cont....

Other cell types within gingival epithelium:

Langerhans cells: modified monocytes playing a role in immunity Merkel cells: contain nerve endings Melanocytes: responsible for production of melanin

Anatomic Parts of Epithelium

these parts of epithelium play different functions, notice the pic beside it was divided into 3 parts: oral pithelium OE, sulcular epithelium SE and Junctional epithelium. the epithelium covering the gingiva from the buccal aspect up to the crest of the gingiva facing the oral cavity. The epithelial ridges of the OE extend down into the underlying connective tissue in a wavy manner, to be stronger to give support, while others are almost straight. A dense network of collagen fibers tightly anchors the epithelium. Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) it is fluid in the gingival sulcus we call it sulcular fluid, it helps in immunity protection, In healthy or normal states the sulcus is very thin because the free gingiva is almost touching the tooth so the GCF's volume is small. while in the cases of gingivitis and peritonitis you know that permeability of the vessels increases and more migration of fluids happen so with inflammation, its flow increases and composition changes. Source: diffusion of fluids of plasma through JE & SE. Functions: Cleansing; although it is very small amount but the production is continuous it's
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being washed away all the time which helps cleaning the foreign bodies and the derbies from the gingival sulcus (mechanically cleaning). helps to increase the adhesion of epithelium to the tooth (plasma proteins: sticky structures)

it is the epithelial lining of the gingival sulcus, it has thin, nonkeratinized epithelium; making it less resistant to stresses.

into the sulcusgingival crevicular fluid that part which does not attach to any structure, forms the soft wall of the sulcus.

at forms the base of the sulcus,

enamel or cementum , while SE is not attached to the tooth firmly. normal length of the JE = 0.71 mm to 1.35 mm it is thinner than other types of in term of number of cells, it has 15 to 30 cells thick at the coronal zone and 4 to 5 cells thick at the apical zone. it is semi-permeable making fluids and nutrients possible to the GCF, it's very important in periodontal disease. in a patient if the JE has been destroyed when we insert the peri-probe we got 7-8 mm depth, in the first visit we just clean the area from deposit, plaque, calculus and granulation tissue; to give rise to a new collection between the gingiva and the tooth, in most cases this JE is the responsible for uniting the tooth with the gingiva to fill this space (7-8 mm) we call it long JE.
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Connective Tissue
as you know it lies beneath epithelium, the attachment between the epithelium and the connective tissue is the basement membrane. Gingival CT is largely fibrous, the major component is Collagen (different types 1-12) , it has Cellular component and ground substance and Contains the vascular, lymphatic and nerve supply/drainage to/ from the gingival tissues.

Arrangement of Gingival Fibers

they are arranged in groups: DGdentogingival fibers ; fibers attaches the tooth to the gingival tissue. Circular fibers , like rods go around the teeth in a cross section. AGalveologingival fibers ; from the alveolar bone to the gingiva. PGperiostogingival fibers; do not go deep into the bone. Transseptal fibers between teeth.

Functions of Gingival Fibers

y marginal gingiva to the tooth Rigidity and resistant against mastication without deflection with cementum and attached gingiva ___________________________________________________________________ End of the first part -----------------3

The periodontium
we talked about the gingiva the gingival ligaments in general are not mineralized, we will talk about the PDL:

The Periodontal Ligament

it is The connective tissue that surrounds the root and attaches it to the alveolar bone basically and some parts of the gingival tissue as well, it is Continuous with connective tissues of gingiva and communicates with marrow spaces in bone. although it as a structure physically is very small and thin ,but functionally important most of the functions is related to the PDL. periodontitis is pathological inflammation of the PDL. we know that teeth are vital tissue suspended into the alveolar bone, they are in continuous movement , so the PDL Subjected to continuous mechanical loading. PDL has a High turnover rate or regeneration, if it's lowered we know that there is a problem, this reduction will lead to lower PDL height and lower the self healing of the tissues. The Periodontal Ligament Composed of: Fibers Cells : floating in the air without relation to each other Extra Cellular Matrix ECM : contain cells floating in the air without relation to each other, imbedded into a matrix containing proteins. Nerves : PDL's function is shock absorption and feeling , for example itchy feeling when attacked by micro organisms, so it's very important bcz it tells you that there is something wrong.
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blood & lymphatic vessels

The Periodontal Ligament Fibers:

the most important are the principal fibers , which we will focus on, Other fibres are immature elastic fibres: Oxytalan and Eluanin Indifferent fiber plexus

Principal fibres
composed from type I and III collagen fibrils which will form fibers, type I collagen: fibers are arranged in bundles, they Follow a wavy course to be able to withstand tensile strength to be stretchable. Terminal portions inserted into cementum and bone: Sharpeys fibres (part of the periodontal ligament that is imbedded into the alveolar bone and cementum in both sides , they get mineralized with bone and cementum) notice the pic beside :P

Fibers
what makes PDL strong to function? Mechanical strength of PDL is derived from 1- the molecular structure of type I collagen AND 2- its arrangement into fibers. the Tensile strength of PDL larger than the steel, it withstand 100 kg forced by the masticatory muscles. e.g. we will learn how to deal with epileptic patients one of the most important things never let ur finger to be between his teeth, he could cut ur finger off! or they could cut their tongue, so it's very strong force needs high tensile strength structure.

, parallel lines of fibers crossing each other

Groups of fibres
remember that it is one functional unite but under the histological study we see the direction of them slightly different, every one responsible to prevent different movement of the tooth. Transseptal group Connect adjacent teeth Alveolar crest group Resist extrusion, lateral movements Horizontal group Resist lateral movements Oblique group Receive the bulk of vertical forces Apical group Resist intrusion & extrusion Inter-radicular group Furcation areas of multi-rooted teeth So if there is force presses on the tooth very group will work and switch off or absorb it then goes back to its position. How do these Groups of fibres be formed? "go to the book to read about it" basically The PDL is derived from ectomesenchymal cells of the dental follicle e are mineralised.
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that are packed together to form fibrils. Fibrils aggregate together to form fibres, and fibres aggregate to form bundles. Collagen fibrils are cross-striated. Principal Fibres, parts of the gollagen fibers in the pic beside. --> microfibril < fibril < fiber < Bundle , to give the strength to the PDL.

Sharpeys fibers
extended into the bone in this part of the PDL become fully or partially mineralized and attached to the bone we call them SFs , and the same story happens on the cementum side. like muscles in the body attached to bone by tendons they are semi-mineralized part. many cases of accidents teeth are generally broken not extracted bcz of the highly strong attachment. -collagenous proteins, such as osteopontin Cells

OC: osteopontin Cells, SF: Sharpeys fibers

Cells
Connective tissueCells:
Fibroblasts Osteoblasts, Cementoblasts

Defence cells: Sensory cells

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 Epithelial rests of Malassez:

Hertwig Epithelial root sheath HERS

Undifferentiated Cells The Fibroblast

fibers

Ground Substance
form 60% of PDL by volume so the majority not cell types it's the ground substance where cell types are imbedded Composed of : Water (70%) ,Glycoproteins (fibronectin, laminin), Glycosaminogycans (hyalurnic acid, proteoglycans) and may contain cementicles.

Functions of PDL
Supportive function attaches the tooth to the bony socket and suspends the tooth so it does not grind on the bone during chewing Sensory function transmits tactile pressure and pain sensations Nutritive function has blood vessels that provide nutrients to the cementum and the bone Formative function contains cementoblasts that produce the cementum throughout the life of the tooth

Resorptive functioncontains osteoclasts that can resorb the bone and the cementum , formation and deposition are continuous whenever stop this will form a problem as we said, and become aged and stiff.

Periodontal Ligament Space

Variable in width (average 0.2 mm) basically filled with PDL its size not fixed it is reduced in: -functional teeth

Increased with: . ____________________

THE

HAPPY END
DONE BY:

Haya Almomani Baraa'h Al-Salamat