MARS model of individual behavior or MARS BAR model of individual behavior or simply MARS model is a model that seeks

to explain individual behavior as a result of internal and external factors or influences acting together [1]. The name of the model is an acronym for individual Motivation, Abilities, Role Perception and Situational Factors. These are seen as the four major factors in determining individual behavior and results. Behavior and Results is sometimes shortened to BAR and so the model becomes MARS BAR. However, individual values,personality, perceptions, emotions, attitudes, and stress form a basis on which the factors interact. The model can be applied to a variety of situations, but is usually used in Management, Industrial Psychology orOrganizational Behavior studies. The MARS model shows combined effect on individual performance in organisations. If any factor weakens, employee performance will be affected. For example, enthusiastic and extrovert sales personnel with high motivation level who understands their job duties(roles perception) well, with adequate and sufficient resources(situational factors) will not be able to perform their job well if they lack of product knowledge and sales selling techniques(ability).

MARS Model of Individual Behavior and Performance

By relivingmbadays on September 9, 2012

MARS Model seeks to explain individual behavior as a result of internal and external factors or influences acting together. The acronym MARS stands for motivation, ability, role perceptions and situational factors. All the above four factors are critical and influence the individual behavior and performance, if any one of them is low in a given situation the employee will perform poorly. These are seen as the four major factors in determining individual behavior and results.

Motivation Motivation represents the forces within a person that affects his or her direction, intensity and persistence of voluntary behavior. Direction refers to the path along which people engage their effort. People have choices about where they put their effort; they have a sense of what they are trying to achieve and at what level of quality, quantity, and so forth. In other words, motivation is goal-directed, not random. People are motivated to arrive at work on time, finish a project a few hours early, or aim for many other targets. The second element of motivation, called intensity, is the amount of effort allocated to the goal. Intensity is all about how much people push themselves to complete a task. For example, two employees might be motivated to finish their project a few hours early (direction), but only one of them puts forth enough effort (intensity) to achieve this goal. Finally, motivation involves varying levels of persistence that is, continuing the effort for a certain amount of time. Employees sustain their effort until they reach their goal or give up beforehand. Remember that motivation exists within individuals; it is not their actual behavior. Thus, direction, intensity, and persistence are cognitive (thoughts) and emotional conditions that directly cause us to move.

Ability Employee abilities also make a difference in behavior and task performance. Ability includes both the natural aptitudes and the learned capabilities required to successfully complete a task.Aptitudes are the natural talents that help employees learn specific tasks more quickly and perform them better. There are many physical and mental aptitudes, and our ability to acquire skills is affected by these aptitudes. For example, finger dexterity is an aptitude by which individuals learn more quickly and potentially achieve higher performance at picking up and handling small objects with their fingers. Employees with high finger dexterity are not necessarily better than others at first; rather, their learning tends to be faster and performance potential tends to be higher. Learned capabilities are the skills and knowledge that you currently possess. These capabilities include the physical and mental skills and knowledge you have acquired. Learned capabilities tend to wane over time when not in use. Aptitudes and learned capabilities are closely related to competencies, which has become a frequently used term in business. Competencies are characteristics of a person that result in superior performance. Many experts describe these characteristics as personal traits (i.e., knowledge, skills, aptitudes, personality, selfconcept, values). Others suggest that competencies represent actions produced by a persons traits, such as serving customers, coping with heavy workloads, and providing creative ideas. With either definition, the challenge is to match a persons competencies with the jobs task requirements. A good person-job match not only produces higher performance; it also tends to increase the employees well-being. Role Perceptions Motivation and ability are important influences on individual behavior and performance, but employees also require accurate role perceptions to perform their jobs well. Role perceptions are the extent to which people understand the job duties (roles) assigned to them or expected of them. These perceptions are critical because they guide the employees direction of effort and improve coordination with co workers, suppliers, and other stakeholders. Unfortunately, many employees do not have clear role perceptions. According to one large-scale survey, most employees understand their organizations business goals, but only 39 percent know what to do in their own jobs to achieve those goals.

The role perceptions concept has three components. First, employees have accurate role perceptions when they understand the specific tasks assigned to them, that is, when they know the specific duties or consequences for which they are accountable. This may seem obvious, but employees have been (unjustly) fired for failing to perform tasks that they didnt even know were part of their job duties. Second, people have accurate role perceptions when they understand the priority of their various tasks and performance expectations. This includes the quantity versus quality dilemma, such as how many customers to serve in an hour (quantity) versus how well the employee should serve each customer (quality). It also refers to properly allocating time and resources to various tasks, such as how much time a manager should spend coaching employees in a typical week. The third component of role perceptions is understanding the preferred behaviors or procedures for accomplishing the assigned tasks. This refers to situations in which more than one method could be followed to perform the work. Employees with clear role perceptions know which of these methods is preferred by the organization. Situational Factors Employees behavior and performance also depend on how much the situation supports or interferes with their task goals. Situational factors include conditions beyond the employees immediate control that constrain or facilitate behavior and performance. Some situational characteristicssuch as consumer preferences and economic conditionsoriginate from the external environment and, consequently, are beyond the employees and organizations control. However, other situational factors such as time, people, budget, and physical work facilitiesare controlled by people within the organization. Therefore, corporate leaders need to carefully arrange these conditions so that employees can achieve their performance potential. The four elements of the MARS modelmotivation, ability, role perceptions, and situational factorsaffect all voluntary workplace behaviors and their performance outcomes. These elements are themselves influenced by other individual differences. References: McShaneVon Glinow, Organizational Behavior.

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According to the MARS model of individual behavior, which of the following is NOT a role perception problem? 1. The that employee the lacks organization the does proper not tools want to its perform employees the to job. use. 2. The employee knows two different ways to perform a particular task, but unknowingly chooses the method 3. The employee doesnt realize that a particular task is part of his or her job. 4. The employee places more emphasis on the quantity of work whereas the organization wants more emphasis placed on the quality of work. 5. The employee believes that the company wants him or her to spend more time with clients, whereas the company really wants client requests processed more quickly. MARS Model seeks to explain individual behavior as a result of internal and external factors or influences acting together. The acronym MARS stands for motivation, ability, role perceptions and situational factors. All the above four factors are critical and influence the individual behavior and performance, if any one of them is low in a given situation the employee will perform poorly. These are seen as the four major factors in determining individual behavior and results. Motivation- enthusiastic salespeople Internal forces that affect the direction, intensity, and persistence of a persons voluntary choice of behavior direction directed by goals intensity amount of effort allocated persistence amount of time that effort is exerted

Motivation represents the forces within a person that affects his or her direction, intensity and persistence of voluntary behavior. Direction refers to the path along which people engage their effort. People have choices about where they put their effort; they have a sense of what they are trying to achieve and at what level of quality, quantity, and so forth. In other words, motivation is goal-directed, not random. People are motivated to arrive at work on time, finish a project a few hours early, or aim for many other targets. The second element of motivation, called intensity, is the amount of effort allocated to the goal. Intensity is all about how much people push themselves to complete a task. For example, two employees might be motivated to finish their project a few hours early (direction), but only one of them puts forth enough effort (intensity) to achieve this goal.

Finally, motivation involves varying levels of persistence that is, continuing the effort for a certain amount of time. Employees sustain their effort until they reach their goal or give up beforehand. Remember that motivation exists within individuals; it is not their actual behavior. Thus, direction, intensity, and persistence are cognitive (thoughts) and emotional conditions that directly cause us to move.