrutinized and cleared through the EAC at MoEF, Govt. of India. In case of Category 'B projects scrutiny of application at State level to categorize project in 'B1 or B2 is done. The B2 projects do not require preparation of EIA Reports. The proposed power plant comes under Category B1 project. Stage 2- Scoping: It refers to the process where EAC or SEAC determines detailed and comprehensive ToR for the EIA report and can also include site visits by the committee if required. The TOR for the present project has been issued by SEAC, Rajasthan.
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Stage 3- Public Consultation: It refers to the process by which concern of local people and other stakeholders are ascertained and their views taken regarding the project. The Public Consultation takes part in two steps: Public hearing and written responses. The public hearing of the present project will take place as per the stipulations of Rajasthan Pollution Control Board. Stage 4- Appraisal: This refers to detailed scrutiny of the application, EIA report and related studies to make categorical recommendations to the regulatory authority. Environment Clearance is accorded to the project after SEAC is satisfied with all environment aspects of the project.
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1.6 ENVIRONMENT LEGISLATIONS

The environmental regulations, legislations and policy guidelines and control that may impact the project are the responsibility of a variety of Government agencies. The principal environmental regulatory agency in India is the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF), Govt. of India. MoEF formulates environmental policies and also accords environmental clearance for different category projects. Many State and Central legislations have a bearing on environment but laws on environment protection have been notified recently. These legal enactments can be broadly classified in the terms of focus areas, viz. pollution, natural resources and linkages between pollution and natural resources. The important environment legislations related to environmental clearance for new projects are briefly described in the Table 1.8. The MoEF is the nodal agency to set up policy and standards for the protection of environment, along with Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). This includes air, noise, water and hazardous waste standards. The relevant standards for coal-based Power Plants, which are of significance to the project, are given in Annexure III. Table 1-8: Legislative Provisions in India
Name Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 Scope and Objectives To provide for prevention & control of water pollution and quality enhancing water Key Areas Control and of sewage industrial Operational Agencies Central Pollution Boards and State Control
effluent discharges
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED 2X125MW LIGNITE BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT AT THUMALI VILLAGES, SHIV TEHSIL, BARMER DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN Name Air (Prevention and Scope and Objectives To provide for prevention and control of air pollution To halt rapid deforestation and resulting environmental degradation Environment Protection Act 1986; Environment Protection Rules 1989. Noise Rules 2000 Wildlife Protection Act 1972 Pollution To control and take (Prevention & Control) measures for abatement of noise and ensure that level remain within standard To provide for protection of wild animals, birds and plants; and for matters connected therewith Hazardous Management Waste and To impose restrictions and prescribe disposal waste Public Liability To provide of relief occurring any for public To provide procedures of for management, handling and hazardous To provide for protection and improvement of environment Key Areas Controls
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Operational Agencies Central Pollution Boards deand State Control
emission
Control of Pollution) Act 1981 Forest Act 1980 Conservation
and air pollutants Restriction on
Central Government
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reservation & using forest for non-forest purpose An Legislation; supplements pollution laws Noise in urban area and around industrial sites Wildlife protection in forest areas Central Government, nodal agencies MoEF, State governments Central Govt. umbrella Central Govt. MoEF, can delegate power to Deptt. of Environment
Any facility producing hazardous waste
Central Pollution Boards
and
State Control
Handling Rules 2008
public
Central
Government,
Insurance Act, 1991
liability- insurance for the purpose immediate persons accident handling connected providing to the by while
liability handling
insurance
Nodal Agencies MoEF, State Govt.
during risk material
affected
hazardous or
substance and for matters therewith incidental thereto.
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1.7 REPORT LAYOUT

The report has been planned in eleven chapters. The brief description of the chapters is given below. Chapter 1 Introduction: The chapter provides the purpose of the report, background of project, environmental setting of the project, estimated project cost and scope of the study. The key environmental legislation and the standards relevant to the project and the methodology adopted in preparation of this report have also been described in this chapter. Chapter 2 Project Description: The chapter deals with the need of the project, location, details of power project, other technical and design details and sources of pollution from the proposed activity and measures proposed to control pollution. Chapter 3 Baseline Environmental Status: The methodology for assessing various baseline environmental components in the study area prior to the commencement of the project has been identified in this chapter. The various parameters of present environmental status are identified under different aspects, which include location and regional setting of the area, topographical aspect which include land use, land cover and soil quality of the study area. Drainage aspect consists of surface and ground water quality. Meteorological aspect contains all the climatic factors and ambient air quality of the study area. Ecological environment describes the flora and fauna of the region. Human aspect includes the demographical features and socio-economic environment of the study area. Chapter 4 Anticipated Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures: The chapter details the inferences drawn from the environmental impact assessment of the proposed power project during various phases of project advancement, such as design, location of project, construction and regular operations. It also describes the overall impacts of the proposed project activities and underscores the areas of concern, which need mitigation measures. The chapter also provides recommendations/ Environment Management Plan (EMP) including mitigation measures for minimizing the negative environmental impacts of the project. Chapter 5 Alternatives: This chapter describes systematic comparisons of feasible alternatives for the proposed project site, technology, and operational alternatives. Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited information of the proposed power project, brief description of nature, size and location PAGE |
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Alternatives have been compared in terms of their potential environmental impacts, capital and recurrent costs, suitability under local conditions, and institutional training and monitoring requirements. Chapter 6 Environment Monitoring Programme: Environment monitoring
requirements for effective implementation of mitigatory measures during operational phase have been delineated in this chapter. Chapter 7 Additional Studies: The chapter describes various additional studies carried out for the proposed project. Various risks associated during operational stage of the project such as storage of gas, furnace oil and coal are assessed in this chapter. A disaster management plan to minimise the risks or to combat the associated risks is also discussed. Chapter 8 Project Benefits: The chapter describes various benefits of the project to the community in the vicinity and as well as to the region as a whole. Chapter 9 Environment Management Plan: This chapter deals with the management plan incorporating recommendations to mitigate the adverse impact likely to occur on environmental parameters during construction and operation phase of the proposed power plant. Aspects such as green belt development, rainwater harvesting, etc are described in the chapter. Chapter 10 Clean Development Mechanism: This chapter deals with the concept of CDM and describes the methodology for calculating carbon intensity and carbon reduction. CO2 emission of the proposed power plant has been also calculated in this chapter. Chapter 11 Disclosure of Consultants: The list of various experts involved in preparation of the present EIA/EMP report is given along with brief introduction of the consultancy organisation involved in EIA report.
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Chapter-2: Project Description

This chapter highlights the features of the proposed 2x250MW Lignite based power plant, its layout, details of the process, fuel/raw material requirement, utilities and services, infrastructural facilities and sources of waste generation, their quantity and pollution control measures
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2.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
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2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter highlights the features of the proposed 2x250MW Lignite based power plant, its layout, details of the process, fuel/raw material requirement, utilities and services, infrastructural facilities and sources of waste generation, their quantity and pollution control measures.
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2.2 PLANT DESCRIPTION

The proposed project involves installation of boilers of capacity 2140 TPH at BMCR, generating steam at 221 Kg/cm2 and at a temperature of 560C with Condensing Turbo Steam Generator Set having generating capacity of 125 MW. Associated mechanical and electrical equipment, auxiliary units like fuel handling plant, ash handling plant, water treatment plant, cooling water system, electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), Online Stack Monitoring System etc. will form part of the total installation. The salient features of the power plant are given in Table 2.1. Table 2-1: Features of Proposed Power Plant
Name of the Project Capacity of the power plant Availability of land Giral Lignite Thermal Power Project 2x125MW to be developed in single phase Land identified: The land available with existing project for proposed project is around 48.635 Hectare (Around 120.18 acres), located at latitude 260242.78N and longitude 711520.61E. Land for ash pond is around 56.48 hectares (139.56 acres), located at latitude 26052.45N and longitude 711448.78E. It is 4.5 km away from the project site. Number of oustees: None Environment Sensitivity: No wild-life sanctuaries and archaeological monuments exist near the proposed project site. Fuel Requirement The annual lignite requirement for the plant is estimated at 2.1 MTPA, at a plant load factor of 85%.
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED 2X125MW LIGNITE BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT AT THUMALI VILLAGES, SHIV TEHSIL, BARMER DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN Source
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Lignite is available from Giral & Soneri lignite block of RSMML adjacent to the plant. Lignite from mines will be transported through trucks/dumpers and stored in plant
Lignite quality
Fixed Carbon Total Moisture Ash content Sulphur
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Gross Calorific Value: 2200-3000 kcal / kg Ash generated Water Availability of water The water requirements of the plant will be met from the IGNP (Indira Gandhi Nahar Project) by laying about 165 kms of pipe line. Requirement i) Steam generator 825 m3/hr for 2x125 MW plant The steam generator (SG) would be designed for firing 100% Lignite ii) Steam turbine generator The MCR rating of the steam turbine generator (STG) would be 125MW at the generator terminals, with valve wide open capacity of 105% MCR. Each electric generator would be rated to deliver 125MW at generator terminals. The generator would have water cooled stator windings, stator core and rotor. (iii) Stack (iv) Power evacuation Project schedule Project cost One stack of 220 m shall be provided for two units with twin flue. The power generated will be evacuated by 220 kV substations. Unit-1 Unit-2 36 months 40 months Technical Parameters of Major Equipment Approx. 0.63 MTPA of ash is likely to be generated
Approx. Rs. 10000 millions
Source: Project Information Report, Greenc, 2011
2.3 PROJECT REQUIREMENTS

2.3.1 Land Requirement
The total land required for the project is 259.7 acres. The plant area is of 120.18 acres and is already under possession. The ash dyke area is for 139.6 acres and is under the process of acquisition. The break-up of the plant area is given in Table 2.2. The general Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
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layout plan of the plant which includes additional facilities is presented in Figure-2.1 & 2.2. Table 2-2: Land Requirements for the Power Plant
S. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Components Main Plant including BOP Lignite Handling including 7 days lignite storage Water system including waste disposal Green belt for main plant Reservoir with 5 m depth Road and drainage corridor Ash Pond Area TOTAL Area Area in Acres 31.6 30.0 18.0 24.0 6.5 10.0 139.6 259.7 Hectare
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Figure 2-1: Use wise Distribution of Plant Area The site is almost plain with an elevation of about 221-m above MSL and is suitable to locate major heavy structures, buildings and foundations. The site preparation for the project will not require any filling material from outside. The top soil excavated during the plant erection will be utilized for green belt development within the project site.
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2.3.2 Fuel Requirement

2.3.2.1 Lignite Requirement & Quality
The total lignite requirement will be 2.1 MTPA (5753 TPD) including about 10% of available from RSMML lignite mines located near to the plant. Lignite transportation is envisaged through trucks and dumpers. The lignite containing up to 6% of sulphur and 27-32% of ash will be used in the proposed power plant. The expected quality of the lignite is given in Table-2.3. Table 2-3: Expected Quality of Lignite
Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Description Fixed Carbon Total Moisture Ash Content Sulphur Chloride Gross Calorific value Units % % % % % kCal/Kg Volume 19-23 23-26 27-32 Upto 6 0.68-0.74 2200-3000
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2.3.2.2 Start-up Fuel

The boiler will be designed for cold start-up and initial warm-up using Light Diesel Oil (LDO). LDO will be received to the proposed plant by means of the road tankers. The typical characteristics of LDO are given in Table 2.4. Two LDO tanks of capacity 500 litres will be provided for the project. The fuel supply pumps will be 2x100% LDO pumps. Table 2-4: Typical Characteristics of LDO
Component Density at 37C Kinematic Viscosity at 37C Sulphur Water Ash Content Sediment LCV Unit Kg/m CSt % by Weight % by Weight % by Weight % by Weight kCal/kg
3
LDO 800 2.0-7.0 1.0 0.05 0.02 1.00 10900
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2.3.3 Water Requirement

The total fresh water requirement for the power plant will be about 826m3/hr. This water is carried out by pipeline from the water requirements of the plant will be met from the IGNP (Indira Gandhi Nahar Project) by laying about 165 km of pipe line. The water requirement is given in Table 2.5. Table 2-5: Water Balance for Proposed Project
Particulars Plant capacity Water requirement DM water requirement Heat make up water Make up for DMCW tank H2 plant make-up Condensate polishing unit Chemical feed Sub-total Neutralization pit disposal DM plant capacity with margin Clarified water requirement Plant portable water Plant service water Total clarified water requirement Sludge disposal Turbine heat requirement Latent heat of water Water flow COC Range CW flow Ct evaporation loss Ct drift loss Cooling tower Blow-down Cooling tower Makeup Raw Water Requirement Standard m3/hr m /hr m /hr m3/hr m /hr m3/hr
3 3 3
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Unit MW m3/hr m3/hr m3/hr m /hr m3/hr m /hr m3/hr m /hr m3/hr m3/hr m /hr m /hr m3/hr m /hr Standard Standard
3 3 3 3 3 3
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Value 250 825 24.75 2.0625 0.4125 0.825 1.65 29.7 2.97 32.67 22.869 29.7 810.171603 16.2034321 825 540 78 5 9 39804.1237 548.102784 39.8041237 137.025696 724.932603 826.375035
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2.3.4 Lime Stone

The Project will be based on the CFBC Technology. Lime stone will used as sulphur absorbent material in the boiler. A quantity of 0.12 MTPA of lime stone will be used for dosing. The lime stone required for the project may be made available by M/s RSMML.
2.3.5 Power Evacuation

The power generated will be evacuated to the 220 kV substations.
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2.3.6 Construction Power

The construction power required for the proposed plant will be available from existing substation at Giral.
2.3.7 Manpower
The proposed power plant will require personal during construction phase. Many of the people from neighbouring villages will get opportunity for employment during construction phase.
2.4 TECHNICAL FEATURES OF MAIN PLANT

2.4.1 Steam Generator and Auxiliaries
The steam generators (SG) shall be designed for firing 100% lignite and shall be natural circulation drum type. The SG shall be circulating fluidized bed combustion type (CFBC) balance draft, single drum, single reheat, natural circulation dry bottom, top supported, and of two pass design. The main fuel is lignite with light diesel oil (LDO) for start up and oil support for low load operation. The steam generator shall be suitable for continuous operation with entire range of lignite firing without oil support down to 40 % of Boiler Maximum Continuous Rating (BMCR). However, the steam generator shall be capable to generate the rated capacity with rated steam parameters when firing lignite for the complete range of lignite. The boiler auxiliaries/systems such as air heater, electrostatic precipitators, fans, etc shall also be designed to deliver maximum continuous rating when firing range lignite. The boiler shall be capable of being started with LDO during cold start up. LDO shall have the facility for air atomization. The reheat steam is also heated to the same temperature as the main steam. The reheat flow of the steam generator varies with the turbine load and operating condition. The parameters are worked out as per heat balance diagrams. For all conditions reheater flow is approximately 90 % of main steam flow. The plant shall be suitable for variable pressure operation and in case of load Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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rejection; boiler firing rate shall be brought down to a safe level to maintain stability of boiler. The boiler shall be suitable for accepting feed water at a lower temperature corresponding to HP heater out condition at TMCR. DCS based Burner Management System (BMS) shall be provided for the control, sequencing and protection of steam generator as per NFPA. Boiler with 125/135 MW capacity is expected to offer improvement in boiler efficiency based on optimization of the losses particularly in un-burnt losses arising from optimized furnace design (area aspect ratio due to additional steam generation) influence due to controllability of recirculation in the CFB, flue gas path related to air preheated design, slightly lower flue gas temperature and better combustion efficiency. The fuel oil system will be provided for boiler start up and for flame stabilization during low load operation with or without lignite firing. Light Diesel Oil (LDO) will be used for boiler start up (upto 10% of BMCR). The draft system comprises two sets of FD fans each set rated for 60% of BMCR capacity. The FD fans will be axial impulse type with hydraulic variable blade pitch control arrangement offering a favourable efficiency for regulation purpose. Two Induced Draft (ID) fans each rated at 60% of BMCR flow will be double suction radial type with speed control arrangement through variable speed hydraulic coupling for regulation. The equipment will be complete with lube oil, hydraulic regulations and all other accessories required for continuous operation and all equipment will be suitable for outdoor installation. High efficiency electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) are proposed to be installed with efficiency that limits outlet emission to within 50mg/Nm3 with the boiler at its MCR firing worst lignite with maximum ash content. The ESPs will have two parallel gas streams isolated from each other on the electrical as well as gas side. Electrostatic precipitators will be provided with microprocessor based programmable type rapper control system and ESP management system to ensure their safe and optimum operation. ESP transformer rectifier sets will use high fire point oil as the cooling medium. The dust collection hoppers at all strategic locations will have a minimum storage capacity of eight hours. The hoppers will have heating arrangements to prevent ash sticking to the slope sides and down pipes. Level indicators will be provided to indicate and trip the ESP in Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
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case of high ash levels in the ash hoppers, which will jeopardize the safety of ESP otherwise. An auxiliary boiler will be provided to meet the requirements of auxiliary steam for cold start-up of the unit. This auxiliary boiler shall be suitable to generate the rated parameters with LDO and shall be suitably connected to the auxiliary PRDS system.
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2.4.2 Turbine and Auxiliaries

The steam turbine will be multi-stage, multi cylinder, tandem compound, single reheat, regenerative, condensing design directly coupled with the generator; and suitable for indoor installation. The plant would be designed to operate as a base load station. The turbine design will cover adequate provision for quick start-up and loading of the units to full load at a fast rate. Apart from constant pressure operation, the turbine will also have the facility for sliding pressure operation. The steam turbine will consist of three cylinders; high-pressure turbine (HP), intermediate pressure turbine (IP); and double flow low-pressure turbine (LP). Regenerative feed heating plant shall be designed for all operating conditions including transients like sudden throwoff, HP LP bypass in operation, one or two heaters going out of service etc. The condensate shall be heated to saturation temperature and fed to the boiler feed pump, which increases the feed water pressure to suit the steam generator requirements. Feed water then, will pass through two trains of 50% capacity HP heaters, which raise the feed water temperature, which is finally fed to the boiler. The regenerative feed water heating cycle shall consist of LP heaters, one drain cooler, deaerator and HP heaters. The number of LP and HP heaters shall be based on the optimization of feed water heating cycle. Horizontal, direct contact spray or spray cum tray type deaerator with a horizontal feed water storage tank shall be provided. The deaerator shall be capable of deaerating all the incoming condensate and HP heater drains. It shall effectively remove the dissolved oxygen in condensate and completely remove the traces of carbon dioxide. Double pass steam surface condenser with tubes of welded type will be provided below LP turbine exhaust. The condenser will be of divided water box construction. Condenser Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
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will be horizontal, surface type with integral air-cooling section. Condenser hot well will be sized for three (3) minutes storage capacity (between normal and low-low level) of total design flow with the turbine operating at VWO condition, 3% make-up, and design backpressure. The unit will comprise 2x100% vacuum pumps along with all accessories and instrumentation for condenser air evacuation. The vacuum pumps and accessories will be used to create vacuum by removing air and non-condensable gases from steam condenser during plant operation. Vacuum pumps will be of two-stage liquid ring type with both stages mounted on a common shaft to reduce the noise level and improve vacuum during the summer. Vacuum pumps will be sized as per latest HEI requirements. Since the units are intended to operate on a base load and not on part loads at and around 50%, it is more appropriate to consider 3 x 50% or 2 x 100 % Condenser Extraction Pumps (CEPs) for better operation, layout, performance, efficiency and redundancy. The turbine generator shall have a complete self-lubricating oil system catering to the lubrication requirements of the bearings, turbine turning gear, jacking requirements of the turning turbine gear besides supplying oil to the generator seals under emergency condition. The turbine shall have throttle or nozzle controlled type governing. The steam turbine generator unit shall be equipped with an electro hydraulic governing system backed up by 100% mechanical hydraulic or electro hydraulic control system. The HP / LP bypass system shall be sized for 60 % of main steam flow with rated main steam parameters at upstream of valves. The boiler feed pumps shall be of horizontal, centrifugal type with stiff shaft design having outer casing of barrel type with removable end. It is proposed to have 3x50% turbine driven boiler feed pumps for each 125 MW unit with the booster pumps mounted on the common shaft Each pump shall be designed to give parameters to suit the steam generator requirements such that two feed pumps shall be capable of meeting the full requirement of the boiler turbine unit with the third pump as standby.
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2.5 AUXILIARY SYSTEMS

2.5.1 Lignite Handling Plant
The system shall be designed considering all the required redundancy to meet the MCR requirement without any failure. The design data for plant is given in Table 2.6 by PAGE | considering lignite with GCV 2900-3100 kcal/kg. Table 2-6: Design Data for CHP for 2x125 MW plant
S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Lignite GCV Plant Load factor Station Heat Rate Lignite consumption per hour Lignite consumption per day Lignite consumption per year at 85% PLF Operating hour for lignite handling system Particulars Unit kcal/kg % kcal/kWhr TPH TPD Million TPA Hour 2x125 2200-3000 85 2750 239 5753 2.1 12
27
A centralized control room with microprocessor based control system is envisaged for operation of the Lignite Handling Plant. Except for locally controlled equipment like dust extraction/dust suppression/ventilation equipment, sump pumps, water distribution systems etc. all other in-line equipment would have provision of remote control. However, provision of local controls would also be considered. All necessary interlocks, control panels, MCCs, mimic diagrams etc. will be provided in the control room for safe and reliable operation of the Lignite Handling Plant.
2.5.2 Lignite Unloading System

Lignite for power plant shall be brought to site by trucks/dumpers from lignite mine. After unloading of lignite at site, it will be fed to the crusher house. The crusher house shall comprise of two crushers with adequate capacity. Lignite shall be stacked and reclaimed through stacker reclaimed to/from the lignite pile. The system should also be provided with emergency reclaim hopper. Flap gates in transfer chutes, belt weighers, metal detectors, lignite samplers, material handling facility in crusher house and transfer towers, dust suppression/extraction system, ventilation and sump pumps in tunnels shall be provided. Two identical parallel streams of lignite flow, each of 100% rated capacity have been envisaged for the entire lignite handling system. However, the system shall be so designed that it would be Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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possible to operate continuously for 24 hours both the streams of conveyors at their rated capacity simultaneously.
2.5.3 Ash Handling System

Ash Handling Plant design would be based on the BMCR generation and worst lignite quality. Bottom Ash and Fly Ash equipment parameters would be guided by factors as discussed below:
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The system proposed is for semi dry/wet disposal of the bottom ash and dry extraction of the fly ash. Disposal of fly ash will be by pneumatic conveyor to ash storage area.
The quantum of ash generation would depend on the plant load factor and the quality of lignite being fed. Considering average ash content of 30% for lignite, the generation of ash is given in Table 2.7. Table 2-7: Ash Generation
S. No. 1. 2. 3. Particulars Ash content in Lignite Total Ash generation at 85% PLF Total Ash generation at 85% PLF annually Unit % TPH MTPA 2 X 125 MW 30 71.7 0.63
However, for design purposes 10% additional margin shall be considered on the above figures. Bottom ash removal equipment will consist of the furnace bottom ash extractor directly connected to the boiler bottom ash hopper outlet by an intermediate transition chute, refractory lined internally and having a water seal trough allowing for boiler expansion. The bottom ash will be transported to the dewatering bins through crusher and hydroejectors. Fly ash shall be collected in air heater hoppers, economizer hoppers, electro-static precipitator (ESP) hoppers and the stack hoppers for each unit. Fly ash would be extracted and conveyed pneumatically to ash silos. The ash from the units shall be conveyed through pressure conveying system up to the fly ash silo. In view of ash utilization in cement plants, filling of low lying plots in the vicinity etc., truck loading arrangement shall be provided in the silos. Dry fly ash shall normally be transported by means of special sealed trucks. Provision for disposal of fly ash from the outlet of fly ash silo in slurry disposal mode shall also be made. Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
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Utilization of ash is a concern. It is utilized in cement and brick manufacture, land filling and in roadwork. Further study needs is also being carried out to determine its probable and profitable utilization.
2.5.4 Plant Water System

As already mentioned, water requirement of the plant will be met from the IGNP by laying about 165 km of pipe line. Transportation of water would require laying of a 500mm NB pipeline and several boosting stations. In plant water storage for at least 30 days plant operation is envisaged to take care of line leakage/breakdown and canal maintenance. The estimated consumptive water requirement for the proposed station is included in the proposed project water demand.
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2.5.5 Effluent Treatment Plant

The Effluent Treatment Plant is designed for zero liquid effluent discharge. recycled generally as per the following scheme: No liquid effluent will be sent out of the plant. The liquid effluents will be collected and treated/
The sludge from clarifier or ash water re-circulation system will be dewatered in thickener and the solids will be disposed off-site. The waste effluent from neutralization pits of CW chemical treatment system, condensate-polishing plant and DM plant will be collected in the respective neutralization pits and neutralized before pumping to the central monitoring basin, from where it will be sent for ash water make-up and green belt development.
The oily waste from main plant area will be treated using oil water separator and the treated water will be led to the tube settler provided for service water waste for further treatment. Similarly separate system will be provided for oily water in fuel oil unloading and storage area.
The waste from lignite handling plant would be high in suspended solids. A settling chamber would be provided and wastewater from lignite stockyard, transfer points etc. would be routed to the chamber.
All the plant liquid effluents will be mixed in the central monitoring basin and finally utilized for ash handling system and green belt development.
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2.5.6 Fire Detection and Protection System

A comprehensive fire detection and protection system is envisaged for the complete power station. This system will generally conform to the recommendations of TAC guidelines and NFPA 850 for fire-fighting protection systems.
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2.5.7 Compressed Air System

For instrument air requirement of main plant and auxiliaries, air compressors of adequate capacity with air drying plants of same capacity will be provided. These compressors will be oil-free screw type, provided with all accessories such as suction filters, inter-coolers, after coolers etc. Air driers are to be installed in the instrument airline. Separate Plant Service Air Compressor will be provided to meet plant/service air requirements of all units. These compressors will be the same as instrument air compressors. Compressor air requirement will also be considered to meet the requirements of the pneumatic conveying ash system.
2.5.8 Air Conditioning and Ventilation System

Air conditioning system will be provided for all those areas, which require close control of environment conditions. Ventilation system will be designed to supply fresh outdoor air and will be selected for maintaining inside conditions for those areas where close control of temperature is not required, but nevertheless a stipulated maximum temperature is considered essential. The vapour absorption system will be considered in HVAC to utilize the low-pressure steam.
2.6 POLLUTION MONITORING SYSTEM

Monitoring of various environmental aspects is of prime relevance in setting-up the proposed Power Plant. The following aspects would be critically monitored:
To keep watch on the state of pollution To generate data for predictive and corrective measures To quantify environmental impacts Stack emission Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
The important area requiring periodic/conditions monitoring are:
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Ambient air quality Disposed water quality
Electronic smoke density analyser and gas analyser equipment is proposed for continuous monitoring of particulate matters at outlet of ESP and sample analysis of SO2 and other pollutants from chimney would be carried out. Waste water would be checked for any PAGE | harmful pollutants before discharging to outfall. An oil/water separation unit has been envisaged near fuel oil day tank/pump house area in order to keep plant drains free of oil and to reclaim waste oil as far as practicable. Oil thus separated would be returned to the fuel oil tank and used or disposed off by incineration. Lignite Handling and Ash Handling Plants will be equipped with dust extraction/suppression system to combat fugitive dust.
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2.6.1 Sources of Pollution

The Thermal Power Plant would be equipped with state-of-the-art pollution control devices to bring down the emission of pollutants to a level well within acceptable norms of the country. A thermal power station utilizing lignite as its prime fuel and burning of the lignite generally creates emissions of the following:
Suspended particulate matters (SPM) Gaseous missions (SOx, CO etc.) Thermal pollution Liquid effluents
The main pollutants from a thermal power plant are discharged through the following sources:
Stacks discharging particulate matters, gaseous emissions (e.g. SOx) and heat; Circulating water blow-down from condenser cooling circuit, discharging heat, water with higher salt concentration and chemical added for treatment, if any; Ash generated from boilers; Effluents from the ion-exchangers of DM Plant discharging acidic and alkaline liquid through neutralizing pit; Lignite dust from Lignite Handling Plant and particulate matters.
2.6.2 Pollution Control Aspects

The source of pollution and also the means proposed for limiting the same have been discussed as under: Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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2.6.2.1 Emission from Stack

Emissions from stack are particulate matter, toxic gases and heat carried over by flue gases. High stack of 220 m have been proposed to disperse the emissions from the proposed expansion project. A brief discussion on the nature of emission is given below. (a) Particulate Matter
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The fuel to be used in this Power Plant is expected to contain 27-32% ash (approx.) with worst lignite qualities. In the boiler furnace about 20% of ash generated termed Bottom Ash, would be retained as coarse ash and the balance 80% would be carried along with the flue gas in the form of fine particulate matter as Fly Ash. To limit the concentration of the Fly Ash in the exit flue gas, a dust-trapping arrangement, through electrostatic precipitator (ESP) with fabric filter will be installed. After separation of most of the Fly Ash in the ESP only a negligible amount of fly ash is let off through the stack. Selection of ESP + fabric filter with required efficiency together with the dispersion effect of the stack will ensure that the ground level concentration of the particulate matter remains well within permissible limits. (b) Gaseous Emissions Sulphur: The type of fuel proposed to be used in Thermal Power Plant would have sulphur content upto the range 6.0%. One 220 m high bi-flue chimney is envisaged and the ground level concentration is expected to be well within the prescribed limit set by Central/State Pollution Control Boards.
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon Monoxide as a source of pollution does not exist in the modern boilers as design of combustion control equipment and the furnace almost completely eliminates the possibility of incomplete combustion.
2.6.2.2 Thermal or Heat Pollution

Heat loss through the stack represents only about 8% to 10% of the total heat input to the furnace. The quantum of heat, so lost into the atmosphere, is insignificant considering the capacity of the atmosphere as the ultimate heat sink. The effect of tall chimney, which takes care of the particulate and gaseous disposal, would also indirectly help in minimizing the thermal pollution, if any. Due to the high kinetic energy gained by flue gases emanating from the high stack, the effective rise of Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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the plume would ensure discharge of flue-gases at a considerably higher stratum thereby ensuring dilution of the gas dispersed leaving the local environment virtually unaffected.
2.6.2.3 Solid Waste Management
Ash/Solid Waste Disposal: Both the Coarse Ash from the furnace bottom and the Fly Ash from the dust collecting hoppers are proposed to be taken to the ash disposal areas. 139.6acres of land is proposed for ash disposal in ash dyke area on north direction from main plant. Ash utilization will be done as per the MoEF Notification which stipulates 100% utilization of fly ash by 4th year of plant operation.
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Gypsum: Gypsum will be produce as by-product of limestone dosing. Gypsum produce from the plant may be used for cement production in nearby cement plants.
2.6.2.4 Water Effluent Wastewater Generation

Philosophy of maximum recycling and reuse of treated waste water within the plant will be adopted to minimize consumptive water requirements and to minimize the quantity of effluent discharge from the plant. Blow down from cooling towers will be the main sources of the wastewater. Besides this, domestic waste from canteen and toilets will be generated in the plant. The wastewater will be treated and reused in dust suppression, ash/lignite handling, fly ash conditioning, ash disposal and service water. The treated wastewater from Sewage Treatment Plant will be used in green-belt development. The dematerializing process in the DM Plant will generate alternately acidic and alkaline effluent during the regeneration of the two types of exchangers. It is proposed to install a neutralizing basin where proper neutralizing arrangement of the effluent will be provided. The neutralized effluent from DM Plant will be let off to a guard pond. Other waste water would be separately collected and fed to the guard pond after treatment. The guard pond of twin compartment type would have a capacity to store 8 hours of total effluent water generated in the plant in each of the compartment. Water from the guard pond would be sent to RO Plant. RO reject will be left to dump yard. The waste water will be 100% utilized Zero Discharge concept will be implemented.
2.6.2.5 Storm Water Management

Adequate storm drains will be constructed along the boundary of the plant area and within the plant area to drain off the storm water during rainy days. Proper drainage and rainwater harvesting plans will be done during the detailed engineering Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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2.6.2.6 Noise
The noise level ranges expected from various noise generating sources such as turbine, cooling towers, boilers, etc in the proposed plant will be in the range of 80.0 to 85.0dB(A). The enclosure of STG and other major equipments in plant area will be designed for noise attenuation to reduce noise level to 85 dB (A) at 1m distance.
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Chapter-3: Baseline Environment Status

In order to assess environmental impacts from the proposed 250 MW lignite-based Thermal Power Plant, it is essential to monitor the environmental quality prevailing in the surrounding areas prior to implementation of the project. This chapter presents the existing baseline environmental status of the influenced area of the project.
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3.
BASELINE ENVIRONMENT STATUS
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3.1 INTRODUCTION
In order to assess environmental impacts from the proposed 250 MW lignite-based Thermal Power Plant, it is essential to monitor the environmental quality prevailing in the surrounding areas prior to implementation of the project. This chapter presents the existing baseline environmental status of the influenced area of the project.
3.2 COMPONENT OF ENVIRONMENT BASELINE

The baseline data of the study area has been prepared based on both primary and secondary sources. The baseline environment status was monitored through field surveys corresponding to different components of environment. The environment components are divided into physical, meteorological, noise, hydrological, ecological and socio-economic parameters (Table 3.1). The baseline environmental status of the area within the 10 km radius of the proposed project site was conducted for the period March to May 2011. Table 3-1: Environment Parameters
Parameters Meteorology Quality Physical Noise Hydrology Ecological Component Socio-economic Aspect and Air Sub-components Micro-climatic factors like weather, cloud, rainfall and micro meteorology including air quality Environment sensitivity, topography, soil characteristics and land use Ambient noise level Drainage pattern and water environment i.e. surface water and ground water quality Flora and Fauna Demographic and socio-economic conditions
Source: EIA Notification 2006, MoEF, Government of India, New Delhi
3.3 METHODOLOGY
For collecting the base line data during the study period, a temporary field office was established at Jalela village. A team consisting of technical personnel viz. environmental Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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scientist and engineers along with the field staff manned the office. Sampling of soil and water, monitoring of air quality and noise level and other secondary data collection were carried out by the team operating from this field office.
The wind speed, wind direction, dry and wet bulb temperature, relative humidity and general weather condition were recorded throughout the study period by an PAGE | automated weather monitoring station with data logger.
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In order to assess the ambient air quality, samples of ambient air were collected by installation of Respirable Dust Sampler (with gas-attachment facility) and Fine Particulate Sampler APM 550-MFC at 7 different locations in the study area and analyzed for primary air pollutants to work out the existing status of the air quality.
Six soil samples were collected including ash pond area and analyzed for relevant physical and chemical characteristics in order to assess the impact of the proposed plant on soil.
Ground water samples were collected from existing hand-pumps, while surface water samples were collected from ponds and streams. The samples were analyzed for parameters necessary to determine water quality and those that are relevant from the point of view of environmental impact of the proposed power plant.
The noise level measurements were made at 10 different locations for 24 hour during study period in a interval of 1 hour of time with the help of sound level meter. Socio-economic data was collected from field studies and secondary sources like Census of India. Inventory of flora and fauna species was made by a team of ecologist during the site visit and secondary data was also collected from local forest office.
3.4 METEOROLOGY
The meteorological parameters comprising of wind speed, wind direction, temperature, relative humidity, rainfall etc. recorded during the monitoring period. The historical meteorological data has been collected from the nearest IMD station i.e. Barmer to understand the general meteorological regime of the region. The year may broadly be divided into four seasons:
Winter season Pre-monsoon season Monsoon season Post-monsoon season
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December to February March to May June to September October to November
On-site monitoring was undertaken for various meteorological variables in order to generate the site-specific data. Data was collected at site every hour continuously during Project Proponent : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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study period. The generated data was then compared with the meteorological data generated by nearest India Meteorological Department (IMD) station located at Barmer at a distance of approximately 43 km south east of the project site.
3.4.1 Secondary Data Collected from IMD- Barmer

Secondary data from IMD-Barmer has been collected for atmospheric pressure, temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, evaporation, wind speed and direction and is presented in Table 3.2. The data at IMD is usually measured twice a day viz., at 0830 hr and 1730 hr. Table 3-2: Climatological Data of IMD Station Barmer
Atmospheric Month Pressure (mb) 0830 January February March April May June July August September October November December Range PreMonsoon Annual 978.5-989.4 973.9-994.4 12.9-45.6 6.3-45.6 23-53 23-79 13.4 262.9 994.1 992.2 989.4 986.3 982.4 978.5 977.3 979.0 983.6 988.9 993.0 994.4 1730 991.4 989.3 986.1 982.7 978.5 974.5 973.9 976.1 980.3 985.6 990.0 991.6 Max 30.2 34.7 39.4 43.6 45.6 44.3 41.2 39.1 39.8 39.6 35.9 31.3 Temperature ( C) Min 6.3 8.0 12.9 19.0 22.6 23.4 23.4 23.2 22.0 17.0 11.8 7.9 0830 52 49 44 42 53 67 77 79 74 56 50 53
0
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Relative Humidity (%) 1730 29 27 23 23 23 34 50 54 46 31 31 32
Rainfall (mm) Monthly Total 0.9 1.8 4.6 1.6 7.2 33.2 78.5 84.9 43.3 2.7 3.6 0.6
Source: Climatological Tables, IMD Station at Barmer (1951-1980)
Temperature: The average maximum temperature was recorded in the month of May at 45.6C and the minimum temperature was 6.3C in January. Relative Humidity: The relative humidity was maximum during the monsoon season with the month of August recording the highest average at 79.0%. Rainfall: The average total rainfall experienced in the Barmer region was 262.9mm. Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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Generally, light to moderate winds prevail throughout the year. From Table 3.3 it can be seen that the predominant wind direction during summers is South-West followed by West and North-West. The wind-rose diagram for the summer season as per IMD, Barmer is depicted in Figure 3.1 Table 3-3: Summary of Wind Pattern-IMD Barmer
First Predominant Season 0830 Pre-Monsoon Monsoon Post Monsoon Winter Annual SW W NE NE W,E Winds 1730 SW SW E ENE NE 0830 NW W SE SE SE Second Predominant Winds 1730 W NW E E E Calm Condition (%) 0830 10.35 8.25 15.50 17.35 12.85 1730 1.67 7.75 15.0 3.67 7.02
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Figure 3-1: Wind Rose-Pre Monsoon, IMD Barmer
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3.4.2 Site-Specific Meteorological Data

The meteorological parameters were recorded on hourly basis during the study period and include parameters like, temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, rainfall wind speed and wind direction. The maximum, minimum and average values for all the parameters are presented in Table-3.4. Table 3-4: Summary of Meteorological Data Generated at Site
Month March April May Range Temperature (0C) Max 39.6 42.9 45.2 Min 18.6 23.0 24.6 18.6 45.2 Avg. 27.6 31.8 33.0 79 76 77 Relative Humidity (%) Max Min 44 46 47 44 - 79 Avg. 58.9 60.0 60.9
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Source: On-site monitoring, Greenc, 2011
Temperature: It can be seen from the above table that the temperature recorded during the study period had a minimum reading of 18.6C in March and an maximum of 45.2C in May 2011.
Relative Humidity: The relative humidity varies between 44 to 79% during study period of Mar to May, 2011. Rainfall: No Rainfall was observed during Study Period. Table 3-5: Summary of Wind Pattern within Study Area
Parameters Pre Monsoon Season, 2011 SW W Calm to 34.9 (Avg. 10.2) 14.45
First Predominant Wind Direction Second Predominant Wind Direction Average Wind Speeds (kmph) Calm Conditions (%)
Note: Figures in parenthesis indicates percentage of time wind blows Source: On-site monitoring, Greenc, 2011
Wind Speed: The wind varied between calm to 34.9 kmph. Wind Direction: The predominant wind direction was observed from South-West and the second predominant wind direction was from the West. The 16-direction wind-rose diagram for the on-site data is depicted in Figure 3.2 and Table 3.5.
The detailed on-site hourly meterological data is given as Annexure IV with this EIA Report.
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Figure 3-2: Wind Rose Onsite Pre-monsoon (Mar-May, 2011)
3.4.3 Comparison of Primary and Secondary Data

The India Meteorological Department (IMD) records the meteorological data twice a day viz. 0830 hr and 1730 hr while the site specific data has been recorded continuously at half hourly intervals. On comparison of site specific data generated for study period vis-vis the IMD data, slight variations were observed. The following observations are brought out:
The temperature recorded onsite when compared vis--vis the IMD data, slight variations was found. The minimum and maximum temperatures recorded at site during study period were 18.6oC and 45.2oC whereas the minimum and maximum temperature recorded at IMD, Barmer for the same period are 12.9oC and 45.6oC respectively during the same period;
The relative humidity was observed to range between 44% and 79% during the study period whereas according to IMD, Barmer data the relative humidity was observed to range between 23% and 53%. The variation could be because of the fact that RH Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
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values considered for the site are actual values recorded continuously; while the IMD, Barmer data represents data collected only twice a day.
The data generated at continuous monitoring station at project site when compared with the data recorded at IMD, it can be observed that the data generated at the site is broadly compatible with regional meteorology, except minor variations as described PAGE | above. However the data cannot be compared on one to one basis as the stations (IMD and Site) are 43 km away.
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Based on the above analysis, one can conclude that the data generated on the site is broadly comparable with the regional meteorology.
3.5 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

Assessment of ambient air quality is of paramount importance before starting any new activity. The air quality data is useful for prediction of when the proposed project is commissioned. It also helps for taking necessary air pollution control measures.
3.5.1 Methodology adopted for Air Quality Survey

3.5.1.1 Selection of Sampling Locations
The baseline status of the ambient air quality has been assessed through a scientifically designed ambient air quality-monitoring network. The design of monitoring network in the air quality surveillance program has been based on the following considerations:
Predominant wind direction; Meteorological conditions on synoptic scale; Topography of the study area; Representatives of regional background air quality for obtaining baseline status; and Representatives of likely impact areas.
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) stations were set-up at seven locations with due consideration to the above mentioned points. Table 3.6 gives the location details of the selected AAQM stations with reference to the project site and shown in Figure 3.3. Table 3-6: Details of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
Code AAQ1 AAQ2 AAQ3 Location Thumbali Village Agoriya village Jalela village Distance w.r.t. plant boundary (km) 1.0 7.0 5.0 Direction E NE NNE Environmental Setting/ Remarks Nearest settlement Crosswind Crosswind
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED 2X125MW LIGNITE BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT AT THUMALI VILLAGES, SHIV TEHSIL, BARMER DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN Code AAQ4 AAQ5 AAQ6 AAQ7 Location Giral Village Nimbla Village Akoli Village Dholkiya Village Distance w.r.t. plant boundary (km) 2.5 7.5 2.7 7.0
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Direction NE E W SW
Environmental Setting/ Remarks Downwind Downwind Crosswind Upwind
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Source: On-site monitoring, March-May, 2011
3.5.1.2 Frequency and Parameters for Sampling

Ambient air quality monitoring has been carried out with a frequency of two samples per week at three to four locations in a day. The baseline data of ambient air has been generated for the following parameters such as Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) Particulate Matter 10 (PM10) Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5) Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) Ozone (O3)
3.5.1.3 Instrument used for Sampling

Respirable Dust Samplers APM-451 of Envirotech Instrument Pvt. Ltd. make were installed for monitoring Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Respirable fraction (<10 microns) and gaseous pollutants like SO2, NOX and Ozone. Whereas the concentration Particulate matter 2.5 was monitored by installing Envirotech made APM 50MFC Fine Particulate sampler.
3.5.1.4 Sampling and Analytical Technique

The techniques used for ambient air quality monitoring are given in Table 3.7. Table 3-7: Techniques Used For Air Quality Monitoring
Parameter Suspended Particulate Matter PM 10 PM 2.5 Sulphur Dioxide Oxides of Nitrogen Ozone Technique Respirable Dust Sampler (Gravimetric method) Respirable Dust Sampler (Gravimetric method) APM 550 Fine Particle Sampler West and Gaeke Method Jacob and Hochheiser Method Byers and Saltzman, 1958 (Chemical Method)
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3.5.2 Ambient Air Quality

Ambient air quality at seven different locations was monitored during the winter season for the study period. The analysis was carried out as per the method described in the applicable IS codes. The result of the analysis has been summarized in Table 3.8 to Table 3.13. Table 3-8: Ambient Air Quality (SPM) in g/m3
Location AAQ1 AAQ2 AAQ3 AAQ4 AAQ5 AAQ6 AAQ7 Minimum 135.4 126.5 133.7 135.2 131.2 131.2 131.0 Maximum 136.8 134.2 234.2 137.4 134.8 133.2 132.8 Average 136.1 130.9 138.8 136.3 133.5 132.0 132.0 98 Percentile 136.8 134.2 186.3 137.3 134.8 133.0 132.8
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Table 3-9: Ambient Air Quality (PM10) in g/m3

Table 3-10: Ambient Air Quality (PM2.5) in g/m3

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Table 3-11: Ambient Air Quality (SO2) in g/m3

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Table 3-12: Ambient Air Quality (NOx) in g/m3

Table 3-13: Ambient Air Quality (Ozone) in g/m3

3.5.2.1 Summary of Air Quality

The highest concentration of PM10 (72.0g/m3) and PM2.5 (25.1g/m3) was found in Thumbali village, which is adjacent to the existing plant. The P98 value of SO2 and NOX was found to be highest at Jalela village (22.5g/m3) and Agoria village (24.7 g/m3) respectively. The ozone was found highest at Thumbli village (12.7 g/m3). The area Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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generally has low levels of pollutants in ambient air, which is well within the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for industrial, residential or rural areas.
3.6 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

3.6.1 Topography
The land is fairly levelled and suitable for setting up for new units
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Main Plant Area: The land identified for the main plant area is free from any upground infrastructure and having industrial land use. The land of main plant area is quite levelled. The elevation of main plant area varies from 216.7 m above MSL to 226.3 m above MSL. The main plant area is having a slope from west to east.
Ash Dyke Area: The land identified for ash pond area is government barren land with some thorny bushes. The land of ash pond is also fairly levelled having an elevation range between 210.4 to 212.0 m above MSL.
3.6.2 Geology and Hydro-geological Aspects

Barmer Basin of Rajasthan is major hydrocarbon province. Most reserves are contained in fluvial sandstone reservoirs of the Fatehgarh Formation, which probably ranges in age from Late Cretaceous to Early Paleocene. The Fatehgarh sandstones were mainly derived from re-working of Mesozoic sandstones at the northern end of the Barmer rift, but with some volcanic lastic input probably derived from Deccan volcanic rocks within and on the margins of the rift. These thick, quartz-rich, high porosity and permeability sandstones provide an excellent oil reservoir in the north of the Barmer Basin, but the increasing volcanic influence further south causes reservoir quality and thickness of net sand to deteriorate.
3.6.3 Physiography and Drainage

Geographically, the area as a whole forms a part of the Great Indian Desert. A part from a small off shoot of the Aravalli hills in the east, the area is a vast sandy tract. The region west of Luni River represents sandy plain dotted with bold hills. A well-defined valley is observed along Barmer-Gadra road to the east of Kharin. Pachpadra, Sanwarla and Thob are the major salt lakes in the district. A salt lake locally called Rann is located east of Redana village. The surface elevation of the district varies from 70m above msl at Sindhari to 457 m above mean sea level at Ghonia village. The only major drainage course in the area is Luni River, which flows from Samdari, passing through Balotra. The river is ephemeral, flowing only in response to heavy precipitation. In the year of drought there is no run-off. The main formation of the area is about the Deccan trap. Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
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3.6.4 Land-use Pattern

3.6.4.1 Land-use as per satellite
The term land use used in the report means both land use and land cover. The objectives of land use studies is to determine the present land use pattern The land use of the study area was carried out by utilizing three principal resources, namely,
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Survey of India topo-sheet of 1:50,000 scale; Satellites imagery data without any cloud cover; and Ground validation for interpretation of the FCC imagery
The description of the land-use for the buffer zone is represented in Table 3.14. The land use table can be meaningfully interpreted from the pie diagram (Figure 3.4) and land-use map (Figure 3.5). The major share of the land in the study area is barren land and consists of about 59.1%. 25.5% of the study area comprises of sand-dunes. Agricultural land covers about 13.3% of the total area. The settlements in the study area are termed as built-up land covering about 0.5% of the total study area. However, no major population concentration has been found and it is dispersed in pockets throughout the study area. Table 3-14: Land-Use of the Study Area (10 km Radius)
Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Type of land Agriculture Land Industrial Land Water bodies Rocky Land Sand Dunes Settlements Scrub Land Barren Land with or without Scrub Total Area (in Ha) 5338 57 204 98 10249 184 306 23742 40178 Area (in acres) 13184 140 505 241 25315 455 755 58645 99241 Percentage 13.3 0.1 0.5 0.2 25.5 0.5 0.8 59.1 100.0
Source: IRS P6 LISS 3 Data
As per the satellite imagery, the plant site and ash pond area consists of mainly barren and scrub lands.
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Figure 3-4: Land-use/Land Cover Pattern for Study Area
3.6.5 Land-use as per Census

The land use is classified into four types - viz. forests, area under cultivation, cultivable waste and the area not available for cultivation. The land under cultivation is further subdivided into two types viz. irrigated and un-irrigated. The study area falls in Shiv Tehsil of Barmer district, covering about 28 villages within 10 km zone around project area. In order to establish the land use pattern in the study area, the total geographical area of each settlement has been considered though many villages located in the peripheries of the study block have been covered partially in the study area. Thus the area shown in the calculation is more than the actual 10-km radius area. The land use pattern of the study area falling within 10 km radius from the proposed project site is presented in Table-3.15. Table 3-15: Land Use Pattern in the Study Area
Sl. No. 1 2 Forest Land Land under Cultivation a) Irrigated Land b) Un irrigated Land 3 4 Culturable Waste Land Area not available for cultivation 2.00 27230.25 9191.67 16164.23 52696.32 0.01 51.67 17.44 30.68 100.00 Particulars Study Area (ha) 108.17 Percentage (%) 0.20
Total Area
Source: Primary Census Abstracts 2001-NIC, New Delhi
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Forest: The revenue forestland under the study area consists 108.17ha (0.20%) of the total geographic area. However no land was found in the study area with tree cover. There were only scattered trees observed in the area.
Land under Cultivation: Altogether, 27232-ha land (irrigated and un-irrigated) is put to agriculture and this works out to about 51.67 % of the land in study area PAGE | villages. The irrigated land under the study area is 2.00ha (0.003%) of the total geographic area. In case of cultivated lands also it was observed that lands categorized as cultivated are actually not in use and are barren.
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Cultivable Waste: This land includes the land, which was cultivated sometime back and left vacant. Such lands may either be fallow or covered with shrubs, which are not put to any use and all grazing lands and village common lands are also included in this category. The study area comprises about 17.44% cultivable wastelands.
Land not available for Cultivation: All the land not included in the above categories of land uses are considered in the category of land not available for cultivation. This category of land use mainly consists of the hilly and barren lands, human settlements, roads, water-bodies, etc. About 16164.23-ha area working out to about 30.68% of the total study area falls in this category.
3.6.6 Soil Characteristics

For studying soil quality, sampling locations were selected to assess the existing soil conditions in and around the project area representing various land use conditions. The samples were collected by ramming a core-cutter into the soil up to 90-cm depth. Six locations within 10-km radius of the proposed project boundary were selected for soil sampling. At each location, soil samples were collected from three different depths viz. 30 cm, 60 cm and 90 cm below the surface and homogenized. The homogenized samples were analysed for physical and chemical characteristics. The sealed samples were sent to laboratory for analysis. Soil samples were analysed as per the standard methods prescribed in Soil Chemical Analysis (M.L. Jackson, 1967). Sampling was done once during the study period. The details of the sampling locations are given in Table 3.16 and are shown in Figure 3.6. Table 3-16: Soil Sampling Locations
Code S1 S2 S3 S4 Location On site Dholkiya Jalela Kotra Distance w.r.t. Plant (km) -7.5 5.0 7.9 Direction -SW NNW NW
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Distance w.r.t. Plant (km) 1.0 2.5
Direction E NE
The soils in the project area are more or less sandy in texture except in few villages where it is loam with shifting sand dunes. Due to scarcity of rains, the vegetative cover on the surface and organic matter in the soil is liable to wind erosion, as moisture retentive capacity is nil. The clay and silt content range from 20 to 48% and 11 to 22% respectively. Due to scarcity of rains, the vegetative cover on the surface and organic matter in the soils is liable to wind erosion as moisture retention capacity is nil. The soil quality for all the locations is given in Table 3.17. Table 3-17: Soil Analysis Results
Sl. No 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Parameter pH (1:5 Aq. Extract) Conductivity (1:5 Aq. Extract) Moisture Content Texture Sand Silt Clay Bulk Density Cation Exchange Capacity Exchangeable Calcium as Ca Exchangeable Magnesium as Mg Exchangeable Sodium as Na Available Potassium as K Available Phosphorus as P Available Nitrogen as N Organic Carbon Organic Matter Water Soluble Chlorides as Cl Water Soluble Sulphates as SO4 Sodium Absorption Ratio % % % g/cc mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg % % mg/kg mg/kg S/cm % Unit S-1 8.1 5423 12.1 SC* 52 11 37 1.3 757 89 29 78 8.7 11.4 0.40 0.69 385 154 0.11 S-2 7.8 4928 18.5 SC* 51 11 38 1.3 6.4 598 97 21 64 6.8 14.6 0.50 0.87 426 188 0.10 S-3 8.2 5263 18.9 SC* 40 15 45 1.4 14.3 2872 65 149 73 9.3 19.0 0.16 0.27 489 68 0.34 S-4 7.8 6428 18.3 SC* 58 22 20 1.3 6.8 867 78 31 62 8.6 23.8 0.19 0.33 416 36 0.10 S-5 7.9 6585 23.1 SC* 38 14 48 1.4 10.3 2340 89 31 71 5.1 12.7 0.25 0.43 458 27 0.08 S-6 7.6 6422 16.4 SC* 50 12 38 1.3 10.8 1183 78 30 67 9.0 11.7 0.09 0.16 486 16 0.10
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m.eq/100g 10.1
Note * SC: Sandy soil Source: On-site Monitoring, 2011
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The results of analysis of soil samples are compared with the standard soil classification given in Table 3.18. It has been observed that the pH of the soil ranged from 7.6 8.2 indicating that the soils are neutral to alkaline in nature. The soil in the study area is predominantly of sandy type. The bulk density of the soil ranges between 1.3-1.4 gm/cc. The Electrical Conductivity was observed to be in the range of 4928-6585 S/cm. The Nitrogen and Phosphorous values are in the range of 11.4-23.8 kg/ha and 5.1-9.3 kg/ha respectively. The nitrogen and phosphorous levels of the soils in the region indicate that soils are very less. The Potassium values range between 64-78 kg/ha, which indicate that the soils have very less quantity of Potassium. The soil from the study area shows very less fertility due to their low NPK content. Table 3-18: Standard Classification of Soil
Sl. No. 1. Soil Test pH Classification <4.5 Extremely acidic 4.51- 5.50 Very strongly acidic 5.51-6.0 moderately acidic 6.01-6.50 slightly acidic 6.51-7.30 Neutral 7.31-7.80 slightly alkaline 7.81-8.50 moderately alkaline 8.51-9.0 strongly alkaline 9.01 very strongly alkaline 2 Salinity Electrical Conductivity Upto 1.00 Average 1.01-2.00 harmful to germination 2.01-3.00 harmful to crops (sensitive to salts) Upto 0.2: very less 0.21-0.4: less 0.41-0.5 medium, 0.51-0.8: on an average sufficient 0.81-1.00: sufficient >1.0 more than sufficient 4 Nitrogen (Kg/ha) Upto 50 very less 51-100 less 101-150 good 151-300 Better >300 sufficient 5 Phosphorus (Kg/ha) Upto 15 very less (mmhos/cm) (1 ppm = 640 mmho/cm) 3 Organic Carbon
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Classification
51-65 on an average sufficient 66-80 sufficient >80 more than sufficient 6 Potash (Kg/ha) 0 -120 very less 120-180 less 181-240 medium 241-300 average 301-360 better >360 more than sufficient
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Source: Handbook of Agriculture, Indian Council of Agriculture Research, New Delhi
3.7 WATER ENVIRONMENT

Selected water quality parameters of ground and surface water resources within 10 km radius of the study area has been studied for assessing the water environment and evaluate anticipated impact of the proposed project. Understanding the water quality is essential in EIA studies to identify critical issues with a view to suggest appropriate mitigation measures for implementation. The purpose of this study is to:
Assess the water quality characteristics for critical parameters; Evaluate the impacts on agricultural productivity, habitat conditions, recreational resources and aesthetics in the vicinity; and Predict impact on water quality by this project and related activities.
The information required has been collected through primary surveys and secondary sources.
3.7.1 Methodology
Water samples were collected on monthly basis during the study period and analysed for selected physico-chemical and biological parameters. The parameters such as pH, temperature and DO were analysed at the site itself at the time of collection of sample (with the help of water testing kit developed by CPCB) while for other parameter, samples were preserved and analysed in the laboratory. Samples were collected, preserved and analysed as per methods given in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water (APHA, AWWA and WPCF).
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3.7.2 Water Sampling Locations

Six groundwater sources and three surface water sources were examined for physicochemical, heavy metals and bacteriological parameters in order to assess the effect of proposed project activities on water. The water sampling locations are listed below in Table 3.19 and are depicted in Figure 3.7. Table 3-19: Details of Water Sampling Locations
Code Location Distance w.r.t. Plant Site (km) 5.0 7.5 10.0 2.5 7.9 7.0 1.5 1.0 7.0 Direction NNW E SE NE NW SW E NE NE Ground Water GW-1 Jalela GW-2 Nimbla GW-3 Badka GW-4 Giral GW-5 Kotra GW-6 Dholkia Surface Water SW-1 Thumbli SW-2 Giral SW-3 Agoriya
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3.7.3 Presentation of Results

The results of the surface water quality and ground water quality monitored during study period are given in Table 3.20 and Table 3.21 respectively. The results were compared with standards for drinking water as per IS:10500-1983 "Specifications for Drinking Water" for ground water and with Class 'C' water quality (fit for drinking after conventional treatment) as per IS:2296-1982 "Tolerance Limits for inland Surface Waters subject to Pollution" for surface water.
3.7.3.1 Surface Water Quality

The analysis results indicate a pH range of 7.3 to 8.0, which are within the specified desirable limit of 6.5 to 8.5. The TDS was observed to range between 190 to 450 mg/l. Dissolved oxygen was observed to range between 4.8 to 5.1 mg/l. The Chlorides were found to range between 22.7 to 79.4 mg/l and Sulphates in the range of 19.6- 21.7 mg/l. It can be observed that the concentrations of all the parameters, in comparison with IS: 2296, come under Class C, category of drinking water source without conventional treatment but with disinfection. The heavy metal content is below detectable limits (Table 3.20).
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Table 3-20: Surface Water Quality in Study Area

Sl. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 pH Color Conductivity Total dissolved solids Dissolved Oxygen B.O.D (3days at 270c) COD Total Hardness as CaCO3 Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 Calcium as Ca+2 Magnesium as Mg Chlorides as Cl Sulfates as SO42 Fluorides as F Nitrates as NO3 Sodium Potassium Phenols as C6H5OH Cyanides as CNArsenic as As Cadmium as Cd Copper as Cu Lead as Pb Iron as Fe Hexavalent Chromium as Cr Mercury as Hg Selenium as Se Zinc as Zn Aluminum as Al Boron as B Mineral Oil
6+ +2
IS:2296 Parameters Unit Hazen /cm mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l Class 'C' Limits 6.5 to 8.5 300 $ 1500 4 (min) 3 $ $ $ $ $ 600 400 1.5 $ $ $ 0.005 0.05 0.2 0.01 1.0 0.1 50 0.05 $ 0.05 15 $ $ 7.3 2 4500 190 4.8 <3 10 76 120 31.0 24.1 22.7 19.6 1.6 11.7 30.5 2.9 <0.001 <0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.05 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 <0.1 7.7 2 4800 210 4.9 <3 <5 74 108 23.2 25.6 24.6 20.2 1.3 10.6 35.8 4.5 <0.001 <0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 <0.05 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 <0.1 8.0 2 5100 450 5.1 <3 <5 156 176 29.4 24.2 79.4 21.7 1.8 11.4 77.8 4.6 <0.001 <0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.05 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02 <0.1 SW1 SW2 SW3
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SW1 113
SW2 105
SW3 110
$: Limits not specified; ND: Not Detectable Source: On-site monitoring, Greenc, 2011
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3.7.3.2 Ground Water Quality

The analysis results indicate that the pH of 7.4-8.1, which is within the specified standard. The TDS was observed as 590-3260 mg/l, which is observed to be exceeding the permissible limit of 2000 mg/l. The chlorides and sulphates were found as 102.1 1062.1 mg/l and 11.2-230 mg/l respectively. It is observed that the concentrations of all the parameters are in comparison with IS: 10500-1991 and fall in the category of water not fit for drinking. Bacteriological studies reveal the absence of E- coli. The heavy metal content is either very low or below detectable limits. The overall quality considerations as far as water in the study area is concerned, indicate absence of any external polluting sources like industries and represent uncontaminated conditions (Table 3.21). Table 3-21: Ground Water Quality in Study Area
Sl. No
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Parameters
pH Color Odour Taste Turbidity Total Hardness Calcium as Ca Magnesium Mg Conductivity Total Solids Chlorides as ClResidual Chlorine Fluoride as F Free Dissolved as
Unit
Hazen (NTU) mg/l mg/l mg/l /cm mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
IS:10500 limits
6.5-8.5 (NR) 5 (25) UO Agreeable 5 (10) 300 (600) 75 (200) 30 (100) $ 500 (2000) 250 (1000) 0.2 Min. (-) 1.0 (1.5)
GW1
7.8 1 UO Ag 3 1100 168.0 165.2 8245 2240 639.5 <0.1 1.3
GW2
7.4 1 UO Ag 4 1160 120.0 209.0 8401 3260 1062.1 <0.1 1.8
GW3
7.5 1 UO Ag 2 670 180.0 53.5 8298 1490 425.1 <0.1 1.7
GW4
7.9 1 UO Ag 2 200 51.2 17.5 8545 590 102.1 <0.1 2.1
GW5
7.8 1 UO Ag 2 400 82.0 47.4 8644 710 145.3 <0.1 1.6
GW6
8.1 1 UO Ag 2 460 80.0 63.2 8745 960 202.1 <0.1 1.4
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14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
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Parameters
Sulphates SO4Nitrates as NO3 Phenolics C6H5OH Cyanide as CN Alkalinity CaCO3 Boron Sodium as Na Potassium as K Iron as Fe Copper as Cu Manganese Mn Chromium Cr
+6
Unit
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
IS:10500 limits
200 (400) 45 (NR) 0.001(0.002) 0.05 (NR) 200 (600) 1 (5) $ $ 0.3 (1.0) 0.05 (1.5) 0.1 (0.3) 0.05 (NR) 0.01 (NR) 0.01 (NR) 0.01 (NR) 0.05 (NR) 5 (15) 0.001 (NR) 0.01 (0.03) Absent(0.001) 10 (-)
GW1
20.5 456 <0.001 <0.05 540 0.11 260.1 18.9 0.04 <0.05 <0.1 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.05 0.02 <0.001 <0.01 Absent Absent Nil
GW2
24.6 485 <0.001 <0.05 700 0.12 585.6 35.9 0.03 <0.05 <0.1 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.05 0.01 <0.001 <0.01 Absent Absent Nil
GW3
23.7 488 <0.001 <0.05 300 0.12 145.2 14.6 0.02 <0.05 <0.1 0.03 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.05 <0.01 <0.001 <0.01 Absent Absent Nil
GW4
GW5
GW6
as
as
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as
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
as as
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/ 100 ml
Cadmium as Cd Selenium as Se Arsenic as As Lead as Pb Zinc as Zn Mercury as Hg Mineral Oil Pesticides E.Coli Total Coliforms
$: Limits not specified; NR: No relaxation specified; UO: Un-objectionable; Ag: Agreeable; ND: Not Detectable Source: On-site monitoring, Greenc, 2011
3.7.4 Groundwater Hydrology

3.7.4.1 Occurrence and Movement of Groundwater in Rock Formations
Geologically, the district is underlain by intrusive rocks at the basement (Post Delhi formation) consisting of Jalore and Siwana granite and Malani rhyolite and granite Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
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followed by Mesozoic and Tertiary formations consisting of sandstone, shale, conglomerate. Mesozoic is consisting with Lathi series of Jurassic and Abur series of Cretaceous period. Tertiary is consisting with Akali and Kapurdi series of Eocene period. These formations are overlain by Pleistocene to recent alluvium consisting mainly clay, sand and silt. The main water bearing formations in the district are rhyolites and granites of post Delhi; Lathi sandstone, Tertiary sandstone and Quaternary alluvium. In quaternary alluvium, ground water occurs under semi confined to unconfined conditions, in semi consolidated tertiary and mosozoic formations it occurs under unconfined to confined conditions and in weathered and fractured zones in hard rocks under phreatic conditions. Though groundwater occurs in all the formations but the most productive are the Lathis, Barmer sandstones and the Quaternary sediments. The Territories, which are predominantly clayey and argillaceous, are not found as productive except locally in the sandstone horizon. In general, the fractured and weathered zones in hard rocks form poor aquifers.
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3.7.4.2 Consolidated Formation

Consolidated formations include intrusive of Malani rhyolite and granite and Jalore & Siwana granites of Post Delhi. It lies in north western part of district, south of Siwana and entire western part of Barmer up to Harsani. It forms the poor aquifer. Ground water occurs under water table condition in fractured and weathered residum down to a depth of 99 m. The rhyolites are partially impervious. They are sparingly jointed and weathered into a clayey impervious residum lessen the water bearing capacity. The rocks have secondary porosity and the water yielding capacity of rock units diminishes with depth. Yield of dug wells tapping rhyolites is lowest and ranges from 15 to 50 m3 /day.
3.7.4.3 Semi-consolidated formation

Semi consolidated formations encompass Tertiary formation (alternate layers of clay and shale associated with fullers earth) is unproductive aquifer. Lathi sandstone forms the most potential.
Lathi sandstone: Lathi sandstone forms the most potential aquifer and is constituted of medium to coarse grained sandstone with subordinate amount of gravel. It covers the total area of 7500 sq. km and the extent of saturated Lathis with utilizable quality of ground water comprises about 3270 sq. km. The aquifer portion of the Lathi formation ranges in thickness from less than 100 m in the east to over 800 m in the northern part, east of Jaisalmer.
Tertiary Formation: Tertiary formations consisting of alternative layers of clay and shale associated with fuller's earth are unproductive aquifers. The boreholes tapping Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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these formations were abandoned due to very poor yield and due to salinity of formation water. The piezometric level varies from 5.95 m. in the south (Dhanau borehole) to 111.25 m in the north (Gunga borehole). Boreholes tapping the fine grained sandstone in the territories yielded between 182 lpm (Karim Ka Par borehole) and 189 lpm (Dhanau Borehole) i.e. for draw down of 10.6 and 12.37 m respectively.
Un-consolidated Formation:
Unconsolidated formation includes Quaternary
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alluvium that is most extensive, forms the potential aquifer and covers entire southern part and extreme western portion of the district. The exploration drilling data indicate that alluvium is composed of heterogeneous sequence of sand, silt, clay and kankar with occasional tongues and lenses of gravel and cobbles. The thickness of alluvium varies from 40 to 100 m. except at borehole at Padru in Balotra block where it was found maximum of 140.20 m, where even bed rock was not encountered. The ground water occurs under water table condition to semi confined condition.
3.7.5 Depth of Ground Water

Depth to water level of the whole Barmer district has been studied by Central Ground Water Board. The depth was monitored on 102 stations. The range of water level varies from 5.60 to 111.90 m bgl and 0.90 to 111.75 m bgl during pre-monsoon and postmonsoon respectively. During pre-monsoon, shallow water level 14.40 to 38.80 m bgl exists in Balotra and Siwana blocks. In Shiv blocks water level was 5.60 to 76.50 m bgl. During post monsoon, Shiv block water level was 0.90 to 76.50 m bgl. Seasonal fluctuation of pre & post monsoon indicates rise in all the blocks except central and western part of the Chohtan block and extreme western part of Shiv block only due to better rainfall. Long term pre monsoon (1997-2006) water level data of Hydrograph Stations show rise and declining trend of 0.02 and 0.04 m/year. During post monsoon decadal trend shows rise and decline of 0.03 and 0.02 m/year respectively. Long term change in ground water regime in the district it is observed that over a major part of the district lying in eastern and western part of the district shows maximum decline.
3.8 NOISE ENVIRONMENT

The physical description of sound concerns its loudness as a function of frequency. Noise in general is sound which is composed of many frequency components distributed over the audible frequency range. Various noise scales have been introduced to describe, in a single number, the response of an average human to a complex sound made up of various frequencies at different loudness levels. The most common and universally accepted scale is the A weighted Scale which is measured as dB (A). This is more suitable Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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for audible range of 20 to 20,000 Hz. The scale has been designed to weigh various components of noise according to the response of a human ear. The impact of noise sources on surrounding community depends on:
Characteristics of noise sources (instantaneous, intermittent, or continuous in nature). It can be observed that steady noise is not as annoying as one which is continuously PAGE | varying in loudness;
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The time of day at which noise occurs, for example high noise levels at night in residential areas are not acceptable because of sleep disturbance; and The location of the noise source, with respect to noise sensitive land-use, which determines the loudness and period of exposure.
The environmental impact of noise can have several effects varying from Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) to annoyance depending on loudness of noise. The environmental impact assessment of noise from the plant operations, vehicular traffic can be undertaken by taking into consideration various factors like potential damage to hearing, physiological responses, annoyance and general community responses. The main objective of noise monitoring in the study area is to establish the baseline noise levels and assess the impact of the total noise expected to be generated after the proposed industrial activities.
3.8.1 Identification of Sampling Locations

A preliminary reconnaissance survey was undertaken to identify the major noise generating sources in the area. Noises at different noise generating sources have been identified based on the activities in the village area and ambient noise due to traffic. The noise monitoring has been conducted for determination of noise levels at seven locations. The noise levels at each of the locations were recorded for 24 hours. The environmental setting of noise monitoring locations are given in Table 3.22 and depicted in Figure 3.8.
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Table 3-22: Details of Noise Monitoring Locations

Code N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 Location Thumbali Village Agoriya village Jalela village Giral Village Nimbla Village Akoli Village Dholkiya Village Distance w.r.t. Plant Boundary (km) -1.6 1.9 3.9 4.8 6.7 2.4 Direction E NE NNE NE E W SW Details of the Surroundings Industrial Zone Residential zone Residential zone Residential zone Residential zone Residential zone Residential zone
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3.8.2 Monitoring Results

Sound Pressure Level (SPL) measurements were measured at all locations. The readings were taken for every hour for 24 hours. The day noise levels have been monitored during 6.00 AM to 8.00 PM and night levels during 9.00 PM to 5.00 AM at all the locations identified for the purpose. These results for the monitored period are given in Table-3.23. Table 3-23: Ambient Noise Levels
Code N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 Location Thumbali Village Agoriya village Jalela village Giral Village Nimbla Village Akoli Village Dholkiya Village L10 45.7 43.2 46.4 47.1 43.3 51.5 45.8 L50 42.2 38.7 42.5 43.3 39.1 47.7 41.0 L90 38.4 35.3 38.8 39.5 35.2 43.9 37.4 Leq 43.1 39.7 43.5 44.3 40.2 48.7 42.2 Lday 43.9 41.7 44.3 45.5 41.2 50.3 44.3 Lnight 40.2 36.8 40.7 41.6 36.8 46.0 38.5 Ldn 47.4 44.3 47.8 48.8 44.2 53.3 46.4
Source: On-site monitoring, Greenc, 2011 Ambient Noise Standards

Area Code A B C D Category of Area Industrial Area Commercial Area Residential Area Silence Zone Noise Levels (dB (A) Leq (Limits) Day time 75 65 55 50 Night time 70 55 45 40
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3.8.2.1 Day time Noise Levels (Lday)

The daytime noise levels at seven locations in the proposed project study area ranged between 41.2 50.3 dB (A). It is observed that the day time noise levels at all the locations are within the prescribed limits.
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3.8.2.2 Night time Noise Levels (Lnight)

The daytime noise levels at eight locations in the proposed project study area ranged between 36.8 46.0 dB (A). It is observed that the night time noise levels at all the locations are within the prescribed limits.
3.9 ECOLOGY
The district falls in the Hot Desert Region. Most of the flowering plants are shrubs and wild grasses. The grasses do not survive for more than a few months after the monsoon. The main varieties of trees are Khejri (Prosopis cineria), Rohira (Tecoma Undulata), Khair (Caparis aphylla), Phog (Calligonus Polygnodes), Ber (Zizyphus Jujuba), etc. The study area was found to be mostly barren land with or without scrubs. The area mainly provides timber and fruits, Besides, some of the trees have medicinal values. Among the shrubs and grasses found in the region are Bharut, Siwan, Makra, Lamp, Dhamasa, etc.
3.9.1 Flora
There is no any major forest but and the entire area falls in the desert, the rain fall is very less but there are few flora are present. The main flora of the study area including the mines is given in Table 3.24. Chloroxylon sweitenia, Lagerstromia parviflora, Canthium didynum, Albizia amara, Azadirachta indica, Mimusops hexandra, Acacia
leucophloe, Acacia horrida, Boswellia serrata Dalbergia sisoo are the predominant plant
species in these forest areas. Table 3-24: List of Flora Found In the Study Area
S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Botanical Name Prospis cineria Tecamell undeleta Acacia sengal Ziziphus mauritiana Z. nummularia Clerodendron pholomides Indigofera codofolia Common/Local Name Khejri Rohida Kumuth Ber Kathber Arna Bekaria
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Common/Local Name Aak Bui Jaal Gugjal Faras Murali Lana
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Source: Forest Working Plan, Giral Forest Range, Barmer, Rajasthan
3.9.2 Crops
The district comes under arid zone of the State and on account of non-availability of adequate water, cropping pattern is, by and large, single only. Only 3.22% of the net cultivated area are being utilised for double / multiple cropping. The total area under Kharif crop is 1190284 hectare and area under Rabi crop is only 34329 hectares. During Kharif, Bajra, Jowar, Moong and Moth are the main crops cultivated and during Rabi Wheat, Barley, Mustard and Taramira are the main crop in the district.
3.9.3 Fauna
The list of fauna species recorded in study area is presented in Table 3.25. The scheduleI species observed in study area are Chinkara (Mammal); Indian Peafowl (Birds) respectively. Table 3-25: List of Fauna Species Recorded in Study Area
Technical Name Mammals Lepus nigricollis Funumbuls palmarum Canius aureus Mucaca mulata Rousettus leschenaulti Bandicota indica Mus rattus Mus musculus Gazella gazella Indian Hare Squirrel Jackal Monkey Fruit Bat Rat Indian rat Common Mouse Chinkara Sch-IV Sch-IV Sch-III Part-II of Sch-II Sch-V Sch-V Sch-V Sch-V Sch-I English Name/ Local Name Conservation status as per Wild Life Protection Act 1972
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED 2X125MW LIGNITE BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT AT THUMALI VILLAGES, SHIV TEHSIL, BARMER DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN Technical Name Hemiechrus auritus callaris Canis Lupus pallipes Herpestes smithii Birds Milyus migrans Corvus corvus Corvus splendens Dicrurus leuchophaeus Pycnonotus cafer Columbus Sp Acridotheres tristicus Ploceus philippines Passer domisticus Megalaima merulinus Eudynamis scolopaceus Pavo cristatus Alcedo atthis Tylo alba Streptopelia Sp Bubulcus ibis Reptiles Varanus griseus Ptyas mucosus Naja naja Bungarus candidus Vipera russeli Amphibians Rana hexadactyla Rana tigrina Bufo manonsticus Bufo parietalis Frog Bull frog Bufo Bufo Lizard Rat snake Cobra Krait Viper Common Kite Jungle crow House crow King Crow Red vented bulbul Pigeon Common myna Weaver bird House Sparrow Indian Cuckoo Koel Indian Peafowl Common Kingfisher Barn Owl Doves Cattle Egret English Name/ Local Name Desert Hedgehog Wolf Mongoose
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Conservation status as per Wild Life Protection Act 1972 SchSch-IV Sch-IV Sch-IV Sch-V Sch-IV Sch-IV Sch-IV Sch-IV Sch-IV Sch-IV Sch-IV Sch-V Sch-I Sch-IV Sch-IV Sch-IV Sch-IV Sch-IV Sch-III Sch-IV Sch-IV Part-II of Sch-II Sch-IV Sch-IV Sch-IV Sch-IV
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Source: Forest Working Plan, Giral Forest Range, Barmer, Rajasthan
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3.9.4 Summary
Flora and fauna studies were conducted during pre-monsoon season of 2011 to assess the existing floristic and faunal components in study area. Faunal studies were also conducted and identified about 50 animal species consisting of 12 species of mammals, 16 species of birds, 5 reptiles and 4 amphibians. Parthernium hysterophorus, calotropis PAGE |
gigantia, Acacia sengal, Azadirachta indica, Peltophroum ferrusinum, Annona squamosa, and Prospis cineria are the plant species recorded from study area. List of flora and fauna
authenticated by forest department is enclosed as Annexure-V.
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3.10 DEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS

The growth of industrial sectors and infrastructure developments in and around the agriculture dominant areas, villages and towns is bound to create its impact on the socioeconomic aspects of the local population. The impacts may be positive or negative depending upon the developmental activity. To assess the impacts on the socioeconomics of the local people, it is necessary to study the existing socio-economic status of the local population, which will be helpful for making efforts to further improve the quality of life in the area of study. The required socio-economic data has been collected from various secondary sources and supplemented by the primary data generated through the process of community consultation.
3.10.1 Demographic Aspects

The sociological aspects of this study include human settlements, demography, social groups and literacy levels besides infrastructure facilities available in the study area. The economic aspects include occupational structure of workers. The village-wise demographic data as per 2001 census is presented in Annexure-VI. The salient features of the demographic and socio-economic details are described in the following sections (Figure 3.9).
3.10.1.1 Distribution of Population

As per 2001 census, about 21,106 are inhabited in the study area of 10 km radial distance. The distribution of population in the study area is given in Table-3.26. Table 3-26: Distribution of Population in the Study Area
Particulars No. of households Male population Female population 0-3 km 514 1788 1509 3-7 km 948 3257 2745 7-10 km 1854 6336 5471 0-10 km 3316 11381 9725
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED 2X125MW LIGNITE BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT AT THUMALI VILLAGES, SHIV TEHSIL, BARMER DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN Particulars Total population Average household size Male % Female% 0-3 km 3297 6.14 54.23 45.76 3-7 km 6002 6.33 54.26 45.73
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7-10 km 11807 6.36 53.66 46.33
0-10 km 21106 6.36 53.92 46.07
Source: District Census Statistics-2001, Barmer, Rajasthan
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The study area has an average family size of 6.36 persons per household as per 2001 census data. The males and females constitute 53.92% and 46.07% of the study area population respectively during 2001. The sex ratio of 854 is much below the national average. This also indirectly reveals certain sociological aspects in relation to female births, infant mortality among female children and single person family structure, a resultant of migration of industrial workers.
3.10.1.2 Social Structure

In the study area, about 2.86% population belongs to Scheduled Tribes (ST) and 9.56% to Scheduled Castes (SC), indicating that about 12.43% of the population in the study area belongs to socially weaker sections. The distribution of population in the study area by social structure is shown in Table-3.27. Table 3-27: Distribution of Population by Social Structure
S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Particulars Scheduled Castes % to total population Scheduled Tribes % to total population Total SC and ST % to total population Total Population 0-3 km 420 12.73 28 0.84 448 13.58 3297 3-7 km 741 12.34 267 3.94 1008 16.79 6002 7-10 km 858 7.26 310 2.62 1168 9.89 11807 0-10 km 2019 9.56 605 2.86 2624 12.43 21106
3.10.1.3 Literacy Levels

The analysis of the literacy levels in the study area reveals an average literacy rate of 42.88% as per 2001 census data. The distribution of literates and literacy rates in the study area is given in Table 3.28. Table 3-28: Distribution of Literate and Literacy Rates
Particulars Total literate Average literacy (%) 0-3 km 1727 52.38 3-7 km 2597 43.26 7-10 km 4727 40.03 0-10 km 9051 42.88
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED 2X125MW LIGNITE BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT AT THUMALI VILLAGES, SHIV TEHSIL, BARMER DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN Particulars Male literate Male population % Total male population Female literate Female population % Total female population Total population 0-3 km 1173 1788 65.60 554 1509 36.71 3297 3-7 km 1756 3257 53.91 841 2745 30.63 6002
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7-10 km 3409 6336 53.80 1318 5471 24.09 11807
0-10 km 6338 11381 54.25 2713 9725 27.89 21106
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3.10.1.4 Occupational Structure

The occupational structure of residents in the study area is studied with reference to main workers, marginal workers and non-workers. The main workers include 4 categories of workers defined by the Census department consisting of cultivators, agricultural laborers, those engaged in manufacturing, processing and repairs in household industry; and others including those engaged in household industry, construction, trade and commerce, transport and communication and all other services. The marginal workers are those workers engaged in some work for a period of less than six months during the reference year prior to the census survey. The non-workers include those engaged in unpaid household duties, students, retired persons, dependents, beggars, vagrants etc.; institutional inmates or all other non-workers who do not fall under the above categories. As per 2001 census records, altogether the main workers works out to be 34.58% of the total population. The marginal workers and non-workers constitute to 15.03 % and 35.95% of the total population respectively. The distribution of workers by occupation indicates that the non-workers are the predominant population. The occupational structure of the study area is given in Table 3.29. Table 3-29: Occupational Structure
S. No 1 2 3 4 5 Occupation Total Workers Percentage to Total Population (%) Total Main Workers Percentage to Total Population (%) Marginal Workers 0-3 km 1625 49.25 773 23.44 852 3-7 km 3003 50.03 2179 36.30 824 7-10 km 5845 49.50 4348 36.82 1497 0-10 km 10473 49.62 7300 34.58 3173
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED 2X125MW LIGNITE BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT AT THUMALI VILLAGES, SHIV TEHSIL, BARMER DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN S. No 6 7 8 9 Occupation Percentage to Total Population (%) Non-Workers Percentage to Total Population (%) Total Population 0-3 km 25.84 1672 50.71 3297 3-7 km 13.72 2999 49.96 6002
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7-10 km 12.67 2918 24.71 11807
0-10 km 15.03 7589 35.95 21106
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Figure 3-9: Demographic Aspects of Study Area
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Chapter-4: Impacts & Mitigation Measures

This chapter presents identification and appraisal of various impacts from the lignite-based thermal power plant. The environmental impacts are categorized as primary or secondary. Primary impacts are those, which are attributed directly to the project and secondary impacts are those, which are indirectly induced and typically include the associated investment and changed pattern of social and economic activities in the neighbouring areas.
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IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES

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4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents identification and appraisal of various impacts from the lignitebased thermal power plant. The environmental impacts are categorized as primary or secondary. Primary impacts are those, which are attributed directly to the project and secondary impacts are those, which are indirectly induced and typically include the associated investment and changed pattern of social and economic activities in the neighbouring areas. The impacts have been assessed for the power plant assuming that the pollution due to the existing activities has already been covered under baseline environmental monitoring and continue to remain same till the operation of the project. The construction and operational phase of the proposed project comprises various activities each of which may have an impact on some or other environmental parameters. Various impacts during the construction and operation phase on the environment have been studied to estimate the impacts on the environmental attributes and are discussed in the subsequent sections.
4.2 IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

This includes the activities related to levelling of site, construction of related structures, installation of related equipment and land acquisition (if any). The construction related impacts are localized and temporary in nature. The plant layout has been prepared in such a manner that adequate space is available for offices, covered & open storages, fabrication & pre-assembly yard, etc., required during construction period.
4.2.1 Impact on Land Use

The proposed plant is adjacent to an existing power plant; land-use of the project site is categorized as industrial. Apart from the change in land use pattern within the project site Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
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there will not be any adverse impact on the surrounding land use during the construction activities for the proposed project. However, the ash dyke area is away from the plant and is barren land with or without scrubs. So there will be negligible impact of the plant in change of land-use.
4.2.1.1 Mitigation Measures:

Temporary labour colonies shall be situated in the areas already acquired for the project. It will be only a temporary change (restricted to construction period). After construction phase, the areas acquired by labour colonies shall be reverted back as per the requirement of the project.
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4.2.2 Impact on Soil

Site preparation activities (like site clearing and leveling, excavation, earth movement) and construction activities would result into permanent loss of topsoil of the construction area. The eroded soil may also get carried away by winds and get deposited on the surrounding area, thereby interfering in the free gaseous exchange of the plants. These impacts are envisaged to be insignificant because of the following reasons:
It shall be confined to the construction areas only; Many areas within the proposed site is already graded and prepared due to the existing plant; Removed topsoil may be utilized for landscaping and land improvement in other areas, which are not under construction; and Afforestation and green belt development will be undertaken, which would help in confining these impacts to construction areas by creating a physical barrier.
No blasting is envisaged during construction of the project. Apart from localized construction impact at the plant side, no adverse impact on soil in the surrounding area is anticipated.
4.2.2.1 Mitigation Phase

Proper arrangements will be made to prevent soil erosion due to deposition of spilled construction material and flow into water streams.
4.2.3 Impact on Air Quality

The main sources of emission during the construction period are the movement of equipment at site and dust emitted during the leveling, grading, earthwork, foundation works and exhaust emissions from vehicles and equipment deployed during the Project Proponent : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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construction phase is also likely to result in marginal increase in the levels of SO2, NOx, SPM, PM2.5, PM10 and CO. The impact will be for short duration and confined within the project boundary and is expected to be negligible outside the plant boundaries. The impact will, in any case, be reversible, marginal and temporary in nature. Proper maintenance of vehicles and construction equipment will help in controlling the gaseous emissions. Water sprinkling on roads and construction site will prevent fugitive dust.
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4.2.3.1 Mitigation Measures

All construction equipment should be maintained properly. Only PUC certified vehicles of contractor should be deployed at site. Diesel powered vehicles are properly maintained to minimize the exhaust as well as noise generation. Extensive tree plantation will be carried out along the plant boundary to control spread of fugitive emission. Water Sprinkling should be adhered to minimize the dust emission arising out from the excavation, leveling, and transportation and stockpiling activities. Plant site will be cordoned off by a high boundary wall and will have a green belt; such particulate impacts will be confined only within the plant site. emission
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4.2.4 Impact on Water Quality

Impact on water quality during construction phase are generally due to non-point discharges of solids from soil loss and sewage generated from the construction work force stationed at the site. However, due to the construction being carried out on the flat terrain, the soil losses will be negligible. Temporary sanitation facilities (septic tanks) have PAGE | been set-up for disposal of sewage generated by the work force as part of construction of proposed plant. The overall impact on water environment during construction phase due to proposed project is likely to be short term and insignificant.
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It is planned to have no housing facility within the site area and most of the Operational worker will be accommodated in a common colony. Wastewater will be only generated from restrooms and offices.
Domestic waste water to be reused to the extent possible. Storage of fuels and chemicals in secure and lined bounded and shall have drainage valves to allow storm water drainage. Proper drainage for in plant areas.
4.2.5 Impact on Noise Levels

Heavy construction traffic for loading and unloading, fabrication and handling of equipment and materials are likely to cause an increase in the ambient noise levels. The areas affected are those close to the site. However, the noise will be temporary and will be restricted mostly to day time.

Regularly maintaining equipments, erection noise enclosures, walls and imposing vehicle speed restrictions. Noise and vibration impacts at construction sites will be minimized by: Locating generators as far as possible away from nearby workforce camps. Fitting mufflers to road vehicles and construction equipment Adequate personal protective equipment like ear plugs and ear muffs shall be provided to the plant workers to reduce the effect of noise
4.2.6 Impact on Ecological Environment

The effect on biological environment can be divided in to two parts, viz. the effect on flora and fauna. The site for the proposed project is reasonably level ground and would require very little cutting and grading. As already mentioned, there is very less vegetation Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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in the study area. The initial construction work at the project site involves land clearance. All the construction work will be carried out in the premises of the plant boundary only. Development of green belt consisting of variety of plants would be developed all around the project to enrich the ecology of the area and add to aesthetics.

All the construction work will be carried out in the premises of the plant. Development of green belt all around the project will be started along with the construction activities to contain the dust and noise due to construction activities Green belt having vegetation density of 1600 trees/hectare will be developed. The felling of trees will be kept at minimum.
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4.2.7 Impact on Society

The project will provide direct or indirect job opportunities to the local population. There will be some migration of skilled labour force from outside the study area during construction phase, which may put some pressure on the local settlements and resources. The immigration of work force for construction phase (including contractor labours) would have marginal impact on demography (e.g. changes in total population, sex ratio, literacy level, main workers etc.) of the immediate vicinity area. In addition, the socio-economic status of the area may improve due to flow of men, material and money. Infrastructure facilities such as sanitation, fuel, rest room, medical facilities, safety etc during construction phase is proposed to be provided for the labor force during construction as well as to the casual workers including truck drivers during operation phase. The positive impacts of these may lead to the following:
Increase in employment opportunity to non-workers in the study area as non-skilled and semi-skilled workers to the contractors / sub-contractors. Growth of services (like retail shops, automobile workshops, etc.) and increase in employment and trade opportunities in service sector. Influx of persons with higher spending power and different socio-cultural background will improve the socio-cultural environment of the area. Increase in per capita income and overall economic upliftment of the area. Improvement in transport, communication, health and educational services.
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The negative impacts could be summarized as follows:
Strain on civic amenities (like road, transport, communication, water supply and sanitation, health care and recreational utilities etc.) due to increase in floating population.
Increase in consumer prices of indigenous services and produces like egg, fish, PAGE | vegetables, milk, etc.
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It is difficult to assess the above impacts quantitatively on a measurable scale. However, most of these impacts will be short term and limited to the construction period only. The increase in employment opportunities (project and service sector) and overall economic upliftment of the area is bound to happen.
4.2.8 Traffic Congestion

Traffic volume on nearby roads will take place due to movement of heavy vehicles (HEMMs) during the construction phase, which may cause public inconvenience. The site is well connected by National Highway- 15 having sufficient width to bear the load of traffic increase due to construction activity. Addition of the anticipated vehicles during construction phase will not have much impact on the traffic scenario as traffic management plan for the area will be developed. The following arrangement would be made to ease the situation.
Where sections of existing roads are used for transport of construction materials and machinery, subsidiary roads shall be constructed as appropriate, so that the existing roads are not significantly congested. Existing roads will also be strengthened and widened, if required, for transportation of material, goods etc.
Drivers of trucks / dumpers engaged in construction work will be instructed to give way to passenger buses, cars etc to avoid inconvenience to public transport system. Transport of construction materials and machineries shall be carried out during lean traffic period of the day or during night.
4.3 IMPACTS DURING OPERATIONAL PHASE

The plant operation will involve proposed 250 MW of power generation apart from the 250 MW plant in operation. The operation of the plant will have impact on the following components:
Land use; Soil quality; Air quality; Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
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Water resources and quality; Solid waste; Noise levels; Terrestrial and aquatic ecology; Demography and socio-economics; and Infrastructural facilities.
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4.3.1 Impact on Land-use

Development activity induces changes in land use pattern of the adjoining areas because of the increased availability of infrastructural facilities, increase in commercial value / potential of land etc. However it will not cause any negative impact on the host environment.
4.3.2 Impact on Soil

Impacts on soils shall be restricted during constructional phase, which will get stabilized during operational phase. The impact on the topsoil will be confined to the proposed main plant area. The probable sources of degradation of soil quality during operations will be only due to generation of ash. The ash pond area of 129.6 acres for 2x125 MW will have a HDPE lining and impacts are considered to be negligible on the soil. The air borne fugitive dust from the plant and ash pond is likely to be deposited on the topsoil in the immediate vicinity of the plant boundary. However, the fugitive emissions are likely to be controlled to a great extent through proposed control measures such as:
Electrostatic precipitators with more than 99.9% efficiency; Installation of bag filters in each and every transfer points in Lignite handling plant; Water sprinkling system at lignite yard, High concentration slurry disposal system for ash disposal; and 50 to 100-m green belt development all along the boundary of the project site.
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4.3.3 Impact on Air Quality

The impact on air quality is assessed based on emissions of the proposed Lignite based thermal power plant. Particulate Matters and Sulphur dioxide (SO2) will be the important pollutants emitting from the lignite-based thermal power plant. Low operating temperature will result to very Low NOX emission i.e. Below Detectable Limit. Prediction of impacts on air environment has been carried out employing mathematical model based on a steady state Gaussian plume dispersion model designed for multiple point sources for short term. In the present case, Industrial Source Complex Short Term [ISCST3] 1993 dispersion model has been used developed by United States Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA].
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4.3.3.1 Model Options used for Computations

The options used for short-term computations are:
The plume rise is estimated by Briggs formulae, but the final rise is always limited to that of the mixing layer; Stack tip downwash is not considered; Buoyancy induced dispersion is used to describe the increasing plume dispersion during the ascension phase; Calms processing routine is used by default; Wind profile exponents are used by default, Irwin; Flat terrain is used for computations; It is assumed that the pollutants do not undergo any physico-chemical transformations and that there is no pollutant removal by dry deposition; Pollutant washout by rain is not considered; and Cartesian co-ordinate system has been used for computations. Model Input Data
For the Modeling purpose pollutants like, Sulphur dioxide and Particulate Matter are considered. The details of stack emissions envisaged from the project are given in Table 4.1. Table 4-1: Stack Emission Details (Worst Case Scenario)
S. No. 1 2 3 Parameters Lignite Used Stack Height Number of stacks m no. Units 2 x 125 MW Lignite 220 1
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Units m m/sec C gm/sec gm/sec
2 x 125 MW 2 5 22 130 665.9 15.9
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4.3.3.2 Meteorological Data

Data recorded at the continuous weather monitoring station on wind speed, direction, and temperature at one-hour interval for three months (March to May 2011) was used as the meteorological input.
4.3.3.3 Stability Classification

The percentage occurrence of stability class for the monitoring period and used for the model is given in the Table 4.2. Table 4-2: Stability Classification
Stability Class A B C D E F Frequency of Occurrence 11.5 17.9 23.4 20.4 13.6 13.2
4.3.3.4 Mixing Height

As site specific mixing heights were not available, mixing heights based on CPCB publication, Spatial Distribution of Hourly Mixing Depth over Indian Region, Probes/ 88/2002-03 has been considered for Industrial Source Complex model to establish the worst case scenario. Mixing heights considered for Modeling are in Table 4.3. Table 4-3: Mixing Height (Time period March to May)
Hour of the day 5 6 7 8 Mixing Heights (m) 50.0 50.0 50.0 200.0
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED 2X125MW LIGNITE BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT AT THUMALI VILLAGES, SHIV TEHSIL, BARMER DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN Hour of the day 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
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Mixing Heights (m) 500.0 700.0 1000.0 1500.0 2000.0 2000.0 2000.0 2000.0 2000.0 1500.0 1500.0
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* - for remaining hours mixing heights has been considered as 50 m.
4.3.3.5 Presentation of Results

In the present case model simulations have been carried using the hourly Triple Joint Frequency data. Short-term simulations were carried to estimate concentrations at the receptors to obtain an optimum description of variations in concentrations over the site in 10-km radius covering 16 directions. The incremental concentrations are estimated for the monitoring period due to operation of both the units of the project. The resultant ground level concentrations for Particulate Matter and SO2 are given in Table 4.4. Table 4-4: Cumulative Resultant Concentrations due to Plant Operation
S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dist. Location (in km) Thumbali Agoriya Jalela Giral Nimbla Akoli Dholkiya 1.0 7.0 5.0 2.5 7.5 2.7 7.0 E NE NNE NE E W SW Dir. on 24 Hourly basis in g/m3 Baseline GLCs SPM 136.8 134.2 186.3 137.3 134.8 133.0 132.8 SO2 18.7 20.6 22.5 20.7 19.7 18.6 17.4 Incremental GLCs SPM 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.3 SO2 22.3 20.3 8.5 25.9 18.6 4.6 11.3 Cumulative GLCs SPM 137.3 134.7 186.5 137.9 135.2 133.1 133.1 SO2 41.0 40.9 31.0 46.6 38.3 23.2 28.7
The impact concentration lines of increment in pollution level are shown in Figure 4.1 to 4.4. From Table 4.4 it is observed that the concentration of pollutants in ambient air will remain well within prescribed standards.
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0.6 5000
0.45
0.3
-5000 0.15
-10000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000
Figure 4-1: Short Term 24 Hourly Incremental GLCs of SPM
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5000
-5000
-10000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000
Figure 4-2: Short Term 24 Hourly Incremental GLCs of SPM (on Base Map)
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5000 20
15
10
-5000 5
-10000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000
Figure 4-3: Short Term 24 Hourly Incremental GLCs of SO2
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5000
-5000
-10000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000
Figure 4-4: Short Term 24 Hourly Incremental GLCs of SPM (on Base Map)
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4.3.4 Impact on Water Resources and Quality

No ground water source will be tapped for meeting the water requirements during operation of power plant. The water requirements of the plant will be met from the IGNP (Indira Gandhi Nahar Project) by laying about 165 km of pipe line.
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4.3.4.1 Impact on Surface Water Quality

The water balance and wastewater generation details have been described in Chapter-2. The wastewater generated in the plant area will be utilized in various activities such as ash/lignite handling, fly ash conditioning, ash disposal, service water and greenbelt development. Plant will be operated on zero discharge concepts.
4.3.4.2 Impact on Ground Water Quality

Under normal operation of the plant, no wastewater will be discharged out side plant premises. The storm water in the project area will be collected through storm water drains and collected in the storm water tank. The guard pond will be provided with proper lining to prevent seepage and avoid contamination of groundwater. Hence, the impact on the groundwater bodies is not envisaged. The garland drains around the ash pond site will be provided for the collection of run-off water during monsoon season.
Site Drainage: Rain water from open area between the buildings and plant road will be drained by gravity to storm water ditches or gullies along plant road. Reinforcement cement concrete (RCC) covers will be provided for drain trenches within area of the route that surrounds main house and switch yard. The ditch will also be connected to the cut-off point for draining rainwater. The first one is arranged at the north of the Lignite stock pile yard. The second one is arranged at the south of the Lignite stock pile yard. The third one and fourth one are arranged between Lignite stock pile yard and main house. The ditch will be provided along the edge of Lignite stock pile yard to collect rainwater. The rainwater from ditch will be discharged into lignite yard area rainwater settling pond. Hence no impact is envisaged on drainage of power area.
4.3.5 Impact of Solid Wastes

The details of the solid wastes from the proposed project are described in Chapter-2. The details of the solid waste generated in the plant are given in Table-4.5.
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Table 4-5: Expected Solid Waste from Power Plant (Worst Case Scenario)
Sr. No. 1 Waste Product Fly ash Quantity 0.56 MTPA Mitigation Ash will be supplied to cement industries around the power plant. In case the ash could not be lifted, the same will be disposed in ash dyke using HCSD system 2 3 Bottom ash Used Oil 00.14 MTPA 70 KLPA Will be disposed off in through HCSD system Will be given authorized processors of RCB ash dyke area
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The ash generated in the plant will be supplied to identify cement industries for consumption. The Sludge from sewage treatment plant will be dried and used as manure for greenbelt maintenance. Canteen/sanitary waste will be composted and used as manure for greenbelt development. In addition to the above gypsum as by-product of lime dosing will also be produce due to plant operation. This gypsum may be used as raw material in nearby cement plant. With the implementation of above precautionary measures, the impacts due to solid waste disposal are insignificant impacts on environment.
Impact of Ash dyke on Surface Water: The wastewater from the guard pond will be sprinkled continuously to prevent fugitive dust. Under normal condition there will not be water discharge from ash pond. During rainy season, the run-off water will be collected in the drain provided along the ash dyke. The run-off water from the ash dyke will be routed to water escape structure and collected in sedimentation pond. Hence, the impact of the ash dyke on the surface water will be insignificant.
Impact of Ash Dyke on Ground Water: The ash dyke will be provided with 1.5 mm HDPE lining of approved make to prevent seepage into ground. Hence the impact on the ground water is not envisaged.
4.3.6 Impact on Noise Levels

The main noise generating sources from the power plant will be pumps, compressors along with cooling tower and boilers. The noise levels at the source for these units will be in the range of 80-90 dB(A). The noise dispersion from the plant units has been computed based on the mathematical model.
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4.3.6.1 Presentation of Results

The noise levels at the plant boundaries are given below in Table-4.6. The expected noise levels at the plant site and boundary are shown in Figure 4.5. Table 4-6: Predicted Noise Levels at the Plant Boundaries
Incremental Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Direction N NE E SE S SW W Baseline dB(A) Ldn 60.8 49.4 49.9 47.7 43.2 44.6 44.6 Noise level in dB(A) 44 38 38 40 36 34 38 Resultant dB(A) 60.9 49.7 50.2 47.9 44.0 45.0 45.5
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The predicted noise levels at the boundary due to various plant activities will be ranging in between 44 to 60.9 dB(A). The noise levels will be in the range of 50.5 dB (A) to 61.5dB (A) at the nearest habitations. The nearest habitation is Thumbali village which is 1.0-km from the plant boundary in north/north-west direction. The impact on the neighbouring villages is assessed and presented in Table-4.7. Table 4-7: Impact of Noise on Surrounding Villages
Amblent Noise Levels Location (dB(A) Day time Thumbali Village Agoriya village Jalela village Giral Village Nimbla Village Akoli Village Dholkiya Village 61.4 48.7 49.7 45.1 48.0 47.4 48.2 Night time 49.4 40.4 40.1 33.7 37.1 36.6 37.2 Predicted incremental Noise Levels dB(A) 44 37 40 40 32 32 32 Resultant Noise Levels dB(A) Day time 61.5 49.0 50.1 46.3 48.1 47.8 48.1 Night time 50.5 42.0 43.1 40.9 38.3 38.7 38.3
4.3.6.2 Impact on Work Zone There are no high noise equipments in the proposed power plant, except boilers, Turbines and compressors. However, impacts on the working personnel are not expected Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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to be significant on account of the high level of automation of the plant, which means that workers will be exposed for short duration only that too intermittently.
-1000 1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1000
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800 800
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600
600
64.0 62.0 60.0
400
400
58.0 56.0 54.0
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52.0 50.0 48.0
46.0 44.0 42.0 40.0
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-600
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26.0 24.0
-800
-800
-1000 -1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
200
400
600
800
-1000 1000
Figure 4-5: Noise Dispersion Contours at the Plant Site and Boundary
4.3.7 Prediction of Impacts on Socio-Economics

The requirement of unskilled manpower will be met from nearby villages during construction phase. As part of existing power implementation, about 2000 members are deployed through contractors as skill and non-skill oriented jobs from surrounding villages. The expansion project will also help in generation of the indirect employment apart from direct employment. This will be a positive socio-economic development for the region. There will be a general upliftment of standard of living in the region.
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4.3.8 Impacts on Public Health and Safety

The discharge of waste materials (stack emission, wastewater and solid wastes) from process operations is expected to be insignificant and may not have potential impact on public safety and health. The adverse impacts on ambient air and soil quality are predicted to be low and there will not be any process wastewater generation from the PAGE | plant. The public health and safety is dependent on the effective implementation of control measures suggested for pollution control.
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4.4 MITIGATION MEASURES DURING OPERATION PHASE

During operation phase, the impacts on the various environmental attributes should be mitigated using appropriate pollution control equipment. The Environment Management Plan prepared for the proposed project aims at minimizing the pollution at source.
4.4.1 Air Pollution Management

Fugitive and stack emissions from the power plant will contribute to increase in concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx pollutants. The mitigation measures which will be followed to control the impact on air environment are:
Installation of ESP followed by fabric filter of 99.9% efficiency to limit the PM concentrations below 50 mg/Nm3; Provision of 220-m high stack for wider dispersion of gaseous emissions; Provision of water sprinkling system at material handling and storage yard; Continuous water sprinkling at ash dyke to prevent generation of fugitive dust; Cement Concrete roads within the plant area; and Development of greenbelt around the plant to arrest the fugitive emissions.
4.4.2 Water Pollution Management

The wastewater will be generated from cooling towers in the power plant. Additionally, domestic wastewater from canteen and employees wash area will also be generated. The following measures will be followed to minimise the impacts and conservation of fresh water:
Utilizing the wastewater from cooling towers for ash and Lignite handling systems; Utilizing wastewater for sprinkling over ash disposal area to arrest fugitive dust; Treating wastewater from ash dyke in ETP and utilizing in the process; Provision of RO to achieve zero discharge Provision of STP to treat domestic sewage from plant and colony; Treated domestic wastewater for greenbelt development; Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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Lining of guard and ash dyke suitably to prevent any seepage into ground to avoid any groundwater contamination; Lining of ash dyke to prevent percolation of water into ground; and Suitable rainwater harvesting structures to be constructed.
4.4.3 Noise Pollution Management

In the process, various equipment like pumps, cooling tower, compressors etc generate the noise. The following measures will be undertaken to mitigate higher noise levels:
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Equipment will conform to noise levels prescribed by regulatory authorities; Provision of acoustic enclosures to noise generating equipments like pumps; Provision of thick greenbelt to attenuate the noise levels; Provision of earplugs to the workers working in high noise level area; and Equipments to be procured with 75dB (A) design noise levels.
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Chapter-5: Alternative Analysis

The setting up of the proposed lignite based Thermal Power Project (CCPP) involves project justification and techno-economic analysis of various alternatives available such as distance from gas station, power generation and evacuation and pollution control. An attempt has, therefore, been made to choose techno-economically optimum option available for the inputs and power plant components. This chapter summarizes the study of analysis of various alternatives considered for the proposed project.
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5.
ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS
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5.1 INTRODUCTION
The setting up of the proposed lignite based Thermal Power Project (CCPP) involves project justification and techno-economic analysis of various alternatives available such as distance from gas station, power generation and evacuation and pollution control. An attempt has, therefore, been made to choose techno-economically optimum option available for the inputs and power plant components. This chapter summarizes the study of analysis of various alternatives considered for the proposed project.
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5.2 SITE ALTERNATIVES

The land for the proposed plant site is on additional land transferred to Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited by Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited (RRVUNL) from their existing 2x125MW Thermal Power Plant. Thus as there was industrial land available for the project, no alternate sites were identified. The land for the ash disposal area was also transferred to the SPV by the government adjacent to the land owned by RRVUNL. So there are no issues of displacement or acquisition.
5.3 ALTERNATIVES FOR TECHNOLOGY

The selection of equipment and systems for the plant has to be based on their suitability for the type of fuel proposed for the plant as well as on track records of these equipment / systems, etc. for the intended purpose. Selection of technology and equipment for the Project has been done with these considerations. Fluidised bed combustion is a Clean Technology for a better tomorrow where technology and economy have been interwoven harmoniously in quest of a better environment. The environmentally friendly perspectives of this technology are as follows:
At the low combustion temperature of 800C / 850C, no Nitrogen Oxides result from the nitrogen in the combustion air, with the end result of extremely low NOx emissions even with fuels rich in Nitrogen
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Formation of SO2 is essentially prevented by the addition of limestone and / or selecting suitably to meet the CPCB norms. This is both mixed into the fuel and blown into the combustion chamber. Due to the favourable conditions in the fluidized bed, about 85% of the resulting Sulphur Oxides can be removed. Balance 15 % will be taken care of through suitable Stack height as per formula of Central Pollution Control PAGE | Board. In the instant case Sulphur content being less i.e. within 0.5% in fuel, no lime stone feeding has been envisaged. 100% SO2 effect will be nullified by Stack height only
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Broad selection of primary fuel is possible; even combination of low gross calorific value (GCV) fuels can be used in adequate proportion so that minimum average GCV does not fall below 2200 Kcal / Kg.
Better Plant flexibility at partial loads of about 25% and quick load changes Low Auxiliary Power consumption compared to other coal fired Boiler versions Sectionalized bed of CFBC Boilers will render operational flexibility for output steam flow generation, thereby CFBC Boiler would be semi-outdoor type, natural circulation, balanced draft designed for firing different grades of coal.
Capacity of CFBC has been selected to ensure adequate margin over the requirement of turbine at 100% MCR. CFBC would be designed to operate with The HP heaters out of service condition (resulting in lower feed water temperature at Economizer inlet) and deliver Steam to meet the Turbo-Generator requirement at 100% MCR. Economizer section of the Boiler would be non-Steaming type. Super heater sections would be convection type and designed so as to maintain rated Steam temperature of 490C at super heater outlet over the control range of 60% to 100%, MCR. Attemperator is provided at the outlet of convection super heater for temperature control at Steam Generator outlet. CFBC Boilers furnace and flue gas passages would be designed for appropriate low velocities in order to minimize erosion. Suitable balanced draft System would be provided with two (2) forced draft and two (2) induced draft fans. Each of these fans would be capable of meeting the air requirement at 100% Boiler MCR load. The forced draft fans would be radial type with inlet vane control for regulation of airflow. The induced draft fans would be radial type with multi louver damper control the regulation. The forced draft fans would control total air flow to Boiler and the induced draft fan would control furnace draft of the Boiler through automatic control loops. In addition to the FD fan, two (2) primary air fan of 100% capacity each shall be provided for transportation of fuel with one working and one standby. Project Proponent : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : PFC Consulting Limited (PFCCL)
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CFBC Boiler would be top supported type and would be provided with all supporting Steel platforms, galleries and stairways for easy approach and Maintenance of the Unit. Adequate weather protection would be provided for instruments and operating personnel. Necessary insulation along with skin casing to limit outside surface temperature to the safe level would be provided.
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Chapter-6: Environment Monitoring Plan

Environmental policy at industry level is yet to be defined formally. Standards are stipulated by various regulatory agencies to limit the emission of pollutants in air and water. Similarly, a mandatory practice is recommended for preparing an environment statement each year in order to encourage the industries to allow efficient use of resources in their production processes and reduce the quantities of waste per unit of product. This in itself is not sufficient since this does not provide an assurance that its environmental performance not only meets, will continue to meet, legislative and policy requirements.
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6.
ENVIRONMENT MONITORING PLAN

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6.1 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Environmental policy at industry level is yet to be defined formally. Standards are stipulated by various regulatory agencies to limit the emission of pollutants in air and water. Similarly, a mandatory practice is recommended for preparing an environment statement each year in order to encourage the industries to allow efficient use of resources in their production processes and reduce the quantities of waste per unit of product. This in itself is not sufficient since this does not provide an assurance that its environmental performance not only meets, will continue to meet, legislative and policy requirements. Hence, Environmental Management Systems (EMS) is suggested at the industry level for ensuring that the activities of the project would influence the surrounding environment to the least extent. Since this is more in line with the environmental management systems, it is proposed to develop one as outlined in the following sub sections. The EMS - its setup, role and responsibilities is given below.
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6.1.1 Formation of an Environmental Management System

The environmental management system for the power plant will enable it to maximize its beneficial effects and minimize its adverse effects with emphasis on prevention. It will:
Identify and evaluate the environmental effects arising from the plant activities; Identify and evaluate the environmental effects arising from incidents, accidents and potential emergency situations; Identify the relevant legislative and regulatory requirements; Enable priorities to be identified and pertinent environment objectives/ targets to be set; Facilitate planning, control, monitoring, auditing and review of activities to ensure that the policy is complied with; and Allow periodic evaluation to suit changing circumstances so that it remains relevant.
6.1.2 Implementation of an Environmental Management System

The top management of the power plant will be committed to development of its activities in an environmentally sound manner and supports all efforts in achieving this Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
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objective. In pursuance of this, formal environmental management system shall be established during the operating phase of the plant which shall carry out periodic environmental review, covering the following four areas:
Legislative and regulatory requirements; Evaluation and registration of significant parameters and their environmental impacts; PAGE | Review of environmental management practices and procedures being proposed; and Assessment of feedback from investigation of previous environmental incidents and non-compliance with legislation, regulations or existing policies and procedures.
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The environmental review shall address the following:
The nature and extent of problems and deficiencies; The priorities to be accorded to rectify them; and An improvement program designed to ensure that the personnel and material resources required are identified and made available.
6.1.3 Environment Management Records

The power plant shall establish and maintain a system of records to demonstrate compliance with the environmental management systems and the extent of achievement of the environmental objectives and targets. In addition to the other records (legislative, audit and review reports), management records shall address the following:
Details of failure in compliance and corrective action; Details of complaints and follow-up action; Inspection and maintenance reports; Monitoring data; and Environmental training records.
6.1.4 Environmental Management Reviews

The senior management shall periodically review the Environmental Management System (EMS) to ensure its suitability and effectiveness. The need for possible changes in the environmental policy and objectives for continuous improvement shall be ascertained and revisions made accordingly.
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING CELL

A centralized environmental monitoring cell will be established for monitoring of important and crucial environmental parameters which are of immense importance to assess the status of environment during Plant operation. With the knowledge of baseline conditions, the monitoring program can serve as an indicator for any deterioration in environmental Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
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conditions due to operation of the plant and helps in planning suitable mitigatory steps that could be taken in time to safeguard the environment. Monitoring is as important as that of control of pollution since the efficiency of control measures can only be determined by monitoring. The following routine monitoring program will be implemented under the post-project monitoring in the proposed plant. The monitoring programs proposed to be implemented are discussed in following sections.
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6.3 POST-PROJECT MONITORING: PARAMETERS AND SCHEDULE

The monitoring programme has been formulated to take care of impact of proposed project. The monitoring programme for different parameters of environment is based on the findings of the impact assessment as discussed in Chapter 4.
6.3.1 Air Quality Management

6.3.1.1 Continuous Emissions Monitoring System (CEMS)
Continuous Emissions Monitoring System (CEMS) for monitoring of Flue gas Emissions from the stacks of the plant will be provided, which will consist of the analyser / instruments for following parameters.
Particulate Matter, Oxides of Nitrogen NOX Sulphur Dioxide SO2, Carbon Monoxide CO
6.3.1.2 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring System

Concentrations of PM (10 & 2.5), SO2 and NOX in the ambient air within the project boundaries and outside the project boundaries adjoining villages will be monitored as per the guidelines stipulated by CPCB / MoEF.
6.3.1.3 Micro-Meteorological Observations

An Automatic Weather Monitoring station will be installed within the plant premises and hourly observations of micro-meteorological parameters (Wind speed, Wind directions, Ambient Temperature, Relative humidity, rainfall etc) will be recorded.
6.3.2 Water Management

6.3.2.1 Monitoring of Water Consumption
Continuous efforts would be made to reduce the water consumption, and thereby to reduce the waste water generation. Flow meters would be installed at all major water inlet points and flow rates would be continuously monitored. Project Proponent : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : PFC Consulting Limited (PFCCL)
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6.3.2.2 Monitoring of Wastewater Treatment

The treated effluent would be monitored for the flow rate and quality to identify any deviations in performance of effluent and sewage treatment plants. The parameters to be monitor include pH, oil and grease, TSS, TDS, COD, BOD, sodium, sulphates, chlorides, nitrates, and phosphates.
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Ground Water Quality: Ground Water Quality and depth of water table will be monitored along with Quality check. The monitoring locations will be close to the ash pond area.
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6.3.3 Noise Levels

Ambient Noise levels would be monitored once in a week at major noise generating locations and impact areas within the plant premises and neighboring areas.
6.3.4 Soil
Soil quality for physical and chemical parameters, organic contents and heavy metals will be monitored around the ash disposal area.
6.3.5 Ecology
Ecological impact will also be monitored for symptoms of visible damage to crops will be done on an annual basis. A comparative analysis of density and diversity of local fauna will be conducted every five years. The final post-study environmental monitoring programme including number and location of monitoring stations, frequency of sampling and parameters to be covered have been summarized and presented in Table 6.1 and 6.2. Table 6-1: Environmental Monitoring Programme during Construction Phase
S. No. 1. Aspect Effluent from septic tanks 2. Water Identification related 3. 4. Noise Air quality of water and Three times a year Once in three months SPM, PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOX Regular twice in a week manner Parameters pH, BOD, COD, TSS, TDS Frequency Quarterly Before Location and after treatment from each septic tank Labour colonies At major construction sites At major construction sites camps and diseases
curative measure, etc. Equivalent noise level
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED 2X125MW LIGNITE BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT AT THUMALI VILLAGES, SHIV TEHSIL, BARMER DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN S. No. 5. Aspect Meteorological aspects Parameters Wind speed & direction, temperature, rainfall and humidity Frequency
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Location At project site
Continuous hourly monitoring
Table 6-2: Environmental Monitoring Programme during Operation Phase

S. No 1. Aspect Ambient Quality 2. 3. Stack Emission Meteorology Air Parameters PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX, Ozone and Hg Particulate Matter, SO2, and NOX Temperature, wind speed and 4. Surface quality 5. Ground quality 6. Plant effluents water water direction, Relative and humidity and Rainfall Physical, biological Physical, biological Physical metals 7. 8. Land-use Soils Land utilization pattern Physical and chemical parameters with organic content and heavy metals 9. 10. Noise level Ecology Noise Visible damage to crops Monthly Yearly In and around the plant boundary In study area Yearly Once every year Project affected area Around site ash disposal and chemical Monthly Surface Water-bodies parameters chemical and Monthly in Study Area In and around ash Continuous on hourly basis Plant Site Frequency Twice in a week and 24 hour at each station Continuous Stack Power Location Plant and Nearby Settlements
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including heavy metals parameters chemical Monthly disposal area
including heavy metals properties including heavy
6.3.6 Implementation Schedule of Mitigation Measures

The mitigation measures suggested in Chapter-4 shall be implemented so as to reduce the impact on environment due to the operations of the proposed project. In order to facilitate easy implementation of mitigation measures, the phased priority of implementation is given in Table-6.3. Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
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Table 6-3: Implementation Schedule

Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 Recommendations Air pollution control measures Water measures Noise control measures Ecological preservation and up gradation Along with the commissioning of the Plant Stage wise implementation Immediate & Progressive Immediate pollution control units Before commissioning of the plant Immediate Time Requirement Before commissioning of respective Schedule Immediate
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6.4 MONITORING EQUIPMENT AND CONSUMABLES

A well-equipped laboratory with consumable items will be provided for monitoring of environmental parameters. Alternatively, monitoring will be outsourced to a recognized laboratory. Following equipment and consumable items will be procured by the project proponent to implement the monitoring programme as given in Table-6.4. Table 6-4: Proposed Equipment for Environmental Management
Name of Equipment High volume / Respirable dust samplers/Fire dust sampler Stack monitoring Kit On-line flue gas analyser Automatic weather monitor Sound level meter UV Spectrophotometer Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Gas chromatograph Micro-balance BOD Incubator COD reflux set up Refrigerator Oven Thermometer pH meter Distilled water plant DO analyzer Pipette box Titration set up Relevant Chemicals Purpose AAQ monitoring Particulates, SO2 , NOx, CO and Fluoride Combustion analysis Meteorological data collection at site Noise levels Chemical analysis Chemical analysis Chemical analysis Chemical analysis BOD estimation COD estimation Preserving samples Heating Temperature pH analysis Distilled water DO analysis Chemical analysis Chemical analysis Chemical analysis
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6.5 BUDGETARY ALLOCATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Environmental protection will be monitored and executed by a centralized environmental management cell. The monetary estimates have been arrived for the proposed activity and are presented. It is proposed to invest about Rs.145.97 Crores on pollution control, treatment and PAGE | monitoring systems. In addition to this, Rs.12.55 Crores per annum will be spent on greenbelt development and other pollution control activities as a recurring expenditure. A detailed budgetary allocation for Environment Protection is presented in Table 6.5. Table 6-5: Proposed Cost Provision for Environmental Measures
Sl. No. 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Cost (Rs. Crores) Description of Item Electrostatic Precipitators Ash Handling unit Ash dyke development Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) Dust Suppression System Control of Fire & Explosion Hazards DM Plant Waste Treatment Systems Sewage Collection, Treatment & Disposal Environmental Lab Equipment and on line Monitoring equipments Green Belt development in 24 acres Total Capital Cost 40.0 10.0 30.0 10.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 20.0 0.97 145.97 12.55 Recurring Cost per Annum 10.0 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.55
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Chapter-7: Additional Studies

This chapter describes the public consultation for the proposed project, Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Plan for the plant.
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7.
ADDITIONAL STUDIES
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7.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter describes the public consultation for the proposed project, Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Plan for the plant.
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7.2 PUBLIC CONSULTATION

As per the conditions of the TOR and the EIA Notification 2006, public consultation will be held for the project. Public Consultation refers to the process by which the concerns of local affected persons and others who have plausible stake in the environmental impacts of the project or activity are ascertained with a view to taking into account all the material concerns in the project or activity design as appropriate. Public consultation process comprises of two parts, viz Public Hearing and written response from stakeholders. The Public Hearing shall be arranged in a systematic, time bound and transparent manner ensuring widest possible public participation at the project site(s) or in its close proximity, by the Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board (RSPCB). The EIA report is submitted to RSPCB along with other relevant documents. The RSPCB will process the application for public hearing and conduct the hearing within 45 days of the application. For obtaining responses in writing from other concerned persons having a plausible stake in the environmental aspects of the project or activity, the concerned regulatory authority and the RSPCB shall invite responses from such concerned persons by placing on their website the Summary EIA report along with a copy of the application in the prescribed form, within seven days of the receipt of a written request for arranging the public hearing. Confidential information including non-disclosable or legally privileged information involving Intellectual Property Right, source specified in the application shall not be placed on the web site. The regulatory authority concerned may also use other appropriate media for ensuring wide publicity about the project or activity. The regulatory authority shall, however, make available on a written request from any concerned person the Draft EIA report for inspection at a notified place during normal office hours till the date of the public hearing. All the responses received as part of this public consultation process shall be forwarded to the applicant through the quickest available means. Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
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After completion of the public consultation, the applicant shall address all the material environmental concerns expressed during this process, and make appropriate changes in the draft EIA and EMP. The final EIA report, so prepared, shall be submitted by the applicant to the MoEF for appraisal. The applicant may alternatively submit a supplementary report to draft EIA and EMP addressing all the concerns expressed during the public consultation.
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7.3 RISK ASSESSMENT AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

Hazard analysis involves the identification and quantification of the various hazards (unsafe conditions) that exist in the proposed power plant. On the other hand, risk analysis deals with the recognition and computation of risks, the equipment in the plant and personnel are prone to, due to accidents resulting from the hazards present in the plant. Risk analysis follows an extensive hazard analysis. It involves the identification and assessment of risks the neighbouring populations are exposed to as a result of hazards present. This requires a thorough knowledge of failure probability, credible accident scenario, vulnerability of population etc. Much of this information is difficult to get or generate. Consequently, the risk analysis is often confined to maximum credible accident studies. In the sections below, the identification of various hazards, probable risks in the proposed power plant, maximum credible accident analysis, consequence analysis are addressed which gives a broad identification of risks involved in the plant. The Disaster Management Plan (DMP) has been presented based on the risk estimation for fuel storage only since there is no hazardous chemical storage in the power plant in view of the electro chlorination plant proposed to be installed.
7.3.1 Approach to the Study

Risk involves the occurrence or potential occurrence of some accidents consisting of an event or sequence of events. The risk assessment study covers the following:
Identification of potential hazard areas; Identification of representative failure cases; Visualization of the resulting scenarios in terms of fire (thermal radiation) and explosion;
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Assess the overall damage potential of the identified hazardous events and the impact zones from the accidental scenarios; Assess the overall suitability of the site from hazard minimization and disaster mitigation point of view; Furnish specific recommendations on the minimization of the worst accident PAGE | possibilities; and Preparation of broad Disaster Management Plan (DMP), On-site and Off-site Emergency Plan, which includes Occupational and Health Safety Plan.
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7.3.2 Hazard Identification

Identification of hazards in the proposed power plant is of primary significance in the analysis, quantification and cost effective control of accidents involving chemicals and process. A classical definition of hazard states that hazard is in fact the characteristic of system plant/process that presents potential for an accident. Hence, all the components of a system/plant/process need to be thoroughly examined, to assess their potential for initiating or propagating an unplanned event/sequence of events, which can be termed as an accident. The following two methods for hazard identification have been employed in the study:
Identification of major hazardous units based on Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989 of Government of India (GOI Rules, 1989); and Identification of hazardous units and segments of plants and storage units based on relative ranking technique, viz. Fire-Explosion and Toxicity Index (FE&TI).
7.3.2.1 Classification of Major Hazardous Units

Hazardous substances may be classified into three main classes namely flammable substances, unstable substances and toxic substances. The ratings for a large number of chemicals based on flammability, reactivity and toxicity have been given in NFPA Codes 49 and 345 M. The major hazardous materials to be stored, transported, handled and utilized within the facility have been summarized in the Table 7.1. The fuel storage details and properties are given in Table 7.2 and Table 7.3 respectively. Table 7-1: Hazardous Materials Stored, Transported And Handled
Materials LDO Hazardous Properties UN 1203. Dangerous Goods class 3 Flammable Liquid
Table 7-2: Category Wise Schedule Of Storage Tanks

Sl. No. 1 Material LDO No. of Tanks 2 Design Capacity (KL) 500 Classification Non-dangerous Petroleum
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Table 7-3: Properties of Fuel Used in the Plant

Chemical LDO Codes/Label Flammable TLV 5 mg/m
3
FBP 400
MP c -
FP 32 - 96
UEL % 7.5
LEL 0.6
TLV MP UEL
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Threshold Limit Value Melting Point Upper Explosive Limit
FBP FP LEL
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Final Boiling Point Flash Point Lower Explosive Limit
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7.3.2.2 Identification of Major Hazard Installations Based on GOI Rules, 1989

Following accidents in the chemical industry in India over a few decades, a specific legislation covering major hazard activities has been enforced by Govt. of India in 1989 in conjunction with Environment Protection Act, 1986. This is referred here as GOI Rules 1989. For the purpose of identifying major hazard installations the rules employ certain criteria based on toxic, flammable and explosive properties of chemicals. A systematic analysis of the fuels/chemicals and their quantities of storage has been carried out, to determine threshold quantities as notified by GOI Rules, 1989 and the applicable rules are identified. Applicability of storage rules are summarized in Table 7.4. Table 7-4: Applicability of GOI Rules To Fuel/Chemical Storage
Sl. No. 1 Chemical/ Fuel LDO Listed in Schedule 3(1) Total Quantity (KL) 1000 Threshold Quantity (T) for Application of Rules 5,7-9,13-15 25 MT 10-12 200 MT
7.3.3 Hazard Assessment and Evaluation

7.3.3.1 Methodology
An assessment of the conceptual design is conducted for the purpose of identifying and examining hazards related to feed stock materials, major process components, utility and support systems, environmental factors, proposed operations, facilities, and safeguards.
7.3.3.2 Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)

A preliminary hazard analysis is carried out initially to identify the major hazards associated with storages and the processes of the plant. This is followed by consequence analysis to quantify these hazards. Finally, the vulnerable zones are plotted for which risk reducing measures are deduced and implemented. Preliminary hazard analysis for fuel storage area and whole plant is given in Table 7.5 and Table 7.6.
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Table 7-5: Preliminary Hazard Analysis For Storage Areas

Unit LDO Capacity 1000 KL Hazard Identified Fire/Explosion
Table 7-6: Preliminary Hazard Analysis For The Whole Plant In General
PHA Category Environmental factors Environmental factors Description of Plausible Hazard If there is any leakage and eventuality of source of ignition. Highly inflammable A dry well designed and should fire CO2 be -Recommendation All Provision electrical fittings and
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cables are provided as per the specified standards. All motor starters are flame proof. Fire extinguisher of small size and big size are provided at all potential fire hazard places. In addition to the above, fire hydrant provided. network is also
nature of the liquid fuels may cause fire hazard in the storage facility.
protection including foam, powder, extinguisher provided.
7.3.3.3 Fire Explosion and Toxicity Index (FE&TI) Approach

Fire, Explosion and Toxicity Indexing (FE & TI) is a rapid ranking method for identifying the degree of hazard. The application of FE & TI would help to make a quick assessment of the nature and quantification of the hazard in these areas. However, this does not provide precise information. The degree of hazard potential is identified based on the numerical value of F&EI as per the criteria given below:
F&EI Range 0-60 61-96 97-127 128-158 159-up : : : : : Degree of Hazard Light Moderate Intermediate Heavy Severe
By comparing the indices F&EI and TI, the unit in question is classified into one of the following three categories established for the purpose (Table 7.7). Table 7-7: Fire Explosion and Toxicity Index
Category I II Fire and Explosion Index (F&EI) F&EI < 65 65 < or = F&EI < 95 Toxicity Index (TI) TI < 6 6 < or = TI < 10
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED 2X125MW LIGNITE BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT AT THUMALI VILLAGES, SHIV TEHSIL, BARMER DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN Category III Fire and Explosion Index (F&EI) F&EI > or = 95
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Toxicity Index (TI) TI > or = 10
Certain basic minimum preventive and protective measures are recommended for the three hazard categories.
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7.3.3.4 Results of FE and TI for Storage/Process Units

Based on the GOI Rules 1989, the hazardous fuels used by the proposed power plant were identified. Fire and Explosion are the likely hazards, which may occur due to the fuel storage. Hence, Fire and Explosion index has been calculated for in plant storage. Estimates of FE&TI are given in Table-7.8. Table 7-8: Fire Explosion and Toxicity Index
Sr. No. 1 Chemical/ Fuel LDO Total Capacity (KL) 1000 F&EI 1.1 Category Light TI Nil Category -
Results of FE&TI analysis show that the storage of LDO falls into Light category of fire and explosion index with a Nil toxicity index.
7.3.4 Maximum Credible Accident Analysis (MCAA)

Hazardous substances may be released as a result of failures or catastrophes, causing possible damage to the surrounding area. This section deals with the question of how the consequences of the release of such substances and the damage to the surrounding area can be determined by means of models. Major hazards posed by flammable storage can be identified taking recourse to MCA analysis. MCA analysis encompasses certain techniques to identify the hazards and calculate the consequent effects in terms of damage distances of heat radiation, toxic releases, vapour cloud explosion, etc. A host of probable or potential accidents of the major units in the complex arising due to use, storage and handling of the hazardous materials are examined to establish their credibility. Depending upon the effective hazardous attributes and their impact on the event, the maximum effect on the surrounding environment and the respective damage caused can be assessed. The results of consequence analysis are useful for getting information about all known and unknown effects that are of importance when some failure scenario occurs in the plant and also to get information as how to deal with the possible catastrophic events. It also gives the workers in the plant and people living in the vicinity of the area, an understanding of their personal situation. Project Proponent : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : PFC Consulting Limited (PFCCL)
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7.3.4.1 Damage Criteria

The fuel storage and unloading at the storage facility may lead to fire and explosion hazards. The damage criteria due to an accidental release of any hydrocarbon arise from fire and explosion. The vapours of these fuels are not toxic and hence no effects of toxicity are expected. Tank fire would occur if the radiation intensity is high on the peripheral surface of the tank leading to increase in internal tank pressure. Pool fire would occur when fuels collected in the dyke due to leakage gets ignited.
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Fire Damage: A flammable liquid in a pool will burn with a large turbulent diffusion flame. This releases heat based on the heat of combustion and the burning rate of the liquid. A part of the heat is radiated while the rest is convected away by rising hot air and combustion products. The radiations can heat the contents of a nearby storage or process unit to above its ignition temperature and thus result in a spread of fire. The radiations can also cause severe burns or fatalities of workers or fire fighters located within a certain distance. Hence, it will be important to know beforehand the damage potential of a flammable liquid pool likely to be created due to leakage or catastrophic failure of a storage or process vessel. This will help to decide the location of other storage/process vessels, decide the type of protective clothing the workers/fire fighters need, the duration of time for which they can be in the zone, the fire extinguishing measures needed and the protection methods needed for the nearby storage/process vessels.
Table 7.9 tabulates the damage effect on equipment and people due to thermal radiation intensity. Table 7-9: Damage Due To Incident Radiation Intensities
Sl. No. 1 Incident Radiation (kW/m2) 37.5 Type of Damage Intensity Damage to Equipment Damage to process equipment Minimum energy required to 2 25.0 ignite wood at indefinitely long exposure without a flame 3 19.0 Maximum thermal radiation intensity allowed on thermally -Damage to People 100% lethality in 1 min. 1% lethality in 10 sec. 50% Lethality in 1 min. Significant injury in 10 sec.
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED 2X125MW LIGNITE BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT AT THUMALI VILLAGES, SHIV TEHSIL, BARMER DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN Sl. No. Incident Radiation (kW/m2)
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Type of Damage Intensity Damage to Equipment unprotected adjoining equipment Damage to People
12.5
Minimum energy to ignite with a flame; melts plastic tubing --
1% lethality in 1 min. Causes pain if duration is longer
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4.5
than 20 sec, however blistering is un-likely (First degree burns) Causes no discomfort on long exposures
1.6
--
Source: Techniques for Assessing Industrial Hazards by World Bank.
The effect of incident radiation intensity and exposure time on lethality is given in Table 7.10. Table 7-10: Radiation Exposure and Lethality
Radiation Intensity (kW/m ) 1.6 4.5 4.5 8.0 8.0 8.0 12.0 12.0 12.5 25.0 37.5
2
Exposure Time (seconds) -20 50 20 50 60 20 50 Inst Inst Inst
Lethality (%) 0 0 0 0 <1 <1 <1 8 10 50 100
Degree of Burns No Discomfort even after long exposure 1st 1st 1st 3rd 3rd 2nd 3rd ----
7.3.5 Scenarios Considered for MCA Analysis

7.3.5.1 Fuel Storage
The details of storages in the proposed power plant are given Table 7.3 above. In case of fuel released in the area catching fire, a steady state fire will occur. Failures in pipeline may occur due to corrosion and mechanical defect. Failure of pipeline due to external interference is not considered as this area is licensed area and all the work within this area is closely supervised with trained personnel. Project Proponent : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : PFC Consulting Limited (PFCCL)
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7.3.5.2 Modeling Scenarios

Based on the storage and consumption of various fuels the following failure scenarios for the proposed power plant have been identified for MCA analysis and the scenarios are discussed in Table 7.11. The fuel properties considered in Modeling are given in Table 7.12. Table 7-11: Scenarios Considered For MCA Analysis
Sr. No. 1 Fuel/Chemical Fire of LDO tank Total Quantity 2x500 Scenarios considered Pool fire
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Table 7-12: Properties of Fuels Considered For Modeling

Sr. No. 1 Fuel LDO Molecular weight (kg/kg mol) 114.24 Boiling Point (C) 400 Density (kg/m3) 840
7.3.5.3 Pool Fire Models used for MCA Analysis

Heat Radiation program RADN has been used to estimate the steady state radiation effect from storage of fuel at different distances. The model is based on the equations compiled from various literatures by Prof. J.P. Gupta, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Kanpur.
7.3.5.4 Results and Discussion

The results of MCA analysis are tabulated indicating the distances for various damages identified by the damage criteria, as explained earlier. Calculations are done for radiation intensities levels of 37.5, 25, 12.5, 4.5 and 1.6 kW/m2, which are presented in Table 7.13 for different scenarios. The distances computed for various scenarios are from the center of the pool fire. Table 7-13: Occurrence of Various Radiation Intensities- Pool Fire
Radiation and Effect Failure of each LDO tank Radiation Intensities (kW/m2)/Distances (m) 37.5 12.9 25.0 16.2 19.0 19.0 12.5 24.1 4.5 43.2 1.6 77.9
7.3.6 Lignite Handling Plant - Dust Explosion

Lignite dust when dispersed in air, and ignited would explode. Crusher house and conveyor systems are most susceptible to this hazard. To be explosive, the dust mixture should have:
Particles dispersed in the air with minimum size (typical figure is 400 microns); Dust concentrations must be reasonably uniform; and Project Proponent : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : PFC Consulting Limited (PFCCL)
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Minimum explosive concentration for Lignite dust (33% volatiles) is 50 g/m3.
Failure of dust extraction and suppression systems may lead to abnormal conditions and may increase the concentration of Lignite dust to the explosive limits. Sources of ignition present are incandescent bulbs with the glasses of bulkhead fittings missing, electric equipment and cables, friction, spontaneous combustion in accumulated dust. Dust explosions may occur without any warnings with Maximum Explosion Pressure upto 6.4 bar. Another dangerous characteristic of dust explosions is that it sets off secondary explosions after the occurrence of the initial dust explosion. Many a times the secondary explosions are more damaging than primary ones. The dust explosions are powerful enough to destroy structures, kill or injure people and set dangerous fires likely to damage a large portion of the Lignite Handling Plant including collapse of its steel structure which may cripple the life line of the power plant. Stockpile areas shall be provided with automatic garden type sprinklers for dust suppression as well as to reduce spontaneous ignition of the Lignite stockpiles. Necessary water distribution network for drinking and service water with pumps, piping, tanks, valves etc will be provided for distributing water at all transfer points, crusher house, control rooms etc. A centralized control room with microprocessor based control system (PLC) has been envisaged for operation of the Lignite handling plant. Except for locally controlled equipment like traveling tripper, dust extraction/ dust suppression / ventilation equipment, sump pumps, water distribution system etc., all other in-line equipment will be controlled from the central control room but will have provision for local control as well. All necessary interlocks, control panels, MCCs, mimic diagrams etc. will be provided for safe and reliable operation of the Lignite handling plant.
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7.3.6.1 Control Measures for Lignite Yards

The total quantity of Lignite will be stored in separate stack piles, with proper drains around to collect washouts during monsoon season. Water sprinkling system will be installed on stocks of Lignite in required scales to prevent spontaneous combustion and consequent fire hazards. The stock geometry will be adopted to maintain minimum exposure of stock pile areas towards predominant wind direction.
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7.3.7 Identification of Hazards Other than Fuel storage

The various hazards associated, with the plant process apart from fuel storage have been identified and are outlined in Table 7.14. Table 7-14: Hazard Analysis for Process In Power Plant
Sl. No. 1 2 3 Blocks/Areas Lignite storage in open yard Lignite Handling Plant including Bunker area Boilers Steam Buildings 4 Turbine Generator Fire (mainly near oil burners), Steam Explosions, Fuel Explosions Fires in a) Lube oil system b) Cable galleries c) Short circuits in i) Control rooms ii) Switch-gears 5 6 Switch-yard Control Room LDO Tank Farms Fire in cable galleries and Switch-gear/Control Room Fire Hazards Identified Fire, Spontaneous Combustion Fire and/or Dust Explosions
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7.3.7.1 Hazardous Events with Greatest Contribution to Fatality Risk

The hazardous event scenarios likely to make the greatest contribution to the risk of potential fatalities are summarized in Table 7.15. Onsite facility refers to the project site of BTPCL at Giral, whereas offsite facility refers to transport and handling systems, which are away from the operating site. Table 7-15: Hazardous Events Contributing To On-Site Facility Risk
Hazardous Event Onsite vehicle impact on personnel Entrapment/struck by Machinery Fall from heights Electrocution Storage tank rupture Risk Rank 3 3 3 3 3 Consequences of Interest Potential for single fatalities, onsite impact Potential for single fatalities, onsite impact Potential for single fatalities, onsite impact Potential for single fatalities, onsite impact Potential for single fatalities, onsite impact
7.3.8 Risk Assessment Summary

The preliminary risk assessment has been completed for the proposed power plant and associated facilities and the broad conclusions are as follows:
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There will be no significant community impacts or environmental damage consequences; and The hazardous event scenarios and risks in general at this facility can be adequately managed to acceptable levels by performing the recommended safety studies as part of detailed design, applying recommended control strategies and implementing a PAGE | Safety Management System.
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7.3.9 Risk Reduction Opportunities

The following opportunities will be considered as a potential means of reducing identified risks during the detailed design phase:
Buildings and plant structures designed for cyclone and seismic events (where appropriate), to prevent structural collapse and integrity of weather (water) proofing for storage of dangerous goods;
Provision for adequate water capacity to supply fire protection systems and critical process water; Isolate people from load carrying/mechanical handling systems, vehicle traffic and storage and stacking locations; Installation of fit-for-purpose access ways and fall protection systems to facilitate safe access to fixed and mobile plant; Provision and integrity of process tanks, waste holding tanks and bunded areas as per relevant standards; Containment of hazardous materials; Security of facility to prevent unauthorized access to plant, introduction of prohibited items, and control of onsite traffic; and Development of emergency response management systems commensurate with site specific hazards and risks (fire, explosion, rescue and first aid).
7.4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.4.1 Disasters
A disaster is a catastrophic situation in which suddenly, people are plunged into helplessness and suffering and, as a result, need protection, clothing, shelter, medical and social care and other necessities of life. Disasters can be divided into two main groups. In the first, are disasters resulting from natural phenomena like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, storm surges, cyclones, tropical storms, floods, avalanches, landslides, forest fires. The second group includes disastrous events occasioned by man, or by man's impact upon the environment. Examples are Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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armed conflict, industrial accidents, radiation accidents, factory fires, explosions and escape of toxic gases or chemical substances, river pollution, mining or other structural collapses, air, sea, rail and road transport accidents which can reach catastrophic dimensions in terms of human loss. There can be no set criteria for assessing the gravity of a disaster in the abstract since this depends to a large extent on the physical, economic and social environment in which it occurs. What would be consider a major disaster in a developing country, ill equipped to cope with the problems involved, and may not mean more than a temporary emergency elsewhere. However, all disasters bring in their wake similar consequences that call for immediate action, whether at the local, national or international level, for the rescue and relief of the victims. This includes the search for the dead and injured, medical and social care, removal of the debris, the provision of temporary shelter for the homeless, food, clothing and medical supplies, and the rapid re-establishment of essential services.
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7.4.2 Objectives of Disaster Management Plan [DMP]

The Disaster Management Plan is aimed to ensure safety of life, protection of environment, protection of installation, restoration of production and salvage operations in this same order of priorities. For effective implementation of the Disaster Management Plan, it should be widely circulated and personnel trained through rehearsals/drills. The Disaster Management Plan should reflect the probable consequential severalties of the undesired event due to deteriorating conditions or through 'Knock on' effects. Further the management should be able to demonstrate that their assessment of the consequences uses good supporting evidence and is based on currently available and reliable information, incident data from internal and external sources and if necessary the reports of outside agencies. To tackle the consequences of a major emergency inside the plant or in the immediate vicinity of the plant, a Disaster Management Plan has to be formulated and this planned emergency document is called "Disaster Management Plan". The objective of the Industrial Disaster Management Plan is to make use of the combined resources of the plant and the outside services to achieve the following:
Effect the rescue and medical treatment of casualties; Safeguard other people; Minimize damage to property and the environment; Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
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Initially contain and ultimately bring the incident under control; Identify any dead; Provide for the needs of relatives; Provide authoritative information to the news media; Secure the safe rehabilitation of affected area; and Preserve relevant records and equipment for the subsequent inquiry into the cause and circumstances of the Emergency.
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In effect, it is to optimize operational efficiency to rescue, rehabilitate and render medical help and to restore normalcy.
7.4.3 Emergencies
7.4.3.1 General Industrial Emergencies
The emergencies that could be envisaged in the plant and fuel storage are as follows:
A situation of fire at the tank farm of all storages; Slow isolated fires; Fast spreading fires; Structural failures; Contamination of food/water; and Sabotage/Social disorder.
7.4.3.2 Emergency Organization

It is recommended to setup an Emergency Organization. A senior executive who has control over the affairs of the plant should lead the Emergency Organization. He shall be designated as Site Controller. General Manager [O & M] shall be designated as the Incident Controller. In the case of stores, utilities, open areas, which are not under the control of the Production Heads, Senior Executive responsible for maintenance of utilities would be designated as Incident Controller. All the Incident Controllers would be reporting to the Site Controller. Each Incident Controller, for himself, organizes a team responsible for controlling the incidence with the personnel under his control. Shift In-charge would be the reporting officer, who would bring the incidence to the notice of the Incidence Controller and Site Controller.
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Emergency Coordinators would be appointed who would undertake the responsibilities like fire fighting, rescue, rehabilitation, transport and provide essential and support services. For this purposes, Security In-charge, Personnel Department, Essential services personnel would be engaged. All these personnel would be designated as Key personnel. In each shift, electrical supervisor, electrical fitters, pump house in-charge, and other maintenance staff would be drafted for emergency operations. In the event of power or communication system failure, some of staff members in the office/plant offices would be drafted and their services would be utilized as messengers for quick passing of communications. All these personnel would be declared as essential personnel.
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7.4.3.3 Emergency Communication

Whoever notices an emergency situation such as fire, growth of fire, leakage etc would inform his immediate superior and Emergency Control Center. A place nearer to the Gate House Complex shall be identified as Emergency Control Center. The person on duty in the Emergency Control Center would appraise the Site Controller. Site Controller verifies the situation from the Incident Controller of that area or the Shift In-charge and takes a decision about an impending On Site Emergency. This would be communicated to all the Incident Controllers, Emergency Co-ordinators. Simultaneously, the emergency warning system would be activated on the instructions of the Site Controller.
7.4.4 Emergency Responsibilities

The responsibilities of the key personnel are appended below:
7.4.4.1 Site Controller

On receiving information about emergency he would rush to Emergency Control Center (ECC) and take charge of ECC and the situation. His responsibilities would be as indicated below:
Assesses the magnitude of the situation on the advice of Incident Controller and decides; o Whether the affected area needs to be evacuated; o Whether personnel who are at assembly points need to be evacuated;
Declares Emergency and orders for operation of emergency siren; Organizes announcement by public address system about location of emergency; Assesses which areas are likely to be affected, or need to be evacuated or are to be alerted;
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Maintains a continuous review of possible development and assesses the situation in consultation with Incident Controller and other Key Personnel as to whether shutting down the plant or any section of the plant is required and if evacuation of persons is required;
Directs personnel for rescue, rehabilitation, transport, fire, brigade, medical and other PAGE | designated mutual support systems locally available, for meeting emergencies; Controls evacuation of affected areas, if the situation is likely to go out of control or effects are likely to go beyond the premises of the factory, informs the District Emergency Authority, Police, Hospital and seeks their intervention and help;
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Informs Inspector of Factories, Deputy Chief Inspector of Factories, TNPCB and other statutory authorities; Gives a public statement if necessary; Keeps record of chronological events and prepares an investigation report and preserves evidence; and On completion of On Site Emergency and restoration of normalcy, declares all clear and orders for all clear warning.
7.4.4.2 Incident Controller

Assembles the incident control team; Directs operations within the affected areas with the priorities for safety to personnel minimize damage to the plant, property and environment and minimize the loss of materials;
Directs the shutting down and evacuation of plant and areas likely to be adversely affected by the emergency; Ensures that key personnel help is sought; Provides advice and information to the Fire and Security Officer and the Local Fire Services as and when they arrive; Ensures that all non-essential workers/staff of the affected areas are evacuated to the appropriate assembly points, and the areas are searched for casualties; Has regard to the need for preservation of evidence so as to facilitate any inquiry into the causes and circumstances, which caused or escalated the emergency; Co-ordinates with emergency services at the site; Provides tools and safety equipment to the team members; Keeps in touch with the team and advices them regarding the method of control to be used; and Keeps the Site Controller of Emergency informed of the progress being made. Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
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7.4.4.3 Emergency Coordinator - Rescue, Fire Fighting

On knowing about emergency, rushes to ECC; Helps the Incident Controller in containment of the emergency; Ensure fire pumps are in operating condition and instructs pump house operator to ready for any emergency with standby arrangement; Guides the fire fighting crew i.e. firemen, trained plant personnel and security staff; Organizes shifting the fire fighting facilities to the emergency site, if required; Takes guidance of the Incident Controller for fire fighting as well as assesses the requirements of outside help; Arranges to control the traffic at the gate and the incident area; Directs the security staff to the incident site to take part in the emergency operations under his guidance and supervision; Evacuates the people in the plant or in the nearby areas as advised by Site Controller; Searches for casualties and arranges proper aid for them; Assembles search and evacuation team; Arranges for safety equipment for the members of this team; Decides which paths the evacuated workers should follow; and Maintains law and order in the area, and if necessary seeks the help of police.
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7.4.4.4 Emergency Coordinator-Medical, Mutual Aid, Rehabilitation, Transport &
Communication

In the event of failure of electric supply and thereby internal telephone, sets up communication point and establishes contact with the ECC; Organizes medical treatment to the injured and if necessary will shift the injured to near by hospitals; Mobilizes extra medical help from outside, if necessary; Keeps a list of qualified first aid providers for the plant and seeks their assistance; Maintains first aid and medical emergency requirements; Makes sure that all safety equipment is made available to the emergency team; Assists Site Controller with necessary data to coordinate the emergency activities; Assists Site Controller in updating emergency plan, organizing mock drills, verification of inventory of emergency facilities and furnishing report to Site Controller; Maintains liaison with Civil Administration; Ensures availability of canteen facilities and maintenance of rehabilitation center. Liaises with Site Controller/Incident Controller; Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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Ensures transportation facility; Ensures availability of necessary cash for rescue/rehabilitation and emergency expenditure; Controls rehabilitation of affected areas on discontinuation of emergency; and Makes available diesel/petrol for transport vehicles engaged in emergency operation.
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7.4.4.5 Emergency Coordinator - Essential Services

Assists Site Controller and Incident Controller; Maintains essential services like Diesel Generator, Water, Fire Water, Compressed Air/Instrument Air, power supply for lighting; Plans alternate facilities in the event of power failure, to maintain essential services such as lighting, etc; Organizes separate electrical connections for all utilities and emergency services so that in the event of emergency or fires, essential services and utilities are not affected;
Gives necessary instructions regarding emergency electrical supply, isolation of certain sections etc. to shift in-charge and electricians; and Ensures availability of adequate quantities of protective equipment and other emergency materials, spares etc.
7.4.4.6 General Responsibilities of Employees during an Emergency

During an emergency, which becomes more enhanced and pronounced when an emergency warning is raised, the workers who are in-charge of process equipment should adopt safe and emergency shut down and attend to any prescribed duty as essential employee. If no such responsibility is assigned, he should adopt a safe course to assembly point and await instructions. He should not resort to spreading panic. On the other hand, he must assist emergency personnel towards meeting the objectives of DMP.
7.4.5 Emergency Facilities

7.4.5.1 Emergency Control Center (ECC)
The following information and equipment are to be provided at Emergency Control Center (ECC).
Intercom, telephone; P and T telephone; Self-contained breathing apparatus; Fire suit/gas tight goggles/gloves/helmets; Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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Hand tools, wind direction/velocities indications; Public address megaphone, hand bell, telephone directories; (internal, P and T) plant layout, site plan; Emergency lamp/torch light/batteries; Plan indicating locations of hazard inventories, plant control room, sources of safety PAGE | equipment, work road plan, assembly points, vulnerable zones, escape routes; Hazard chart; Emergency shut-down procedures; Nominal roll of employees; List of key personnel, list of essential employees, list of Emergency Co-ordinators; Duties of key personnel; Address with telephone numbers and key personnel, emergency coordinator, essential employees; and Important address and telephone numbers including Government agencies, neighboring industries and sources of help, outside experts, fuel fact sheets and population details around the factory.
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7.4.5.2 Assembly Point

Number of assembly points, depending upon the plant location, would be identified wherein employees who are not directly connected with the disaster management would be assembled for safety and rescue. Emergency breathing apparatus, minimum facilities like water etc. would be organized. In view of the size of plant, different locations would be ear marked as assembly points. Depending upon the location of hazard, the assembly points are to be used.
7.4.5.3 Fire Fighting Facilities

First Aid and Fire fighting equipment suitable for emergency should be maintained in each section in the plant. This would be as per statutory requirements. However, fire hydrant line covering major areas would be laid. It would be maintained as 6 kg/cm2 pressure. Fire alarms would be located in bulk storage areas. Fire officer will be the commanding officer of fire fighting services.
7.4.5.4 Location of Wind Sock

Wind socks shall be installed at appropriate places in the plant to indicate direction of wind for emergency escape. Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
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7.4.5.5 Emergency Medical Facilities

Stretchers, gas masks and general first aid materials for dealing with chemical burns, fire burns etc would be maintained in the medical center as well as in the emergency control room. Medical superintendent of the medical center will be the head of the casualty services ward. Private medical practitioners help would be also be sought. Government PAGE | hospital would be approached for emergency help. Apart from plant first aid facilities, external facilities would be augmented. Names of Medical Personnel, Medical facilities in the area would be prepared and updated. Necessary specific medicines for emergency treatment of Patients Burns would be maintained. Breathing apparatus and other emergency medical equipment would be provided and maintained. Also, the help of nearby industries would be taken on mutual support basis.
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7.4.5.6 Ambulance
Availability of an ambulance with driver in all the shifts would be ensured to transport injured or affected persons. Number of persons would be trained in first aid so that, in every shift first aid personnel would be available.
7.4.6 Emergency Actions

7.4.6.1 Emergency Warning
The emergency would be communicated both to the personnel inside the plant and the people outside. An emergency warning system shall be established for this purpose.
7.4.6.2 Emergency Shutdown

There are number of facilities, which can be provided to help deal with hazardous conditions, when a tank is on fire. The suggested arrangements are:
Stop feed; Dilute contents; Remove heat; Deluge with water; and Transfer contents.
Whether a given method is appropriate depends on the particular case.
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7.4.6.3 Evacuation of Personnel

There could be a number of persons in the storage area and other areas in the vicinity. The area would have adequate number of exits, staircases. In the event of an emergency, unconnected personnel have to escape to assembly point. Operators have to take emergency shutdown procedure and escape. Time Office shall maintain a copy of PAGE | deployment of employees in each shift, at ECC. If necessary, persons can be evacuated by rescue teams.
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7.4.6.4 All Clear Signal

Also, at the end of an emergency, after discussing with Incident Controllers and Emergency Co-ordinators, the Site Controller orders an all clear signal. When it becomes essential, the Site Controller communicates to the District Emergency Authority, Police, Fire Service personnel regarding help required or development of the situation into an Off-Site Emergency.
7.4.7 General
Employee Information: During an emergency, employees would be warned by raising
siren in specific pattern. Employees would be given training of escape routes and taking shelter. Employees would be provided with information related to fire hazards, antidotes and first aid measures. Those who would be designated as key personnel and essential employees should be given training for emergency response.
Public Information and Warning: The industrial disaster effects related to this plant
may mostly be confined to the plant area. The detailed risk analysis has indicated that the pool fire effects would not be felt outside. However, as an abundant precaution, the information related to fuels in use would be furnished to District Emergency Authority for necessary dissemination to general public and for any use during an off site emergency. Plants of this size and nature have been in existence in our country for a long time.
Co-ordination with Local Authorities: Keeping in view of the nature of emergency,

two levels of coordination are proposed. In the case of an On Site Emergency, resources within the organization would be mobilized and in the event extreme emergency local authorities help would be sought. In the event of an emergency developing into an offsite emergency, local authority and District Emergency Authority (normally the Collector) would be appraised and under his supervision, the Off Site Disaster Management Plan would be exercised. For this purpose, Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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the facilities that are available locally, i.e. medical, transport, personnel, rescue accommodation, voluntary organizations etc. would be mustered. Necessary rehearsals and training in the form of mock drills would be organized.
Mutual Aid: Mutual aid in the form of technical personnel, runners, helpers, special
protective equipment, vehicles, communication facility etc would be sought from the neighbouring industries.
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Mock Drills: Emergency preparedness is an important part of planning in Industrial

Disaster Management. Personnel would be trained suitably and prepared mentally and physically in emergency response through carefully planned, simulated procedures. Similarly, the key personnel and essential personnel would be trained in the operations.
Important Information: Once the Plant goes on stream, important information such
names and addresses of key personnel, essential employees, medical personnel outside the plant, transporters address, address of those connected with Off Site Emergency such as Police, Local Authorities, Fire Services, District Emergency Authority would be prepared and maintained. The on-site emergency organization chart for various emergencies is shown in Figure 7.1.
S ite C o n tro lle r E m e rg e n c y C o n tro l Room
S a fe ty O ffic e r
In c id e n t C o n tro lle r
E m e rg e n c y C o -o rd in a to r (R e s c u e ,F ire F ig h tin g )
E m e rg e n c y C o -o rd in a to r (M e d ic a l,M u tu a l,A id R e h a b ilita tio n ,T ra n s p o rt a n d C o m m u n ic a tio n )
E m e rg e n c y C o -o rd in a to r (E s s e n tia l S e rv ic e s )
S h ift In c h a rg e
S h ift In c h a rg e
O p e ra to r
E le c tric ia n , P u m p O p e ra to r
F irs t A id , T ra n s p o rt-D riv e r T e le p h o n e -O p e ra to r
E le c tric ia n P u m p O p e ra to r
Figure 7-1: On-Site Emergency Organisation Chart
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7.4.8 Off-site Emergency Preparedness Plan

The task of preparing the Off-Site Emergency Plan lies with the District Collector and the local district authorities. The proposed plan will be based on the following guidelines. Off-site emergency plan would follow the on-site emergency plan. When the PAGE | consequences of an emergency situation go beyond the plant boundaries, it becomes an off-site emergency. Off-site emergency is essentially the responsibility of the public administration. However, the plant management will provide the public administration with the technical information relating to the nature, quantum and probable consequences on the neighbouring population. The off-site plan in detail will be based on those events, which are most likely to occur, but other less likely events, which have severe consequence, will also be considered. Incidents which have very severe consequences yet have a small probability of occurrence would also be considered during the preparation of the plan. However, the key feature of a good off-site emergency plan is flexibility in its application to emergencies other than those specifically included in the formation of the plan. The roles of the various parties who will be involved in the implementation of an off-site plan are described below. Depending on local arrangements, the responsibility for the offsite plan would either rest with the plant management or with the local authority. Either way, the plan would identify an Emergency Coordinating Officer, who would take the overall command of the off-site activities. As with the on-site plan, an emergency control center would be setup within which the emergency coordinating officer can operate. An early decision will be required in many cases on the advice to be given to people living "within range" of the accident - in particular whether they should be evacuated or told to go indoors. In the latter case, the decision can regularly be reviewed in the event of an escalation of the incident. Consideration of evacuation may include the following factors:
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In the case of a major fire but without explosion risk (e.g. an oil storage tank), only houses close to the fire are likely to need evacuation, although a severe smoke hazard may require this to be reviewed periodically; and
If a fire is escalating and in turn threatening a store of hazardous material, it might be necessary to evacuate people nearby, but only if there is time; if insufficient time exists, people should be advised to stay indoors and shield themselves from the fire. This latter case particularly applies if the installation at risk could produce a fireball with very severe thermal radiation effects. Project Proponent : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : PFC Consulting Limited (PFCCL)
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Although the plan will have sufficient flexibility built in to cover the consequences of the range of accidents identified for the on-site plan, it will cover in some detail the handling of the emergency to a particular distance from each major hazard works.
7.4.8.1 Aspects Proposed to be considered in the Off-Site Emergency Plan

The main aspects, which should be included in the emergency plan, are:
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Organization: Detail of command structure, warning systems, implementation procedures, emergency control centers. Names and appointments of incident controller, site main controller, their deputies and other key personnel.
Communications: Identification of personnel involved, communication center, call signs, network, list of telephone numbers. Specialized Knowledge: Details of specialist bodies, firms and people upon whom it may be necessary to call e.g. those with specialized fuel knowledge, laboratories. Voluntary Organizations: Details of organizers, telephone numbers, resources etc. Fuel Information: Details of the hazardous substances stored and a summary of the risk associated with them. Meteorological Information: Arrangements for obtaining details of weather forecasts and weather conditions prevailing at that time. Humanitarian Arrangements: Transport, evacuation centers, emergency feeding, treatment of injured, first aid, ambulances and temporary mortuaries. Public Information: Arrangements for dealing with the media press office and informing relatives, etc. Assessment of Emergency Plan: Arrangements for collecting information on the causes of the emergency and reviewing the efficiency and effectiveness of all aspects of the emergency plan.
7.4.9 Roles of Various Officials

7.4.9.1 Emergency Coordinating Officer
The various emergency services would be co-ordinated by an emergency co-ordinating officer (ECO), who will be designated by the district collector. The ECO would liaison closely with the site main controller. Again depending on local arrangements, for very severe incidents with major or prolonged off-site consequences, the external control would be passed to a senior local authority administrator or even an administrator appointed by the central or state government. The ECO will be equipped with address and phone numbers of important agencies.
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7.4.9.2 Local Authority

The duty to prepare the off-site plan lies with the local authorities. The emergency planning officer (EPO) appointed should carry out his duty in preparing for a whole range of different emergencies within the local authority area. The EPO should liaison with the plant, to obtain the information to provide the basis for the plan. This liaison should PAGE | ensure that the plan is continually kept upto date. It will be the responsibility of the EPO to ensure that all those organizations which will be involved off site in handling the emergency, know of their role and are able to accept it by having for example, sufficient staff and appropriate equipment to cover their particular responsibilities. Rehearsals for off-site plans should be organized by the EPO.
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7.4.9.3 Police
Formal duties of the police during an emergency include protecting life and property and controlling traffic movements. Their functions should include controlling bystanders, evacuating the public, identifying the dead and dealing with casualties, and informing relatives of death or injury.
7.4.9.4 Fire Authorities

The control of a fire should be normally the responsibility of the senior fire brigade officer who would take over the handling of the fire from the site incident controller on arrival at the site. The senior fire brigade officer should also have a similar responsibility for other events, such as explosions. Fire authorities in the region should be apprised about the location of all stores of flammable materials, water and foam supply points, and firefighting equipment. They should be involved in on-site emergency rehearsals both as participants and, on occasion, as observers of exercises involving only site personnel.
7.4.9.5 Health Authorities

Health authorities, including doctors, surgeons, hospitals, ambulances, and so on, should have a vital part to play following a major accident, and they should form an integral part of the emergency plan. For major fires, injuries should be the result of the effects of thermal radiation to a varying degree, and the knowledge and experience to handle this in all but extreme cases may be generally available in most hospitals.
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Major off-site incidents are likely to require medical equipment and facilities additional to those available locally, and a medical "mutual aid scheme should exist to enable the assistance of neighbouring authorities to be obtained in the event of an emergency.
7.4.9.6 Government Safety Authority
There will be a factory inspectorate available in the region. Inspectors are likely to satisfy PAGE | themselves that the organization responsible for producing the off-site plan has made adequate arrangements for handling emergencies of all types including major emergencies. They may wish to see well-documented procedures and evidence of exercise undertaken to test the plan. In the event of an accident, the role of the factory inspector will apply regarding the local arrangements. These may vary from keeping a watch over the post incident developments to a close involvement in advising on relief operations. The action plan suggested for control of the off-site emergencies is given in Table 7.16. Table 7-16: Off-Site Action Plan
Sl. No. A1 Action required to be taken to mitigate disaster by aid giving agency Arrangements influence camps 2 3 4 5 Caution Traffic and to Mob public control by Vehicle with PA system by Transportation for evacuation of people announcement cordoning of the area Law & order Request to railway authority for keeping the nearest by railway gate open & to stop the up & down B1 2 3 trains at the nearest District Fire Brigade Self-breathing apparatus with spare cylinders Foam/water fire tenders Gas mask with spare canisters railway station Control of fire Scrubbing of the flashed off gas cloud with water curtain To rescue trapped persons to for evacuation/ rescue of persons from zone of predetermined Responsible agencies for taking action Police Department Equipments/material facilities required at site to mitigate emergency Self-Breathing apparatus with spare cylinder Chemical gas mask with spare canister
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED 2X125MW LIGNITE BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT AT THUMALI VILLAGES, SHIV TEHSIL, BARMER DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN Sl. No. 4 5 6 C1 Action required to be taken to mitigate disaster by aid giving agency If fire is big, keep surrounding area cool by spraying water Communication to PSEB to continue or cut off electric supply Communication to water supply department for supplying water Medical facilities for affected Hospital and public health Pollution control board Panchayat office Transport department persons (first aid and treatment) D1 E1 F1 2 Identification of concentration of gas in zone of influence Removal of debris and damaged structures Monitor the incoming and out going transports Arrange emergency shifting of affected 3 G1 persons and non affected person to specified area Arrange diesel/petrol for needed vehicles Give all information related to meteorological aspects for safe handling of affected area for living beings 2 H1 Forecast if any important of all Local Crises Group Meteorological Department Responsible agencies for taking action
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Equipments/material facilities required at site to mitigate emergency Lime water Neck to toe complete asbestos suit, PVC hand gumboots, safety goggles Mobile scrubbing system along with suction arrangement. Ambulance stretchers Gas detector Provide bulldozers Provide cranes Provide traffic police at site Provide Provide vehicles emergency stock of shifting fuel for vehicles at site with onboard first aid, gloves, PAGE |
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resuscitation unit,
Provide wind direction and velocity instruments with temperature measure Mobile van for meteorological parameter measurements
weather change Representatives Must have all resources at hand, specially plan disaster and its management departments are in the local crisis group; therefore they are expected to render services available with them. Since it is a group of experts with authority, the mitigating measures can be implemented speedily. The
implementation method. All relevant information related to hazardous industry are generally available with crisis group
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED 2X125MW LIGNITE BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT AT THUMALI VILLAGES, SHIV TEHSIL, BARMER DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN Sl. No. Action required to be taken to mitigate disaster by aid giving agency representatives from locals are also there so that communication with local people is easy and quick. 2 The district emergency or disaster control officer is the president and he is used to mock drill etc. so action can be taken in right direction in time I1 Collector is the President of District Crisis Group therefore all district infrastructure facilities are diverted to affected zone 2 All other functions as mentioned for local crisis group District Crisis group Responsible agencies for taking action
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Equipments/material facilities required at site to mitigate emergency News paper editor is a part of the group so that right and done timely media release can be PAGE |
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All necessary facilities available at district can be made available at affected zone Control situation of law and order
7.5 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

For large industries, where multifarious activities are involved during construction, erection, testing, commissioning, operation and maintenance, the men, materials and machines are the basic inputs. Along with the boons, industrialization generally brings several problems like occupational health and safety. The industrial planner, therefore, has to properly plan and take steps to minimize the impacts of industrialization and to ensure appropriate occupational health and safety including fire plans. All these activities again may be classified under construction and erection, and operation and maintenance.
7.5.1 Construction and Erection

The occupational health problems envisaged at this stage can mainly be due to constructional accident and noise. To overcome these hazards, in addition to arrangements to reduce it within TLV's, necessary protective equipments shall also be supplied to workers.
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7.5.2 Operation and Maintenance

The problem of occupational health, in the operation and maintenance phase is primarily due to noise which could affect hearing. The necessary personal protective equipments will be given to all the workers. The working personnel shall be given the following appropriate personnel protective equipments.
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Industrial Safety Helmet; Crash Helmets; Face shield with replacement acrylic vision; Zero power plain goggles with cut type filters on both ends; Zero power goggles with cut type filters on both sides and blue color glasses; Welders equipment for eye and face protection; Cylindrical type earplug; Ear muffs; Canister Gas mask; Self contained breathing apparatus; Leather apron; Aluminized fiber glass fix proximity suit with hood and gloves; Boiler suit; Safety belt/line man's safety belt; Leather hand gloves; Asbestos hand gloves; Acid/Alkali proof rubberized hand gloves; Canvas cum leather hand gloves with leather palm; Lead hand glove; Electrically tested electrical resistance hand gloves; and Industrial safety shoes with steel toe.
Full-fledged hospital facilities will be available round the clock for attending emergency arising out of accidents, if any. All working personnel will be medically examined at least once in every year and at the end of his term of employment. This is in addition to the pre-employment medical examination.
7.5.3 Safety Plan

Safety of both men and materials during construction and operation phases is of concern. Safety plan shall be prepared and implemented in the proposed power plant. The preparedness of an industry for the occurrence of possible disasters is known as Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
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emergency plan. The disaster in the plant is possible due to collapse of structures and fire/explosion etc. Keeping in view the safety requirement during construction, operation and maintenance phases, the power plant would formulate safety policy with the following regulations:
To allocate sufficient resources to maintain safe and healthy conditions of work; To take steps to ensure that all known safety factors are taken into account in the design, construction, operation and maintenance of plants, machinery and equipment; To ensure that adequate safety instructions are given to all employees; To provide wherever necessary protective equipment, safety appliances and clothing and to ensure their proper use; To inform employees about materials, equipment or processes used in their work which are known to be potentially hazardous to health or safety; To keep all operations and methods of work under regular review for making necessary changes from the point of view of safety in the light of experience and upto date knowledge;
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To provide appropriate facilities for first aid and prompt treatment of injuries and illness at work; To provide appropriate instruction, training, retraining and supervision to employees in health and safety, first aid and to ensure that adequate publicity is given to these matters;
To ensure proper implementation of fire prevention methods and an appropriate fire fighting service together with training facilities for personnel involved in this service; To organize collection, analysis and presentation of data on accident, sickness and incident involving people injury or injury to health with a view to taking corrective, remedial and preventive action;
To promote through the established machinery, joint consultation in health and safety matters to ensure effective participation by all employees; To publish/notify regulations, instructions and notices in the common language of employees; To prepare separate safety rules for each type of occupation/processes involved in a plant; and To ensure regular safety inspection by a competent person at suitable intervals of all buildings, equipments, work places and operations.
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7.5.4 Safety Organization

7.5.4.1 Construction and Erection Phase
A qualified and experienced safety officer shall be appointed. The responsibilities of the safety officer include identification of the hazardous conditions and unsafe acts of workers and advise on corrective actions, conduct safety audit, organize training programs and provide professional expert advice on various issues related to occupational safety and health. He is also responsible to ensure compliance of Safety Rules/ Statutory Provisions. In addition to employment of safety officer by TSPL, every contractor, whose employs more than 250 workers, shall also employ one safety officer to ensure safety of the worker.
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7.5.4.2 Operation and Maintenance Phase

When the construction is completed the posting of safety officers shall be in accordance with the requirement of Factories Act and their duties and responsibilities shall be as defined thereof.
7.5.5 Safety Circle

In order to fully develop the capabilities of the employees in identification of hazardous processes and improving safety and health, safety circles would be constituted in each area of work. The circle would consist of 5-6 employees from that area. The circle normally shall meet for about an hour every week.
7.5.6 Safety Training

A full-fledged training center shall be set up at the plant. Safety training shall be provided by the Safety Officers with the assistance of faculty members called from Professional Safety Institutions and Universities. In addition to regular employees, limited contractor labours shall also be provided safety training. To create safety awareness safety films shall be shown to workers and leaflets shall be distributed. Some precautions and remedial measures proposed to be adopted to prevent fires are:
Compartmentation of cable galleries, use of proper sealing techniques of cable passages and crevices in all directions would help in localizing and identifying the area of occurrence of fire as well as ensure effective automatic and manual fire fighting operations;
Spread of fire in horizontal direction would be checked by providing fire stops for cable shafts; Reliable and dependable type of fire detection system with proper zoning and interlocks for alarms are effective protection methods for conveyor galleries; Project Proponent : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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Housekeeping of high standard helps in eliminating the causes of fire and regular fire watching system strengthens fire prevention and fire fighting; and Proper fire watching by all concerned would be ensured.
7.5.7 Health and Safety Monitoring Plan

The health of all employees shall be monitored once in a year for early detection of any ailment due to exposure to heat and noise.
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7.6 AREA DRAINAGE STUDY AND HYDRO-GEOLOGICAL STUDY

Detailed area drainage and hydro-geological studies have been carried out by us and recommendations are summarized and presented in report.
7.6.1 Possibility of Internal Flooding in Power Plant

Internal flooding in the power plant area is not possible because of following reasons:
As per Rainfall-Runoff estimation and analysis it was found that the area is Rain scarce with an average rainfall of 262.9 mm. The heaviest rainfall in 24 hrs at Barmer nearby station is 13.4 mm. On the basis of site inspection and Topographical survey report it was perceived that no major river stream exists within the plant area hence internal flooding due to river stream in not possible due to obvious reasons.
It was found during site inspection that no major stream or nallah entering into the power plant site, hence, flooding due to runoff contribution from outside of power plant is also very less.
No major area could have marked for internal flooding problem. There is no any drainage flow is prominently towards southwest direction. As per requirement of the site planning, major drainage shall be planned in the western direction.
7.6.2 Possibility of External Flooding

External flooding in vicinity surrounding the power plant area is not possible because of following reasons:
The historical 24 hr 100 year return period rainfall of 180 mm is taken as design rainfall. The design of drains would be carried out considering a peak rainfall intensity of 13.4 mm/hr with a recurrence period of 100 years.
The area drainage system will provide diversion of storm water run off from the site. The formation levels of site are such that the storm water will be directed to the proper outfall.
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Based on the area drainage study, topographic study, rainfall and drainage pattern, it is perceived that there is no serious threat of floods in the proposed project area due to rainfall.
Since remodelled storm water drains will be carrying the runoff from plant area under built up conditions of power plant and certainly there will be increased runoff from PAGE | project area. However, this increase will not be much.
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Chapter-8: Project Benefits

The proposed developmental activities in this region will result in improvement of infrastructure as well upliftment of social structure in the area. The people residing in the nearby areas will be benefited indirectly. It is anticipated that the proposed power plant will provide benefits for the locals in two phases i.e. during construction phase as well as during operational stage.
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8.
PROJECT BENEFITS
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8.1 INTRODUCTION
The proposed developmental activities in this region will result in improvement of infrastructure as well upliftment of social structure in the area. The people residing in the nearby areas will be benefited indirectly. It is anticipated that the proposed power plant will provide benefits for the locals in two phases i.e. during construction phase as well as during operational stage. The development of power plant in this region will increase the availability of electricity of rural Punjab for agricultural purposes and subsequently improve overall development in agricultural, industrial and infrastructural facilities. Detailed socio-economic study of villages around the project site has been undertaken and an action plan for community development has been proposed by BTPCL. The summary of the benefits due to the proposed project and proposed action plan of BTPCL has been discussed in following sections.
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8.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

8.2.1 Employment
The major benefit due to the proposed project will be in the sphere of generating temporary employment for substantial number of personnel. The construction phase of proposed merchant power plant will take place in two phases. Approximately 340 persons would be required for the construction work, most of whom would be unskilled workers, although the power plant construction needs a large number of skilled personnel as well. These construction workers shall be taken from the study area to the extent possible. Hence, the proposed project will benefit locals to some extent.
8.2.2 Community Services

BTPCL shall employee local people to the extent possible in order to reduce the need for additional infrastructure. In addition, BTPCL shall develop necessary infrastructure like accommodation, water supply, sewerage, medical facility, etc. for catering to the needs of
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the project personnel and their families. It is proposed to develop township for employees near the plant site. The local people will be indirectly benefited by these developments.
8.3 OPERATIONAL PHASE

8.3.1 Population
During the operational phase, about 340 people will be employed. Considering an average family size of 4 persons, there will be likelihood of increase of about 1600 persons in the study area. Considering that most of the skilled personnel proposed to be employed for the proposed project would be from outside the study area and unskilled/ semiskilled personnel shall be from within the study area. The proposed project would add to the population in the study area which results in better scope for indirect employment etc.
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8.3.2 Education
Unskilled people and limited skilled people (depending on availability) shall be hired from local population. People expected to come to the study area from outside are expected to be educated and especially skilled. In addition, some secondary developments like opening of new schools, shops may take place in view of the increased family population due to the proposed employment. These factors will be beneficial to locals residing in the study area.
8.3.3 Employment
The man power requirements for the operational phase of the power project shall be about 200 persons. Many of these persons however shall be skilled people and possibly shall come from outside the study area. Need of unskilled people shall be satisfied from local population. In addition to the direct employment mentioned above, there will be indirect employment of local people by utilizing their expertise in different areas like horticulture, site clearing, port development activities like dredging and reclamation, construction of coal berths, container berths and administrative buildings), etc. Also, due to secondary development in the study area, employment opportunities will be generated. About 200 people are expected to get indirect/ secondary employment.
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Chapter-9: EMP
In this chapter Environmental Management Plan has been dealt for both construction and operational phase of the proposed 2 x 125 MW Lignite based Thermal Power Plant. The Environmental Policy of the promoters of the proposed power project are to achieve excellence in the area of environment management.
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9.
under:
ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

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9.1 INTRODUCTION
The Environmental Policy of the promoters of the proposed power project is given as
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To achieve excellence in the area of environment management; To keep in the view the various environmental requirements in all business decisions; To continuously adopt ways and means for environmental protection and environmental improvement around its business units; and To adopt sound Environmental Management Practices. The administrative aspects have been pre-planned to achieve the environmental goals for the proposed power project.
9.2 COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

In this chapter Environmental Management Plan has been dealt for both construction and operational phase of the proposed 2 x 125 MW Lignite based Thermal Power Plant. The following are the components of EMP:
Monitoring programme/plan Mode of Implementation Institutional Arrangements. Mitigation measures of negative impacts and technological provisions
9.2.1 Monitoring Programme/Plan

The Monitoring Plan for the construction and operation phase has been already described in Chapter 6.
9.2.2 Mode of Implementation Schedule and Reporting Procedures

Various mitigation measures and their mode of implementation with responsible group for implementation have been identified and are given in Table 9.1 and 9.2. Table 9-1: Mode of Implementation of Mitigation Measures for Construction
Mitigation Measures Air Environment Water sprinkling in vulnerable areas Specified in civil construction Civil Construction Group Mode of Implementation Agency
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED 2X125MW LIGNITE BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT AT THUMALI VILLAGES, SHIV TEHSIL, BARMER DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN Mitigation Measures Proper maintenance of vehicles and construction equipment Transportation possible Noise environment Proper Provision enclosures machinery Provision of earmuffs/ earplugs to the workers in high noise areas and enforcement of its use Water Environment Channelization of effluents from maintenance of on of vehicles, covers/ and Site Inspection and records of construction Site Inspection Mode of Implementation package and site inspection Site Inspection
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Agency Construction Group Construction
material in covered trucks, wherever
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Construction Group Environment, Health & Safety (EHS) group Environment, Health & Safety (EHS) group
equipment and machinery acoustic Specified in contact award and inspection Specified in contact award and inspection equipment
Site development and specified in the contract award documents Site development and specified in the contract award documents
Civil Construction Group and EHS Civil Construction Group and EHS
construction area through existing network of drains Construction of temporary sedimentation tanks for the effluents from construction area Solid Waste Management Disposal of surplus earth and
Site development and specified in the contract award documents
Civil group
construction debris Socio-economic Environment Provision of environmentally safe
Site development and specified in the contract award documents Site development and specified in the contract award documents
Civil Construction Group Civil Construction Group
camping area for the migrant laborers Arrangements for water supply and sanitation
Table 9-2: Mode of Implementation of Mitigation Measures For Operation Phase

Mitigation Measures Air Environment High Efficiency ESPs 220 m High Stack Integral Package Civil Construction Package O&M group Part of Main Plant O&M group Mode of Implementation Agency
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED 2X125MW LIGNITE BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT AT THUMALI VILLAGES, SHIV TEHSIL, BARMER DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN Mitigation Measures Lignite Dust Extraction & Suppression Systems Water cover over ash pond/ sprinklers in dry areas Reclamation abandonment Water Environment Cooling Towers Main Plant Effluent Treatment Plant including Central Monitoring Basin Ash Water Treatment Noise Environment Design of equipment Provision Provision of of acoustic personal enclosures/ protective barriers/ shields to reduce noise Included in Technical Specification Part of Main Plant Package Part of Main Plant Package Part of Main Plant Package of ash pond after Mode of Implementation Integral Package Part Part of of Operation Operation and and Part of Main Plant
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Agency Lignite handling group Ash handling group Ash handling and
Maintenance System Maintenance System horticulture groups O&M Group O&M (Water Treatment Plant) Group O&M Group (Ash Handling)
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equipments like ear plugs and muffs Solid Waste Management Dry fly ash collection and loading system Disposal of Unused Ash Others Afforestation Development Control of Fire and Explosion Hazard Environmental Laboratory Equipment Part of Main Plant Package EHS (Safety Group) Chemist and Green Belt Horticulture group Part of main plant package Ash handling group Ash handling group
9.3 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION

The proposed power plant operations will be supervised and controlled by a Chief Operational Officer (COO) supported by adequate team of technically and statutorily qualified personnel apart from the operating staff of skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled and other categories.
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Environment Management will be the responsibility of the Environment Management Cell headed by the Manager (Environment) and comprising of Environmental Engineer, Safety Officer, chemists etc. The Manager (Environment) will report to the COO. The Manager-Environment will be responsible for Environment management activities in the power plant. To facilitate effective environment management, TSPL will create a department consisting of officers from various disciplines to co-ordinate the activities concerned with the management and implementation of the environmental control measures. Basically, this department will supervise the monitoring of environmental pollution levels viz. ambient air quality, water and effluent quality, noise level either departmentally or by appointing external agencies wherever necessary. In case the monitored results of environmental pollution found to exceed the allowable limits, the EM Cell will suggest remedial action and get the suggestions implemented through concerned authorities. The Environmental Management Cell would also co-ordinate all the related activities such as collection of statistics of health of workers and population of the region, afforestation and green belt development. The EM Cell is shown in the Figure 9.1.
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9.4 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN: CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Based on the findings of the impact assessment and considering the necessity to limit environmental impact during construction, mitigation measures have been suggested.
9.4.1 Site Management Plan

Sites for construction and labour camp should be clearly demarcated to prevent occupational hazards. The company will ensure provision for necessary basic needs and infrastructure facilities such as water supply, medical facilities, sanitary facilities, housing, domestic fuel etc. For sewage treatment, soak pits and septic tanks will be used. All labourers will be discouraged from using wood as fuel. The land of the proposed thermal power plant is more or less flat. It is predominantly covered with sandy soil as topsoil. Minor leveling would be required during construction. Before commencing the earthwork, available sparse vegetation would be removed. Due to the construction and transportation activities, dust will be generated. Water will be regularly sprinkled to reduce dust. Low lying area if any will be filled with earth excavated during the construction work. Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited PFC Consulting Limited (PFCCL)
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Chief Operating Officer
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General Manager
Deputy General Manager
Manager (Env)
Safety Officer
Environmental
Engineer
Horticulturist
Ecologist
Chemists
Support Staff
Figure 9-1: Proposed Organizational Structure of EM Cell Preparation of site will involve generation of large quantities of waste material. Site grading operations will also involve stockpiling of backfill materials. Due care needs to be taken to avoid water pollution problems during rainy season due to washout of waste material from dumpsite. At the construction site, where petroleum powered equipments are used and temporary storage of petroleum products (highly inflammable) is done Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
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safety norms will be strictly followed. Care should, therefore, be taken to avoid all sources of ignition at such places. The existing infrastructure of roads will be used for the activities for construction. If required, the roads will be strengthened by the proponent as per requirement. Workers engaged during construction phase would be provided with temporary housing facilities at planned labour colonies located nearer to project site. Haphazard growth of labour camps should be avoided. On completion of construction work all temporary structures; surplus materials and wastes should be completely removed. Dumping of construction waste on agricultural land should be prohibited and stockpiles should be provided with gentle slope. The solid wastes such as paints, lubricants, oil, diesel containers or any other bio-degradable wastes that have leachable constituents should be disposed as per CPCB guidelines.
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9.4.2 Air Quality Management

The generation of dust, suspended particulate and emission of sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere will increase due to fuel combustion machines and transport vehicles during the construction phase. Land surfacing activity and vehicular movement will lead to increase in the level of dust and NOX in the atmosphere. In order to minimize smoke generation, the vehicles should be maintained properly, and only PUC certified vehicles of contractor should be deployed at site for ensuring that diesel powered vehicles are properly maintained to minimize the exhaust emission as well as noise generation. Fugitive dust emission will occur due to construction activity, like handling of material and transportation within the plant premises. Extensive tree plantation will be carried out along the plant boundary to control spread of fugitive emission. During dry weather conditions, it is necessary to control the dust emission arising out of the excavation, leveling, and transportation and stockpiling activities by water sprinkling. Following care would be taken for management of air quality during construction phase.
The storage and handling of soil, sub-soil, topsoil and materials will be carefully managed to minimize the risk of wind blow down material and dust. There will be no on-site burning of any waste arising from any construction activity. Dust masks should be provided to construction workers, while carrying out operations that may entails potential for dust generation. All vehicles delivering construction materials or removing soil will be covered to prevent escape of dust. Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
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9.4.3 Water Quality Management

The surface water quality is not likely to be affected due to the construction work and excavation of topsoil, as there is no terrestrial surface water on/near the places where construction will take place. Suspended solids in the runoff water during construction in rains estimated for about three months in a year, will be arrested in temporary PAGE | sedimentation tanks. During the construction of the proposed power plant there is not likely to be ground water contamination as there will be no discharge of wastewater. The only major source of potential impacts arises from uncontrolled runoffs from the labour camps into ground water bodies. The proponents should be obligated to follow the procedures so as not to pollute ground water. Sufficient and appropriate sanitary facilities should be provided in order to maintain hygienic conditions in the camp of construction laborers. The wastes such as sanitary wastes should be treated in septic tanks followed by soak pits of appropriate size and technology. The solid waste generated should be collected and disposed in an appropriate manner either at a landfill site or used as compost for agriculture uses. Area for maintenance of vehicles should be so located that contamination of groundwater by accidental spillage of oil can be prevented.
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9.4.4 Noise Management

Noise produced during construction phase may have significant impact on the existing ambient noise levels. The noise level of vehicles and machines shall be within prescribed norms by regular maintenance. Though the effect of noise on the nearby inhabitants due to construction activity will be negligible, noise prone activity should be restricted to the extent possible during daytime in order to have minimum noise impact during night-time. Onsite workers should strictly use noise protection devices like earmuffs. All construction machinery should be maintained to minimize the noise levels generated.
9.4.5 Waste and Hazardous Material Handling

Hazardous materials such as diesel, fuel oil, lubricating oil during construction phase should be stored properly as per the safety regulations. Combustible wastes should be burnt in a controlled manner and other category of wastes should be disposed off at identified dump site. Accidental spillages of oil from construction equipment and storage sites should be prevented.
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9.4.6 Ecological Aspects

Green Cover: In order to prepare the site for the construction work there might be cleaning of shrubs present at the site. To counter the said situation proper landscaping and tree plantation in advance would be advantageous. Tree plantation (large size species) should be undertaken at the time of preparation of site so that they would grow PAGE | to considerable size by time of commissioning of the proposed project. Construction workers should be provided with domestic fuel so as to prevent cutting of trees for firewood. Flora and Fauna: Primarily the land required for setting up Thermal Power Plant is agricultural lands and there are not many large trees. Thus, the floral significance at the proposed plant site is negligible and impact of construction on flora will be negligible.
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9.4.7 Socio-economic Environment

The project and related developments like construction camps will be dependent on local resources (power, water), during both construction and operations, the only likely impact on infrastructure would be on the roads. Considering the high traffic during construction phase an effective traffic management scheme should be developed to avoid congestion on the nearby and local roads.
9.4.8 Health and Safety

Medical care will be provided for the labourers in the camps. Awareness programs will also be conducted on communicable diseases and their spread. The movement of heavy equipment should be done with proper precaution to prevent any accidents on the road. Occupational risk should be minimized at the project site through implementation of a full proof safety system. Speed limit set for movement of vehicles will be 20 km/hr on village roads to reduce risk of accidents or injuries. Safety training should be provided to all construction workers on operation of equipment. Security should also be extended during non-working hours to ensure there is controlled access to the machinery and equipment. The main mitigation measures for environmental control during construction are summarized in Table 9.3.
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Table 9-3: Environmental Mitigation Measures During Construction Phase

Mitigation Measure Water sprinkling Transportation construction covered trucks Regular maintenance vehicle of and Control of Noise Increase the noise level of surrounding area transportation material of in Control of Purpose fugitive dust during construction and transportation activity Control of fugitive dust Failure consequence Increment concentration Increase in dust emission in the SPM
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provision of acoustic cover on construction machinery Traffic management and Manage the public convenience due to traffic congestion on the highways Control of suspended solids to prevent the surface water quality To provide a clean and healthy living condition for labours Congestion road Construction sediments of temporary for Contamination water Unhealthy living condition and spread of disease of surface tanks of Traffic and transport scheduling public disturbance along the
construction effluent Provision of environmentally safe camping area for migrant laborers
9.5 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN: OPERATION PHASE

During operation phase of the proposed project, pollution impacts are envisaged on air, noise and land/biological components of the environment as per the impact predicted in this study. However, in order to ensure predicted impact levels and to further mitigate the impacts wherever possible from proposed project on individual environment component, the following mitigation measures are recommended:
9.5.1 Air Environment

Lignite based thermal power plants emit fly ash as the major pollutant besides varying degrees of other pollutants namely: dust, sulphur dioxide, etc. Therefore it is recommended to monitor the concentration of PM, SO2, NOX and Ozone in the ambient air at regular intervals at predetermined locations. The control measures to combat air pollution due to proposed power plant have been formulated under two categories, i.e. for individual units as well as for the whole power plant in general. These are delineated hereunder: Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited PFC Consulting Limited (PFCCL)
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Lignite Handling System: Dust emission is mostly of fugitive type and necessities installation of close conveyor system along with suitable dust trapping/control facility at various transfer points. At store yard, to prevent dust emission due to wind, frequent spraying of water is recommended. This also helps in preventing spot fires.
Lignite Crusher and Bunkers: For the fine dust control, bag filters have been PAGE | successfully tried in such operations. Better efficiency dry collection system shall prove to be long term cost effective because of possibility of recovery in the process. Flue Gas: For high efficiency collection of fly ash in flue gas from the boiler, a high efficiency ESP is proposed to be installed in this plant and that would be designed to limit the emission of the particulate matter for permissible level. Sprinkling of water will be applied at the dust generating areas.
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As far as gaseous pollutants namely SO2 is concerned, control measures will be taken by provision of 275m stack as per regulations in the EPA, 1986. General Measures: The following air pollution control measures have been recommended for implementation at the proposed power plant:
The stack should have sufficient capacity to take care of emergency release conditions, for additional load of flue gas under boiler start up and shutdown periods. All the internal roads shall be asphalted to reduce dust emission due to vehicular movement. The combustion units shall be maintained properly for obtaining optimum efficiency and to ensure that the emission rates remain within estimated levels. The fugitive emissions of dust from storage facilities, from crushers and at lignite transfer points should be reduced by adopting appropriate measures like cyclones/ bag filters/ water sprinklers/ fog system.
9.5.2 Air Quality Monitoring

All monitoring will be carried out as per the conditions stipulated by the State Pollution Control Board. Flue Gas O2 and CO Monitoring: These would be monitored at the economizer outlet. In addition, O2 would be monitored at the air pre-heater outlet. For this purpose, CO and O2 analyzers would be installed separately. Stack Emission: It is proposed to monitor particulate emission using an opacity meter on the stack. The stack monitoring will be utilized to keep a continuous check on the performance of Electrostatic Precipitators, which will be interlocked with the operation of boiler. Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited PFC Consulting Limited (PFCCL)
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In addition to this, the concentration of particulate matters and levels of SO2 and NOx in the ambient air and in the nearby villages should be monitored as per the direction of the Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board. The ambient air monitoring should be carried out at regular intervals from the selected locations. One sampling system per unit would be provided. There will also be online stack monitoring done for all important stacks. Micro-meteorological observations: There shall be installation of a permanent weather monitoring stations within the plant premises. The dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, wind speed, wind direction, cloud cover, rainfall should be monitored and recorded daily.
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9.5.3 Water Environment

The project will have a closed cycle cooling system with cooling towers. Steam generator blow down water would be flashed in an atmospheric flash tank. It is proposed to lead steam generator blow down after quenching with service water to a recovery pond. Fuel oil storage areas will be provided with concrete embankments to contain spills. Regular oily wastewater shall be treated before discharge. A stilling pond will be provided by the side of ash pond to allow ash water to flow from settling pond where the suspended solids will be reduced by alum addition. The water thus clarified will be pumped to ash water tank for recirculation to ash handling system. ETP would be planned, completed and commissioned along with the commissioning of the Proposed Power Plant. Following measures are recommended for ETP:
Evaluation of the effluent treatment plant for its performance after its commissioning should be undertaken at regular intervals to keep a check on the treated effluent quality.
Trained personnel should be engaged for operating the effluent treatment plant. In-plant control measures should be implemented to minimize the quantities of wastewater generation. In addition to the above, to keep control on biological treatment, regular monitoring of effluent quality is also recommended.
9.5.3.1 Rainwater Harvesting

Geo-hydrological studies of the project area reveal that no natural stream / nala exist in the vicinity of the project area. Considering futures of the plant site, a stateof-the-art water harvesting system will be provided. The actual design of the system will depend on Project Proponent : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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micro-factors and therefore need to be worked out during detailed engineering. Central Ground water Authority will be consulted for finalisation of appropriate rain water harvesting technology. There will be generation of surface run-off from the proposed plant facility during monsoon season. The run-off from the paved surfaces of the proposed facility will be routed through a carefully designed storm water drainage network and collected in storm water collection sump and excess rainwater will be discharged into bore wells constructed on these internal drains. For augmenting the ground water resources in the proposed plant, a number of rainwater harvesting bore wells will be constructed and the internal drains where excess rain water flowing in drain will be diverted to these bore wells. These structures will facilitate percolation of water into the ground and thus augmenting the groundwater sources. This will result in increase in groundwater tables. To facilitate water harvesting, collection and storage of rainwater and also reduction in water consumption, the following measures will be adopted.
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The storm water treatment facility will be located at an appropriate location on the site keeping in view the slope contours and collection point; Use of low flow fixtures and appliances for reduced water consumption such as low flush water closets and cistern will be considered; Sewage generated will be treated in the sewage treatment plan and reused for greenbelt to reduce the fresh water requirement; The storm water from paved areas will be treated for the removal of Oil and Grease and sediments and routed to the water harvesting structures to recharge the ground water table;
The storm water from the previous area will also be routed to the rainwater harvesting structures; The storm water in rainy season will be stored to the maximum extent and utilized in fire fighting facility and balance will be routed to rain water harvesting structure after treatment; and
In general, dry cleaning methods would be practiced in workshop and maintenance areas for cleaning. High-pressure hoses will be used for area cleaning, only where required.
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9.5.4 Noise Environment

Manufacturers and suppliers of noise generating devices/machines like steam turbine generator, compressors and other rotating equipment shall be asked to provide acoustic enclosures for noise control by adopting appropriate design and state of art technology for fabricating/ assembling machines. Proper noise barriers/ shields etc shall be provided around the equipment wherever required. Noise from equipment shall be adequately attenuated by providing soundproof enclosure and insulation to minimize the noise level. To reduce the impact of noise, shock absorbing techniques may be adopted
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All opening like covers, partitions may be acoustically sealed The operators cabin (control rooms) should be properly insulated with special doors and observation windows The operators working in the high-noise areas would be strictly instructed to use earmuffs/ear plugs Noise levels may be reduced by the use of absorbing material on floors, walls and ceilings There will be thick vegetation in the plant premises to attenuate continuous noise.
9.5.5 Ash Management

Solid waste in the form of ash will be generated in a Lignite based thermal power plant. The quantity of ash to be generated has been estimated at 0.70 MTPA with the worst case scenario. The fly ash and bottom ash collection and disposal arrangements in the plant are described in Section 2.2.1.6 of Chapter-2. The following measures shall be taken for solid waste management:
In ash will be collected in dry form and given to potential ash users; The excess ash will be disposed off using high concentrated slurry disposal system to impervious lined ash pond.
The major measures which will be followed to mitigate the impacts due to disposal of solid waste are:
Whole fly ash generated in the plant shall be supplied to Cement Companies The bottom ash will be disposed in ash pond, which will be provided with HDPE/clay lining; Sufficient moisture content will be maintained in the ash dyke to prevent fugitive dust; The used oil will be given to authorized recyclers; Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited PFC Consulting Limited (PFCCL)
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The organic portion of sludge waste generated in the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) will be used as manure in greenbelt development; and Maintaining the data base on solid waste generation.
9.5.5.1 Fly Ash use in Cement Industries

Cement mixed with fly ash is known as Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC). As per the Indian standards, fly ash can be used to replace upto 35% cement. The fly ash cement is made by grinding with clinker. The fly ash generated from proposed power plant will be supplied to cement plants in the region. The fly ash can be utilized by these cement plants to manufacture PPC cement.
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9.5.5.2 Fly Ash use in Road Construction

Fly ash can be used as a component in a stabilized aggregate sub-base course. A blend of 84% dense aggregate, 11% pond fly ash and 5% hydrated lime gives maximum dry density, optimum moisture content and unconfined compressive strength.
9.5.5.3 Setting up small-scale Industries

BTPCL will make efforts to motivate and encourage entrepreneurs to set up units for manufacture of ash-based products such as fly ash bricks, lightweight aggregates, cellular concrete products etc as ancillary industries in the region
9.5.5.4 Policy on Fly Ash Utilization

Utilization of ash produced by Lignite based power stations as a thrust area of its activities and all possible actions will be taken to enhance level of ash utilization. The proponent will adhere to the latest ash utilization notification which stipulates that 100% ash has to be consumed from 4th year of plant operations. The amount collected from sale of fly ash and fly ash based products by this power station would be kept in separate account head and shall be utilized for peripheral development.
9.5.6 Hazardous Solid Waste Management

Hazardous solid waste in the form of waste oil, spent ion exchange material and water pre-treatment clarifier sludge will be generated from the power plant. The oil will be collected in MS drums and will be sold to the recycler registered with Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board / Central Pollution Control Board. Sludge will be dried, bagged and sent for land-filling. Spent Ion exchange material will also be sent for land-filling.
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9.5.7 Social Environment

The proposed project will contribute towards uplift of the quality of life of the local people and it shall generate inputs for industrial/economic development in the region. BTPCL will take adequate steps to get local people into confidence so as to avoid any misconceptions amongst the people in future. The following measures are suggested for minimizing the PAGE | adverse impacts on socio-economic and human interest:
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Communication with the local community should be institutionalized as done on regular basis by the project authorities to provide an opportunity for mutual discussion.
Social welfare activities may be undertaken by the project authorities in collaboration with local administration, gram panchayat, block development office etc. for better coordination.
9.5.8 Labour Welfare
Social and Awareness Programmes: Awareness programmes will be organized to help and educate the local people about potential hazards and the disaster management as well as environmental management plan being undertaken at project site. This will be done in the collaboration with local administration.
Employment and Social Insurance: Management would ensure that every permanent worker has employment security benefits. They would be covered by proper insurance/other schemes such as benefits in case of injury, sickness, temporary and permanent disability through workers' compensation in the event of occupational accidents and diseases, and compensation for survivors in the event of work-related death, to all workers in the industry, irrespective of their employment status. Medical facilities, provision of safety gears will also be made available to all categories of workers.
Working Hours: Industry will have reasonable working hours that would not exceed the number of hours prescribed by India's laws and regulations. Working hours will be fixed to provide adequate periods of rest. There will be short break during working hours, depending on the nature of job to recover their vigilance and physical fitness; sufficient breaks for meals; daily or nightly rest; and weekly rest. The workers will be paid as per the Minimum Wages Act. They are not generally encouraged to work for more than 48 hours in a week. If they are to work, adequate incentives would be provided to them.
Aesthetic Environment Development: As regards aesthetic environmental development of social forestry and road side plantations shall be encouraged through tree plantation derives in the project region. Project Proponent : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : PFC Consulting Limited (PFCCL)
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Drinking water: Proposed power plant will have an adequate supply of drinking water. A supply of drinking water will never be connected to a supply of water that is unfit to drink. Workers would not be allowed to wash their clothes or take their bath adjacent to drinking water sources.
Sanitary and washing facilities: The workers will be provided with toilet and PAGE | bathroom facilities. Adequate bathing/washing facilities will be provided to enable workers to meet personal hygiene. Washing facilities would be conveniently accessible but situated so that they are not themselves exposed to contamination from the workplace.
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Heat stress and wet conditions: Management will take measures for workers exposed to heat stress or wet conditions, which includes prevent heat-related illnesses; protect workers from excessive UV radiation; protect workers from weather/climatic conditions likely to contribute to injury or illness. For the prevention of heat stress, Industry authority would minimize exposure of workers to the sun by proper work organization and scientifically designing workplaces. The plant management will provide training, to enable detection workers early signs of disorders; protect workers by appropriate personal protective equipment and clothing; require persons continually working under exposure of sun to undergo routine medical surveillance for the purpose of detecting skin lesions; and also supply drinking water to the workers.
Lighting: Where natural lighting is not adequate to ensure safe working conditions, and during nighttime, adequate and suitable lighting, including portable lighting, should be provided at every workplace.
Restroom and Canteen Facilities: For the workers in the plant, facilities such as restroom, canteens, etc will be provided. This will be also applicable to contractual workers, truck drivers and daily labours during construction as well as operation phase.
9.5.9 CSR Activities and Community Development Plan

The project is based on the Case II bidding process. The CSR plan will be finalised by the successful bidder. However, condition will be put in agreement to invest 0.4% of the project cost for CSR activities over a period of 5 years as per directives of MoEF. The broad areas of intervention are listed below:
9.5.9.1 Infrastructure Creation:
Drinking Water Infrastructure: o Promotion of Water treatment plants Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
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Irrigation Infrastructure: o Construction of check dams/ ponds o Soil and water conservation activities
Sanitation Facilities: o Construction of closed drainage lines with proper disposal facilities. o Material support for construction of individual toilets.
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Other infrastructure: o Street lights provision.
9.5.9.2 Education Programme:

Provision of individual kits (bags, uniform) in open forum along with Govt enrolment drive. Focus more on enrolment of girls. Develop volunteers to provide extra tuitions after school hours. Promote science and maths clubs in schools.
9.5.9.3 Health Programme:

Revamping of existing health infrastructure Provision of free basic medicines Focus more on awareness related to infant care. Organizing Health and Eye check-up camp.
9.5.9.4 Livelihood Programme:

Fodder plots need to be developed to encourage fodder purchase locally. This would also give additional income to some groups. Along with vocational training, business development courses for youth need to be conducted. They should be supported to access bank loan/govt schemes for setting up their own enterprise and/or also provided with job counselling services.
9.5.9.5 Anganwadi

Mid-day meals will be provided in Anganwadis Books and teaching aids to be provided Drinking water facility to be provided in the centres
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9.5.10 Green Belt Development

With a view to attenuate air pollutants, to absorb noise and to care of uptake of water pollutants, it is recommended to develop a greenbelt on 30% of the total acquired area, all around the boundary and at several locations within the power plant premises.
9.5.11 Criteria for Selection of Species for Greenbelt

The plant species suitable for greenbelt development need to be selected based on the following criteria:
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Fast growing; Thick canopy cover; Perennial and evergreen; Large leaf area index; High sink potential ; Efficient in absorbing pollutants without significantly affecting their growth; and Suitable for the local seasons.
A concept of three tier green belt development viz. rows of permanent trees in say 20 m width, followed by avenue trees with medium canopy in a width of approximately 10 m may be planted along the periphery of the plant, thereby developing approximately 50 m wide green belt all along the plant boundary. The various services / utility areas within the plant would be suitably graded to different elevations. Natural features of the plant site would be retained as far as possible to integrate with the buildings to form a harmonious / pleasant environment. Areas in front of various buildings and the entrance of power plant would be landscaped with ground cover, plants, trees based on factors like climate, adaptability etc. The green belt would consist of native perennial green and fast growing trees. Trees would also be planted around the lignite stock pile area and ash disposal area to minimize the dust pollution. The plant species that may be useful for development of thick green cover keeping in view the nature of pollutants expected from power plant and pollution attenuation coefficient of plants, the following plants species are short listed for plantation. Guidelines for Plantation: The design and implementation of greenbelt within and around the complex of proposed power project shall follow the guidelines published by CPCB. About 1500 trees will be planted per hectare. The species identified for greenbelt development would be planted using pitting technique. The filling of soil should be Project Proponent : Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
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completed at least 5-10 days before actual plantation. Healthy saplings of identified species should be planted in each pit. The plant species that may be useful for development of thick green cover with keeping a view the nature of pollutants expected from power plant and pollution attenuation coefficient of plants, the following plants species are short listed for plantation. Schedule of the Green Belt: Native plant species will be introduced in the proposed greenbelt and plantation areas in consultation with local forest department. Species composition of plantation area will be heterogeneous in nature. The proposed year-wise development of greenbelt is discussed below:
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1st Year: Plantation in the outer zone will be initiated with the commencement of construction work. 2nd Year: Plantation will be done in the secondary zone and along the road sides. 3rd Year: Greenbelt will be developed around buildings, open space and primary zone. Besides, mixed area plantations will be developed after finalization of actual size and strength of equipment. Area earmarked for greenbelt in plant area is shown in Plot Plan.
Cost: The cost of greenbelt development will mainly include the soil handling and sapling costs including preparation of agricultural soil and use of biocides and fertilizers and cultures of Azotobacter and Rhizobium. The costs will depend on local edaphic factors including distance of nearest nursery and sapling survival rates. About Rupees 3.5 crore has been earmarked for the greenbelt development. In the proposed greenbelt, following local species are recommended and given in Table 9.4. However, before plantation, the species will be selected in consultation with forest department to maintain original ecosystem. Table 9-4: Recommended Plants for Greenbelt
Technical Name Acacia dealbata Acacia ferrugenia Acacia nilotica Acacia sinuate Ailanthes excelsa Albizia lebbeck Albizia odorattissima Common Name Silver wattle Safed khair Babul Kochi Maharaksha Siris Black siris Habitat Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Height (m) 15 3-4 8 10 20 20 18
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED 2X125MW LIGNITE BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT AT THUMALI VILLAGES, SHIV TEHSIL, BARMER DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN Technical Name Albizia procera Anogeissus latifolia Anthocephalus cadamba Cassia fistula Delonix regia Nerium indicum Prospis cineria Tecamell undeleta Common Name White siris Dhaura Kadam Amaltas Gulmohur Kaner Khejri Rohida
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Habitat Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Shrub Tree Tree
Height (m) 18 14 20 12 15 5 10-15 10-15
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Chapter-10: CDM
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is an arrangement under the Kyoto Protocol allowing industrialized countries with a greenhouse gas reduction commitment to invest in emission reducing projects in developing countries as an alternative to what is generally considered more costly emission reductions in their own countries. The CDM is supervised by the CDM Executive Board (CDM EB) and is under the guidance of the Conference of the Parties (COP/MOP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)..
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10. CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM

10.1 INTRODUCTION
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is an arrangement under the Kyoto Protocol allowing industrialized countries with a greenhouse gas reduction commitment to invest in emission reducing projects in developing countries as an alternative to what is generally considered more costly emission reductions in their own countries. The CDM is supervised by the CDM Executive Board (CDM EB) and is under the guidance of the Conference of the Parties (COP/MOP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The current modalities and procedures for the CDM focus on activities that reduce emissions. A CDM project activity might involve, for example, a rural electrification project using solar panels or the installation of more energy efficient boilers. India has high potential for CDM projects, particularly in the Power Sector. The Baseline Carbon Dioxide Emissions from power sector have been worked out by CEA based on detailed authenticated information obtained from all the operating power stations in the country. The Baseline would benefit all prospective CDM project developers to estimate the amount of Certified Emission Reduction (CERs) from any CDM project activity. India has a strong commitment to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases. Ministry of Power has accorded high priority to the CDM projects in the power sector.
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10.2 KYOTO PROTOCOL

The convention established the Conference of Parties (COP) as its supreme body. During COP3 in Kyoto, Japan, the Parties agreed to a legally binding set of obligations for 38 industrialized countries and 11 countries in Central and Eastern Europe, to return their emission of GHGs to an average of approximately 5.2% below their 1990 levels over the commitment period 2008-2012. This is called the Kyoto Protocol to the convention. The Protocol entered into force on February 16, 2005 and targets six main greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur Hexafluoride Recognizing that relying on domestic
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measures alone to meet the emission targets could be difficult, the Kyoto Protocol offers considerable flexibility through following three mechanisms:
Joint Implementation (JI) which allows countries to claim credit for emission reduction that arise from investment in other industrialized countries, which result in a transfer of 'emission reduction units' between countries;
Emission Trading (ET) which permits countries to transfer parts of their 'allowed emissions' (assigned amount units); and Clean Development mechanism (CDM) through which industrialized countries can finance mitigation projects in developing countries contributing to their sustainable development.
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At COP-7 in Marrakech, Morocco in 2001, the Parties agreed to a comprehensive rulebook "Marrakech Accords" on how to implement the Kyoto Protocol. The Accords set out the rules for CDM projects. It also intends to provide Parties with sufficient clarity to consider ratification.
10.3 OUTLINE OF PROJECT PROCESS

An industrialized country that wishes to get credits from a CDM project must obtain the Consent of the developing country hosting the project that it will contribute to sustainable development. Then, using methodologies approved by the CDM Executive Board (EB), the applicant (the industrialized country in our case) must make the case that the project would not have happened anyway (establishing additionally), and must establish a baseline estimating the future emissions in absence of the registered project. The case is then validated by a third party agency, a so-called Designated Operational Entity (DOE) to ensure the project results in real, measurable, and long-term emission reductions. The EB then decides whether or not to register (approve) the project. If a project is registered and implemented, the EB issues credits, so-called Certified Emission Reductions; CERs (one CER being equivalent to one metric tone of CO2 reduction), to project participants based on the monitored difference between the baseline and the actual emissions, verified by an external party called a DOE.
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10.4 CALCULATION OF CO2 EMISSION REDUCTION

CO2 emission of thermal stations was calculated using the formula below:
2
Abs CO2 (station)y = Fuel Coni,y x GCVi,y x EFi x Oxidi

i=1
Where: Abs CO2,y Fuel Coni,y GCVi,y EFi Oxidi Absolute CO2 emission of the station in the given fiscal year Y Amount of fuel of type I consumed in the fiscal year Y Gross calorific value of the fuel I in the fiscal year Y CO2 emission factor of the fuel I based on GCV Oxidation factor of the fuel i
The emission factors for coal and lignite are based on the value provided in Indias initial National Communication under the UNFCCC (Ministry of Environment & Forests, 2004). Specific CO2 emission of Stations (Spec CO2,y) were computed by dividing the absolute emissions estimated above by the stations net generation (Net Geny): Spec CO2 (Station) y = Abs CO2 (station) y/ Net Gen (Station) y Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant : : :
Chapter
10
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Plant Carbon Intensity for the proposed 2x125 MW Lignite based Thermal Power Plant is 0.85 kg/kwh, considering an average GCV of 2500 kcal/kg of lignite and plant heat rate of 2750 kcal/kwh. The plant is using the CFBC Technology. Hence, it will not be eligible for Carbon Credits.
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Chapter-11: Disclosure of Consultant

The GREENC comprises of group of professionals drawn from development related fields. The core members of GREENC team hold experiences in Developmental Planning, Pollution Control, Economic Analysis, Social Work and Information Technologies. In addition there is a panel of senior associates and young voluntaries facilitating the various programmes. GreenC have a well-equipped laboratory for monitoring and analysis of environmental pollutants. The organization also has a tie-up with Envirotech East Pvt. Ltd. for specialized testing and analysis of samples from their laboratory, which is recognized by Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India vide Notification dt. 31 May, 2006.
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11. DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANT

11.1 INTRODUCTION
The GIS Enabled Environment & Neo-Graphic Centre (GREENC) is a company with a vision to take up paradigm of development planning in sustainable economic development and environment protection. The GREENC comprises of group of professionals drawn from development related fields. The core members of GREENC team hold experiences in Developmental Planning, Pollution Control, Economic Analysis, Social Work and Information Technologies. In addition there is a panel of senior associates and young voluntaries facilitating the various programmes. The primary aim of the Company is to sensitize policy planner and local people about their development needs through capacity building process. The GREENC facilitates managerial and technical expertise to people and associations for development of areas and regions. GreenC has undertaken more than 75 EIA and other associated studies and clearances for Mining, Thermal Power Projects; Road & Highways; Special Economic Zones (SEZs); urban infrastructure projects etc. GreenC have a well-equipped laboratory for monitoring and analysis of environmental pollutants. The organization also has a tie-up with Envirotech East Pvt. Ltd. for specialized testing and analysis of samples from their laboratory, which is recognized by Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India vide Notification dt. 31 May, 2006.
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11.2 PROJECT TEAM

Manpower Associated with the Project are as below.
Env. Coordinator FAE-LU FAE-AP FAE-AQ Ms. Nandini Choudhury Mr. Sunit Raj Mr. Venkat Puranam Mr. Harender Kumar
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED 2X125MW LIGNITE BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT AT THUMALI VILLAGES, SHIV TEHSIL, BARMER DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN FAE-WP FAE-EB FAE-NV FAE-SE FAE-GS FAE-RH FAE-SW Mr. Tridip Ghosh Mr. Rajshekhara Tumulla Mr. Saurabh Garg Mr. Vijay Pandey Ms. Aditi Ganguly Mr. G N Jha Mr. Anoj Kumar Choudhary
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The complete report has been carried out by the above Team taking help of some external consultant for the Hydro-geology and Area Drainage Study.
11.3 NABET ACCREDITATION STATUS AND EXPERT INVOLVED

GIS Enabled Environment & Neo-Graphic Centre has provisional accreditation from NABET subject to certain conditions for the following areas of EIA.
Thermal Power Plant Mining of minerals for Opencast mining; Metallurgical Industries Highways, railways, transport terminals, mass rapid transport systems, Building and large construction projects including shopping malls, multiplexes, commercial complexes, housing estates, hospitals, institutions Townships and Area Development projects
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Annexure I(a)
Annexure I(a)
Annexure I(a)
Annexure I(a)
Annexure I(b)
2X125 MW Lignite-based Thermal Power Plant at Thumali Village, Shiv Tehsil, Barmer District, Rajasthan
Proponent: Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited
Annexure II
Annexure II(a)- ToR Compliance

Sr. No. i) ii) iii) ToR Points The study area should cover an area of 10 km radius around the proposed site. All the co-ordinate of the plant site as well as ash pond if any with topo sheet Comparison of alternates site considered and the reasons for selecting the proposed site Conformity of the site with the prescribed guideline in terms of distance of 500 m from HFL of the river highway railway line should also be known. Land use of the study area as well as the project area shall be given Location of any National park Sanctuary elephant/Tiger reserve (existing as well as proposed ),migratory routes if any within 10km of the project site shall be specified and marked on the map duly authenticated by chief wild life warden. Land requirement for the project shall be optimized. Item wise break up of land requirement and its availability to be furnished. The norms prescribed by CEA should be kept in view. It should also include land to be acquired, if any for fuel and water transport system including Right of way (ROW). It may be clearly confirmed that the land including ROW is free from all encumbrance. Topography of the area should be given clearly indicating whether the site requires any filling if so, details of filling, quantity of filling required its source transportation etc. should be given. Impact on drainage of the area and the surrounding. Information regarding surface hydrology and water regime and impact of the same, if any due to the project One season site-specific meteorological data shall be provided One complete season AAQ and meteorological data (except monsoon) shall be collected and the dates of monitoring mentioned. The parameters to be covered for AAQ shall include SPM, RSPM, SO2, NOX, Hg and O3 (ground level). The location of the monitoring stations should be so decided so as to take into consideration the pre-dominant downwind direction, population zone and sensitive receptors including reserved forests. There should be at least one monitoring station each in the upwind direction carried out by MOEF/NABL/CPCB/Govt. approved lab. Impact of the project on the AAQ of the area. Details of the model used and the input data used for modeling should also be provided. The air quality contours may be plotted on a location map showing the location of project site, habitation nearby, sensitive receptors, if any. The wind roses should also be shown on this map. Fuel analysis shall be provided (sulphur ash content and mercury). Details of auxiliary fuel, if any including its quantity, quality, storage etc should also be given. Quantity of fuel required its source and transportation. A confirmed fuel linkage should be provided. Source of water and its availability. Commitment regarding availability of requisite quantity of water from the competent Compliance Chapter 3, Section 3.1 Table 1.1 and Figure 1.2 of Chapter 1. Chapter 5, Section 5.2
iv) v)
Chapter 3, Section 3.5.4 There is no any National park, Sanctuary in the 10 Km radius of our study area.
vi)
Chapter 2, Section 2.2.1
vii)
viii) ix) x) xi)
No cut and fill is envisaged as part of the proposed expansion and hence no cut & fill is required Chapter 4, Section 4.3.4 Chapter 3, Section3.5.2 Chapter 3, Section 3.3.2 The baseline status of the AAQ has been assessed through a scientifically designed ambient air quality monitoring network. Meteorological data and AAQ Data are given under Section 3.3 and 3.4 respectively of Chapter 3. Chapter 4, Section 4.3
xii)
xiii)
Section 2.2.2, Table 2.3 and 2.4 of Chapter 2. Section 2.2.2 of Chapter 2 Chapter 2, Section 2.2.3
xiv) xv)
Environment Consultant: GIS Enabled Environment & Neo-Graphic Centre (GreenC)
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Sr. No. xvi) xvii) ToR Points authority. Details of rainwater harvesting and how it will be used in the plant. Examine the feasibility of zero discharge. In case of any proposed discharge, its quantity quality and point of discharge user downstream etc. should be provided. Optimization of COC for water conservation. Other water conservation measure proposed in the project should also be given. Quantity of water requirement for the project should be optimized. Details of water balance taking into account reuse and recirculation of effluents. Details of green belt i.e. land with not less then 1500trees per Ha giving details of species, width of plantation planning schedule etc. Detailed plan of ash utilization/management. It may be ensured that hot burnt out biomass shall not be disposed outside the plant boundary. Details to manage the hot ash should be provided Details of evacuation of ash. Details regarding ash pond impermeability and whether it would be lined if so details of the lining etc. Details R&R plan/compensation package for the project affected people including that due to fuel transportation system/pipeline and ROW, if any shall be prepared taking into account the socio economics status of the area, homestead land oustees landless laboureres Details of flora and fauna duly authenticated should be provided incase of any scheduled fauna conservation plan should be provided. Details regarding infrastructure facilities such as sanitation, fuel, restroom, etc. to be provided to the labour force during construction as well as to the casual workers including truck drivers during operation phase Public hearing point raised and commitment of the project proponent on the same. An action plan to address the raised during public hearing and necessary allocation of funds for the same should be provided Measure of socio economic influence to the local community proposed to be provided by project proponent. As far as possible, quantitative dimension to be given A voluntary commitment of the social responsibility activities to be undertaken by the project proponent is to be given and the budgeted amount proposed for such activity will be kept. Impact of the project on the local infrastructure of the area such as road network and whatever any additional infrastructure would need to be constructed and the agency responsible for the same with time frame. EMP to mitigate the adverse impact along with item wise cost of its implementation. The specific safeguard measure proposed for sulphur control particularly when using lignite as fuel should be provided Risk assessment should be carried out. It should take into account the maximum inventory of storage at site at any point in time. The risk contour should be plotted on the plant
Annexure II
Compliance Chapter 9, Section 9.5.3 Chapter 4, Section 4.3.4
xviii)
xix) xx)
Chapter 2, Section 2.2.3 Chapter 9, Section 9.6
xxi)
xxii) xxiii) xxiv)
Chapter 9, Section 9.5.5 Chapter 4, Section 4.3.5 Not applicable
xxv)
Annexure V
xxvi)
Chapter 9, Section 9.4.7 and 9.4.8
xxvii)
Will be incorporated Public Hearing
after
xxviii)
xxix)
xxx)
Chapter 9, Section 9.4.7 and 9.4.8
xxxi)
Chapter 6 & 9
xxxii)
A detailed Risk assessment is given in section 7.2 of Chapter 7.
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Sr. No. ToR Points layout map clearly showing which of the proposed activities would be affected in case of an accident taking place based on the same; proposed safeguard measure should be provided. Measure to guard against fire hazard should be provided Any litigation pending against the project and/or any direction /order passed by any court of law against the project, if so details thereof
Annexure II
Compliance
xxxiii)
No litigation is pending with respect to the project in any court or tribunal
Besides the above, the following General Points will be followed a) All documents to be properly referenced with index, page numbers and continuous page numbering. b) Where data is presented in the report especially in table, the period in which the data was collected and the source should invariably be indicated c) Where the documents provided are in a language other than English, an English translation should be provided. d) The Questionnaire for environmental appraisal of thermal power projects as devised earlier by the Ministry shall also be filled and submitted. e) A comparative pollution load statement as per attached format(annex-I) to be compiled and presented
Complied Complied
Complied
Will be submitted at the time of final submission Complied
In addition to the above, information on the following may also be incorporated in the EIA report. 1. Is the project intended to have CDM-intent? No i) If not, then why? Project will be based on the conventional technology ii) If yes, then a) Has PIN (Project Idea Note) {or PCN (Project No Concept Note)} submitted to the NCA (National CDM Authority) in the MoEF b) If not, then by when is that expected? c) Has PDD (Project Design Document) been prepared? d) What is the Carbon intensity? from your electricity 0.85 kg/kwh generation projected (i.e. CO2 Tons/MWH or Kg/KWH) e) Amount of CO2 in Tons/year expected to be reduced from the baseline data available on the CEAs website (www.cea.nic.in) 2 Notwithstanding 1(i) above, data on (d) & (e) above shall be worked out and reported.
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Annexure II(b)
Annexure II(b)
Annexure II(b)
Annexure II(b)
Annexure III
Annexure III- Environment Pollution Standards Ambient Air Quality Standards The standards of the air quality are set at a level necessary for an adequate margin of safety, to protect the public health, vegetation and property. The Ambient Air Quality standards have been notified by the Central Pollution Control Board (vide Gazette Notification date 11th April 1994. The standards set by the CPCB are given in the following table.
National Ambient Air Quality Standards Concentration in g/mg3 Industrial, Residential, Ecologically Sensitive area Time Rural & other areas (Notified by Central Govt.) Annual Avg.* 50 20 24 hours** 80 80 Annual Avg. 40 30 24 hours 80 80 Annual Avg. 60 60 24 hours 100 100 Annual Avg. 40 40 24 hours 60 60 8 hours** 100 100 1 hour** 180 180 Annual Avg. 0.50 0.5 24 hours 1.00 1.00 8 hours 2 2 1 hour 4 4 Annual Avg. 100 100 24 hours 400 400
Pollutant Sulphur Dioxide (g/m3) Oxides (g/m3) of Nitrogen
PM10 (g/m3) PM2.5 (g/m3) Ozone (g/m3) Lead (g/m3) Carbon (mg/m3) Monoxide
Ammonia (NH3) (g/m3)
Source: Gazette of India Notification, dated 18th Nov, 2009 * Annual Arithmetic Means of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular site taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform intervals ** 24 hourly or 8 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values, as applicable shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year. 2% of the time they may exceed the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring
Noise Standards for Occupational Exposure Noise Standard in the work environment are specified by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA-USA), which in turn are being enforced by Government of India through model rules framed under the Factories Act 1948. The standards for damage risk criteria of hearing loss Maximum permissible limit of exposure to sound are given in following Tables:
Standard Damage risk criteria of Hearing Loss Total Time of Exposure per day in hours Sound Pressure Level in dB(A) (continuous or short-term exposure) 8 90 6 92 4 95 3 97 2 100 1.5 102 1 105 107
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Total Time of Exposure per day in hours (continuous or short-term exposure) Never
Annexure III
Sound Pressure Level in dB(A) 110 115 >115*
Source: Pollution Control Acts Rule and Notifications issued there under by Central Pollution Control Board * No exposure in excess of 115 dB (A) is to be permitted
Maximum Exposure to Sound Maximum Exposure Hours 8 4 2 1 1/8 or 7.5 min
Sound Level 90 93 96 99 102 105 108
Effluent Discharge Standards For the purpose of protecting and improving the quality of the environment and preventing and abating environmental pollution, the standard for discharge of environmental pollutants from the industries, operations and processes are stipulated under Environmental Protection Rules 1993. The general standards for discharge effluent in surface water bodies are given in below Table.
Effluent Discharge Standards S. No. Parameters Units Standards Discharge into inland For on-land discharge surface waters Efforts should be made to Efforts should be made remove colour and to remove colour and unpleasant odour as much unpleasant odour as as possible much as possible 100 200 Shall pass 850 micron IS NS sieve 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 Shall not exceed 5C above the receiving water NS temperature 10.0 10.0 1.0 NS 50.0 NS 100 NS 5.0 NS 30.0 100 250 0.2 0.01 0.1 NS 0.2 NS NS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Colour and Odour Suspended Solids Particle size of suspended solids pH value Temperature (Max) Oil and Grease (Max) Total residual Chlorine (Max) Ammonical Nitrogen (Max) Total Kjeldah Nitrogen (Max) Free Ammonia (as in NH3) Biochemical Oxygen Demand: 5 days at 20C Max Chemical Oxygen Demand Max Arsenic (as As) Max Mercury (as Hg) Max Lead (as Pb) Max
mg/l C mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
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S. No. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. Parameters Cadmium (as Cd) Max Hexavalent Chromium (as Cr+6) Max Total Chromium (as Cr) Max Copper (as Cu) Max Zinc (as Zn) Max Selenium (as Sn) Max Nickel (as Ni) Max Cyanide (as Cn) Max Fluorides (as F) Max Dissolved phosphates (as P) Max Sulphides (as S) Max Phenolic compounds (as C6H5OH) Max Radioactive materials: Emitters Emitters Max Bio-assay Test Manganese (as Mn) Iron (as Fe) Vanadium (as V) Nitrate Nitrogen Max Units mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l curie/ml curie/ml
Annexure III
Standards Discharge into inland For on-land discharge surface waters 2.0 NS 0.1 2.0 30 5.0 0.05 3.0 0.2 2.0 5.0 2.0 1.0 NS NS NS NS NS NS 0.2 NS NS NS NS 10-8 10-7 90% survival of fish after 96 hrs in 100% effluent NS NS NS NS
28.
10-7 10-6 90% survival of fish after 96 hours in 100% effluent 2.0 0.2 10.0
29. 30. 31. 32. 33.
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
Source: Pollution Control Acts Rule &Notifications issued there under, page No.460-463 by Central Pollution Control Board
Standards Applicable for Thermal Power Plant The standard applicable for emission of different particulate matter and the standards of other parameters during operation from Thermal Power Plant are mentioned in following Table. A. STANDARDS FOR LIQUID EFFLUENTS
Standards for Liquid Effluents Concentration not to exceed, mg/l Parameter (except for pH & Temp.) PH 6.5 to 8.5 Temperature* Not more than 5C than the higher intake Free available chlorine 0.5 Suspended solids 100 Oil & grease 20 Copper (Total) 1.0 Iron (Total) 1.0 Free available Chlorine 0.5 Zinc 1.0 Chromium (Total) 0.2
Source Condenser Cooling Water (once through higher cooling system) Boiler Blow-down
Cooling down
Tower
blow-
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Source Parameter Phosphate Other corrosion material inhibiting
Annexure III
Concentration not to exceed, mg/l (except for pH & Temp.) 5.0 Limit to be established on case by case basis by Central Board in case of Union Territories and State Boards in case of States 6.5 to 8.5 100 20
Ash pond effluent
PH Suspended solids Oil & grease
Source: Pollution Control acts, rules, Notification issued there under. Published by Central Pollution Control Board, Series PCLS/02/2006: January, 2006 p. 344 * Limit has been revised, please see new limit at Sr. No. 66C of the document Source: EPA Notification [S.O. 844(E), dt 19th Nov; 1996]
B. STANDARD FOR THE EMISSION OF PARTICULATE MATTER

Thermal Power Plants: Emission Standards Generation Capacity Pollutant Generation capacity 210 MW or more Particulate matter Generation capacity less than 210 MW Particulate matter Emission limit 150 mg/Nm3 350 mg/Nm3
Source: Pollution Control Acts, rules, Notification issued there under. Published by Central Pollution Control Board, Series PCLS/02/2006: January, 2006 p. 356 Depending upon the requirement of local situation, such as protected area, the State Pollution Control Boards and other implementing agencies under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, may prescribe a limit 3 of 150 mg/Nm , irrespective of generation capacity of the plant.
C. STANDARD HEIGHT OF STACK EMISSION AND THE LIMIT OF DISCHARGE

Thermal Power Plants: Stack Height/Limits Generation Capacity Stack Height (Metres) 500 MW and above 275 200 MW/210 MW and above - less than 500 MW 220 H= 14 Q0.3 where Q is emission rate of SO2 in Less than 200 MW/210 MW kg/hr, and H is Stack height in metres.
Source: Pollution Control acts, rules, Notification issued there under. Published by Central Pollution Control Board, Series PCLS/02/2006: January, 2006 p. 359; (2) EPA Notification [G.S.R. 742(E), dt. 30th Aug; 1990]
D. TEMPERATURE LIMIT FOR DISCHARGE OF CONDENSER COOLING WATER FROM THERMAL POWER PLANTS IS MENTIONED IN THE FOLLOWING: New thermal power plants commissioned after June 1, 1999: New thermal power plants, which will be using water from rivers/lakes/reservoirs, shall install cooling towers irrespective of location and capacity. Thermal power plants, which will use seawater for cooling purposes, the condition below, will apply. New projects in coastal areas using sea water: The thermal power plants using sea water should adopt suitable system to reduce water temperature at the final discharge point so that the resultant rise in the temperature of receiving water does not exceed 7C over and above the ambient temperature of the receiving water bodies. Existing thermal power plants: Rise in temperature of condenser cooling water from inlet to the outlet of condenser shall not be more than 10C. Guidelines for discharge point: The guidelines are mentioned as below which mentioned the justifiable norms of the location of various discharge points: 9 The discharge point shall preferably be located at the bottom of the water body at midstream for proper dispersion of thermal discharge.
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Annexure III
9 In case of discharge of cooling water into sea, proper marine outfall shall be designed to achieve the prescribed standards. The point of discharge may be selected in consultation with concerned State Authorities/NIO. No cooling water discharge shall be permitted in estuaries or near ecologically sensitive areas such as mangroves, coral reefs/spanning and breeding grounds of aquatic flora and fauna.
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Annexure IV- Hourly Micro-meteorological Data

Date 01-03-2011 01-03-2011 01-03-2011 01-03-2011 01-03-2011 01-03-2011 01-03-2011 01-03-2011 01-03-2011 01-03-2011 01-03-2011 01-03-2011 01-03-2011 01-03-2011 01-03-2011 01-03-2011 01-03-2011 01-03-2011 01-03-2011 01-03-2011 01-03-2011 01-03-2011 01-03-2011 01-03-2011 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 02-03-2011 03-03-2011 03-03-2011 03-03-2011 03-03-2011 03-03-2011 03-03-2011 03-03-2011 03-03-2011 03-03-2011 03-03-2011 03-03-2011 Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 19.6 17.2 19.3 16.7 18.9 16.0 18.6 15.5 18.7 15.2 19.8 15.7 21.8 17.4 24.0 19.1 26.1 20.5 27.9 21.8 29.7 23.2 31.1 24.2 33.0 25.5 34.4 26.5 35.4 27.0 36.1 27.2 36.3 27.3 34.3 26.4 32.2 25.1 29.4 23.5 27.6 22.5 25.1 20.6 22.8 18.7 21.2 17.7 20.7 17.6 20.2 17.3 19.9 16.8 19.7 16.2 20.6 16.7 21.4 17.0 23.0 18.1 23.8 18.4 25.1 19.6 27.2 21.1 28.8 22.3 30.3 23.2 31.6 24.0 33.1 25.1 33.9 25.4 34.4 26.0 33.7 25.6 32.3 25.2 30.8 24.7 28.7 23.2 27.2 22.2 24.8 20.4 22.4 18.5 20.9 17.4 20.2 16.5 19.9 16.4 19.5 16.0 19.2 15.2 19.3 15.4 19.8 15.9 21.1 16.5 22.9 18.0 25.1 19.5 26.9 21.0 28.8 22.3 RH (%) 76.0 76.0 72.0 71.0 71.0 64.0 62.0 60.0 59.0 57.0 55.0 54.0 53.0 51.0 49.0 48.0 48.0 51.0 55.0 58.0 63.0 65.0 67.0 69.0 73.0 73.0 73.0 67.0 64.0 61.0 59.0 57.0 58.0 56.0 55.0 53.0 51.0 49.0 48.0 48.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 60.0 63.0 64.0 66.0 69.0 68.0 68.0 67.0 63.0 63.0 64.0 61.0 59.0 58.0 56.0 55.0 Direction SW SW SW SE W N W W W NEE SW NW NW NW NW NW SES S SSW NEN NW WSW N WNW NE NE SW W SE SE SE W N ESE NW NW NW NW NW SES S S SSW SSW NEN NEN WSW WSW N N N WNW WNW SE SW W SE W W Wind Speed kmph 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.4 8.3 2.9 8.6 7.9 10.8 15.8 18.0 21.6 10.8 8.3 15.5 9.4 8.3 5.0 4.0 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.5 1.4 1.1 4.0 7.2 1.1 2.2 7.2 4.0 5.8 7.9 8.3 13.7 9.4 13.3 14.8 8.3 7.9 7.9 6.1 3.2 1.4 2.2 1.8 0.7 1.1 2.2 2.9 0.7 2.5 5.4 4.3 6.1 5.4 8.6
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Date 03-03-2011 03-03-2011 03-03-2011 03-03-2011 03-03-2011 03-03-2011 03-03-2011 03-03-2011 03-03-2011 03-03-2011 03-03-2011 03-03-2011 03-03-2011 04-03-2011 04-03-2011 04-03-2011 04-03-2011 04-03-2011 04-03-2011 04-03-2011 04-03-2011 04-03-2011 04-03-2011 04-03-2011 04-03-2011 04-03-2011 04-03-2011 04-03-2011 04-03-2011 04-03-2011 04-03-2011 04-03-2011 04-03-2011 04-03-2011 04-03-2011 04-03-2011 04-03-2011 05-03-2011 05-03-2011 05-03-2011 05-03-2011 05-03-2011 05-03-2011 05-03-2011 05-03-2011 05-03-2011 05-03-2011 05-03-2011 05-03-2011 05-03-2011 05-03-2011 05-03-2011 05-03-2011 05-03-2011 05-03-2011 05-03-2011 05-03-2011 05-03-2011 05-03-2011 Time 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 30.2 23.3 30.9 23.4 31.7 24.0 32.5 24.6 33.3 24.8 32.6 24.5 31.2 23.6 29.3 22.2 27.4 21.0 25.6 19.7 23.6 18.2 22.1 17.2 20.6 16.1 20.3 16.1 20.0 16.0 19.7 16.0 19.4 15.9 20.1 16.2 21.2 16.6 22.3 17.4 23.5 18.1 25.0 19.0 26.4 19.9 27.8 20.9 29.6 22.2 30.4 22.3 31.3 22.8 32.1 22.9 32.7 23.6 32.4 23.5 31.2 22.6 29.8 22.0 27.7 20.6 25.4 19.2 24.0 18.5 21.8 17.3 21.1 17.2 20.7 17.1 20.4 17.0 20.1 17.0 19.6 16.2 19.9 16.0 21.3 16.7 22.2 17.3 23.0 17.6 24.4 18.5 26.0 19.5 27.6 20.7 29.2 21.6 30.3 22.4 30.9 22.5 31.7 23.2 32.9 24.0 32.1 23.6 31.4 23.5 29.5 22.5 27.1 21.0 24.7 19.2 23.2 18.3 RH (%) 53.0 51.0 51.0 49.0 49.0 49.0 51.0 52.0 53.0 54.0 55.0 58.0 60.0 64.0 64.0 67.0 67.0 64.0 61.0 58.0 55.0 54.0 52.0 51.0 49.0 47.0 45.0 44.0 44.0 44.0 45.0 47.0 50.0 54.0 57.0 62.0 65.0 68.0 68.0 73.0 67.0 64.0 61.0 58.0 55.0 53.0 52.0 50.0 49.0 47.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 46.0 48.0 52.0 56.0 57.0 59.0 Direction SW NW NW NW W W W ESE S SSW NEN NEN SW SES SE N SW SE W W NE NEE SW NW SW NW SW NW NW SW W S SSW SSW NEN NEN WSW WSW N N WNW W NW SW W W NW NEE NW N NW NW SW N N SES S SSW NEN Wind Speed kmph 7.9 13.3 16.9 18.7 15.1 13.3 10.8 7.2 4.7 1.1 1.4 2.2 1.4 1.1 2.2 1.4 4.0 6.1 7.9 8.6 9.0 13.3 15.1 13.3 18.0 21.6 15.1 7.9 14.4 13.3 8.6 7.9 5.0 0.7 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.8 2.2 1.8 1.1 1.4 1.8 3.2 5.0 7.2 8.3 9.4 13.3 12.2 14.4 10.8 11.9 9.7 7.9 5.8 3.2 2.5 1.1
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Date 05-03-2011 05-03-2011 06-03-2011 06-03-2011 06-03-2011 06-03-2011 06-03-2011 06-03-2011 06-03-2011 06-03-2011 06-03-2011 06-03-2011 06-03-2011 06-03-2011 06-03-2011 06-03-2011 06-03-2011 06-03-2011 06-03-2011 06-03-2011 06-03-2011 06-03-2011 06-03-2011 06-03-2011 06-03-2011 06-03-2011 07-03-2011 07-03-2011 07-03-2011 07-03-2011 07-03-2011 07-03-2011 07-03-2011 07-03-2011 07-03-2011 07-03-2011 07-03-2011 07-03-2011 07-03-2011 07-03-2011 07-03-2011 07-03-2011 07-03-2011 07-03-2011 07-03-2011 07-03-2011 07-03-2011 07-03-2011 07-03-2011 07-03-2011 08-03-2011 08-03-2011 08-03-2011 08-03-2011 08-03-2011 08-03-2011 08-03-2011 08-03-2011 08-03-2011 Time 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 21.0 16.6 20.2 16.3 19.7 15.6 19.4 15.5 19.1 15.5 18.7 15.2 18.9 14.8 19.4 15.5 20.5 16.0 21.8 16.7 23.2 17.7 24.9 19.0 27.1 20.6 28.5 21.5 29.8 22.2 31.1 23.2 31.8 23.4 33.1 24.2 33.0 24.0 31.2 23.2 29.2 21.6 26.7 20.2 24.3 18.7 22.1 17.6 20.7 17.2 20.5 17.0 20.2 17.0 19.6 16.5 19.2 16.5 19.3 16.4 20.1 16.6 20.8 16.9 21.8 18.0 23.7 19.3 25.1 20.1 27.1 21.6 28.8 22.7 30.2 23.6 31.3 24.3 32.1 24.5 32.8 24.7 33.4 25.3 33.7 25.5 32.0 24.6 30.4 24.0 28.9 23.4 27.0 22.0 24.7 20.2 22.0 18.2 20.3 16.7 19.8 16.2 19.5 16.3 19.6 16.6 20.1 17.5 20.7 18.1 21.2 18.2 22.1 18.6 23.1 19.2 24.8 20.2 RH (%) 61.0 64.0 63.0 63.0 67.0 66.0 63.0 63.0 60.0 58.0 55.0 54.0 53.0 51.0 50.0 48.0 46.0 45.0 45.0 48.0 49.0 52.0 57.0 62.0 68.0 68.0 73.0 72.0 76.0 72.0 68.0 65.0 66.0 63.0 61.0 59.0 58.0 56.0 54.0 52.0 50.0 50.0 51.0 52.0 56.0 61.0 63.0 64.0 66.0 68.0 68.0 72.0 72.0 77.0 77.0 73.0 70.0 67.0 65.0 Direction WSW N NE NE SE SE W W SW SW N N NEE ESE NW NW SES S SSW SSW NW NEN WSW WSW N N N N WNW N NE NE SW SW SE SE W W SE NEE NW NW NW NW SE NW W W ESE SE SES S SSW NEN WSW WSW N N WNW Wind Speed kmph 1.4 1.4 3.2 4.3 5.4 7.9 9.4 10.8 7.9 13.0 15.5 14.4 12.2 10.1 11.5 13.3 15.8 19.1 22.7 14.0 11.5 4.7 0.7 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.8 3.2 4.7 5.8 7.9 8.6 10.8 13.3 13.3 15.1 13.3 15.1 15.8 13.3 11.9 9.7 7.9 6.1 1.1 1.4 1.8 1.4 2.2 1.4 1.8 1.1 2.2 3.2 4.3 6.8
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Date 08-03-2011 08-03-2011 08-03-2011 08-03-2011 08-03-2011 08-03-2011 08-03-2011 08-03-2011 08-03-2011 08-03-2011 08-03-2011 08-03-2011 08-03-2011 08-03-2011 08-03-2011 09-03-2011 09-03-2011 09-03-2011 09-03-2011 09-03-2011 09-03-2011 09-03-2011 09-03-2011 09-03-2011 09-03-2011 09-03-2011 09-03-2011 09-03-2011 09-03-2011 09-03-2011 09-03-2011 09-03-2011 09-03-2011 09-03-2011 09-03-2011 09-03-2011 09-03-2011 09-03-2011 09-03-2011 10-03-2011 10-03-2011 10-03-2011 10-03-2011 10-03-2011 10-03-2011 10-03-2011 10-03-2011 10-03-2011 10-03-2011 10-03-2011 10-03-2011 10-03-2011 10-03-2011 10-03-2011 10-03-2011 10-03-2011 10-03-2011 10-03-2011 10-03-2011 Time 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 26.8 21.7 28.4 23.0 29.7 23.6 31.0 24.5 32.3 25.3 33.1 25.6 33.4 26.0 33.3 26.2 31.2 25.1 29.7 24.2 27.7 23.1 25.6 21.7 23.5 19.9 21.6 18.7 20.6 17.7 20.2 17.3 19.9 17.3 19.7 17.1 19.5 17.0 19.6 17.2 20.2 17.3 21.2 17.6 23.0 19.0 24.8 20.3 27.1 22.0 28.7 22.6 30.1 23.0 30.9 23.4 31.4 23.5 31.8 23.7 32.6 24.2 32.7 24.3 31.4 23.5 29.8 22.4 27.9 21.4 25.5 20.1 23.2 18.7 21.4 17.5 20.9 17.4 20.6 17.4 20.5 17.5 20.7 17.3 21.2 17.1 21.8 17.4 22.6 18.1 23.5 18.4 24.7 19.2 26.2 20.3 27.8 21.3 29.4 22.4 30.6 23.0 31.7 23.6 32.5 24.0 33.3 24.3 33.8 24.7 34.1 25.2 32.7 24.5 30.7 23.2 28.7 22.1 RH (%) 63.0 60.0 58.0 57.0 55.0 53.0 53.0 56.0 60.0 61.0 66.0 68.0 71.0 73.0 73.0 73.0 77.0 76.0 76.0 76.0 73.0 69.0 67.0 65.0 63.0 57.0 53.0 51.0 48.0 49.0 46.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 54.0 58.0 63.0 65.0 69.0 73.0 73.0 68.0 65.0 62.0 62.0 59.0 57.0 55.0 54.0 52.0 50.0 48.0 46.0 45.0 46.0 46.0 49.0 50.0 54.0 Direction WNW NE NE SE NW NW SW NW W SW ESE NEE W N SES S S SSW NEN WSW WSW N W W NW NW NEE W SW SW N SW NW NEE ESE SES SSW S NEN NEN WSW WSW N N WNW NE W SW NW W NEE SW NE NW NW SW SW NW NEE Wind Speed kmph 10.8 15.5 13.3 15.8 19.4 20.2 16.9 15.1 13.7 13.0 11.9 7.9 2.2 1.4 1.4 2.9 4.0 1.4 4.7 1.4 2.9 5.8 7.9 9.7 11.9 15.5 13.3 15.8 20.2 13.3 15.8 13.3 7.9 5.0 4.0 1.4 1.4 4.0 3.6 1.1 2.2 6.1 7.9 5.8 7.9 9.7 11.5 10.8 12.2 18.0 14.4 21.6 16.6 15.1 20.5 15.1 11.9 7.9 5.8
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Date 10-03-2011 10-03-2011 10-03-2011 10-03-2011 11-03-2011 11-03-2011 11-03-2011 11-03-2011 11-03-2011 11-03-2011 11-03-2011 11-03-2011 11-03-2011 11-03-2011 11-03-2011 11-03-2011 11-03-2011 11-03-2011 11-03-2011 11-03-2011 11-03-2011 11-03-2011 11-03-2011 11-03-2011 11-03-2011 11-03-2011 11-03-2011 11-03-2011 12-03-2011 12-03-2011 12-03-2011 12-03-2011 12-03-2011 12-03-2011 12-03-2011 12-03-2011 12-03-2011 12-03-2011 12-03-2011 12-03-2011 12-03-2011 12-03-2011 12-03-2011 12-03-2011 12-03-2011 12-03-2011 12-03-2011 12-03-2011 12-03-2011 12-03-2011 12-03-2011 12-03-2011 13-03-2011 13-03-2011 13-03-2011 13-03-2011 13-03-2011 13-03-2011 13-03-2011 Time 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 26.8 20.7 25.1 19.6 23.0 18.5 21.2 17.3 20.6 17.0 20.2 16.6 20.0 16.5 20.3 17.3 20.7 17.6 21.8 18.3 23.1 19.2 23.9 19.5 25.5 20.4 27.1 21.6 28.8 22.7 29.7 23.2 30.5 23.4 31.3 23.8 32.2 24.3 32.8 24.4 33.3 24.8 31.4 23.4 29.2 22.3 27.2 20.5 25.6 19.5 23.3 18.4 21.4 17.5 20.6 17.1 20.0 17.0 19.8 17.2 19.6 17.1 18.9 16.0 19.4 16.5 20.1 16.6 21.4 17.5 23.3 19.4 24.8 20.4 26.7 21.6 28.4 22.9 29.5 23.4 30.7 24.1 31.8 24.7 33.2 25.6 34.2 26.2 34.4 26.3 33.1 25.6 31.2 24.6 29.1 23.6 27.3 22.2 25.2 20.7 23.1 19.2 21.7 18.2 21.5 18.0 21.3 18.2 21.4 18.0 21.9 18.1 22.6 18.7 23.3 18.8 24.2 19.1 RH (%) 56.0 58.0 63.0 65.0 68.0 68.0 68.0 73.0 73.0 70.0 67.0 64.0 61.0 59.0 58.0 55.0 53.0 51.0 49.0 47.0 47.0 48.0 52.0 53.0 54.0 59.0 65.0 68.0 73.0 77.0 76.0 72.0 72.0 68.0 65.0 67.0 65.0 62.0 60.0 58.0 56.0 55.0 51.0 51.0 51.0 53.0 57.0 61.0 63.0 65.0 67.0 69.0 69.0 73.0 69.0 66.0 66.0 63.0 60.0 Direction ESE SES S S SSW SSW NEN WSW N N NW SW E NWN W W NW NEE NW NW NW N SW SW NE ESE SES S S SSW SSW NEN NEN WSW WSW NEE SW SW SW W NWN NW NW NW NW SW NE NW W SW W E SES SES S S SSW NEN NEN Wind Speed kmph 1.4 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.8 3.6 4.3 1.4 4.0 6.1 8.3 8.6 15.1 12.6 16.6 19.1 15.8 13.3 15.8 14.0 11.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.8 1.4 1.4 2.2 4.0 5.4 7.2 7.9 13.3 16.2 19.1 13.3 8.6 13.3 7.9 5.4 4.0 2.9 1.4 1.8 2.2 3.2 4.7 1.4 4.7 1.4 1.4 2.2
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Date 13-03-2011 13-03-2011 13-03-2011 13-03-2011 13-03-2011 13-03-2011 13-03-2011 13-03-2011 13-03-2011 13-03-2011 13-03-2011 13-03-2011 13-03-2011 13-03-2011 13-03-2011 13-03-2011 13-03-2011 14-03-2011 14-03-2011 14-03-2011 14-03-2011 14-03-2011 14-03-2011 14-03-2011 14-03-2011 14-03-2011 14-03-2011 14-03-2011 14-03-2011 14-03-2011 14-03-2011 14-03-2011 14-03-2011 14-03-2011 14-03-2011 14-03-2011 14-03-2011 14-03-2011 14-03-2011 14-03-2011 14-03-2011 15-03-2011 15-03-2011 15-03-2011 15-03-2011 15-03-2011 15-03-2011 15-03-2011 15-03-2011 15-03-2011 15-03-2011 15-03-2011 15-03-2011 15-03-2011 15-03-2011 15-03-2011 15-03-2011 15-03-2011 15-03-2011 Time 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 25.4 20.0 26.5 20.6 28.1 21.6 29.6 22.7 30.9 23.4 32.3 24.4 33.4 24.9 34.3 25.4 34.8 25.4 35.1 25.5 33.4 25.0 31.5 24.0 30.1 23.5 28.2 22.6 25.7 19.3 23.6 18.1 22.2 17.7 21.9 17.4 21.6 17.4 21.5 18.0 22.1 18.2 22.6 18.7 23.1 18.6 23.8 19.4 25.0 19.9 26.3 20.7 27.6 21.7 29.2 22.6 30.4 23.5 32.1 24.5 33.1 25.0 34.0 25.5 34.4 25.5 34.7 25.6 32.4 24.5 30.7 23.2 28.3 21.7 25.7 20.2 23.9 19.0 22.7 18.2 21.6 17.5 21.2 17.6 20.8 17.4 20.4 17.0 20.1 17.2 20.2 16.6 21.4 18.0 23.5 19.5 25.6 21.0 28.2 23.2 30.1 25.0 31.0 25.5 32.3 25.9 33.0 26.0 34.2 26.1 34.9 27.0 35.3 26.7 35.2 26.8 33.7 25.6 RH (%) 58.0 55.0 54.0 52.0 51.0 49.0 47.0 46.0 44.0 44.0 47.0 51.0 56.0 60.0 63.0 55.0 62.0 62.0 65.0 69.0 66.0 66.0 63.0 64.0 61.0 59.0 56.0 55.0 53.0 52.0 50.0 48.0 46.0 46.0 49.0 50.0 54.0 58.0 60.0 62.0 65.0 69.0 69.0 68.0 73.0 68.0 69.0 67.0 68.0 64.0 65.0 63.0 58.0 56.0 51.0 52.0 49.0 49.0 50.0 Direction WSW WSW WSW SW SW SW ESE NW SW SES NW NW W E S SSW N N N WNW NE NW E W W W W W W NEE SW NW NE ESE NW SW NE W NEE ESE E E SES S S SSW SSW NEN NEN WSW NW NW NW NW NW SW N NE NWN Wind Speed kmph 3.2 4.3 6.5 7.9 9.0 11.9 15.1 15.5 11.5 12.6 8.6 13.3 15.1 7.9 3.2 4.0 2.2 2.9 3.6 4.7 5.8 6.8 7.9 9.0 11.9 13.3 14.4 13.3 14.4 18.0 21.6 25.2 16.2 15.8 13.3 7.9 4.7 1.8 2.9 0.7 4.0 5.0 1.1 1.8 2.5 4.3 1.1 5.0 7.9 1.4 8.6 9.4 13.3 10.8 15.1 15.8 20.2 26.3 14.4
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Date 15-03-2011 15-03-2011 15-03-2011 15-03-2011 15-03-2011 15-03-2011 16-03-2011 16-03-2011 16-03-2011 16-03-2011 16-03-2011 16-03-2011 16-03-2011 16-03-2011 16-03-2011 16-03-2011 16-03-2011 16-03-2011 16-03-2011 16-03-2011 16-03-2011 16-03-2011 16-03-2011 16-03-2011 16-03-2011 16-03-2011 16-03-2011 16-03-2011 16-03-2011 16-03-2011 17-03-2011 17-03-2011 17-03-2011 17-03-2011 17-03-2011 17-03-2011 17-03-2011 17-03-2011 17-03-2011 17-03-2011 17-03-2011 17-03-2011 17-03-2011 17-03-2011 17-03-2011 17-03-2011 17-03-2011 17-03-2011 17-03-2011 17-03-2011 17-03-2011 17-03-2011 17-03-2011 17-03-2011 18-03-2011 18-03-2011 18-03-2011 18-03-2011 18-03-2011 Time 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 30.9 23.4 28.8 21.9 26.5 20.1 24.6 19.0 23.2 18.5 22.2 18.3 21.9 17.9 21.7 18.3 21.5 17.8 21.3 18.2 21.8 18.4 22.5 18.4 23.7 19.2 25.2 20.3 27.1 21.6 28.8 22.3 31.3 23.8 33.0 25.1 34.1 25.6 34.8 25.9 35.3 26.2 35.6 26.7 35.4 27.0 33.4 25.5 31.4 24.3 29.7 23.6 27.5 22.1 24.8 20.0 23.4 19.0 21.7 17.6 21.5 17.4 21.2 17.6 21.4 17.9 21.8 18.0 22.3 18.4 23.6 19.1 24.8 19.9 26.1 20.6 27.4 21.5 28.7 22.2 29.6 22.7 31.2 23.6 31.9 24.0 32.8 24.4 33.5 25.0 34.2 25.6 34.6 26.1 32.3 24.4 30.8 23.7 28.7 22.6 26.4 21.0 24.3 19.4 22.7 18.2 21.9 18.0 21.7 18.1 21.5 18.0 21.6 18.5 21.9 18.5 22.4 18.9 RH (%) 51.0 52.0 52.0 57.0 63.0 66.0 66.0 69.0 69.0 73.0 70.0 66.0 63.0 61.0 59.0 55.0 51.0 50.0 48.0 47.0 47.0 48.0 49.0 50.0 54.0 58.0 59.0 61.0 63.0 65.0 65.0 69.0 69.0 66.0 66.0 63.0 60.0 59.0 56.0 54.0 52.0 51.0 49.0 47.0 47.0 48.0 48.0 49.0 54.0 57.0 59.0 60.0 62.0 66.0 69.0 69.0 73.0 70.0 70.0 Direction W W W SW NW W W NEE SW NE SW SW ESE SW SW NE SES S SSW NW WSW N NW WNW N NW NE NWN NWN W W W W SW W NW SW SW NW SW W NW ESE NE NE NE SES S S SSW NEN NW WSW N N N N WNW WNW Wind Speed kmph 10.8 7.2 2.2 1.1 2.5 2.2 1.8 1.4 2.2 3.6 7.2 7.2 5.0 1.4 10.8 10.8 12.6 13.3 12.2 14.4 15.8 19.1 21.6 16.6 14.4 14.4 11.5 7.2 0.7 1.8 2.2 4.3 1.4 2.2 4.0 5.0 7.2 7.9 12.2 14.4 15.5 13.3 12.6 15.1 13.3 13.0 11.5 10.8 7.9 8.6 6.5 4.7 1.4 1.4 1.1 2.5 4.3 6.5 7.6
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Date 18-03-2011 18-03-2011 18-03-2011 18-03-2011 18-03-2011 18-03-2011 18-03-2011 18-03-2011 18-03-2011 18-03-2011 18-03-2011 18-03-2011 18-03-2011 18-03-2011 18-03-2011 18-03-2011 18-03-2011 18-03-2011 18-03-2011 19-03-2011 19-03-2011 19-03-2011 19-03-2011 19-03-2011 19-03-2011 19-03-2011 19-03-2011 19-03-2011 19-03-2011 19-03-2011 19-03-2011 19-03-2011 19-03-2011 19-03-2011 19-03-2011 19-03-2011 19-03-2011 19-03-2011 19-03-2011 19-03-2011 19-03-2011 19-03-2011 19-03-2011 20-03-2011 20-03-2011 20-03-2011 20-03-2011 20-03-2011 20-03-2011 20-03-2011 20-03-2011 20-03-2011 20-03-2011 20-03-2011 20-03-2011 20-03-2011 20-03-2011 20-03-2011 20-03-2011 Time 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 23.3 19.2 24.2 19.7 25.6 20.7 27.6 22.2 29.1 23.3 30.7 24.1 31.5 24.5 32.8 25.2 33.6 25.5 34.4 26.0 35.6 26.7 36.2 27.2 34.1 26.1 32.2 25.2 29.7 23.6 27.8 22.4 25.4 21.0 23.3 19.4 21.4 18.0 21.3 17.8 21.1 17.9 21.4 18.3 21.8 18.4 22.6 18.7 23.5 19.1 24.6 19.6 26.0 20.4 27.3 21.3 28.7 22.2 29.8 22.7 31.1 23.5 32.4 24.5 33.3 24.7 34.4 25.5 34.9 26.0 35.3 26.2 33.5 25.5 31.6 24.1 29.2 22.7 27.7 22.2 25.1 20.6 23.6 19.7 22.2 18.6 21.9 18.4 21.7 18.2 22.0 18.1 22.7 18.6 23.3 18.8 24.5 19.6 25.7 20.2 27.1 21.0 28.4 22.0 29.7 22.6 31.1 23.6 32.6 24.5 34.1 25.5 35.2 26.1 35.9 26.4 36.7 27.1 RH (%) 67.0 64.0 61.0 59.0 58.0 56.0 54.0 53.0 50.0 48.0 47.0 48.0 51.0 55.0 58.0 60.0 65.0 67.0 69.0 69.0 73.0 73.0 70.0 66.0 63.0 60.0 59.0 56.0 54.0 53.0 51.0 49.0 47.0 46.0 47.0 47.0 50.0 51.0 55.0 59.0 65.0 67.0 70.0 70.0 69.0 66.0 66.0 63.0 60.0 58.0 56.0 54.0 52.0 51.0 49.0 48.0 47.0 45.0 45.0 Direction WNW NE NE NW NWN NWN W NW NW NW NW NW NW SW NW NW E NW ESE E SW W W SW SW SW NE N WNW SW SW NW W SSW WSW WSW NW N N N N WNW WNW NWN NWN W SW W NEE SW SW N NE NE NW NWN NW NW NW Wind Speed kmph 9.4 1.4 5.8 8.3 13.0 15.1 13.3 15.8 16.9 19.1 15.1 14.4 14.4 13.0 8.6 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.8 3.2 4.3 5.0 6.5 1.4 7.2 8.6 27.4 20.2 15.8 14.4 15.1 12.2 13.0 9.7 7.2 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.8 1.4 4.7 1.1 5.8 7.2 9.7 11.2 13.0 15.5 19.8 23.8 26.3 20.9
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Date 20-03-2011 20-03-2011 20-03-2011 20-03-2011 20-03-2011 20-03-2011 20-03-2011 20-03-2011 21-03-2011 21-03-2011 21-03-2011 21-03-2011 21-03-2011 21-03-2011 21-03-2011 21-03-2011 21-03-2011 21-03-2011 21-03-2011 21-03-2011 21-03-2011 21-03-2011 21-03-2011 21-03-2011 21-03-2011 21-03-2011 21-03-2011 21-03-2011 21-03-2011 21-03-2011 21-03-2011 21-03-2011 22-03-2011 22-03-2011 22-03-2011 22-03-2011 22-03-2011 22-03-2011 22-03-2011 22-03-2011 22-03-2011 22-03-2011 22-03-2011 22-03-2011 22-03-2011 22-03-2011 22-03-2011 22-03-2011 22-03-2011 22-03-2011 22-03-2011 22-03-2011 22-03-2011 22-03-2011 22-03-2011 22-03-2011 23-03-2011 23-03-2011 23-03-2011 Time 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 37.3 28.3 35.1 26.9 33.5 26.0 31.4 25.0 29.3 23.8 27.2 22.0 24.6 20.2 23.1 19.2 22.7 19.1 22.6 19.0 22.8 18.9 23.4 19.3 24.3 19.8 24.9 19.9 26.2 20.7 27.5 21.6 28.9 22.4 30.2 23.3 31.5 24.0 32.8 24.7 33.9 25.4 34.7 26.2 35.6 26.7 36.2 27.3 36.6 27.5 34.2 26.2 32.3 24.6 30.1 23.2 28.3 22.2 25.1 20.0 23.4 19.5 22.2 18.6 22.0 19.0 21.7 18.8 21.1 17.6 20.7 17.2 20.6 17.2 22.2 18.4 23.9 19.4 26.4 21.4 28.1 21.9 29.7 22.6 30.8 23.3 32.3 24.4 33.9 25.4 35.0 26.5 36.1 27.2 36.7 27.3 37.2 27.6 35.1 26.6 33.2 25.7 31.3 24.4 28.8 22.9 26.4 21.0 24.3 19.2 23.1 18.6 22.7 18.5 22.6 18.4 22.5 19.0 RH (%) 49.0 52.0 53.0 57.0 61.0 63.0 64.0 67.0 70.0 70.0 67.0 67.0 64.0 61.0 59.0 56.0 55.0 53.0 51.0 50.0 48.0 48.0 47.0 48.0 48.0 51.0 52.0 53.0 57.0 61.0 67.0 70.0 74.0 73.0 69.0 68.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 62.0 57.0 52.0 51.0 49.0 48.0 49.0 48.0 45.0 46.0 49.0 53.0 54.0 58.0 59.0 60.0 63.0 66.0 66.0 70.0 Direction NW NW WSW N N WNW ESE SW SW SES S S SSW SSW NEN WSW N NE WNW NE W NW NW W W W NEE SW ESE SW SW SES S S SSW NEN WSW N N N WNW NE NE NE SW W W NW NW NW W SW NW NEE SW SW SW SES S Wind Speed kmph 15.5 13.3 7.9 4.0 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.8 4.7 1.4 7.2 1.4 7.2 1.4 4.7 7.2 7.9 12.6 15.5 16.6 16.9 18.0 15.8 24.1 26.6 19.8 16.9 13.0 5.0 4.0 1.4 1.4 2.2 2.5 1.1 1.8 4.0 4.7 7.2 10.8 14.4 18.0 18.0 18.0 14.4 15.1 13.3 14.4 18.0 13.3 9.4 7.9 1.4 1.4 4.7 1.1 2.2 3.2 1.4
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Date 23-03-2011 23-03-2011 23-03-2011 23-03-2011 23-03-2011 23-03-2011 23-03-2011 23-03-2011 23-03-2011 23-03-2011 23-03-2011 23-03-2011 23-03-2011 23-03-2011 23-03-2011 23-03-2011 23-03-2011 23-03-2011 23-03-2011 23-03-2011 23-03-2011 24-03-2011 24-03-2011 24-03-2011 24-03-2011 24-03-2011 24-03-2011 24-03-2011 24-03-2011 24-03-2011 24-03-2011 24-03-2011 24-03-2011 24-03-2011 24-03-2011 24-03-2011 24-03-2011 24-03-2011 24-03-2011 24-03-2011 24-03-2011 24-03-2011 24-03-2011 24-03-2011 24-03-2011 25-03-2011 25-03-2011 25-03-2011 25-03-2011 25-03-2011 25-03-2011 25-03-2011 25-03-2011 25-03-2011 25-03-2011 25-03-2011 25-03-2011 25-03-2011 25-03-2011 Time 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 22.9 19.0 23.7 19.6 24.3 19.8 25.2 20.3 26.6 21.2 28.3 22.2 30.1 23.6 30.9 24.0 32.1 24.6 34.9 27.0 35.7 27.2 36.5 28.0 36.7 27.6 37.0 28.0 35.3 26.3 32.1 23.5 29.8 22.4 27.6 21.2 25.6 20.2 24.0 19.5 22.7 19.2 22.5 19.6 22.2 19.3 21.6 18.6 21.0 17.5 21.2 17.2 22.9 18.4 24.6 20.1 26.5 21.5 28.3 22.8 29.7 23.2 31.1 24.2 32.8 25.4 34.3 26.4 35.5 27.0 36.5 27.5 37.3 28.2 37.7 28.3 36.2 27.3 34.1 26.2 32.4 25.0 31.0 24.6 28.6 23.2 25.7 21.2 23.4 19.5 23.2 19.1 22.7 19.1 22.5 18.9 22.6 18.5 23.3 18.8 24.5 19.5 25.7 20.0 27.1 21.2 28.4 22.0 29.6 22.5 31.1 23.6 32.4 24.5 34.0 25.5 35.2 26.3 RH (%) 67.0 67.0 64.0 61.0 59.0 57.0 56.0 54.0 52.0 52.0 49.0 48.0 48.0 49.0 47.0 46.0 50.0 53.0 58.0 64.0 70.0 74.0 74.0 73.0 69.0 65.0 63.0 64.0 62.0 60.0 55.0 54.0 53.0 51.0 49.0 48.0 49.0 46.0 48.0 51.0 52.0 57.0 60.0 65.0 67.0 67.0 70.0 70.0 66.0 63.0 60.0 58.0 56.0 54.0 52.0 53.0 49.0 48.0 47.0 Direction SSW SSW NEN S NEN NEN W N NE NWN W W NW NW NW NEE SW ESE SW SW SES S SSW NEN NEN WSW WSW N N N NW S W W S S S NW NW S SSW SW NW NEE ESE SW SES SES S SSW NEN WSW WSW WSW N N NW NW WNW Wind Speed kmph 1.4 2.9 5.0 6.8 7.9 9.7 10.8 14.4 9.7 11.9 13.3 15.1 20.2 16.9 12.2 8.3 5.8 5.0 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.5 3.2 4.7 1.1 4.3 6.5 7.6 8.6 10.1 12.2 11.9 15.8 16.2 13.3 11.5 7.9 4.7 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.9 1.4 1.8 1.1 1.4 3.2 4.3 1.4 5.0 7.2 8.6 10.8 14.4 18.0
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Date 25-03-2011 25-03-2011 25-03-2011 25-03-2011 25-03-2011 25-03-2011 25-03-2011 25-03-2011 25-03-2011 25-03-2011 26-03-2011 26-03-2011 26-03-2011 26-03-2011 26-03-2011 26-03-2011 26-03-2011 26-03-2011 26-03-2011 26-03-2011 26-03-2011 26-03-2011 26-03-2011 26-03-2011 26-03-2011 26-03-2011 26-03-2011 26-03-2011 26-03-2011 26-03-2011 26-03-2011 26-03-2011 26-03-2011 26-03-2011 27-03-2011 27-03-2011 27-03-2011 27-03-2011 27-03-2011 27-03-2011 27-03-2011 27-03-2011 27-03-2011 27-03-2011 27-03-2011 27-03-2011 27-03-2011 27-03-2011 27-03-2011 27-03-2011 27-03-2011 27-03-2011 27-03-2011 27-03-2011 27-03-2011 27-03-2011 27-03-2011 27-03-2011 28-03-2011 Time 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 36.1 27.0 37.3 27.7 37.8 28.4 36.1 27.2 34.3 26.4 32.2 25.3 30.3 24.4 28.0 23.0 26.0 21.6 23.7 19.8 22.8 18.6 22.5 18.4 22.3 18.4 22.1 18.6 22.0 18.5 23.4 20.0 25.2 21.3 27.3 22.7 29.4 24.5 30.5 25.5 31.8 26.4 32.6 26.6 33.8 27.0 35.2 27.7 36.4 28.5 37.5 29.1 38.1 29.2 37.2 28.6 34.7 27.2 32.1 25.6 30.7 25.1 28.9 24.4 27.1 23.0 25.1 21.6 24.7 21.6 23.2 20.3 23.0 19.5 22.4 19.0 22.5 18.5 23.9 19.4 25.5 20.5 27.6 22.1 28.9 23.0 29.9 23.4 31.3 24.3 33.1 25.6 34.1 26.2 35.0 26.5 36.2 27.3 37.3 28.4 37.5 28.5 36.3 28.2 33.7 26.1 31.2 24.6 28.6 23.1 26.6 22.1 24.8 20.9 23.9 20.3 23.5 20.5 RH (%) 48.0 46.0 47.0 48.0 51.0 55.0 59.0 64.0 66.0 67.0 67.0 66.0 66.0 70.0 70.0 71.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 65.0 64.0 61.0 56.0 55.0 53.0 51.0 50.0 51.0 54.0 58.0 62.0 68.0 70.0 72.0 75.0 75.0 71.0 70.0 66.0 64.0 61.0 59.0 58.0 56.0 57.0 53.0 51.0 49.0 48.0 49.0 49.0 53.0 53.0 57.0 60.0 66.0 68.0 71.0 75.0 Direction WNW NW NW WNW NW SW NW NWN NWN W NWN NW NE NWN W W W W W W W W W NW NW W NW NEE SW SW ESE SW SW SES S S SSW NEN WSW NEN N N WNW W W W NW NW NEE W W SW ESE SW SW SES S S S Wind Speed kmph 21.6 16.9 11.5 8.3 6.5 5.8 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.8 2.5 5.8 7.2 6.1 7.9 9.4 12.2 14.4 18.0 21.6 26.3 21.6 19.4 18.7 16.6 14.0 10.8 7.2 4.3 2.9 2.2 3.6 1.4 1.8 1.4 2.9 4.0 1.4 2.2 2.9 4.0 5.8 7.2 8.3 11.9 12.2 14.4 15.1 13.0 14.4 18.0 12.2 2.2 7.2 4.0 4.7 4.3
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Date 28-03-2011 28-03-2011 28-03-2011 28-03-2011 28-03-2011 28-03-2011 28-03-2011 28-03-2011 28-03-2011 28-03-2011 28-03-2011 28-03-2011 28-03-2011 28-03-2011 28-03-2011 28-03-2011 28-03-2011 28-03-2011 28-03-2011 28-03-2011 28-03-2011 28-03-2011 28-03-2011 29-03-2011 29-03-2011 29-03-2011 29-03-2011 29-03-2011 29-03-2011 29-03-2011 29-03-2011 29-03-2011 29-03-2011 29-03-2011 29-03-2011 29-03-2011 29-03-2011 29-03-2011 29-03-2011 29-03-2011 29-03-2011 29-03-2011 29-03-2011 29-03-2011 29-03-2011 29-03-2011 29-03-2011 30-03-2011 30-03-2011 30-03-2011 30-03-2011 30-03-2011 30-03-2011 30-03-2011 30-03-2011 30-03-2011 30-03-2011 30-03-2011 30-03-2011 Time 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 23.1 19.6 22.9 19.4 22.4 18.4 22.5 18.5 24.1 19.5 25.9 21.0 28.1 22.6 29.4 23.4 30.2 23.6 31.6 24.1 32.5 24.5 34.9 26.5 36.2 27.1 36.8 27.4 37.2 27.5 37.3 27.7 36.0 27.1 33.8 25.3 31.2 23.6 29.6 23.2 27.4 22.0 25.1 20.2 24.1 19.6 23.6 19.6 23.2 19.3 22.9 19.4 23.5 20.0 24.0 20.1 25.3 20.7 26.5 21.5 27.8 22.2 29.4 23.5 31.1 24.6 32.5 25.5 34.2 26.6 36.0 28.0 37.4 29.0 38.3 29.4 38.8 29.4 39.6 30.1 38.2 29.6 35.6 28.2 33.3 26.6 31.1 25.6 28.7 23.8 26.4 22.0 25.3 21.4 25.1 21.6 24.8 21.4 24.5 21.5 24.6 22.0 25.1 22.2 25.7 22.6 26.5 23.1 27.7 23.6 29.1 24.1 30.9 25.4 32.3 26.7 34.1 27.6 RH (%) 71.0 71.0 66.0 66.0 64.0 62.0 60.0 58.0 56.0 52.0 49.0 49.0 48.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 48.0 48.0 51.0 55.0 59.0 61.0 64.0 67.0 67.0 71.0 71.0 68.0 65.0 62.0 60.0 58.0 57.0 55.0 54.0 53.0 51.0 50.0 48.0 48.0 52.0 55.0 59.0 63.0 64.0 66.0 68.0 72.0 72.0 75.0 79.0 76.0 76.0 73.0 70.0 64.0 63.0 64.0 59.0 Direction SSW SSW NEN NEN NEN WSW WSW WSW N N N N WNW WNW N NW NE NW NW NWN NWN W W SW W NEE SW SW ESE SW SES S W NWN W NW W NWN W NW NW SES S W NEE SW ESE ESE SW SES S SSW SSW NEN WSW WSW N N N Wind Speed kmph 1.1 1.4 4.7 7.9 8.6 1.1 1.4 2.5 4.3 9.7 11.9 12.6 14.4 16.2 18.0 15.1 13.3 8.3 4.7 2.2 1.8 2.2 2.5 1.4 2.5 3.2 4.3 5.8 7.9 1.1 7.2 9.0 5.4 8.6 13.3 10.8 14.4 13.3 11.9 14.4 11.5 10.8 7.9 5.0 1.4 1.8 1.4 1.8 4.7 7.2 5.0 1.4 3.6 5.8 7.9 10.8 14.4 14.4 18.0
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Date 30-03-2011 30-03-2011 30-03-2011 30-03-2011 30-03-2011 30-03-2011 30-03-2011 30-03-2011 30-03-2011 30-03-2011 30-03-2011 30-03-2011 31-03-2011 31-03-2011 31-03-2011 31-03-2011 31-03-2011 31-03-2011 31-03-2011 31-03-2011 31-03-2011 31-03-2011 31-03-2011 31-03-2011 31-03-2011 31-03-2011 31-03-2011 31-03-2011 31-03-2011 31-03-2011 31-03-2011 31-03-2011 31-03-2011 31-03-2011 31-03-2011 31-03-2011 01-04-2011 01-04-2011 01-04-2011 01-04-2011 01-04-2011 01-04-2011 01-04-2011 01-04-2011 01-04-2011 01-04-2011 01-04-2011 01-04-2011 01-04-2011 01-04-2011 01-04-2011 01-04-2011 01-04-2011 01-04-2011 01-04-2011 01-04-2011 01-04-2011 01-04-2011 01-04-2011 Time 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 35.8 28.4 36.6 28.2 37.1 28.6 37.7 28.8 38.1 29.2 36.9 28.0 35.3 27.2 33.1 25.6 31.2 24.3 28.5 22.0 26.4 21.0 24.9 20.4 24.4 20.3 23.9 20.0 23.5 19.9 22.9 19.4 22.6 18.6 23.6 19.6 25.5 21.0 27.3 22.2 29.0 23.5 31.2 25.2 32.6 26.1 34.0 26.9 35.4 27.9 36.2 28.3 36.8 28.4 37.3 28.4 37.7 28.8 36.6 28.1 34.9 27.0 33.3 26.2 31.2 25.3 28.4 23.5 27.1 25.5 25.4 25.3 25.7 26.3 27.0 27.7 28.8 29.7 31.1 32.2 33.0 34.0 35.2 36.0 36.6 37.2 36.8 36.0 34.1 32.2 29.3 27.6 26.1 23.1 22.0 22.0 22.2 22.6 22.7 23.0 23.6 24.4 25.3 25.5 26.3 26.6 27.0 27.6 27.9 28.2 28.3 28.0 27.6 26.2 25.3 23.3 22.6 22.0 RH (%) 55.0 50.0 50.0 49.0 49.0 49.0 52.0 53.0 54.0 54.0 59.0 65.0 68.0 68.0 71.0 71.0 66.0 67.0 65.0 63.0 61.0 60.0 58.0 56.0 55.0 53.0 51.0 49.0 49.0 50.0 52.0 56.0 60.0 64.0 70.0 72.0 72.0 76.0 76.0 73.0 70.0 70.0 68.0 68.0 63.0 61.0 59.0 56.0 55.0 53.0 50.0 49.0 49.0 50.0 51.0 55.0 58.0 63.0 69.0 Direction WNW N NW NW WNW W NE NE NWN NWN W W NW W NW W W NEE SW ESE SW NW SES S NE W W NWN SSW NW WSW N N WNW NW NW NW N W NE NWN W SW SW W SW SW NW SW SW NW NW S S NW W W W SW Wind Speed kmph 18.0 15.1 16.6 19.1 15.8 13.0 11.9 7.9 4.7 1.8 1.8 4.3 5.0 7.2 7.2 7.2 5.0 7.2 4.3 7.2 10.8 14.4 18.0 14.4 16.9 30.2 20.9 18.7 16.9 11.9 8.3 7.2 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.4 7.2 1.1 1.4 7.2 7.2 7.2 10.8 14.4 10.8 10.8 11.9 12.6 15.1 16.6 19.1 13.3 8.6 9.0 7.9 9.7 4.0 1.8 1.8
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Date 01-04-2011 02-04-2011 02-04-2011 02-04-2011 02-04-2011 02-04-2011 02-04-2011 02-04-2011 02-04-2011 02-04-2011 02-04-2011 02-04-2011 02-04-2011 02-04-2011 02-04-2011 02-04-2011 02-04-2011 02-04-2011 02-04-2011 02-04-2011 02-04-2011 02-04-2011 02-04-2011 02-04-2011 02-04-2011 03-04-2011 03-04-2011 03-04-2011 03-04-2011 03-04-2011 03-04-2011 03-04-2011 03-04-2011 03-04-2011 03-04-2011 03-04-2011 03-04-2011 03-04-2011 03-04-2011 03-04-2011 03-04-2011 03-04-2011 03-04-2011 03-04-2011 03-04-2011 03-04-2011 03-04-2011 03-04-2011 03-04-2011 04-04-2011 04-04-2011 04-04-2011 04-04-2011 04-04-2011 04-04-2011 04-04-2011 04-04-2011 04-04-2011 04-04-2011 Time 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 24.9 21.4 24.5 21.0 24.1 20.6 23.5 20.0 23.0 19.5 23.2 19.3 24.8 20.3 26.3 21.2 27.9 22.4 29.8 23.3 30.9 24.0 32.5 25.0 33.6 25.5 34.7 26.2 36.1 27.0 36.8 27.7 37.4 28.3 37.2 28.3 36.4 28.2 35.4 28.0 32.4 26.0 31.1 25.6 28.8 23.7 27.5 23.0 26.7 22.6 26.4 22.4 26.2 22.5 26.3 22.7 26.8 23.0 27.5 23.4 28.2 23.6 28.9 23.8 30.1 24.5 30.7 25.0 31.4 25.5 33.0 26.1 34.3 26.8 35.6 27.5 36.4 28.0 36.9 28.0 37.0 28.1 37.3 28.3 37.0 28.0 35.2 27.0 33.0 26.0 30.9 25.0 28.7 23.2 27.3 22.2 25.4 21.0 25.0 20.9 24.3 20.7 24.0 20.5 23.6 20.1 24.5 20.5 26.4 22.0 27.6 22.1 28.7 22.2 29.9 22.8 30.7 23.2 RH (%) 72.0 71.0 71.0 71.0 71.0 67.0 65.0 62.0 60.0 56.0 54.0 52.0 50.0 48.0 48.0 48.0 49.0 49.0 53.0 55.0 58.0 63.0 64.0 66.0 69.0 69.0 73.0 73.0 70.0 70.0 67.0 64.0 62.0 62.0 60.0 56.0 54.0 52.0 50.0 49.0 49.0 49.0 49.0 52.0 56.0 60.0 60.0 63.0 65.0 68.0 71.0 71.0 71.0 68.0 66.0 59.0 55.0 53.0 52.0 Direction SW NW NW NEE W ESE WSW SES NE N N NE NW NW SW SW SW SW NW W W W W W NW NW NW W S S S ESE WSW SES SE NEE SSW NW NW NW NW N NE NE NWN NW NW NW S W W W W W W NWN S S SW Wind Speed kmph 2.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.4 3.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.9 13.3 15.1 15.5 18.7 16.9 14.4 10.8 7.2 7.2 0.7 0.7 1.8 7.2 7.2 7.2 5.4 7.2 10.8 10.8 10.8 12.2 18.0 14.4 12.6 15.8 18.0 15.1 16.6 19.1 18.0 15.5 7.6 7.9 4.7 2.5 10.8 0.7 0.7 1.1 1.4 7.2 7.2 7.2 10.8 14.4 13.3
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Date 04-04-2011 04-04-2011 04-04-2011 04-04-2011 04-04-2011 04-04-2011 04-04-2011 04-04-2011 04-04-2011 04-04-2011 04-04-2011 04-04-2011 04-04-2011 04-04-2011 05-04-2011 05-04-2011 05-04-2011 05-04-2011 05-04-2011 05-04-2011 05-04-2011 05-04-2011 05-04-2011 05-04-2011 05-04-2011 05-04-2011 05-04-2011 05-04-2011 05-04-2011 05-04-2011 05-04-2011 05-04-2011 05-04-2011 05-04-2011 05-04-2011 05-04-2011 05-04-2011 05-04-2011 06-04-2011 06-04-2011 06-04-2011 06-04-2011 06-04-2011 06-04-2011 06-04-2011 06-04-2011 06-04-2011 06-04-2011 06-04-2011 06-04-2011 06-04-2011 06-04-2011 06-04-2011 06-04-2011 06-04-2011 06-04-2011 06-04-2011 06-04-2011 06-04-2011 Time 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 32.8 24.5 34.6 26.1 36.1 27.0 36.7 27.6 37.9 28.4 38.2 28.7 38.1 28.6 37.3 28.2 35.6 27.7 33.2 26.2 31.2 25.3 29.1 24.0 27.8 23.3 26.6 22.7 26.2 22.3 25.9 22.4 26.0 22.5 26.7 23.1 27.4 23.5 28.2 23.7 29.0 24.0 29.7 24.6 31.1 25.0 32.0 25.6 33.0 26.0 34.2 26.6 35.8 27.4 36.5 28.0 37.4 28.3 38.0 29.0 38.1 29.2 36.6 28.7 34.3 26.8 32.1 25.6 30.3 24.8 28.9 24.4 27.5 23.5 26.0 22.5 25.7 22.2 25.3 21.8 24.8 21.3 24.5 21.0 24.4 20.4 26.2 21.7 27.9 22.4 29.5 23.5 30.7 24.2 31.6 24.1 32.9 24.9 34.3 25.8 35.9 27.4 37.5 28.5 38.0 28.5 38.5 29.0 37.6 28.5 35.5 27.0 33.7 26.2 32.2 25.7 31.3 25.8 RH (%) 50.0 48.0 48.0 48.0 47.0 47.0 47.0 49.0 52.0 56.0 60.0 64.0 67.0 69.0 69.0 73.0 73.0 73.0 70.0 67.0 64.0 64.0 60.0 58.0 56.0 54.0 50.0 50.0 49.0 50.0 50.0 53.0 54.0 58.0 62.0 68.0 70.0 73.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 71.0 68.0 66.0 60.0 58.0 58.0 52.0 50.0 48.0 50.0 49.0 47.0 47.0 49.0 49.0 53.0 58.0 63.0 Direction SW SW SW W NW NW NW NW NEN N NEE W ESE WSW SES SE N N NE NE NWN ESE SW SW SW SW SW SW SW W SW SW SW N S S S NE NWN NEN N NEE SSW SE ESE WSW W SE W NW NW SW SW SW SW NW NW S S Wind Speed kmph 18.0 15.8 12.6 15.1 11.9 15.1 13.3 14.4 12.6 11.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.4 2.5 4.3 10.8 10.8 11.5 12.6 15.8 18.0 15.8 19.4 22.7 20.5 15.8 13.7 11.9 10.8 8.6 7.9 6.1 4.3 4.0 2.5 7.2 2.2 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.8 7.2 3.2 7.2 7.2 7.9 12.6 14.4 20.2 18.0 16.2 19.8 18.0 11.9 7.2
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Date 06-04-2011 06-04-2011 06-04-2011 07-04-2011 07-04-2011 07-04-2011 07-04-2011 07-04-2011 07-04-2011 07-04-2011 07-04-2011 07-04-2011 07-04-2011 07-04-2011 07-04-2011 07-04-2011 07-04-2011 07-04-2011 07-04-2011 07-04-2011 07-04-2011 07-04-2011 07-04-2011 07-04-2011 07-04-2011 07-04-2011 07-04-2011 08-04-2011 08-04-2011 08-04-2011 08-04-2011 08-04-2011 08-04-2011 08-04-2011 08-04-2011 08-04-2011 08-04-2011 08-04-2011 08-04-2011 08-04-2011 08-04-2011 08-04-2011 08-04-2011 08-04-2011 08-04-2011 08-04-2011 08-04-2011 08-04-2011 08-04-2011 08-04-2011 08-04-2011 09-04-2011 09-04-2011 09-04-2011 09-04-2011 09-04-2011 09-04-2011 09-04-2011 09-04-2011 Time 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 28.9 24.4 28.0 24.0 27.0 23.5 26.6 23.7 26.5 23.4 26.3 23.3 26.7 23.2 27.3 23.4 27.9 23.4 28.6 24.0 29.6 24.5 30.3 24.7 31.8 25.4 33.5 26.5 35.3 27.7 36.1 28.2 36.6 28.5 37.5 29.0 37.9 29.0 38.0 29.1 36.7 28.6 34.4 27.3 32.7 26.6 30.7 25.2 28.6 24.1 27.6 23.6 26.7 23.1 26.5 23.0 26.2 23.3 26.3 23.3 26.8 23.3 27.5 23.5 28.1 23.6 28.8 23.9 29.6 24.1 30.5 24.6 31.3 24.8 32.7 25.6 34.4 27.0 36.0 27.9 37.5 28.5 38.1 29.2 38.5 29.5 38.7 29.6 38.5 29.0 37.2 28.6 34.5 27.1 32.3 25.7 29.9 24.4 27.7 23.2 26.3 22.2 25.6 22.1 25.3 21.7 25.1 21.6 24.8 21.3 24.7 20.7 26.4 21.9 28.1 22.6 29.6 23.1 RH (%) 68.0 70.0 73.0 76.0 76.0 76.0 73.0 70.0 67.0 67.0 64.0 62.0 58.0 56.0 55.0 53.0 53.0 51.0 50.0 50.0 53.0 56.0 61.0 62.0 67.0 70.0 73.0 73.0 76.0 76.0 73.0 70.0 67.0 64.0 61.0 59.0 57.0 55.0 54.0 53.0 49.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 47.0 51.0 54.0 58.0 62.0 66.0 69.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 68.0 66.0 60.0 55.0 Direction SSW ESE NEN N NEE W NW WSW SES SE W W W W SW SW SW SW W N N NE NE NWN NW S S S W W W W W W W NW SW NW SW SW SW SW NW NW NEN N NEE SSW SE ESE WSW SES SE N N NE NE NWN W Wind Speed kmph 1.8 1.8 4.3 5.0 1.4 1.8 2.5 4.7 8.6 1.4 7.9 9.0 12.2 18.0 18.0 10.8 18.0 18.0 12.6 15.8 12.6 11.9 11.2 7.2 7.2 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.8 5.8 7.2 7.2 10.8 10.8 14.4 14.4 18.0 15.1 20.2 13.3 18.0 10.8 11.9 4.3 2.5 0.7 1.4 0.7 0.7 1.4 4.3 7.2 7.2 12.2 7.6 14.4
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Date 09-04-2011 09-04-2011 09-04-2011 09-04-2011 09-04-2011 09-04-2011 09-04-2011 09-04-2011 09-04-2011 09-04-2011 09-04-2011 09-04-2011 09-04-2011 09-04-2011 09-04-2011 09-04-2011 10-04-2011 10-04-2011 10-04-2011 10-04-2011 10-04-2011 10-04-2011 10-04-2011 10-04-2011 10-04-2011 10-04-2011 10-04-2011 10-04-2011 10-04-2011 10-04-2011 10-04-2011 10-04-2011 10-04-2011 10-04-2011 10-04-2011 10-04-2011 10-04-2011 10-04-2011 10-04-2011 10-04-2011 11-04-2011 11-04-2011 11-04-2011 11-04-2011 11-04-2011 11-04-2011 11-04-2011 11-04-2011 11-04-2011 11-04-2011 11-04-2011 11-04-2011 11-04-2011 11-04-2011 11-04-2011 11-04-2011 11-04-2011 11-04-2011 11-04-2011 Time 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 30.6 23.7 31.4 24.0 32.6 24.6 34.1 25.5 35.5 27.1 36.4 27.5 37.3 27.8 37.6 28.2 38.2 28.7 36.5 28.0 33.8 26.3 32.2 25.7 30.8 25.4 29.4 24.5 28.7 24.3 27.8 23.4 27.5 23.4 27.3 23.7 27.2 23.6 27.5 24.0 27.9 23.9 28.5 24.4 29.2 24.6 30.1 25.0 31.1 25.0 31.8 25.4 33.1 26.2 34.9 27.3 36.6 28.5 38.1 29.1 39.6 30.1 40.4 30.9 41.1 31.6 38.5 30.0 36.0 28.5 33.7 27.2 31.4 26.0 30.1 25.0 28.4 24.0 28.1 24.0 27.8 23.9 27.6 23.9 27.5 24.0 28.2 24.3 28.6 24.5 29.1 24.6 29.8 24.7 30.9 25.4 32.1 26.2 33.0 26.6 34.3 27.4 36.0 28.5 37.5 29.4 38.5 29.5 39.3 30.1 40.5 31.0 40.0 30.5 38.8 29.9 36.5 28.0 RH (%) 53.0 51.0 49.0 48.0 51.0 48.0 46.0 46.0 47.0 50.0 54.0 58.0 63.0 64.0 67.0 67.0 70.0 73.0 73.0 73.0 70.0 70.0 68.0 65.0 60.0 58.0 56.0 55.0 53.0 50.0 48.0 49.0 50.0 52.0 55.0 59.0 63.0 65.0 67.0 70.0 70.0 73.0 73.0 70.0 70.0 68.0 65.0 63.0 61.0 59.0 56.0 55.0 54.0 50.0 51.0 49.0 49.0 50.0 50.0 Direction SE SW SW NW NW NW W SW SW SW NW NW SW SE S S S W W NEN N NEE SSW ESE WSW SES SE N SSW SSW NWN NW NW NW W SW SW W W W SE SE SE NW S S S W W W W W SW SW SW SW NW SW N Wind Speed kmph 10.8 11.9 14.4 18.0 19.4 21.6 25.2 23.4 16.9 12.6 12.2 18.0 12.6 7.2 7.2 6.1 1.4 0.7 1.1 1.4 3.6 1.4 5.4 7.2 7.2 7.2 10.8 12.6 14.4 18.0 21.6 18.0 15.5 18.0 12.2 7.9 6.5 2.2 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.5 4.3 7.2 10.8 12.2 14.4 10.8 14.4 12.6 18.0 19.4 22.3 25.2 33.8 18.0 23.0 16.2 12.2
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Date 11-04-2011 11-04-2011 11-04-2011 11-04-2011 11-04-2011 12-04-2011 12-04-2011 12-04-2011 12-04-2011 12-04-2011 12-04-2011 12-04-2011 12-04-2011 12-04-2011 12-04-2011 12-04-2011 12-04-2011 12-04-2011 12-04-2011 12-04-2011 12-04-2011 12-04-2011 12-04-2011 12-04-2011 12-04-2011 12-04-2011 12-04-2011 12-04-2011 12-04-2011 13-04-2011 13-04-2011 13-04-2011 13-04-2011 13-04-2011 13-04-2011 13-04-2011 13-04-2011 13-04-2011 13-04-2011 13-04-2011 13-04-2011 13-04-2011 13-04-2011 13-04-2011 13-04-2011 13-04-2011 13-04-2011 13-04-2011 13-04-2011 13-04-2011 13-04-2011 13-04-2011 13-04-2011 14-04-2011 14-04-2011 14-04-2011 14-04-2011 14-04-2011 14-04-2011 Time 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 33.1 25.6 30.4 23.5 28.3 22.2 27.1 22.0 25.6 21.0 25.1 20.6 24.8 20.4 24.5 20.3 24.2 20.1 24.1 20.1 25.9 21.4 27.7 22.6 28.8 22.8 29.8 23.3 31.2 24.2 32.4 25.0 34.1 25.9 36.0 27.6 37.2 28.3 38.4 29.3 39.7 30.2 40.2 31.1 38.4 30.0 36.7 29.1 34.3 27.7 32.2 26.3 29.7 24.6 28.4 23.5 27.5 23.0 26.8 22.7 26.5 22.9 26.7 23.2 27.2 23.7 28.2 24.2 28.8 24.4 29.3 24.3 30.1 24.6 31.0 25.0 32.2 25.6 33.5 26.5 35.9 28.0 38.1 29.6 39.2 30.2 39.9 30.4 40.7 31.2 41.1 31.6 39.7 31.2 37.0 29.5 34.1 27.6 30.5 25.0 28.0 23.0 26.7 22.2 25.5 21.5 25.0 21.4 24.5 21.0 24.0 20.0 23.9 19.9 24.0 20.0 25.5 21.0 RH (%) 53.0 53.0 57.0 63.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 68.0 68.0 68.0 66.0 63.0 58.0 56.0 54.0 52.0 51.0 50.0 49.0 50.0 48.0 51.0 52.0 55.0 59.0 61.0 64.0 64.0 66.0 70.0 73.0 73.0 73.0 70.0 68.0 64.0 62.0 60.0 58.0 53.0 53.0 52.0 51.0 49.0 49.0 49.0 53.0 56.0 59.0 62.0 64.0 66.0 68.0 72.0 71.0 68.0 68.0 68.0 65.0 Direction SSW NE NWN SSW SE ESE WSW SES SE W W W W ESE NW NW NW SW SW SW SW SW NW W W NEE SSW ESE WSW SES SE N N NE NE NWN SW SW SW SW W SW W W NW SW SW W NW NW NW NW SW S S S SES SE NEN Wind Speed kmph 10.8 7.2 5.0 0.7 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.8 7.2 7.2 9.0 12.2 18.0 20.5 24.1 16.6 18.0 13.3 15.1 15.8 13.3 11.9 14.4 10.8 7.2 3.6 0.7 0.7 1.4 1.1 1.4 2.9 7.2 10.8 8.6 10.8 9.4 11.9 13.0 14.4 18.0 11.2 19.4 22.7 15.8 12.6 12.2 10.8 7.2 5.8 3.2 1.1 0.7 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.4 3.2
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Date 14-04-2011 14-04-2011 14-04-2011 14-04-2011 14-04-2011 14-04-2011 14-04-2011 14-04-2011 14-04-2011 14-04-2011 14-04-2011 14-04-2011 14-04-2011 14-04-2011 14-04-2011 14-04-2011 14-04-2011 14-04-2011 15-04-2011 15-04-2011 15-04-2011 15-04-2011 15-04-2011 15-04-2011 15-04-2011 15-04-2011 15-04-2011 15-04-2011 15-04-2011 15-04-2011 15-04-2011 15-04-2011 15-04-2011 15-04-2011 15-04-2011 15-04-2011 15-04-2011 15-04-2011 15-04-2011 15-04-2011 15-04-2011 15-04-2011 16-04-2011 16-04-2011 16-04-2011 16-04-2011 16-04-2011 16-04-2011 16-04-2011 16-04-2011 16-04-2011 16-04-2011 16-04-2011 16-04-2011 16-04-2011 16-04-2011 16-04-2011 16-04-2011 16-04-2011 Time 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 27.0 21.5 28.5 22.5 30.0 23.5 31.7 24.6 33.4 26.0 35.2 27.4 36.5 28.1 37.7 28.6 38.6 29.5 39.5 30.1 40.4 31.0 39.5 30.4 37.3 29.4 34.9 28.0 32.2 26.3 29.6 24.2 28.3 23.3 26.8 22.4 26.5 22.4 26.4 22.9 26.8 23.3 27.3 23.4 27.7 23.6 28.2 23.7 28.9 24.0 30.1 24.6 30.9 25.0 31.8 25.3 33.5 26.6 35.6 28.2 37.0 29.1 38.1 29.1 38.9 29.4 40.4 30.5 41.3 31.4 40.5 31.0 37.6 29.1 34.4 26.9 32.2 25.6 29.8 24.0 27.5 22.0 26.4 22.0 26.3 21.8 26.0 21.9 25.8 21.8 26.2 22.3 26.7 22.3 27.2 22.3 27.7 22.2 28.5 22.5 29.6 23.1 31.0 23.5 33.5 25.5 35.9 27.4 38.0 29.5 38.9 29.9 40.4 30.9 41.3 31.8 41.9 32.4 RH (%) 59.0 57.0 56.0 54.0 53.0 52.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 48.0 49.0 51.0 54.0 57.0 61.0 61.0 64.0 66.0 69.0 73.0 73.0 70.0 70.0 67.0 64.0 62.0 60.0 58.0 56.0 55.0 54.0 50.0 48.0 47.0 47.0 49.0 51.0 54.0 58.0 59.0 59.0 66.0 66.0 69.0 69.0 69.0 66.0 63.0 59.0 57.0 55.0 51.0 50.0 50.0 52.0 51.0 49.0 50.0 50.0 Direction N NEE N SW SW SW NW NW NE NE NWN NW W W W W W W W W ESE SW SW SW NW W W SW SW SW NEN N NEE W ESE WSW SES SE N SW W S SES ESE NW NWN SW SW SW NW SW SW SW SW SW SW NW SW SW Wind Speed kmph 5.0 7.2 10.8 12.6 14.4 15.8 18.0 21.6 25.2 30.2 24.1 19.1 15.1 12.2 10.8 7.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.1 2.9 4.3 10.8 10.8 8.6 7.2 10.8 12.6 14.4 18.0 16.6 15.5 18.0 22.7 19.4 16.9 12.6 11.5 9.7 7.2 7.2 6.1 4.3 7.2 8.3 10.8 7.6 10.8 14.4 18.0 15.8 18.0 21.6 25.2 20.2 16.6 11.5 20.5 12.2
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Date 16-04-2011 16-04-2011 16-04-2011 16-04-2011 16-04-2011 16-04-2011 16-04-2011 17-04-2011 17-04-2011 17-04-2011 17-04-2011 17-04-2011 17-04-2011 17-04-2011 17-04-2011 17-04-2011 17-04-2011 17-04-2011 17-04-2011 17-04-2011 17-04-2011 17-04-2011 17-04-2011 17-04-2011 17-04-2011 17-04-2011 17-04-2011 17-04-2011 17-04-2011 17-04-2011 17-04-2011 18-04-2011 18-04-2011 18-04-2011 18-04-2011 18-04-2011 18-04-2011 18-04-2011 18-04-2011 18-04-2011 18-04-2011 18-04-2011 18-04-2011 18-04-2011 18-04-2011 18-04-2011 18-04-2011 18-04-2011 18-04-2011 18-04-2011 18-04-2011 18-04-2011 18-04-2011 18-04-2011 18-04-2011 19-04-2011 19-04-2011 19-04-2011 19-04-2011 Time 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 38.0 29.5 35.0 27.5 32.0 25.5 30.0 24.5 28.6 24.0 27.6 23.7 26.7 23.1 26.5 23.0 26.8 23.0 27.1 23.2 27.5 23.4 28.1 23.6 28.8 23.7 29.6 24.4 30.1 24.6 30.5 25.0 31.5 25.0 33.5 26.0 36.0 27.5 37.7 28.8 39.2 29.6 40.6 30.7 41.5 31.7 41.6 32.2 39.6 30.5 37.2 29.3 34.6 27.7 31.4 25.5 29.3 24.4 27.0 22.6 25.9 21.8 25.6 21.7 25.4 21.3 25.5 22.0 25.9 22.0 26.6 22.2 27.1 22.2 27.7 22.6 28.2 22.7 29.3 23.4 30.4 24.0 33.0 26.0 34.9 27.4 36.7 28.6 38.2 29.3 39.4 30.0 41.1 31.6 41.8 32.4 39.3 30.3 37.2 28.5 35.0 27.5 33.0 26.5 31.1 25.5 29.2 24.3 27.4 23.4 27.1 23.2 26.7 23.2 26.5 23.3 26.8 23.4 RH (%) 52.0 55.0 58.0 62.0 67.0 70.0 73.0 73.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 67.0 64.0 64.0 62.0 62.0 57.0 53.0 50.0 49.0 48.0 47.0 47.0 50.0 51.0 54.0 56.0 60.0 64.0 66.0 69.0 68.0 68.0 72.0 69.0 66.0 63.0 63.0 60.0 58.0 56.0 56.0 55.0 53.0 50.0 48.0 50.0 50.0 51.0 52.0 55.0 59.0 63.0 64.0 70.0 70.0 73.0 76.0 73.0 Direction SW NW W NEN N W NEE SSW ESE WSW SES SE N N NE NE NWN SW SW SW SW W NW SW W W W SES SW NW NW S S S W W W W W W W W W SW SW SW NWN NE SE N NE W W W W W W W NW Wind Speed kmph 12.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.8 3.2 5.0 7.2 7.6 12.2 12.6 19.1 20.5 22.3 19.1 17.3 15.5 13.3 11.9 9.4 1.4 1.8 2.9 4.0 4.7 5.0 6.8 7.2 7.2 1.1 7.2 11.9 11.9 19.1 12.2 14.4 18.0 19.4 22.7 20.2 15.8 13.0 12.2 11.9 10.8 7.2 7.2 5.8 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.4 2.5
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Date 19-04-2011 19-04-2011 19-04-2011 19-04-2011 19-04-2011 19-04-2011 19-04-2011 19-04-2011 19-04-2011 19-04-2011 19-04-2011 19-04-2011 19-04-2011 19-04-2011 19-04-2011 19-04-2011 19-04-2011 19-04-2011 19-04-2011 19-04-2011 20-04-2011 20-04-2011 20-04-2011 20-04-2011 20-04-2011 20-04-2011 20-04-2011 20-04-2011 20-04-2011 20-04-2011 20-04-2011 20-04-2011 20-04-2011 20-04-2011 20-04-2011 20-04-2011 20-04-2011 20-04-2011 20-04-2011 20-04-2011 20-04-2011 20-04-2011 20-04-2011 20-04-2011 21-04-2011 21-04-2011 21-04-2011 21-04-2011 21-04-2011 21-04-2011 21-04-2011 21-04-2011 21-04-2011 21-04-2011 21-04-2011 21-04-2011 21-04-2011 21-04-2011 21-04-2011 Time 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 27.2 23.6 27.6 24.1 28.5 24.5 29.6 25.0 31.3 26.4 33.0 26.9 34.5 27.5 36.5 28.4 38.1 29.6 39.9 30.9 40.6 31.1 41.0 31.5 40.1 30.6 38.6 30.1 36.5 29.0 33.0 26.5 30.0 24.5 28.5 23.5 27.5 23.0 26.5 22.5 26.0 22.0 25.6 22.0 25.5 22.0 25.8 22.3 26.2 22.3 26.6 22.7 27.5 23.1 28.5 23.5 29.5 24.0 31.5 25.0 33.5 26.0 35.0 27.0 37.1 28.6 38.8 29.8 40.5 31.0 41.0 31.5 41.0 31.5 38.9 30.4 35.5 28.0 32.0 25.5 30.0 24.5 28.0 23.5 27.0 23.0 25.9 22.4 25.5 22.0 25.0 21.1 24.9 21.0 24.5 20.1 24.6 20.2 25.5 20.5 26.6 21.1 28.1 22.1 29.5 23.0 31.1 23.6 33.0 25.0 35.5 27.0 37.2 28.3 38.7 29.2 40.5 30.6 RH (%) 73.0 73.0 70.0 68.0 66.0 62.0 56.0 53.0 52.0 51.0 49.0 50.0 49.0 52.0 55.0 59.0 62.0 64.0 66.0 69.0 69.0 72.0 72.0 73.0 69.0 69.0 66.0 64.0 61.0 57.0 53.0 52.0 51.0 51.0 49.0 50.0 50.0 53.0 55.0 58.0 62.0 67.0 70.0 73.0 72.0 68.0 68.0 64.0 64.0 61.0 59.0 57.0 55.0 51.0 50.0 49.0 49.0 47.0 47.0 Direction NW NW SW S S S SW W W W SW W W W W W SE N N NE NE NE NWN SW SW NW W W W W W W SW SW SW W W SW SW SW S N NEE SSW W WSW W SE N N NE NWN SW SW SW W W SW SW Wind Speed kmph 4.7 1.4 1.4 4.0 7.9 12.2 12.6 14.4 18.0 24.1 18.0 14.4 13.0 11.9 7.2 4.7 1.8 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.4 10.8 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 10.8 8.6 10.8 11.5 13.0 14.4 18.0 15.5 13.0 11.5 13.3 11.5 11.2 8.3 5.8 4.3 2.9 1.8 1.1 1.8 0.7 2.2 7.2 7.6 7.2 7.2 10.8 12.6 19.1 16.6 18.0 22.7 16.6
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Date 21-04-2011 21-04-2011 21-04-2011 21-04-2011 21-04-2011 21-04-2011 21-04-2011 21-04-2011 21-04-2011 22-04-2011 22-04-2011 22-04-2011 22-04-2011 22-04-2011 22-04-2011 22-04-2011 22-04-2011 22-04-2011 22-04-2011 22-04-2011 22-04-2011 22-04-2011 22-04-2011 22-04-2011 22-04-2011 22-04-2011 22-04-2011 22-04-2011 22-04-2011 22-04-2011 22-04-2011 22-04-2011 22-04-2011 23-04-2011 23-04-2011 23-04-2011 23-04-2011 23-04-2011 23-04-2011 23-04-2011 23-04-2011 23-04-2011 23-04-2011 23-04-2011 23-04-2011 23-04-2011 23-04-2011 23-04-2011 23-04-2011 23-04-2011 23-04-2011 23-04-2011 23-04-2011 23-04-2011 23-04-2011 23-04-2011 23-04-2011 24-04-2011 24-04-2011 Time 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 41.0 31.0 41.0 31.1 39.5 30.1 37.0 28.5 34.5 27.0 32.1 25.6 29.3 23.7 27.1 22.2 26.4 22.0 26.0 22.0 25.6 21.1 25.0 21.0 24.6 20.6 25.5 21.0 27.0 22.0 28.5 23.0 29.9 23.9 31.4 24.9 33.0 25.5 35.0 27.0 36.5 28.0 38.0 29.0 39.5 30.5 41.0 31.5 42.4 32.9 42.0 32.5 40.0 31.5 38.0 30.5 35.0 28.5 31.5 26.0 29.0 24.5 28.0 24.0 27.0 23.5 26.5 23.0 26.0 22.5 25.5 22.0 25.4 22.5 25.8 22.7 26.6 23.2 27.8 23.6 28.7 24.2 30.2 24.6 31.8 25.4 34.1 27.2 36.5 28.9 38.2 30.1 39.8 31.4 41.1 32.2 41.4 32.3 41.6 32.1 40.6 31.6 38.1 30.2 34.9 28.0 32.2 26.3 29.4 24.5 27.8 23.4 26.5 23.0 26.4 22.9 26.3 22.4 RH (%) 47.0 47.0 48.0 56.0 54.0 58.0 61.0 63.0 66.0 66.0 65.0 68.0 68.0 65.0 63.0 60.0 59.0 57.0 53.0 52.0 50.0 50.0 51.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 53.0 57.0 60.0 64.0 68.0 70.0 73.0 73.0 73.0 72.0 76.0 76.0 73.0 70.0 67.0 62.0 58.0 56.0 55.0 54.0 53.0 52.0 52.0 50.0 51.0 54.0 56.0 61.0 64.0 67.0 73.0 73.0 69.0 Direction W SW W W NW NW NW S S S W W NEN N NEE SSW ESE WSW SES SE N NE NE W W SW SW W SW SW W NW W W SW SW NW S S NEE SSW S NEN N W W SW SW SW SW N N NE NE NWN ESE WSW SES SE Wind Speed kmph 11.9 12.6 16.6 12.2 11.5 7.2 5.8 3.2 2.5 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.4 7.2 7.2 12.2 14.4 12.2 8.6 14.4 19.1 16.6 11.9 14.4 13.0 10.8 7.2 5.8 4.0 2.9 0.7 1.4 2.9 4.7 1.4 7.2 1.4 7.2 11.9 7.2 11.5 13.0 25.2 14.4 14.0 22.7 14.4 15.1 10.8 15.5 7.9 5.0 2.9 1.1 0.7 1.1 1.4
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Date 24-04-2011 24-04-2011 24-04-2011 24-04-2011 24-04-2011 24-04-2011 24-04-2011 24-04-2011 24-04-2011 24-04-2011 24-04-2011 24-04-2011 24-04-2011 24-04-2011 24-04-2011 24-04-2011 24-04-2011 24-04-2011 24-04-2011 24-04-2011 24-04-2011 24-04-2011 25-04-2011 25-04-2011 25-04-2011 25-04-2011 25-04-2011 25-04-2011 25-04-2011 25-04-2011 25-04-2011 25-04-2011 25-04-2011 25-04-2011 25-04-2011 25-04-2011 25-04-2011 25-04-2011 25-04-2011 25-04-2011 25-04-2011 25-04-2011 25-04-2011 25-04-2011 25-04-2011 25-04-2011 26-04-2011 26-04-2011 26-04-2011 26-04-2011 26-04-2011 26-04-2011 26-04-2011 26-04-2011 26-04-2011 26-04-2011 26-04-2011 26-04-2011 26-04-2011 Time 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 26.5 22.6 27.1 22.6 27.6 23.0 28.2 23.2 28.6 23.5 28.9 22.9 30.1 23.6 32.0 24.5 34.5 26.5 36.9 28.4 38.5 29.6 39.5 30.0 40.6 30.7 40.2 30.3 40.0 30.0 39.9 29.9 37.3 28.7 34.4 27.0 32.1 25.2 29.2 23.3 27.5 22.0 27.0 22.0 26.8 22.0 26.5 21.9 26.0 21.5 25.5 21.4 25.0 21.0 25.6 21.1 27.0 21.5 28.5 22.5 29.9 23.4 31.5 24.0 33.5 25.5 36.0 27.5 38.0 29.5 39.9 30.9 40.9 31.4 41.3 31.8 41.5 32.0 40.0 31.5 37.0 29.5 34.0 27.5 31.0 25.5 28.5 24.0 27.0 23.0 26.5 23.0 26.0 22.5 25.5 22.0 25.0 21.0 24.5 20.5 24.6 20.6 26.0 21.5 27.6 22.1 29.1 23.1 30.6 24.1 32.0 24.5 34.0 26.0 36.4 27.9 38.0 29.5 RH (%) 69.0 66.0 66.0 64.0 64.0 58.0 56.0 52.0 51.0 51.0 50.0 48.0 47.0 47.0 47.0 47.0 51.0 54.0 55.0 58.0 59.0 63.0 63.0 66.0 66.0 68.0 68.0 65.0 59.0 57.0 56.0 52.0 50.0 50.0 52.0 51.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 53.0 56.0 59.0 63.0 70.0 70.0 73.0 73.0 72.0 68.0 68.0 68.0 66.0 59.0 58.0 56.0 52.0 51.0 50.0 52.0 Direction W W W W W W SW SW SW NW SW SW SW W W NEN N NEE SSW ESE WSW SES SE N N NE NE NWN SW W W W W W SW SW NW SW SW NW SW S S W W NEN NEN N NEE SSW ESE WSW SES SE N SSW SSW NWN N Wind Speed kmph 1.1 1.1 2.2 7.2 10.8 8.3 12.2 8.6 12.6 14.4 18.0 11.9 18.0 12.6 7.2 7.9 10.8 7.2 7.2 1.1 1.4 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.6 7.2 7.9 10.8 12.2 12.6 12.2 14.4 14.0 18.0 23.8 20.5 15.5 13.3 12.2 10.8 9.4 7.2 7.2 1.1 5.0 6.8 7.2 7.2 7.2 10.8 11.9 14.4 18.0 14.4 18.0 15.5 22.0 19.1
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Date 26-04-2011 26-04-2011 26-04-2011 26-04-2011 26-04-2011 26-04-2011 26-04-2011 26-04-2011 26-04-2011 26-04-2011 26-04-2011 27-04-2011 27-04-2011 27-04-2011 27-04-2011 27-04-2011 27-04-2011 27-04-2011 27-04-2011 27-04-2011 27-04-2011 27-04-2011 27-04-2011 27-04-2011 27-04-2011 27-04-2011 27-04-2011 27-04-2011 27-04-2011 27-04-2011 27-04-2011 27-04-2011 27-04-2011 27-04-2011 27-04-2011 28-04-2011 28-04-2011 28-04-2011 28-04-2011 28-04-2011 28-04-2011 28-04-2011 28-04-2011 28-04-2011 28-04-2011 28-04-2011 28-04-2011 28-04-2011 28-04-2011 28-04-2011 28-04-2011 28-04-2011 28-04-2011 28-04-2011 28-04-2011 28-04-2011 28-04-2011 28-04-2011 28-04-2011 Time 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 39.5 30.5 40.1 30.6 40.2 30.7 40.0 30.5 39.9 31.4 37.0 29.5 33.5 27.0 30.5 25.0 29.0 24.0 28.0 23.5 26.9 23.0 26.6 23.0 26.5 23.0 26.3 23.2 26.4 23.3 26.8 23.4 27.3 23.7 27.8 23.9 28.5 24.0 30.0 24.5 32.4 25.9 34.5 27.0 36.0 28.1 37.5 29.0 38.5 29.5 39.4 29.9 39.5 30.0 39.5 30.0 37.9 29.4 35.5 28.0 32.0 25.5 29.5 24.0 28.7 24.2 28.3 23.8 27.4 23.5 27.3 23.1 26.8 23.3 26.6 23.5 26.7 23.6 27.2 23.7 27.6 24.1 28.2 24.3 29.3 24.7 29.9 24.8 31.6 26.1 34.0 28.1 36.4 29.5 38.0 30.5 39.0 31.0 39.9 31.4 41.4 32.5 42.1 33.0 40.4 31.9 37.3 29.8 34.6 28.1 32.3 26.8 29.7 25.2 28.1 24.2 26.8 23.4 RH (%) 51.0 49.0 49.0 49.0 53.0 56.0 59.0 62.0 64.0 67.0 70.0 73.0 73.0 76.0 76.0 73.0 73.0 70.0 67.0 62.0 58.0 54.0 53.0 51.0 50.0 48.0 48.0 48.0 52.0 55.0 58.0 61.0 67.0 67.0 70.0 70.0 73.0 76.0 76.0 73.0 73.0 70.0 68.0 65.0 63.0 62.0 58.0 57.0 55.0 53.0 52.0 53.0 53.0 56.0 59.0 64.0 68.0 70.0 73.0 Direction S SW S S ESE WSW SES SE N SSW NWN NEN N NEE NEE SSW W SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW W W W W W W W W SW SW SW SW W W W W W SW NW NW SW SW SW SW SW NW NW NEN N NEE SSW ESE WSW SES Wind Speed kmph 18.0 24.1 20.2 19.1 16.9 15.1 12.2 8.3 5.8 1.4 1.4 2.2 3.2 5.0 7.2 10.8 1.4 7.2 7.2 12.6 16.2 12.2 12.6 18.0 16.9 20.9 15.5 13.0 11.9 7.9 7.2 0.7 1.1 2.2 7.2 10.8 14.4 0.7 1.4 18.0 7.2 10.8 14.4 11.9 12.2 27.7 32.4 25.2 19.1 23.8 19.4 17.3 15.5 12.2 1.4 0.7 1.4 1.4 1.8
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Date 29-04-2011 29-04-2011 29-04-2011 29-04-2011 29-04-2011 29-04-2011 29-04-2011 29-04-2011 29-04-2011 29-04-2011 29-04-2011 29-04-2011 29-04-2011 29-04-2011 29-04-2011 29-04-2011 29-04-2011 29-04-2011 29-04-2011 29-04-2011 29-04-2011 29-04-2011 29-04-2011 30-04-2011 30-04-2011 30-04-2011 30-04-2011 30-04-2011 30-04-2011 30-04-2011 30-04-2011 30-04-2011 30-04-2011 30-04-2011 30-04-2011 30-04-2011 30-04-2011 30-04-2011 30-04-2011 30-04-2011 30-04-2011 30-04-2011 30-04-2011 30-04-2011 30-04-2011 30-04-2011 30-04-2011 30-04-2011 01-05-2011 01-05-2011 01-05-2011 01-05-2011 01-05-2011 01-05-2011 01-05-2011 01-05-2011 01-05-2011 01-05-2011 01-05-2011 Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 26.6 23.4 26.4 23.3 26.7 23.2 27.1 23.2 27.7 23.6 28.1 24.0 28.7 24.2 29.3 24.4 30.2 24.5 31.8 25.7 34.5 27.5 36.6 28.5 38.4 29.9 39.5 30.5 41.3 31.8 42.2 32.7 41.7 32.2 40.5 32.0 39.0 31.5 37.0 30.5 33.5 28.0 31.1 26.6 28.4 24.5 27.0 23.5 26.5 23.0 26.0 22.5 25.5 21.5 25.8 22.0 26.4 22.3 26.8 22.4 28.0 23.0 29.8 24.3 31.1 24.6 33.5 26.0 35.9 27.9 37.5 29.0 38.5 29.5 40.3 30.8 41.6 32.1 42.7 33.2 42.9 33.4 41.3 32.3 38.6 30.7 35.7 28.8 33.2 27.2 30.7 25.6 28.2 24.3 26.6 23.2 26.4 23.0 26.0 23.0 25.8 22.7 26.2 22.7 26.9 22.9 27.8 23.3 28.6 24.2 29.3 24.4 30.7 25.2 32.6 26.0 34.4 27.0 RH (%) 76.0 76.0 73.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 67.0 64.0 62.0 61.0 56.0 53.0 52.0 51.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 53.0 58.0 62.0 65.0 69.0 70.0 73.0 73.0 73.0 68.0 69.0 69.0 66.0 64.0 62.0 57.0 53.0 53.0 51.0 50.0 49.0 50.0 50.0 51.0 52.0 54.0 57.0 62.0 65.0 70.0 73.0 73.0 76.0 76.0 73.0 70.0 67.0 67.0 64.0 62.0 58.0 54.0 Direction SE N SSW NWN NE W W W NW NW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW NW W SW S S S W W NEN N NEE SSW ESE WSW SE SES N SSW NE SE NWN SW SW SW SW W SSW ESE WSW SES NW NW NW N NW W W S S NEN E Wind Speed kmph 2.2 7.2 7.2 10.8 12.6 16.2 19.4 17.3 18.0 21.6 18.7 15.8 18.0 26.3 15.8 11.9 10.8 10.8 10.8 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 0.7 1.4 7.2 7.2 10.8 12.6 12.2 10.8 15.8 19.1 23.0 18.0 20.5 23.0 15.8 18.0 14.4 12.6 12.2 11.5 9.4 2.2 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.1 3.6 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 13.0 14.4 20.2
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Date 01-05-2011 01-05-2011 01-05-2011 01-05-2011 01-05-2011 01-05-2011 01-05-2011 01-05-2011 01-05-2011 01-05-2011 01-05-2011 01-05-2011 01-05-2011 02-05-2011 02-05-2011 02-05-2011 02-05-2011 02-05-2011 02-05-2011 02-05-2011 02-05-2011 02-05-2011 02-05-2011 02-05-2011 02-05-2011 02-05-2011 02-05-2011 02-05-2011 02-05-2011 02-05-2011 02-05-2011 02-05-2011 02-05-2011 02-05-2011 02-05-2011 02-05-2011 02-05-2011 03-05-2011 03-05-2011 03-05-2011 03-05-2011 03-05-2011 03-05-2011 03-05-2011 03-05-2011 03-05-2011 03-05-2011 03-05-2011 03-05-2011 03-05-2011 03-05-2011 03-05-2011 03-05-2011 03-05-2011 03-05-2011 03-05-2011 03-05-2011 03-05-2011 03-05-2011 Time 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 37.1 28.6 38.5 29.6 40.0 30.5 40.4 30.9 40.5 31.0 40.0 30.5 38.6 30.1 35.1 27.2 32.0 25.0 29.9 24.0 28.2 23.3 27.0 23.1 26.5 23.0 26.0 22.6 25.9 22.4 25.5 22.0 24.6 21.1 24.9 20.9 26.4 21.9 27.9 22.4 29.6 23.6 30.5 24.0 32.0 24.5 34.4 26.4 36.5 28.0 38.5 29.5 39.9 30.4 41.0 31.5 42.0 32.1 41.9 32.0 40.5 31.5 37.7 29.2 34.6 27.0 31.3 24.7 28.7 23.2 27.4 23.0 27.0 22.9 26.7 23.2 26.3 22.7 25.9 22.4 25.6 21.7 27.1 22.5 28.6 23.7 29.5 24.0 30.6 24.6 31.9 25.4 34.5 27.0 37.1 29.1 39.5 31.0 40.5 31.5 41.0 31.6 42.0 32.0 42.2 32.3 42.5 32.6 40.0 31.0 37.4 29.5 34.7 27.6 31.8 25.2 29.6 24.2 RH (%) 51.0 50.0 49.0 49.0 49.0 49.0 52.0 52.0 55.0 59.0 64.0 70.0 73.0 73.0 73.0 72.0 71.0 68.0 66.0 60.0 58.0 56.0 52.0 51.0 50.0 50.0 49.0 50.0 48.0 48.0 51.0 51.0 54.0 57.0 60.0 66.0 70.0 73.0 73.0 73.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 61.0 59.0 58.0 54.0 54.0 53.0 51.0 50.0 48.0 48.0 48.0 51.0 53.0 56.0 58.0 61.0 Direction NEE S SW SW SW SW S SSW WSW SE NWN SE SSW N S S S S NW SW SW NEN S NW SW W W W SW SW NEN E NEE WNW ESE N SES SE SSW SE SE NWN S NW S S W SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW S N W WSW Wind Speed kmph 21.6 25.2 14.4 18.0 15.5 18.0 14.4 18.0 14.4 11.5 3.6 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.4 7.2 4.3 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 12.2 18.0 21.6 19.8 15.5 14.0 15.5 16.9 13.3 14.4 18.0 10.8 7.9 1.4 4.0 1.1 1.4 1.4 6.5 7.2 12.6 18.0 19.1 13.0 11.9 24.1 27.7 16.2 18.7 15.8 18.0 16.6 13.3 8.6 11.9 9.7 7.2 3.6
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Date 03-05-2011 04-05-2011 04-05-2011 04-05-2011 04-05-2011 04-05-2011 04-05-2011 04-05-2011 04-05-2011 04-05-2011 04-05-2011 04-05-2011 04-05-2011 04-05-2011 04-05-2011 04-05-2011 04-05-2011 04-05-2011 04-05-2011 04-05-2011 04-05-2011 04-05-2011 04-05-2011 04-05-2011 04-05-2011 04-05-2011 05-05-2011 05-05-2011 05-05-2011 05-05-2011 05-05-2011 05-05-2011 05-05-2011 05-05-2011 05-05-2011 05-05-2011 05-05-2011 05-05-2011 05-05-2011 05-05-2011 05-05-2011 05-05-2011 05-05-2011 05-05-2011 05-05-2011 05-05-2011 05-05-2011 05-05-2011 05-05-2011 05-05-2011 06-05-2011 06-05-2011 06-05-2011 06-05-2011 06-05-2011 06-05-2011 06-05-2011 06-05-2011 06-05-2011 Time 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 28.2 23.6 27.3 23.3 26.6 23.0 26.2 23.0 25.7 22.2 25.4 21.9 25.5 21.5 27.6 23.1 28.9 23.4 30.4 24.4 32.5 26.0 34.1 26.9 36.9 28.9 38.9 30.4 40.0 31.0 40.1 31.1 40.4 30.9 40.5 31.0 40.5 31.0 39.0 30.5 37.0 29.5 33.5 27.0 30.6 25.1 28.9 24.4 27.8 24.3 27.0 24.0 26.6 23.6 26.1 23.1 25.8 22.3 25.5 22.0 25.0 21.0 25.9 21.4 28.4 22.9 30.0 24.0 32.9 26.4 34.6 27.1 36.9 28.9 39.4 30.9 40.5 32.0 42.0 33.0 43.0 33.5 43.5 34.0 43.1 33.6 41.0 32.5 38.6 31.1 35.7 29.2 33.0 27.5 30.4 25.9 28.5 25.0 27.6 24.6 27.0 24.0 27.2 24.2 27.5 24.0 28.3 24.4 28.8 24.4 29.4 24.6 30.2 24.7 31.3 25.3 32.5 26.0 RH (%) 67.0 70.0 73.0 76.0 72.0 72.0 68.0 66.0 61.0 59.0 58.0 56.0 54.0 53.0 51.0 51.0 49.0 49.0 49.0 53.0 56.0 59.0 62.0 68.0 74.0 77.0 76.0 76.0 73.0 72.0 68.0 66.0 60.0 59.0 59.0 54.0 54.0 53.0 53.0 53.0 51.0 51.0 51.0 54.0 57.0 59.0 65.0 68.0 74.0 77.0 77.0 77.0 73.0 70.0 68.0 64.0 62.0 60.0 58.0 Direction S NEN E WNW NEE ESE N SES SE SSW SSW W W NWN SW SW SW SW SW W SW S S S SW SW NW NW W S S NEN E NEE WNW ESE SW SES W SSW SSW W W NWN SW SW NW NW S S S N N N NW SW SE WSW W Wind Speed kmph 4.0 1.4 1.4 1.4 7.2 5.0 10.8 14.4 14.4 18.0 8.6 18.0 23.8 20.2 19.1 25.9 18.4 18.0 15.8 13.3 10.8 7.2 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.1 2.5 1.1 1.4 7.2 7.2 12.2 15.8 13.3 15.8 24.1 27.7 31.3 24.1 19.4 33.5 16.6 19.8 12.2 7.9 9.0 7.9 11.5 2.2 0.7 1.4 3.6 1.8 18.0 7.2 12.2 12.6 18.0
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Date 06-05-2011 06-05-2011 06-05-2011 06-05-2011 06-05-2011 06-05-2011 06-05-2011 06-05-2011 06-05-2011 06-05-2011 06-05-2011 06-05-2011 06-05-2011 06-05-2011 06-05-2011 07-05-2011 07-05-2011 07-05-2011 07-05-2011 07-05-2011 07-05-2011 07-05-2011 07-05-2011 07-05-2011 07-05-2011 07-05-2011 07-05-2011 07-05-2011 07-05-2011 07-05-2011 07-05-2011 07-05-2011 07-05-2011 07-05-2011 07-05-2011 07-05-2011 07-05-2011 07-05-2011 07-05-2011 08-05-2011 08-05-2011 08-05-2011 08-05-2011 08-05-2011 08-05-2011 08-05-2011 08-05-2011 08-05-2011 08-05-2011 08-05-2011 08-05-2011 08-05-2011 08-05-2011 08-05-2011 08-05-2011 08-05-2011 08-05-2011 08-05-2011 08-05-2011 Time 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 34.9 27.4 37.0 29.0 38.6 30.1 39.5 31.0 40.6 31.6 41.0 31.5 41.1 31.6 40.5 31.0 38.0 29.5 36.0 28.5 33.5 27.0 30.1 24.6 28.6 24.1 27.1 23.6 26.5 23.5 26.0 23.0 25.5 22.5 25.2 21.7 25.0 21.5 25.1 21.1 26.4 21.9 27.9 22.4 29.6 23.6 31.2 24.7 33.5 26.0 35.6 27.6 37.9 29.4 39.5 31.0 40.1 31.1 41.2 31.7 42.1 32.6 42.2 32.7 40.0 31.5 37.5 30.0 34.5 28.0 31.0 25.5 29.0 24.5 27.5 24.0 26.9 23.9 26.6 23.6 26.2 23.2 25.9 23.0 25.6 22.1 25.6 21.6 27.1 22.6 28.4 22.9 29.9 23.9 31.2 24.7 32.9 25.4 35.0 27.0 36.9 28.4 38.6 30.1 39.2 30.2 39.4 29.9 39.5 30.0 39.5 30.0 39.0 30.5 37.0 29.5 34.0 27.5 RH (%) 55.0 54.0 52.0 53.0 51.0 50.0 50.0 49.0 52.0 55.0 59.0 62.0 67.0 73.0 76.0 76.0 76.0 72.0 72.0 68.0 66.0 60.0 58.0 57.0 53.0 52.0 52.0 53.0 51.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 53.0 56.0 59.0 63.0 68.0 73.0 77.0 76.0 76.0 76.0 72.0 68.0 66.0 60.0 59.0 57.0 53.0 52.0 51.0 52.0 51.0 48.0 48.0 48.0 53.0 56.0 59.0 Direction W W W SW SW NEN E NEE WNW SW ESE N SES SE SSW SE SE NWN NW NW NW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW S W W WSW S S NEN E NEE WNW ESE SSW SE SE SW SES NWN W SW SW SW SW W SW S W W Wind Speed kmph 10.8 14.4 19.8 23.8 27.7 23.0 17.3 12.6 13.3 15.1 7.2 1.1 1.1 1.4 14.4 7.9 8.6 12.6 7.2 18.0 7.2 8.3 10.8 14.4 12.6 12.2 14.4 21.6 25.2 28.8 34.9 23.4 16.9 18.0 14.4 8.3 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.4 14.4 2.5 4.7 7.2 8.6 10.8 14.4 10.8 11.9 14.4 18.0 21.6 25.2 19.1 23.0 14.8 12.6 14.4 10.8
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Date 08-05-2011 08-05-2011 08-05-2011 08-05-2011 09-05-2011 09-05-2011 09-05-2011 09-05-2011 09-05-2011 09-05-2011 09-05-2011 09-05-2011 09-05-2011 09-05-2011 09-05-2011 09-05-2011 09-05-2011 09-05-2011 09-05-2011 09-05-2011 09-05-2011 09-05-2011 09-05-2011 09-05-2011 09-05-2011 09-05-2011 09-05-2011 09-05-2011 10-05-2011 10-05-2011 10-05-2011 10-05-2011 10-05-2011 10-05-2011 10-05-2011 10-05-2011 10-05-2011 10-05-2011 10-05-2011 10-05-2011 10-05-2011 10-05-2011 10-05-2011 10-05-2011 10-05-2011 10-05-2011 10-05-2011 10-05-2011 10-05-2011 10-05-2011 10-05-2011 10-05-2011 11-05-2011 11-05-2011 11-05-2011 11-05-2011 11-05-2011 11-05-2011 11-05-2011 Time 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 31.6 26.1 29.2 24.7 27.6 24.1 26.6 23.6 26.2 23.2 25.6 22.6 25.1 21.6 24.9 21.4 25.2 21.2 26.5 22.0 27.9 22.4 29.5 23.5 30.6 24.1 33.2 25.7 35.9 27.9 38.5 30.0 40.2 31.7 42.0 33.0 42.5 33.0 43.0 33.1 42.2 32.7 40.1 31.6 38.4 30.9 36.1 29.6 33.7 27.6 31.2 26.3 28.5 24.0 27.4 23.5 27.1 23.2 26.9 23.0 26.5 23.0 26.2 22.7 26.1 22.1 27.2 22.7 28.5 23.0 29.6 23.6 31.4 24.9 34.1 26.6 36.3 28.3 37.8 29.2 39.6 30.2 41.1 31.2 41.8 31.9 42.2 32.2 41.6 32.1 39.1 30.6 37.5 30.0 34.1 27.6 31.6 26.1 29.1 24.6 28.0 24.5 26.8 23.8 26.6 23.6 26.1 23.1 25.9 22.4 25.5 22.0 25.6 21.6 26.9 22.4 28.4 22.9 RH (%) 64.0 68.0 73.0 76.0 76.0 76.0 72.0 72.0 68.0 66.0 60.0 58.0 56.0 53.0 53.0 52.0 53.0 53.0 50.0 49.0 50.0 53.0 57.0 61.0 62.0 66.0 67.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 73.0 73.0 69.0 66.0 60.0 58.0 57.0 54.0 53.0 52.0 48.0 47.0 48.0 48.0 50.0 53.0 56.0 59.0 64.0 68.0 74.0 77.0 76.0 76.0 73.0 72.0 68.0 66.0 60.0 Direction W N S N N N N S S S NEN E NEE WNW ESE SW SES W SSW W W NWN S SE SW SW N N S N N N NW NW NW NW S W W W SW SW NEN E NEE WNW ESE N SES SE SSW SE SE NWN NW NW NW W W Wind Speed kmph 7.2 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.1 2.5 10.8 2.5 10.8 4.0 14.4 7.2 12.2 12.6 20.2 23.0 25.9 22.7 18.4 15.8 14.4 12.2 14.4 7.9 1.4 1.1 4.0 5.8 7.2 2.9 1.4 7.2 10.8 7.2 7.9 10.8 15.5 16.2 19.1 24.1 26.3 17.3 15.8 15.1 14.4 14.4 13.7 11.9 11.2 9.4 1.4 1.4 2.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 2.9 7.2 7.2
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Date 11-05-2011 11-05-2011 11-05-2011 11-05-2011 11-05-2011 11-05-2011 11-05-2011 11-05-2011 11-05-2011 11-05-2011 11-05-2011 11-05-2011 11-05-2011 11-05-2011 11-05-2011 11-05-2011 11-05-2011 12-05-2011 12-05-2011 12-05-2011 12-05-2011 12-05-2011 12-05-2011 12-05-2011 12-05-2011 12-05-2011 12-05-2011 12-05-2011 12-05-2011 12-05-2011 12-05-2011 12-05-2011 12-05-2011 12-05-2011 12-05-2011 12-05-2011 12-05-2011 12-05-2011 12-05-2011 12-05-2011 13-05-2011 13-05-2011 13-05-2011 13-05-2011 13-05-2011 13-05-2011 13-05-2011 13-05-2011 13-05-2011 13-05-2011 13-05-2011 13-05-2011 13-05-2011 13-05-2011 13-05-2011 13-05-2011 13-05-2011 13-05-2011 13-05-2011 Time 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 29.9 23.9 31.4 24.9 33.9 26.4 36.5 28.5 38.1 29.6 39.4 30.9 40.0 31.0 40.9 31.4 41.0 31.5 41.0 31.5 39.1 30.6 36.9 29.4 34.5 28.0 31.0 25.5 29.5 25.0 28.4 24.9 27.6 24.6 27.2 24.2 26.9 23.9 26.5 23.4 26.1 23.2 26.2 22.6 27.4 23.4 29.0 24.5 30.1 25.2 32.0 26.0 34.0 27.0 36.4 28.4 38.1 29.6 39.5 30.5 40.1 30.6 40.6 31.1 41.1 31.6 41.0 31.5 39.0 30.5 36.5 29.0 34.0 27.5 31.2 25.7 29.0 24.5 27.5 24.0 27.0 24.0 26.6 23.6 26.4 23.4 26.5 23.5 26.7 23.2 27.2 23.2 27.7 23.6 28.4 24.0 29.6 24.7 31.1 25.5 33.0 26.9 34.4 27.5 36.5 29.0 38.0 30.1 39.0 30.5 40.5 31.5 41.9 32.4 41.5 32.0 39.6 31.1 RH (%) 59.0 57.0 54.0 53.0 52.0 53.0 51.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 53.0 56.0 59.0 63.0 68.0 74.0 77.0 77.0 77.0 76.0 76.0 73.0 70.0 68.0 65.0 61.0 56.0 53.0 52.0 51.0 49.0 49.0 50.0 50.0 53.0 55.0 59.0 63.0 68.0 73.0 77.0 76.0 76.0 76.0 73.0 70.0 70.0 67.0 64.0 63.0 62.0 56.0 55.0 54.0 53.0 51.0 50.0 50.0 53.0 Direction NW NW S W SW SW SW W SW W W NW S NEN E NEE E NEE WNW N ESE N SES SE SSW SE SW NWN SW SW SW SW SW SW SW W NW N S NW NW NW NW NEN E NEE WNW ESE SW SES SW SSW W W W W S S SSW Wind Speed kmph 7.9 11.5 12.2 15.8 16.2 20.2 22.7 18.0 15.8 19.8 20.2 23.0 17.3 13.3 11.5 7.2 1.1 3.6 1.1 1.1 3.6 8.6 10.8 9.4 11.9 14.4 14.4 19.8 16.9 13.3 14.4 18.0 20.2 22.7 17.6 18.0 11.5 7.2 10.8 7.2 7.2 3.6 5.0 6.8 2.9 7.2 7.6 10.8 12.6 15.1 18.0 20.5 15.8 19.1 23.0 21.6 18.0 16.6 26.6
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Date 13-05-2011 13-05-2011 13-05-2011 13-05-2011 13-05-2011 13-05-2011 14-05-2011 14-05-2011 14-05-2011 14-05-2011 14-05-2011 14-05-2011 14-05-2011 14-05-2011 14-05-2011 14-05-2011 14-05-2011 14-05-2011 14-05-2011 14-05-2011 14-05-2011 14-05-2011 14-05-2011 14-05-2011 14-05-2011 14-05-2011 14-05-2011 14-05-2011 14-05-2011 14-05-2011 15-05-2011 15-05-2011 15-05-2011 15-05-2011 15-05-2011 15-05-2011 15-05-2011 15-05-2011 15-05-2011 15-05-2011 15-05-2011 15-05-2011 15-05-2011 15-05-2011 15-05-2011 15-05-2011 15-05-2011 15-05-2011 15-05-2011 15-05-2011 15-05-2011 15-05-2011 15-05-2011 15-05-2011 16-05-2011 16-05-2011 16-05-2011 16-05-2011 16-05-2011 Time 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 37.4 29.9 34.5 28.0 31.0 25.5 29.0 24.5 27.5 24.0 26.8 23.8 26.5 23.5 26.1 23.1 25.6 22.1 25.4 21.9 25.5 21.5 26.6 22.1 27.9 22.4 29.5 23.5 30.9 24.4 33.5 26.0 36.0 28.0 37.9 29.4 39.5 31.0 40.6 31.6 41.9 32.4 42.4 32.9 42.2 32.7 39.6 31.1 38.1 30.6 35.5 29.0 32.0 26.5 29.0 24.5 27.6 24.1 27.2 24.2 27.0 24.0 26.8 23.8 26.7 23.2 27.1 23.6 27.6 23.6 28.3 23.8 29.2 24.3 29.8 24.4 31.5 25.0 32.5 25.0 35.0 27.0 36.9 28.4 38.5 30.0 39.6 30.6 40.5 31.0 42.1 32.6 42.4 32.9 40.2 31.7 37.6 30.1 34.5 28.0 31.0 25.5 29.0 24.5 28.1 24.6 26.9 23.9 26.6 23.6 26.0 23.0 25.6 22.1 25.4 21.9 25.5 21.5 RH (%) 56.0 59.0 63.0 68.0 73.0 77.0 76.0 76.0 72.0 72.0 68.0 66.0 60.0 58.0 57.0 53.0 53.0 52.0 53.0 51.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 53.0 57.0 60.0 64.0 68.0 73.0 77.0 77.0 77.0 73.0 73.0 70.0 67.0 64.0 62.0 57.0 52.0 52.0 51.0 52.0 51.0 49.0 50.0 50.0 53.0 56.0 59.0 63.0 68.0 74.0 77.0 76.0 76.0 72.0 72.0 68.0 Direction SW SE NWN NW S S S NW N N NW NW SW NW S S NW W W SW SW NEN E NEE WNW ESE N SES NEE SE N SSW SE SE NWN NWN S SW S W SW SW SW SW SW SW SW S S NW NW NW WSW W W S S NEN E Wind Speed kmph 21.6 15.5 11.9 8.6 7.2 1.4 1.4 2.2 4.7 7.2 12.6 14.4 10.8 7.6 12.6 14.4 20.2 22.7 25.2 22.7 26.6 24.1 19.4 21.6 25.2 12.2 1.4 14.4 18.0 2.2 10.8 10.8 1.4 12.2 2.9 7.2 8.6 11.9 12.6 15.1 18.0 19.8 22.3 20.5 18.7 15.8 15.5 14.4 15.8 11.9 7.9 7.2 10.8 0.7 1.4 1.4 7.2 2.2 7.2
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Date 16-05-2011 16-05-2011 16-05-2011 16-05-2011 16-05-2011 16-05-2011 16-05-2011 16-05-2011 16-05-2011 16-05-2011 16-05-2011 16-05-2011 16-05-2011 16-05-2011 16-05-2011 16-05-2011 16-05-2011 16-05-2011 16-05-2011 17-05-2011 17-05-2011 17-05-2011 17-05-2011 17-05-2011 17-05-2011 17-05-2011 17-05-2011 17-05-2011 17-05-2011 17-05-2011 17-05-2011 17-05-2011 17-05-2011 17-05-2011 17-05-2011 17-05-2011 17-05-2011 17-05-2011 17-05-2011 17-05-2011 17-05-2011 17-05-2011 17-05-2011 18-05-2011 18-05-2011 18-05-2011 18-05-2011 18-05-2011 18-05-2011 18-05-2011 18-05-2011 18-05-2011 18-05-2011 18-05-2011 18-05-2011 18-05-2011 18-05-2011 18-05-2011 18-05-2011 Time 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 26.9 22.4 28.6 23.1 30.1 24.1 32.2 25.7 34.5 27.0 36.0 28.0 37.5 29.0 38.9 30.4 39.9 30.9 40.4 30.9 41.0 31.1 40.6 30.6 39.8 30.4 37.6 29.2 35.1 27.5 32.0 25.5 30.0 24.5 28.5 23.5 27.6 23.0 27.0 22.5 26.6 22.5 26.4 22.9 26.5 23.0 27.4 23.4 28.7 24.2 28.9 23.4 29.4 23.4 31.4 24.9 32.6 25.1 34.0 26.0 35.4 26.9 37.1 28.6 38.3 29.3 39.4 29.9 40.6 31.1 41.7 32.2 40.1 31.6 39.0 31.5 37.1 30.6 34.1 28.6 31.5 27.0 29.4 25.5 27.9 24.4 27.7 24.2 27.5 24.4 27.6 24.5 27.9 24.5 28.4 24.5 29.6 25.2 30.3 25.3 31.1 25.6 32.2 26.3 33.1 26.6 34.5 27.0 36.0 28.0 37.9 29.5 39.8 30.7 40.5 31.0 41.1 32.1 RH (%) 66.0 60.0 59.0 58.0 54.0 53.0 51.0 53.0 51.0 49.0 48.0 47.0 49.0 51.0 54.0 58.0 62.0 64.0 66.0 66.0 69.0 73.0 73.0 70.0 67.0 61.0 58.0 57.0 52.0 51.0 49.0 51.0 50.0 48.0 49.0 50.0 53.0 58.0 62.0 65.0 69.0 71.0 74.0 73.0 77.0 77.0 74.0 70.0 68.0 65.0 63.0 61.0 59.0 54.0 53.0 52.0 51.0 49.0 52.0 Direction NEE WNW ESE SW SES W SW SSW SSW SW SW SW SW SW SE NWN NW S N N N N N S S W W W S NW NEN E NEE WNW ESE SW W W NW SE SSW SSW SE SE NWN N N NW NW SW W W W W W W NEN E NEE Wind Speed kmph 4.7 7.9 10.8 14.4 15.8 22.3 18.0 21.6 19.4 16.9 15.5 14.4 13.3 14.4 9.7 7.2 3.2 1.4 1.1 7.2 7.2 7.2 14.4 10.8 9.7 11.9 15.1 12.6 16.2 22.7 21.2 21.6 27.0 21.6 27.4 20.2 16.9 15.5 14.4 10.8 1.4 7.2 10.8 14.4 7.2 10.8 14.4 14.4 15.1 10.8 12.2 14.4 14.4 18.0 19.8 14.4 13.3 12.6 15.5
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Date 18-05-2011 18-05-2011 18-05-2011 18-05-2011 18-05-2011 18-05-2011 18-05-2011 18-05-2011 19-05-2011 19-05-2011 19-05-2011 19-05-2011 19-05-2011 19-05-2011 19-05-2011 19-05-2011 19-05-2011 19-05-2011 19-05-2011 19-05-2011 19-05-2011 19-05-2011 19-05-2011 19-05-2011 19-05-2011 19-05-2011 19-05-2011 19-05-2011 19-05-2011 19-05-2011 19-05-2011 19-05-2011 20-05-2011 20-05-2011 20-05-2011 20-05-2011 20-05-2011 20-05-2011 20-05-2011 20-05-2011 20-05-2011 20-05-2011 20-05-2011 20-05-2011 20-05-2011 20-05-2011 20-05-2011 20-05-2011 20-05-2011 20-05-2011 20-05-2011 20-05-2011 20-05-2011 20-05-2011 20-05-2011 20-05-2011 21-05-2011 21-05-2011 21-05-2011 Time 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 41.4 32.4 40.2 32.2 38.0 30.0 35.6 28.1 32.5 26.0 30.0 24.5 28.0 24.0 26.9 24.0 26.6 23.6 26.4 23.4 26.1 23.1 26.0 22.5 26.4 22.9 27.8 23.8 29.4 25.0 31.2 26.2 33.5 27.0 35.0 27.5 36.9 28.5 38.5 30.0 40.2 31.2 41.0 32.0 42.5 34.0 42.4 34.0 42.2 34.2 40.6 33.6 38.0 32.0 35.0 30.0 31.5 27.5 29.6 26.1 28.5 25.0 27.2 24.2 26.6 23.5 26.0 23.0 25.6 22.5 25.1 22.1 25.2 22.2 26.6 23.1 27.9 24.0 29.5 25.0 32.4 27.0 34.5 28.0 36.9 29.4 39.1 31.0 40.4 32.0 41.7 32.6 43.2 33.6 43.6 34.0 43.1 33.6 41.2 32.3 37.8 29.4 35.6 28.0 32.4 26.0 30.1 24.5 28.1 23.2 26.8 22.2 26.2 21.9 25.9 22.0 25.6 22.1 RH (%) 52.0 56.0 54.0 55.0 58.0 62.0 70.0 77.0 76.0 76.0 76.0 73.0 73.0 70.0 68.0 66.0 59.0 55.0 51.0 52.0 51.0 52.0 55.0 55.0 57.0 61.0 64.0 69.0 73.0 74.0 74.0 77.0 76.0 76.0 76.0 76.0 76.0 73.0 70.0 68.0 64.0 59.0 56.0 56.0 53.0 52.0 51.0 51.0 51.0 52.0 52.0 55.0 58.0 62.0 64.0 66.0 69.0 69.0 72.0 Direction WNW SW ESE N SES SE SSW SSW SE SE NWN N NW SW W SW SW SW S SW SW SW SW SW SW W W W NW S NEN E NEE WNW ESE N SES SE SSW SSW SE SW NWN SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW S S N NEN E NEE WNW N Wind Speed kmph 14.4 13.3 15.5 11.9 8.3 9.0 4.0 7.2 2.2 11.9 7.2 2.9 7.2 1.4 7.9 7.2 5.0 7.9 10.8 15.8 19.1 13.3 15.8 18.0 18.0 21.6 14.4 10.8 7.2 3.2 7.2 2.2 1.1 2.2 8.6 1.4 2.9 4.7 15.8 8.3 12.2 15.8 19.1 23.0 14.4 15.5 18.7 15.5 13.3 14.8 13.0 11.9 7.9 6.1 5.0 7.2 3.2 3.6 1.4
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Date 21-05-2011 21-05-2011 21-05-2011 21-05-2011 21-05-2011 21-05-2011 21-05-2011 21-05-2011 21-05-2011 21-05-2011 21-05-2011 21-05-2011 21-05-2011 21-05-2011 21-05-2011 21-05-2011 21-05-2011 21-05-2011 21-05-2011 21-05-2011 21-05-2011 22-05-2011 22-05-2011 22-05-2011 22-05-2011 22-05-2011 22-05-2011 22-05-2011 22-05-2011 22-05-2011 22-05-2011 22-05-2011 22-05-2011 22-05-2011 22-05-2011 22-05-2011 22-05-2011 22-05-2011 22-05-2011 22-05-2011 22-05-2011 22-05-2011 22-05-2011 22-05-2011 22-05-2011 23-05-2011 23-05-2011 23-05-2011 23-05-2011 23-05-2011 23-05-2011 23-05-2011 23-05-2011 23-05-2011 23-05-2011 23-05-2011 23-05-2011 23-05-2011 23-05-2011 Time 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 25.4 22.0 25.5 22.5 26.9 24.0 28.2 24.6 29.6 25.6 31.0 26.0 33.5 27.5 36.0 29.5 38.9 31.4 40.1 31.6 40.4 31.6 40.5 31.7 40.6 32.0 40.0 32.0 38.9 31.4 36.4 30.0 34.0 28.0 31.5 26.0 29.5 25.0 28.0 24.0 26.6 23.1 26.4 23.0 26.1 23.1 25.6 22.5 25.4 22.4 25.5 22.5 26.6 23.1 28.0 24.0 29.4 25.0 30.8 25.4 33.5 27.0 35.9 28.4 38.6 30.1 40.5 31.0 41.6 32.1 42.0 32.0 42.0 32.0 41.1 32.0 39.0 30.0 37.0 29.0 34.2 27.2 31.2 25.1 29.2 24.3 27.7 23.2 26.4 22.5 26.0 22.0 25.5 21.9 25.4 22.0 25.1 21.6 25.2 21.2 26.4 22.0 27.9 23.0 29.5 24.0 31.1 25.1 33.0 26.0 36.2 28.7 38.9 30.4 40.1 31.1 41.4 32.0 RH (%) 72.0 76.0 77.0 74.0 71.0 66.0 62.0 61.0 58.0 53.0 49.0 49.0 53.0 56.0 58.0 61.0 62.0 64.0 68.0 70.0 73.0 73.0 76.0 76.0 76.0 76.0 73.0 70.0 68.0 63.0 59.0 55.0 52.0 49.0 50.0 48.0 48.0 52.0 51.0 54.0 56.0 60.0 64.0 66.0 69.0 69.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 61.0 60.0 56.0 55.0 53.0 51.0 50.0 Direction N WSW W W W S ESE SW SES W SSW SSW W W NWN S W W SW N S N N N N W W W S S W NW SW SW NEN E NEE WNW ESE SW SES SE SSW SSW SE SE NWN NW NW NW SW NW SW SW SW SW SW W SW Wind Speed kmph 3.6 4.0 4.3 7.9 2.2 7.9 10.8 14.4 18.0 21.6 25.2 28.8 19.4 27.0 18.0 15.5 14.4 11.9 5.8 4.0 2.2 1.4 1.4 1.8 4.0 7.2 12.6 11.9 12.6 19.4 20.9 22.3 16.9 18.0 26.3 20.2 19.1 18.0 15.8 15.5 10.8 14.4 10.8 7.9 7.2 7.2 10.8 10.8 14.4 14.4 2.9 1.8 14.4 18.0 21.6 14.4 13.3 15.5 14.4
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Date 23-05-2011 23-05-2011 23-05-2011 23-05-2011 23-05-2011 23-05-2011 23-05-2011 23-05-2011 23-05-2011 23-05-2011 24-05-2011 24-05-2011 24-05-2011 24-05-2011 24-05-2011 24-05-2011 24-05-2011 24-05-2011 24-05-2011 24-05-2011 24-05-2011 24-05-2011 24-05-2011 24-05-2011 24-05-2011 24-05-2011 24-05-2011 24-05-2011 24-05-2011 24-05-2011 24-05-2011 24-05-2011 24-05-2011 24-05-2011 25-05-2011 25-05-2011 25-05-2011 25-05-2011 25-05-2011 25-05-2011 25-05-2011 25-05-2011 25-05-2011 25-05-2011 25-05-2011 25-05-2011 25-05-2011 25-05-2011 25-05-2011 25-05-2011 25-05-2011 25-05-2011 25-05-2011 25-05-2011 25-05-2011 25-05-2011 25-05-2011 25-05-2011 26-05-2011 Time 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 43.2 33.3 43.4 33.4 43.5 34.0 40.9 32.0 38.0 30.0 35.5 28.0 32.0 25.5 29.6 24.2 28.1 23.5 26.9 23.0 26.6 23.0 26.1 22.6 25.6 21.7 25.4 21.5 25.5 21.6 26.9 22.4 28.4 23.5 29.9 24.4 31.4 25.5 33.6 26.6 36.9 28.5 39.6 30.1 40.5 31.0 41.5 32.0 42.9 33.0 43.2 33.3 43.0 33.0 41.0 32.0 39.0 31.0 36.0 29.0 32.5 26.0 30.1 24.5 28.5 24.0 27.1 23.5 26.9 23.4 26.6 22.6 26.1 22.1 26.0 22.0 25.9 22.0 26.9 22.4 27.6 22.6 29.5 23.5 31.0 24.5 33.5 26.0 36.9 28.4 38.4 30.0 39.9 31.4 41.2 32.3 42.5 33.0 43.6 34.0 44.2 34.2 42.1 33.2 38.2 30.3 35.5 28.5 32.1 26.2 29.8 24.7 28.1 24.1 26.8 23.4 26.5 23.4 RH (%) 49.0 49.0 51.0 52.0 54.0 55.0 58.0 61.0 67.0 70.0 73.0 73.0 68.0 68.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 62.0 60.0 56.0 51.0 48.0 49.0 50.0 49.0 49.0 49.0 52.0 55.0 58.0 58.0 62.0 67.0 73.0 73.0 69.0 69.0 69.0 69.0 66.0 63.0 58.0 57.0 53.0 51.0 52.0 53.0 52.0 50.0 51.0 50.0 53.0 54.0 57.0 61.0 65.0 70.0 73.0 76.0 Direction W SW W W NW S NEN E NEE WNW ESE N SES SE SSW SSW SE SE NWN NEN W W SW SW SW SW SW SW SW S N NW NW NW W W WSW S S NEN E NEE WNW ESE SW SES W SSW W SW NWN SW SW S SW N S S N Wind Speed kmph 18.0 14.4 12.2 7.9 13.3 3.2 7.2 7.2 5.0 7.2 10.8 14.4 10.8 11.9 9.4 10.8 10.8 11.9 14.4 13.0 9.7 15.1 12.2 16.2 18.0 21.6 18.0 15.8 14.4 14.4 11.9 7.2 1.4 3.6 1.4 1.1 3.6 7.2 10.8 14.4 14.4 18.0 16.9 15.5 27.7 28.8 33.5 26.6 27.7 23.8 21.6 17.3 18.0 12.2 15.5 7.2 7.2 1.4 1.1
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Date 26-05-2011 26-05-2011 26-05-2011 26-05-2011 26-05-2011 26-05-2011 26-05-2011 26-05-2011 26-05-2011 26-05-2011 26-05-2011 26-05-2011 26-05-2011 26-05-2011 26-05-2011 26-05-2011 26-05-2011 26-05-2011 26-05-2011 26-05-2011 26-05-2011 26-05-2011 26-05-2011 27-05-2011 27-05-2011 27-05-2011 27-05-2011 27-05-2011 27-05-2011 27-05-2011 27-05-2011 27-05-2011 27-05-2011 27-05-2011 27-05-2011 27-05-2011 27-05-2011 27-05-2011 27-05-2011 27-05-2011 27-05-2011 27-05-2011 27-05-2011 27-05-2011 27-05-2011 27-05-2011 27-05-2011 28-05-2011 28-05-2011 28-05-2011 28-05-2011 28-05-2011 28-05-2011 28-05-2011 28-05-2011 28-05-2011 28-05-2011 28-05-2011 28-05-2011 Time 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 26.3 23.3 26.7 23.2 27.1 23.2 27.7 23.6 28.1 23.7 28.6 24.2 29.7 24.6 31.4 26.0 33.4 27.0 36.4 28.5 38.9 30.4 40.4 31.4 42.1 32.6 43.4 33.5 44.6 34.7 45.2 35.3 43.2 34.2 40.6 32.6 38.4 31.5 35.3 29.2 32.6 27.4 29.7 25.2 27.8 23.9 27.6 23.9 27.4 23.8 27.1 23.2 27.3 23.3 27.7 23.3 28.4 23.5 29.5 24.0 31.6 25.6 33.5 27.0 35.5 28.5 37.1 29.2 38.7 30.2 39.8 30.9 41.1 31.5 41.8 32.0 42.2 32.2 42.0 32.0 40.9 32.0 38.0 30.1 34.5 27.5 31.5 25.5 28.5 23.5 27.5 23.5 27.1 23.5 26.6 23.5 26.5 23.5 26.1 22.6 25.9 22.0 25.9 22.0 26.6 22.1 28.1 23.1 29.5 23.5 31.4 25.0 34.0 26.5 37.0 29.0 39.4 31.4 RH (%) 76.0 73.0 70.0 70.0 67.0 67.0 64.0 63.0 59.0 53.0 53.0 51.0 50.0 49.0 50.0 51.0 53.0 56.0 59.0 63.0 67.0 68.0 70.0 73.0 73.0 70.0 70.0 66.0 64.0 61.0 61.0 59.0 57.0 53.0 52.0 51.0 50.0 48.0 48.0 48.0 52.0 54.0 59.0 61.0 64.0 70.0 73.0 76.0 76.0 73.0 69.0 69.0 66.0 64.0 58.0 57.0 54.0 54.0 55.0 Direction N N NW S SW WSW W W S NW NEN E NEE NWN WNW ESE SW SW S S S N SES SE SSW SE SE NWN NW SW SW S S SW SW SW SW SW SW W W W S S NEN E NEE WNW ESE N SES SE SSW SSW SE W NWN SW SW Wind Speed kmph 1.1 1.4 2.2 7.2 2.9 7.9 13.0 15.8 19.1 15.8 19.1 15.8 16.6 19.1 23.8 15.1 16.6 15.1 19.4 16.9 11.9 7.9 7.9 4.7 7.9 8.6 7.2 12.2 14.4 2.2 14.4 2.9 14.4 14.4 16.2 19.1 15.8 18.0 15.1 14.4 13.3 11.5 10.4 7.9 7.2 6.5 7.9 2.2 7.2 10.8 12.6 10.8 13.3 14.4 14.4 13.3 15.8 16.6 19.4
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Date 28-05-2011 28-05-2011 28-05-2011 28-05-2011 28-05-2011 28-05-2011 28-05-2011 28-05-2011 28-05-2011 28-05-2011 28-05-2011 28-05-2011 29-05-2011 29-05-2011 29-05-2011 29-05-2011 29-05-2011 29-05-2011 29-05-2011 29-05-2011 29-05-2011 29-05-2011 29-05-2011 29-05-2011 29-05-2011 29-05-2011 29-05-2011 29-05-2011 29-05-2011 29-05-2011 29-05-2011 29-05-2011 29-05-2011 29-05-2011 29-05-2011 29-05-2011 30-05-2011 30-05-2011 30-05-2011 30-05-2011 30-05-2011 30-05-2011 30-05-2011 30-05-2011 30-05-2011 30-05-2011 30-05-2011 30-05-2011 30-05-2011 30-05-2011 30-05-2011 30-05-2011 30-05-2011 30-05-2011 30-05-2011 30-05-2011 30-05-2011 30-05-2011 30-05-2011 Time 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 40.5 32.0 41.6 32.5 42.0 32.6 42.0 32.6 41.9 32.0 40.1 31.2 37.8 29.9 35.4 28.4 32.0 26.0 29.6 24.5 28.1 24.1 27.5 24.0 27.1 24.1 26.8 23.8 26.4 23.0 26.1 22.1 26.0 22.0 27.1 22.6 28.4 23.4 29.9 24.4 31.5 25.0 33.6 26.1 36.0 27.5 38.5 30.0 39.4 31.0 41.2 32.2 42.4 33.0 43.3 33.8 44.2 34.3 41.9 33.0 38.4 30.3 35.7 28.2 33.0 26.5 31.2 25.3 28.4 23.5 26.9 23.0 26.6 23.6 26.1 23.0 25.9 23.0 25.6 22.1 25.5 21.5 26.5 22.0 27.9 23.0 29.4 24.0 31.1 25.1 33.0 26.5 35.6 28.1 38.1 30.1 39.4 31.0 39.9 31.0 40.0 31.0 40.4 31.0 40.4 31.0 40.0 31.0 38.1 30.1 35.4 28.0 32.0 25.5 29.6 24.1 28.1 24.1 RH (%) 53.0 52.0 50.0 50.0 48.0 51.0 54.0 59.0 61.0 64.0 70.0 73.0 77.0 77.0 73.0 69.0 69.0 66.0 64.0 62.0 58.0 53.0 50.0 52.0 53.0 52.0 50.0 51.0 50.0 53.0 54.0 55.0 59.0 60.0 64.0 70.0 76.0 76.0 76.0 72.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 61.0 60.0 59.0 55.0 54.0 53.0 51.0 51.0 49.0 49.0 51.0 54.0 55.0 58.0 61.0 70.0 Direction SW SW SW SW SW SW SW N N N NW NW N N N NW S SW WSW W W S NW NEN E NEE NWN WNW ESE SW SW S S S N SES SE SSW SE SE NWN NW NW SW S S SW SW SW SW SW SW W W W S S NEN E Wind Speed kmph 15.8 23.8 26.3 20.5 17.3 15.8 13.0 15.8 19.1 16.6 14.0 11.9 2.9 1.1 1.4 2.2 7.2 5.0 7.2 14.4 19.8 22.7 18.0 15.5 15.8 18.0 19.1 23.8 19.8 16.6 14.4 13.3 11.9 9.4 10.8 7.9 5.8 7.9 12.2 12.6 16.6 18.0 2.2 7.2 7.9 7.2 14.4 12.6 21.6 21.2 22.3 20.2 21.6 19.1 22.7 15.8 13.0 7.9 6.5
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Date 30-05-2011 31-05-2011 31-05-2011 31-05-2011 31-05-2011 31-05-2011 31-05-2011 31-05-2011 31-05-2011 31-05-2011 31-05-2011 31-05-2011 31-05-2011 31-05-2011 31-05-2011 31-05-2011 31-05-2011 31-05-2011 31-05-2011 31-05-2011 31-05-2011 31-05-2011 31-05-2011 31-05-2011 31-05-2011 Time 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Temperature (0C) Wet Dry 27.2 24.1 26.9 24.0 26.5 23.5 26.1 22.6 25.6 21.6 25.5 21.0 27.0 21.5 28.4 22.4 29.9 23.4 31.5 24.0 33.4 25.4 36.0 27.5 38.1 29.6 39.4 30.4 41.1 31.6 42.1 32.2 42.7 32.7 43.4 33.4 41.4 32.0 38.2 29.3 35.7 27.6 33.1 26.2 31.2 25.3 28.8 23.7 28.2 24.2 RH (%) 77.0 77.0 76.0 73.0 68.0 65.0 59.0 57.0 56.0 52.0 50.0 50.0 52.0 51.0 50.0 48.0 48.0 49.0 50.0 50.0 52.0 56.0 60.0 64.0 70.0 Direction NEE WNW ESE N SES SE SSW SSW SE WSW NWN SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW N N N NW NW Wind Speed kmph 7.9 6.1 7.2 10.8 15.8 18.0 21.6 18.0 14.4 14.4 19.8 22.3 24.1 20.5 15.5 29.9 25.9 22.7 16.9 14.4 11.9 7.6 7.2 7.2 7.2
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Annexure V
Annexure V
Annexure V
DEMOGRAPHIC DETAILS Sr.No. Name of Village No.of Total House Population Holds 88 157 70 113 86 514 104 120 139 56 244 126 83 76 948 80 51 75 105 81 113 78 65 47 115 48 95 217 96 588 1854 3316 587 1052 387 702 569 3297 630 1008 885 355 1482 713 485 444 6002 599 304 559 776 478 597 529 469 343 729 335 619 1241 540 3689 11807 21106 Total Male
ANNEXURE-VI
Total Population Male Female SC ST Total Male Female Total Main Marginal Non Female Below 6 Below 6 Below 6 Population Population Literates Literates Literates Workers Workers Workers Workers Agegroup Agegroup Agegroup 290 507 177 283 252 1509 301 486 409 149 706 324 208 162 2745 274 145 263 365 233 239 248 215 166 339 170 299 599 239 1677 5471 9725 134 224 90 151 134 733 167 246 228 78 381 169 95 81 1445 178 101 173 186 135 117 115 116 78 185 81 167 319 121 815 2887 5065 63 109 55 97 68 392 80 125 129 50 202 98 57 59 800 95 57 90 95 65 83 68 63 38 92 35 91 167 63 460 1562 2754 71 115 35 54 66 341 87 121 99 28 179 71 38 22 645 83 44 83 91 70 34 47 53 40 93 46 76 152 58 355 1325 2311 0 133 126 161 0 420 157 9 118 0 260 173 24 0 741 0 0 0 0 7 19 104 71 0 0 64 14 238 0 341 858 2019 0 28 0 0 0 28 180 0 66 0 0 21 0 0 267 0 38 155 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 20 0 85 0 3 310 605 234 676 233 311 273 1727 304 337 457 165 608 378 165 183 2597 308 140 171 188 211 264 241 200 123 226 117 235 618 175 1510 4727 9051 168 385 133 252 235 1173 196 240 267 107 445 231 142 128 1756 207 90 115 165 142 217 167 132 90 191 92 157 399 141 1104 3409 6338 66 291 100 59 38 554 108 97 190 58 163 147 23 55 841 101 50 56 23 69 47 74 68 33 35 25 78 219 34 406 1318 2713 243 583 225 268 306 1625 332 548 469 205 715 341 231 162 3003 314 165 300 431 221 354 306 247 130 457 208 294 486 269 1663 5845 10473 137 342 112 175 7 773 271 269 332 113 653 270 119 152 2179 294 139 249 239 117 200 288 241 96 264 141 268 448 131 1233 4348 7300 106 241 113 93 299 852 61 279 137 92 62 71 112 10 824 20 26 51 192 104 154 18 6 34 193 67 26 38 138 430 1497 3173 344 469 162 434 263 1672 298 460 416 150 767 372 254 282 2999 122 61 115 152 132 75 100 104 133 137 67 154 424 125 1017 2918 7589
0-3 km. 1 2 3 3 4 3-7 km. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Sargeelapar Thoombali Giral Jalila Talon Ka Par Sub Total Rampura Junejon Ki Basti Aakli Khejarali Neembala Kotra Taloon Ka Gaon Raneji Ki Basti Sub Total
297 545 210 419 317 1788 329 522 476 206 776 389 277 282 3257 325 159 296 411 245 358 281 254 177 390 165 320 642 301 2012 6336 11381
7-10 km. 13 Chak Bhanska 14 Rawat Ka Gaon 15 Matuja 16 Dholkiya 17 Agoriya 18 Hathisingh Ka Gaon 19 Jase Ka Gaon 20 Nand 21 Janiyawas 22 Sonari 23 Satal Bhakhri 24 Jasontaniyon Ki Dhani 25 Bhadarwa 26 Neembasar 27 Sheo Sub Total 0-10 km. Grand Total

Giral EIA (18-11-2011)

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY

FOR THE PROPOSED 2X125MW LIGNITE BASED THERMAL POWER

PLANT AT THUMALI VILLAGES, SHIV TEHSIL, BARMER DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN

Final EIA REPORT

Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant

Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited

A wholly owned Subsidiary of Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited

GIS Enabled Environment & Neo-Graphic Centre (GreenC)

FINAL EIA/EMP REPORT

Barmer Thermal Power Company Limited

Prepared Compiled Revision

G/AC1409001 G/ND0911002 002

The Study ..................................................................................................... 9

2. Project Description ..................................................................................... 17

Technical Features of Main Plant ................................................................... 23

Project Consultant EIA Consultant

PFC Consulting Limited (PFCCL)

GIS Enabled Environment & Neo-Graphic Centre (GreenC)

Prepared Compiled Revision

G/AC1409001 G/ND0911002 002

Pollution Monitoring System ......................................................................... 30

Ambient Air Quality ...................................................................................... 42

Physical Environment ................................................................................... 47

Water Environment ...................................................................................... 55

Noise Environment ....................................................................................... 62

Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant

A wholly owned Subsidiary of Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited

PFC Consulting Limited (PFCCL)

(A wholly owned subsidiary of Power Finance Corporation)

GIS Enabled Environment & Neo-Graphic Centre (GreenC)

Prepared Compiled Revision

G/AC1409001 G/ND0911002 002

3.8.2 3.9 3.9.1 3.9.2 3.9.3 3.9.4

Impacts during Operational Phase ................................................................ 79

Mitigation Measures during Operation Phase.................................................. 92

A wholly owned Subsidiary of Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited

PFC Consulting Limited (PFCCL)

(A wholly owned subsidiary of Power Finance Corporation)

GIS Enabled Environment & Neo-Graphic Centre (GreenC)

Prepared Compiled Revision

G/AC1409001 G/ND0911002 002

6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 6.2 6.3

7. Additional Studies ..................................................................................... 107

Disaster Management Plan ..........................................................................118

Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant

A wholly owned Subsidiary of Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited

PFC Consulting Limited (PFCCL)

(A wholly owned subsidiary of Power Finance Corporation)

GIS Enabled Environment & Neo-Graphic Centre (GreenC)

Prepared Compiled Revision

G/AC1409001 G/ND0911002 002

Occupational Health and Safety ...................................................................134

Area Drainage Study and Hydro-geological Study..........................................138

8.2.1 8.2.2 8.3 8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.3 9.1 9.2

Operational Phase .......................................................................................142

9.2.1 9.2.2 9.3 9.4

Project Proponent Project Consultant EIA Consultant

A wholly owned Subsidiary of Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited

PFC Consulting Limited (PFCCL)

(A wholly owned subsidiary of Power Finance Corporation)

GIS Enabled Environment & Neo-Graphic Centre (GreenC)

Prepared Compiled Revision

G/AC1409001 G/ND0911002 002