A.

Background The Sidoarjo District (Kabupaten Sidoarjo) is one of the East Java Provinces districts, which is located between 112.50 112.90 Longitude and 7.30 7.50 Latitude and 63,438,534 hectare wide, is the smallest district in East Java Province. The Sidoarjo district is divided into 18 subdistricts ( Kecamatan) and 353 villages (Desa and Kelurahan). Based on 2001 data Sidoarjo population was 1,293,111 person. Porong is one of Sidoarjo subdistricts, which is located around 40 Km south of Surabaya. Since May 29th 2006 Porong had faced a disaster that is the mud volcano eruption. This mud was spurting up around 5,000 cubic meters a day at first and now it is more like 130,000 cubic metres a day constantly (Williamson, 2007). This has created a lake of mud and caused approximately 600 ha of land and villages to be buried and more than 10,000 people to become domestic refugees. Moreover, based on The National Planning Bodys (BAPPENAS) calculations, this disaster has caused infrastructure damage of 7.6 quintillion Rupiah or around 1 billion Australian dollars. Figure1 The Map Location of the Mud

Sources: Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing, 2008

Sources: East Java Province Tourism board, 2008

Figure 2 Schematic Drawing of the Mudflow

Sources: (Pohl, 2007) Public opinion adjudged that this disaster was triggered by oil drilling activity conducted by PT Lapindo Brantas. Actually this drilling was subcontracted to PT Medici Citra Nusantara, which is owned by the Bakrie Group as well. It arose as a result of PT Lapindo Brantass failure to install a casing to cover the drilling well as required by Indonesian mining regulations. The mud leaking occurred at a depth of around 1,800 metres (Pohl, 2007). Most experts agree that the Porong Mud volcano was caused by the underground blowout. Underground blowout is un-controlled flowing of fluids that flow into the weakest areas. The weakest areas could be the areas that have high permeability and high porosities or flow into the fracture zone in surrounds casing shoe of the drilling activities (BPK Report, 2007). Interestingly there are two opinions that explain the causes of the underground blowout. The first opinion explains that drilling activities caused the mud volcano eruptions. Davies

(2007) analyse that the mud volcano that erupt in Porong is caused by a highpressure aquifer that is initiated by the fracture propagation in the multikilometres depth. The nearest human activity on that region was the drilling activity in BJP1 Well. Whereas the other opinion mentions that this mud volcano was triggering Jogjakarta earthquake on 27 of May 2006. That caused fracture zone in Porong. This opinion is parallel to BPPT (Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology ) workshop that held on 6 October 2006 and 20-21 February 2007. In that workshop BPPT concluded that the saucers of the mud are come from 1000-2000 meter depth. The mud erupted to the surface because of the tectonic activities that related to geo-hydrology and geothermal. In short the mud volcano in Porong was triggered by the earthquake in Jogjakarta (Istadi, 2007; Budi, 2008).

Figure 3 The Recent Picture of the Mud Eruption Centre

Sources: Kompas March 17,2008

B. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

Since the spraying out of hot poisonous mud almost a year and half ago, this disaster has changed regional and provincial development planning. As Bridgman & Davis (1998:p.34) comment since the problems have been identified, a private concern such as an oil-drilling leak has been transformed into a policy issue. Stone (1989:pp.281-282) point out three aspects that should be understood to establish priorities. Firstly, the actors those involve must be identified and understandable. In this case besides understanding the people who were displaced, the others people who were affected indirectly such as the businesses that daily used the freeway must be also recognized. Secondly is that, the multiple effects of the problems must be identified. For example the mudflow not only disturbs the distribution of goods but also disturbs the ecosystem as well. The next aspect is that clear and well define policies is needed to solves the problems that have emerged.

1. Hot and Hazardous Mud According to Dwi Andreas Santosa the Executive Director Indonesian Centre for Biodiversity and Biotechnology (ICBB) that analysed the content of the Lapindo Mud in early December 2006 found that the Lapindo Mud has Cd (Cadmium) 10.45 ppm (parts per million), Cr (Chromium ) 105.44 ppm, As (arsenic) 0.99 ppm, and Hg (Mercury) 1.96 ppm (Antara, 2006). Moreover another research that was conducted by the Public Works Department of East Java province found that the content of Hg was bigger, namely 2.5 ppm. (Mawardi, 2006). Moreover according to an environmental analysis initiated by the East Java Regional Development Office, Sidoarjo Regional Environment and Mining Office, and PT Lapindo Brantas Inc., the

mud contains phenol at concentrations exceeding the maximum residue limit. Phenol is toxic to fish and aquatic vegetation, not to mention human health (Pohl, 2007). In addition, regarding to the mud microbiology analyses that were also conducted by the ICBB showed that the Lapindo mud has dangerous bacteria such as Coliform, Salmonella and Staphylococcus Aureus (Antara, 2006). Furthermore, this mud volcano has H2S (hydrogen sulphide) gas radiation from the centre of the gushing mud as well. Whereas It was reported that levels of H2S at 700 parts per million (ppm) on the first day of the mud flow but this dropped to 3 ppm on the second day and apparently zero on the third. In addition Small amounts of H 2S continue to spew out from the site, at certain levels that make the air smell foul (Down to Earth, 2006). However, other research that analyzed the mud characteristic that was conducted by PT Energi Mega Persada classified that the mud as nonhazardous and non-toxic (Pohl, 2007).

2. Businesses Relocation Hamzirwan (2007) stated that at least 20 factories with 2,500 employees have been closed and approximately 1,000 workers were fired because their factories have been buried. Tempo (January 22, 2007) reported at least 15,000 factory workers lost their jobs. Moreover the executive director of Greenomics Indonesia in Kompas (2007, April 27) estimated that this disaster would reduce the East Java domestic gross product by 10 % or Rp 469.2 quintillion. Moreover BPK (Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan-the Finance Auditor Board) (2007) calculate that approximatley 71,383.37 Million rupiah potencial income from that region was lost.

Figure 4 Industrial Area in Porong Buried

Sources: hotmudflow , wordpress,2006

Sources: Farm1,2006

Based on the Sidoarjo Regencys Department of Small and Medium Business and Cooperation data, it is reported that around 2,299 small business and medium enterprises have collapsed and become bankrupt, and 80 % from those were small businesses (2.299 Usaha Mati Karena Lumpur Panas - 2,299 Businesses Bankrupt Because Of Lapindo Mud, 2007) Moreover, Sidoarjo Deputy Regent Syaiful Illah (Interviewed by Tempo) (January 22, 2006) estimated that this mudflow has reduced rice fields productivity by around 12 tons of unhusked rice per hectare for every harvesting season. The detail data shows that rice field areas that were affected by the mud are in fourteen villages with 722.35 hectare wide (BPK, 2007).

3. Public Transportation Routes, Gas and Water Installations Relocation The effects from this disaster are potentially to reduce national economic growth by 1.03 %. In addition it also likely reduces the regional gross domestic product of Sidoarjo by 90, 2 % ( Lumpur Lapindo Turunkan Pertumbuhan -Lapindo Mud Reducing the Economic Growth, 2007). This is because the mud buried the freeway on the kilometer 37 39. Moreover the free way Fly Over in

Porong was cracked by subsiding effect on the 30 cm depth. Therefore this fly over was demolished on December 28, 2008 (BPK, 2007). Beside that this mud threatened the main road and the railway disrupting the distribution of goods in East Java province especially in Sidoarjo regency.

Figure 5 The Buried Freeway and Threatened Railway in Porong

Sources: http://www.flickr.com, 2006

Sources: http://jawapos.co.id, 2006

Further more, this mudflow also threatened the gas and water line under Porong Road. The Gas pipe lane exploded in 22 November 2006 and killed thirteen people. Moreover, the flattened lands surround the mud, caused damage in water installation. Since it spews up, the water pipe line has been broken 10 times. ( Pipa PDAM pecah, kabel optik Indosat terputus-Water pipe is broken, Indosat optic cables is broken, 2007) therefore resulting in the optic wire of Indosat (Indonesian Telecommunication Company) broken.

Regarding those facts I would like to rebuild Porong with sustainable development principals in order to augment the economic potencies surrounding the mud dissaster location

C. DESCRIPTION PROJECT AREA The Project location is in the Porong sub-district that has had mud volcano eruption since May 2006. The wide of this area is approximately 471 ha. (BPK report, 2007) Conversely, the local newspaper mentions that approximately 600 ha of land and villages were submerged, farmland was ruined, businesses and schools closed. Moreover, livelihoods lost as the mud inundated the surrounding area (Pohl, 2007). This area consists of ten villages in three subdistricts. Fives villages in Porong subdistrict, two Village in Tanggulangin subdistrict and three villages in Jabon subdistrict. Table 1 Villages that is Buried by the Mud Villages Subdistrict Siring Renokenongo Jatirejo Porong Mindi Ketapang Kedungbendo Tanggulangin Sentul Besuki Kedungcangkring Jabon Pejarakan Sources: BPK Report, Pohl, etc

Figure 6 Kedung Bendo Village that is Buried by the Mud

Sources: Detik.com, 2006

Figure 7 The Disaster Map

Sources: Adopted from The Presidential decree Number 14/2007, 2008

1. Sidoarjo Regency Economic and Porong Position Based on 2001 data Sidoarjo population was 1.293.111 person and has local income (Pendapatan Asli daerah-PAD) Rp. 133,790.02 million (15.7 Million AU$) and taxation was the biggest contributor. Moreover, Sidoarjo is the second richest region after Surabaya. In the last decade Sidoarjo experience roughly 5 % of growth (The Sidoarjo Statistic Board, 2006). This growth was supported by industries activities that are concentrated in three areas, firstly in Waru subdistrict second in Sidoarjo subdistrict and in Porong subdistrict. Porong is one of Sidoarjo sub district, which is located around 40 Km south of Surabaya. Porong economy activities were supported by 19 Villages with 17, 954 Households. The use of land Porong has 845.37-hectare

housing areas, 24.63-hectare industry areas, 5.09-hectare mining areas and 1,287.24hectare agriculture areas. (The Sidoarjo Statistic Board, 2006) In order to maximise the growth government create triangle growth pole program that is called as SIBORIAN. SIBORIAN is a kind of integrated area that would be develops in three subdistricts East Sidoarjo, Jabon and Krian (Sidoarjo Government, 2006).

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Figure 8 Jabon Industrial Estate Development Plan

Sources: Adopted from Sidoarjo Government, 2006 Jabon is one of Sidoarjo sub districts, which located around 5 kilometres east of Porong. Planned Jabon Industrial area would be designated for manufacture industries or other industries that could be paralyse to Provincial industrial areas especially in PIER (Pasuruan Industrial Estate). Which PIER location is approximately 30 kilometres south east of Jabon. The Jabon Industrial area has been prepared around 2.450 (two thousand four hundred and fifty) hectares (Sidoarjo Government, 2006). Jabon sub district is relatively isolated compare the other sub district, which means Jabon does not have appropriate road such as artery road or freeway or high way. The way to get into Jabon is through Porong or Villages road from

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Tanggulangin or Bangil artery road. Therefore when the Porong freeway buried the access to this sub district was disturbed. The main issues that the mud disaster influenced the Sidoarjo economic growth negatively is that because the mud buried the one and the only freeway in the East Java and threaten the main road that is used for goods distribution. The national finance auditor board (2007) estimates that the economy cost that would occur from 2006-2015 is approximately 32,895,970 Million Rupiah. This cost consist from direct economic cost 9,890,364 million Rupiah or 60,46% , indirect economic cost 7,407,440 Million Rupiah or 22,52%, and the smallest is relocation cost 5,599,160 million Rupiah or 17,02%. Whereas Indonesia annual budget for 2007 was only 763,570 Million Rupiah which means that Indonesia government should looking for best solutions that would not disturbs the national annual budget. Therefore it is estimated that this disaster are estimated reducing national economic growth by 1.03 % per year.

D. VISION FOR THE FUTURE OF PORONG In order to keep the prosperity of Sidoarjo, there are at least two essential policies that should be taken. Firstly the government should shift Porong to the new location and adjust the other growth pole that is planned. Secondly the government should localize the mud flood effects and develops unaffected area surround disaster location with appropriate infrastructure. This project would create and suggest not only minimizing and localizing the mud flood effects and develop unaffected area surrounding the disaster location with appropriate infrastructure. As Jacobs (1995, p20) states that citizens are not only belong to their respective origin but also belong to the world. Which mean every single person would be attached to his or her place

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not only natural places but also urban places. Moreover he underlines that the important thing about the places is a place for sharing and for expressing ideas. This means that Sustainability development is a kind of development that involved the societies as active actors. 1. Assumptions Used This project is based on four assumptions. The first is that the mud would still erupt for more than 30 years and never stop. The second is that the subsiding land could be predicted accurately. The next assumption is that the compensation fee for the victims is cleared and the last but not least is that the Mud could be localised and isolated.

2. Developing The Surrounding Area Even shifting Porong to the other area is the most adequate method that could fulfil all the stakeholders; the victims, the government and the suspect company but developing the surrounding the disaster area is essential. To develop this area at least there are three stages that should be taken. The first stage is localizing and neutralizing the Mud. The second stages is replaced the entire infrastructure that are threaten by this mud to save area. And the last is developing the economic potencies surround disaster location.

2.1 Localizing and neutralizing the Mud Neutralizing the hazardous content of the mud volcanos is urgent not only to prevent pollution but also to prepare the mud as row material certain commodity such pottery industry or other handy crafts. The minister of environmental decree number 42/1996 states that the tolerable oil and fat in water is 50 milligram per litter and has pH level among 6 to 9. 13

According to Johannes Sudarsono the manager health, safety and environment PT Lapindo Brantas Inc. states that the separation among mud and water could full fill the ministry of environmental standards. This was base on the laboratory tested in the Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology (ITS), The East Java road maintenance department (Bina Marga Jawa Timur), and Succofindo. From those laboratory test shows that the separation water and the mud could reduce the hazardous content of the mud and result in neutral Mud pH and water. (Sunudyantoro.2006)

2.1.1 Localizing the mud flood In order to localizing the mud spread, the authority board build dams. There are five dams that was build to localize the mud. The first dam is along the un-buried freeway. The second dam is on the south along the housing area. The third area is along the rail way and Porong road. The fourth dam is from the spillway to the north and the fifth is along the Tanggulangin Anggun Sejahtera housing area in Kedungbendo village. That could be seen on the picture below

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Figure 9 The Five Dam Surround the Mud Eruption Centre

Sources : Adapted Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing, 2008

2.1.2 Neutralizing the Mud In order to neutralizing the mud, the authorities was to build containment 'basins' or 'ponds' by enclosing areas of land within earth walls, or levees. Until January 2007 the authority board has had build 11 ponds that have 251, 9 Hectare and 16 Km length. The detail could be seen on Table below.

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Pond/ basin Location Pond A and B Pond C-1 Pond 1,2,3,4,c-2 Pond 5 Renokenongo Kedungbendo Jatirejo

Table 2 The Ponds Capacity Wide (Ha) Capacity estimation 29.5 1,180,000 3 94 60,000 4,450,000 3,600,000

Maximum capacity 1,167,000 57,000 4,361,000 1,800,000

% 95 95 95 50

Pond Snubbing Total Rest Sources: BPK Report, 2007

Mindi 90 Pejarakan Kedungcangkring Besuki BJP-1 Siring 35.4 251.9

2,124,000 11,744,000

2,017,800 9,402,800 2,341,200

95 80.06 19.94

The first aim in building the pond is to localize and neutralize the mud. Therefore it is important that to filter the mud at least in to three stages. The first filter is to catalysing the hazardous content of the mud to the air (Zone 1). The second filter is to separate the mud and the water in order to keep the neutrality of the water from certain mineral (Zone 2) and the last is channelling the mud to the river or to the area that is could be use as storage area for pottery industry (Zone 3). The design of this pound should have a canal that is functioned as control tools if the pond is out of capacity. The detail design could be seen on the figure below.

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Figure 10 The Staging of the Filtering Pond

Sources: Adapted from Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing ,2008 2.2 Rebuilding infrastructure The basic solution to developing the Sidoarjo economy is by building the infrastructure that is disturbed by the mud. The central government, The East Java province and the Sidoarjo government could share or divided the jobs in building infrastructures. The Sidoarjo Government plan to build Porong east ring road

basically is still could be continued by shifting the route. However in order to generate not only Porong but also other sub district along the Sidoarjo east coast, the Sidoarjo government have two choices. Firstly is that the Sidoarjo government up grade the villages road that channelling the Sidoarjo east ring road that is recently ended in Candi Subdistrict through the freeway on the kilometre 45 which not buried. The second alternative is up grading the road from Ngaban market through kali Kalitengah Village and Kalidawir village. This alternative from Kalidawir could

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continue the Porong east ring road plan. From these alternatives the first alternative would give the biggest multiplier effect to the villages that is passed by the road. Beside the local government plan, the central government has planned to build this infrastructure especially to redevelop the freeway. There are three options to develop or to shift the freeway. Figure 11 The Suggested Alternative Infrastructures Map

Sources: Modified from Google Earth, 2008 2.3 Rebuild the buries freeway The Indonesian Ministry of Public Works propose at least three alternatives to re building the freeway (Public Work Department Website, 2007). The first alternative is to rebuild the highway by constructing an elevated road above the Porong arterial road. This alternative is predicted to need approximately 1.7 18

trillions rupiah for 7 kilometres road. This alternative is the fastest route and the easiest because the land does not need expropriating, but it has the higher risk because of the subsiding land a round mud flood. The second alternative is to construct a new road starting from the existing road through western Porong that has length around 9.5 kilometres. This alternative is difficult to implement due to dense population, therefore it is difficult to expropriate the land for construction. The last alternative is to build a new road around 10.7 kilometres and this alternative is the safer alternative because the location is far from the mudflow explosion centre. This alternative as well as the second alternative involves the expropriating land.

2.4 Continuing the Sidoarjo East Ring Road Continuing the Sidoarjo East ring road is seemed the most reasonable plan. This option could up grading the villages road from the end of Sidoarjo east ring road in Candi Village. This development approximately builds 30 kilometres villages road and would cross the proposed Jabon Industrial areal that is planned under SIBORIAN planing. This alternative up grade the villages street such as Kendal Pecabean

Village, Sanganewu, Setul in Tanggulangin subdistrict and finish in Mrisen, Porong subdistrict. In Mrisan-Glagaarum the road could be separated in to two directions firstly this east ring road could be united with the freeway on the kilometre 45. The second direction is the road is build to the east Through Permissan Village and Balonggabus Village. The end of this road would be in the Gondanglegi high road.

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2.5 Build a New Freeway and a Railway The new freeway that is suggested is located in the eastern Sidoarjo and Surabaya that goes along to the coast, and it is connected to the Suramadu Bridge, the Surabaya seaport and Juanda airport Figure 12 Surabaya- Sidoarjo existing and Propose Freeway and Highway

Sources: Adopted from East Java Province Tourism board; Engineering and Consulting Firms Association, 2008 Besides developing the east freeway, building railway along the freeway is recommended. Both new infrastructures are not only become alternative

transportation but also could generate development in eastern of Sidoarjo. Those transportation infrastructures could channelling the PIER in Rembang to Jabon Industrial area and have direct access through the Juanda airport and the Tanjung Perak seaport.

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Developing Economic Potential

3.1 Pottery Industry Based on the X-ray spectrometer analysis, the mud test produced the following results for the composition of the solid fraction of the mud: Iron 83, 1%, Silicon 4, 1%, Potassium 4, 1%, Calcium 4, 1%, Titanium 1, 8%, Chlorine 1, 6% (Pohl, 2007). Moreover, another test that uses certain burning technique shows that the mud could be use as ceramic raw material. Recently the people surrounding the mud disaster area use the mud as the raw material for making brick and clay roof. Regarding that, the government could encourage people to make other industry such as ceramic or pottery industry by clustering the area and provide a certain assistances that could give guidance to the community to create good products. The Pottery industry areas are suggested to be located in the east of mud location that closes to the proposed industrial area in Jabon. This Industry could absorb the forced unemployment that is caused by the mud such as the factories labour or the farmer, which their work place buried.

3.2 Tourism According to Sofian Hadi operational deputy of the Sidoarjo mud disaster Mitigation board, the mud that was spurted up in Porong has high Iodine content around 6000 ppm. Therefore it is has potential to become mud spa material (Minarak, 2007). The high quality mud that consists of certain mineral could be used as cosmetics such as mudpacks, mud soaps.

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Besides that the tourist attraction could be developed such as mud ski or outdoor activities in mud areas such as a mega mud tub, mud wrestling, mud sliding, a mud prison, and mud military training and so on. Korea and Turkey have developed tourism based on mud. For example in the Daecheon beach in Korea. In this beach has special attractions held every June. These attractions are called a mud festival. In this festival the tourist could have unique activity experiences based on mud such as getting submerged in a grand mud tub or Children enjoying a kid-size mud tub. The other activities that could be found in this festival such as mud sliding, a mud prison and mud hand printing. Beside those activities, the participants could join in mud wrestling. In which two equally muddy partners wrestle in mud arena. Interestingly in this festival there are photo contests. When the participants got too muddy they are offered to join in this photo contest. They are asked to pose in unique poses with muddy form. Even not win the contest it is believed that mud photo contests are

good ways to capture some good memories of messy days in mud festival. The location that suggested as Mud tourism centre is in the south of the mud pond near the Porong River. This area could be developed with shopping centre and recreation centre base on mud. The detail could be seen on the picture below.

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Figure 13 The Suggested Mud Tourism Area and the Pottery Area

Source: Modified from Google earth, 2008

Beside develop the mud tourism; the government could develop adventures activities along the Porong River. Indeed the safety from these activities must be considerate. Such as build towers along the river route are needed for the lifeguard.

3.3 Geothermal Power Station The hot mud eruption in Porong actually could be used to generate power through geothermal energy. This energy basically is from deep within the Earth where temperatures can reach up to 6000C. At a depth of five kilometres from the Earths surface, the temperature decreases to around 200C. Until May 6, 2008 there are 85 eruption centres surrounding Porong (Surya; May 6, 2008). From these potencies could be considerate to plan a geothermal power plant. Such a geothermal power

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station would not only to get the energy through generators but also could manage the eruption volume of the mud. The simple design of the geothermal could be seen from the Birdsville geothermal power station in Queensland. Figure 14 Birdsville Geothermal Power Station 150 KW Electric Capacity

Sources: Queensland Government, 2008 From that design it clear can be seen that the geothermal power plan is not only produce electricity power but also could produce water and in the Porong case I personally believed that could manage the sprawling of the mud as well.

E CONCLUSION It cannot be denied that every policy is always related to politics (Ramesh & Howlett, 2003: p.89). However the targeting policy must be reached in order to give satisfaction to the citizens. Actually the mud disaster is not big enough to disturb Sidoarjo economy if this area not dependent of the freeway and Porong road. Therefore integrated and sustainable development is needed. In the mudflow case in Porong, an equitable policy needs to reduce the wider effects, such as practicing sustainability development by building a new infrastructure that uses existing local

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roads by channelling that road to the Sidoarjo east ring road as a sort term solution. However long-term solutions are needed such as building railway from Bangil trough the proposed Jabon industrial area that go along until the Juanda airport. Afterwards that rail way is connected to Wonokromo station (the existing railway). As Newman and Kenworthy (1999, 22) state development that ignores the sustainability aspect is development that misses out the rapid innovation process and would have to wait a bit longer to catch up.

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