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DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PLANNING
Author : Ajit Kesari IAS CMD,Central Discom, Bhopal Co-Authors: Er. K.C. Jain and Er. Rinku Das (National Seminar on Best Practices in Electricity Distribution 18 - 20 Jan.06, Mumbai) INTRODUCTION In power system, Distribution plays a very important part as the consumers are directly affected by its efficiency. For meeting different future needs of the distribution system, up gradation of the existing system, to increase the efficiency and to reduce the technical losses, proper planning is very essential. The problem associated with planning of up gradation of transmission and distribution system in big cities as well as rural areas, is very complex. The unprecedented rate of growth in big cities on account of rapid growth of population, industrialization, urbanization of high load density pockets with multi storied complexes and in rural areas increase of deep tube wells manifold on account of low underground water level huge number of electric pumps are connected to system during agricultural season, has compelled the utility to plan much ahead to meet the present demand as well as future demand keeping in view the quality of supply. It is well known fact that Distribution System was totally neglected in all the utilities and practically nominal funds were provided for up gradation of sub transmission and Distribution system, resulting in huge technical losses in the Distribution System. The study shows that 1% reduction of losses in India is equivalent in addition of 1200 MW generation capacity. This is equivalent to saving in investment of Rs. 5000 crores. This shows that a high percentage of distribution losses in our country are a matter of national concern. Minimization of transmission and distribution losses will certainly result in an increase in the efficiency of the transmission and distribution system, which is only possible by proper planning of the system. The planning of distribution system needs a lot of variable to be taken care of. The Planning requires factors like rapid load growth, funds, ecological consideration, availability of land etc. The Planning Process. 1. General : Distribution planning studies can be carried out in different manner, each with different objectives and requirements. The Planning can be done, medium/long term planning and short term planning. 2. Medium/long tern planning
Short term planning: Before planning the distribution system, the first and foremost work is study the existing system, present loss level and immediate action to be taken to meet the requirement of consumers, to provide interrupted and quality supply to the consumers. In present scenario, it has been noted that 11 KV and 33 KV feeders are loaded 100% more than their rated current carrying capacity resulting into very high technical losses. The purpose of short term planning is: To develop specific case studies and projects in a systematic manner. To adjust capacity of 33 KV,11 KV feeders, power transformer, distribution transformers and LT Lines. Immediate action to bifurcate heavy loaded 33 KV, 11 KV feeders. Augment conductor with the proper size of conductors. Reduce length of LT lines maximum 0.5 km per transformer. Implement projects for proper maintenance. To calculate required investments. Tie up the funds with the financial institutions.
Radial Distribution System. Single path to each group of customers Lowest construction cost system Simple to plan, design and operate Most widely type of system used ( 98% in North America)
Double path to each group of customers Medium cost system Moderately simple to plan, design and operate Most widely used system in Europe Loss of feeder result only in temporary data requirement loss of supply
Multiple paths to each group of customers High cost system Complex to plan, design and operate Only used in large city centers and for critical loads Highest reliability
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The process include activities updating all distribution system statistics, Used such in as urban evaluating changes in technical and economical Used planning in criteria urban as well as Used in rural areas areas evaluating and updating load forecasts, voltage and consumer category a areas forecast which will have a horizon of 10 to 15 years.
Similarly, in Central Discom there are 1749 Nos. 11 KV feeders out of which 358 Nos. are urban feeders and 1391 Nos. are rural feeders. In first phase, study of all the 11 KV urban feeders was conducted through CYMDIST software and according to the datas of the study action was taken for bifurcation of feeders, augmentation of conductor capacity and putting new 33/11 KV sub station. All the 11 KV feeders of urban areas are having Racoon conductor and load of the feeder is within 100 Amp. only. The voltage regulation are within permissible limit. In second phase, study of 11 KV rural feeders is being done. The existing all the feeders are laid on ACSR weasel conductor. Length of feeders is from 4 Kms - 100 Kms and voltage regulation is varying from 3% to 24%. The breakup of the feeders on the basis of load is as follows: No. of feeders having load more than 200 Amps. No. of feeders having load between 150-200 Amps. No. of feeders having load between 100-150 Amps. No. of feeders having load between 75-100 Amps. Less than 75 Amps. 180 Nos. 170 Nos. 790 Nos. 172 Nos. 79 Nos.
The study of 180 Nos. 11 KV feeders, having load more than 200 Amp. is being conducted in first phase through CYMDIST software and as per the results, action proposed is being taken shortly.
Power factor and reactive loading study: A thorough study was made on the existing power factor and existing load on the system and as per the data obtained from CYMDIST software study, necessary compensation was provided by installation of 11 KV capacitor bank on 33/11 KV sub station. The result obtained by capacitor bank are placed at Annexure-I. Thermal capability of conductor: The thermal capacity of line circuit is dependent on the size of the conductor and type of environmental factors i.e. ambient temperature, wind speed and solar radiation. Economic Impacts: On analysis of the data derived through CYMDIST study, it is concluded that pay back period is hardly between 24 30 months and the results obtained from CYMDIST software have been used for preparing the loss reduction model of the company.
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CASE STUDY MP Madhya Kshetra Vidyut Vitaran Company Limited, Bhopal is one of the leading utility who has established Distribution System Planning Cell. Further, the National Tariff Policy has become mandatory for power utilities to be adopted within one years to segregate technical and commercial losses.
In Central Discom, there are 282 No. 33 KV rural feeders and have been strung with Racoon conductor having current carrying capacity of 200 Amps. We selected all the 33 KV feeders having loading more than 150 Amps. for study and analysis. The detailed study was conducted through CYMDIST software which is a proven tool for finding technical losses at each voltage level of the distribution companies. This software provides two types of studies. a) Voltage drop analysis. b) Short circuit analysis. After study and getting the data different configuration were made like: a) Capacitor placement. b) Augmentation of the conductor of feeder. c) Bifurcation of the feeder. After putting this again, analysis was made and it was concluded that losses can be reduced substantially by adopting all of the three or combination of two or only by adopting any one method depending upon loading condition and voltage regulation. Initially study was conducted on selected 20 feeders and afterwards study of heavily loaded 224 rural feeders was done. It was observed that there are 49 feeders having losses more than 10% and 52 feeders were identified having losses between 5 -10%. On analyzing the results, in few cases it was observed that even after placement of Capacitor Bank proposing new 33 KV feeder and augmenting the conductor size, the voltage regulation were not coming within permissible limits. Study was further made by identifying locations for putting 132/33 KV sub stations. In short term studies, we have identified 5 No. such locations. Similarly, a study was conducted of 11 KV feeders and a conclusion was made i) ii) iii) iv) For putting Addl. Power Transformer in the existing sub station. Erection of new 33/11 KV sub station, thereby reducing length of 11 KV lines. Bifurcation of existing 11 KV feeders. Augmentation of conductor of existing feeders.