Keil T.

Cerbito BS ECE IV-2

June 13, 2013 Engr. Diano

Assignment No. 1 MAGNETIC CIRUIT CONCEPT: - It is an arrangement of ferromagnetic materials also called core that forms a path to contain and guide the magnetic flux in a specific direction. - A magnetic circuit is made up of one or more closed loop paths containing a magnetic flux. The concept of a "magnetic circuit" exploits a one-to-one correspondence between the equations of the magnetic field in an unsaturated ferromagnetic material to that of an electrical circuit. Using this concept the magnetic fields of complex devices such as transformers can be quickly solved using the methods and techniques developed for electrical circuits. a.) Transducers: - A transducer is a device that converts a signal in one form of energy to another form of energy. b.) Magnetomotive force ( ): - Also known as Magnetomotance. - has a SI unit of Ampere (A). - Any physical driving (motive) force that produces magnetic flux. - The Magnetomotive force in an inductor or electromagnet consisting of a coil of wire is given by: where N is the number of turns of wire in the coil and I is the current in the wire. - The equation for the magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit, sometimes known as Hopkinson's law, is: where is the magnetic flux and is the reluctance of the magnetic circuit. It can be seen that the Magnetomotive force plays a role in this equation analogous to the voltage V in Ohm's law: V = IR. c.) Electric Field Intensity (E): - the magnitude of an electric field at a point in the field which is equal to the force that would be exerted on a small unit charge placed at the point. - If the electric field strength is denoted by the symbol E, then the equation can be rewritten in symbolic form as where
o

d.) Ferromagnetic materials: - Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as iron) form permanent magnets, or are attracted to magnets.

- List of Ferromagnetic materials: 1.) Chromium (IV) oxide [CrO2] - synthetic magnetic substance used in magnetic tape emulsion. 2.) Cobalt [Co] - used in the preparation of magnetic, wear-resistant and high-strength alloys. 3.) Dysprosium [Dy] - used for its high thermal neutron absorption to control rods in nuclear reactors, for its high magnetic susceptibility. 4.) Ferrite [-Fe] - pure iron, with a body-centered cubic crystal structure which gives steel and cast iron their magnetic properties. 5.) Gadolinium [Gd] - ferromagnetic at temperatures below 20 C (68 F). 6.) Gallium Manganese Arsenide - a magnetic semiconductor. 7.) Magnetite [Fe3O4] - Magnetite is the most magnetic of all the naturally occurring minerals 8.) Neodymium magnet [Nd2Fe12B] - strongest type of permanent magnet made. 9.) Nickel. 10.) Permalloy [nickel-iron]. 11.) Rare-earth magnet. 12.) Samarium-cobalt magnet. 13.) Suessite [Fe3Si] (rare iron silicide material). 14.) Yttrium iron garnet. DYNAMO: - is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based, including the electric motor, the alternating-current alternator, and the rotary converter. The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law of induction. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings called the armature which turn within that field. The motion of the wire within the magnetic field causes the field to push on the electrons in the metal, creating an electric current in the wire. On small machines the constant magnetic field may be provided by one or more permanent magnets; larger machines have the constant magnetic field provided by one or more electromagnets, which are usually called field coils.

The THREE MAJOR parts of DYNAMO:

a.) Stator: - is a fixed structure that makes magnetic field, you can do this in a small dynamo using a permanent magnet. Large dynamos require an electromagnet. b.) Armature: - is made of coiled copper windings which rotate inside the magnetic field made by the stator. When the windings move, they cut through the lines of magnetic field. This creates pulses of electric power. c.) Commutator: - is needed to produce direct current. In direct current power flows in only one direction through a wire, the problem is that the rotating armature in a dynamo reverses current each half turn, so the commutator is a rotary switch that disconnects the power during the reversed current part of the cycle. Brushes are part of the commutator, thus brushes must conduct electricity as they keep contact with the rotating armature. The first brushes were actual wire "brushes" made of small wires. These wore out easily and they developed graphic blocks to do the same job.

How emf is being generate : - electromotive force, or most commonly emf, or electromotance is "that which tends to cause current (actual electrons and ions) to flow." - emf is the external work expended per unit of charge to produce an electric potential difference across two open-circuited terminals. The electric potential difference is created by separating positive and negative charges, thereby generating an electric field. The created electrical potential difference drives current flow if a circuit is attached to the source of emf. When current flows, however, the voltage across the terminals of the source of emf is no longer the open-circuit value, due to voltage drops inside the device due to its internal resistance. Devices that can provide emf include voltaic cells, thermoelectric devices, solar cells, electrical generators, transformers, and even Van de Graaff generators. In nature, emf is generated whenever magnetic field fluctuations occur through a surface. An example for this is the varying Earth magnetic field during a geomagnetic storm, acting on anything on the surface of the planet, like an extended electrical grid. A source of emf can be thought of as a kind of charge pump that acts to move positive charge from a point of low potential through its interior to a point of high potential. By chemical, mechanical or other means, the source of emf performs work dW on that charge to move it to the high potential terminal. The emf of the source is defined as the work dW done per charge dq: = dW/dq." - The reactions at the electrodeelectrolyte interfaces provide the "seat" of emf for the voltaic cell, that is, these reactions drive the current.[8] In the open-circuit case, charge separation continues until the electrical field from the separated charges is sufficient to arrest the reactions. - In the case of an electrical generator, a time-varying magnetic field inside the generator creates an electric field via electromagnetic induction, which in turn creates an energy difference between generator terminals. Charge separation takes place within the generator, with electrons flowing away from one terminal and toward the other, until, in the open-circuit case, sufficient electric field builds up to make further movement unfavorable. Again the emf is countered by the electrical voltage due to charge separation. If a load is attached, this voltage can drive a current. The general principle governing the emf in such electrical machines is Faraday's law of induction.