60 Seconds Voice Recording and Playback Device

CHAPTER: 1 INTRODUCTION
The APR9600 device offers true single-chip voice recording, non-volatile storage, and playback capability for 40 to 60 seconds. The device supports both random and sequential access of multiple messages. Sample rates are user-selectable, allowing designers to customize their design for unique quality and storage time needs. Integrated output amplifier, microphone amplifier, and AGC circuits greatly simplify system design. The device is ideal for use in portable voice recorders, toys, and many other consumer and industrial applications. APLUS integrated achieves these high levels of storage capability by using its proprietary analog/multilevel storage technology implemented in an advanced Flash non-volatile memory process, where each memory cell can store 256 voltage levels. This technology enables the APR9600 device to reproduce voice signals in their natural form. It eliminates the need for encoding and compression, which often introduce distortion.
1
BHARATH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN
CHAPTER: 2 2.1 LIST OF COMPONENTS
1. Diodes
IN4007 2. Resistors 4.7k 1.2k 220k 100k 1k 68k 0.56k 3. Capacitors 0.1F 0.04 F 4. Transistors 7805 5. LEDS Red White 6. Filters 1000F 220F 22F
4 No 2No 1No 1No 2No 1No 1No 2No 5No 1No 1No 1No 1No 1No 1No 1No 2
2.2F 4.7F 10F 100F 47f 7. IC LM386 APR9600 8. Slide on-off switch 9. Preset Resistor 10k 10. Battery 9v 11. Push button 12. Mike 13. Speaker
1No 1No 1No 1No 1No 1No 1No 1No 1No 6No 1No 1No (4-16, 10w)
2.2 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS: 1. DIODE

In electronics, a diode is a type of two-terminal electronic component with a nonlinear current voltage characteristic. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material connected to two electrical terminals. A vacuum tube diode (now rarely used except in some high-power technologies) is a vacuum tube with two electrodes: a plate and a cathode. The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to direct current, and to extract modulation from radio signals in radio receivers. 3
However, diodes can have more complicated behavior than this simple onoff action. Semiconductor diodes do not begin conducting electricity until a certain threshold voltage is present in the forward direction (a state in which the diode is said to be forward biased). The voltage drop across a forward biased diode varies only a little with the current, and is a function of temperature; this effect can be used as a temperature sensor or voltage reference. Semiconductor diodes have nonlinear electrical characteristics, which can be tailored by varying the construction of their PN junction. These are exploited in special purpose diodes that perform many different functions. For example, diodes are used to regulate voltage (Zener diodes), to protect circuits from high voltage surges (Avalanche diodes), to electronically tune radio and TV receivers (varactor diodes), to generate radio frequency (oscillations tunnel diodes, Gunn diodes, IMPATT diodes), and to produce light (light emitting diodes). Tunnel diodes exhibit negative resistance, which makes them useful in some types of circuits. Diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices. The discovery of crystals' rectifying abilities was made by German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1874. The first semiconductor diodes, called cat's whisker diodes, developed around 1906, were made of mineral crystals such as galena. Today most diodes are made of silicon, but other semiconductors such as germanium are sometimes used. A modern semiconductor diode is made of a crystal of semiconductor like silicon that has impurities added to it to create a region on one side that contains negative charge carriers (electrons), called n-type semiconductor, and a region on the other side that contains positive charge carriers (holes), called p-type semiconductor. The diode's terminals are attached to each of these regions. The boundary within the crystal between these two regions, called a PN junction, is where the action of the diode takes place. The crystal conducts a current of electrons in a direction from the N-type side (called the cathode) to the P-type side (called the anode), but not in the opposite direction. However, conventional current flows from anode to cathode in the direction of the arrow (opposite to the electron flow, since electrons have negative charge). Another type of semiconductor diode, the Schottky diode, is formed from the contact between a metal and a semiconductor rather than by a pn junction. Currentvoltage characteristic
4
A semiconductor diodes behavior in a circuit is given by its currentvoltage characteristic, or IV graph (see graph below). The shape of the curve is determined by the transport of charge carriers through the so-called depletion layer or depletion region that exists at the pn junction between differing semiconductors. When a pn junction is first created, conduction-band (mobile) electrons from the Ndoped region diffuse into the P-doped region where there is a large population of holes (vacant places for electrons) with which the electrons "recombine". When a mobile electron recombines with a hole, both hole and electron vanish, leaving behind an immobile positively charged donor (dopant) on the N side and negatively charged acceptor (dopant) on the P side. The region around the pn junction becomes depleted of charge carriers and thus behaves as an insulator. However, the width of the depletion region (called the depletion width) cannot grow without limit. For each electronhole pair that recombines, a positively charged dopant ion is left behind in the Ndoped region, and a negatively charged dopant ion is left behind in the P-doped region. As recombination proceeds more ions are created, an increasing electric field develops through the depletion zone which acts to slow and then finally stop recombination. At this point, there is a "built-in" potential across the depletion zone. If an external voltage is placed across the diode with the same polarity as the built-in potential, the depletion zone continues to act as an insulator, preventing any significant electric current flow (unless electron/hole pairs are actively being created in the junction by, for instance, light. see photodiode). This is the reverse bias phenomenon. However, if the polarity of the external voltage opposes the built-in potential, recombination can once again proceed, resulting in substantial electric current through the pn junction (i.e. substantial numbers of electrons and holes recombine at the junction). For silicon diodes, the built-in potential is approximately 0.7 V (0.3 V for Germanium and 0.2 V for Schottky). Thus, if an external current is passed through the diode, about 0.7 V will be developed across the diode such that the P-doped region is positive with respect to the N-doped region and the diode is said to be "turned on" as it has a forward bias. A diodes 'IV characteristic' can be approximated by four regions of operation.
5
At very large reverse bias, beyond the peak inverse voltage or PIV, a process called reverse breakdown occurs which causes a large increase in current (i.e. a large number of electrons and holes are created at, and move away from the pn junction) that usually damages the device permanently. The avalanche diode is deliberately designed for use in the avalanche region. In the zener diode, the concept of PIV is not applicable. A zener diode contains a heavily doped pn junction allowing electrons to tunnel from the valence band of the p-type material to the conduction band of the n-type material, such that the reverse voltage is "clamped" to a known value (called the zener voltage), and avalanche does not occur. Both devices, however, do have a limit to the maximum current and power in the clamped reverse-voltage region. Also, following the end of forward conduction in any diode, there is reverse current for a short time. The device does not attain its full blocking capability until the reverse current ceases. The second region, at reverse biases more positive than the PIV, has only a very small reverse saturation current. In the reverse bias region for a normal PN rectifier diode, the current through the device is very low (in the A range). However, this is temperature dependent, and at sufficiently high temperatures, a substantial amount of reverse current can be observed (mA or more). The third region is forward but small bias, where only a small forward current is conducted. As the potential difference is increased above an arbitrarily defined "cut-in voltage" or "onvoltage" or "diode forward voltage drop (V d)", the diode current becomes appreciable (the level of current considered "appreciable" and the value of cut-in voltage depends on the application), and the diode presents a very low resistance. The currentvoltage curve is exponential. In a normal silicon diode at rated currents, the arbitrary cut-in voltage is defined as 0.6 to 0.7 volts. The value is different for other diode types Schottky diodes can be rated as low as 0.2 V, Germanium diodes 0.25 to 0.3 V, and red or blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can have values of 1.4 V and 4.0 V respectively.
6
At higher currents the forward voltage drop of the diode increases. A drop of 1 V to 1.5 V is typical at full rated current for power diodes.
2.RESISTOR:
Resistor is a two-terminal, linear, passive electronic component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. Resistance is the property of a component which restricts the flow of electric current. Energy is used up as the voltage across the component drives the current through it and this energy appears as heat in the component. Resistance is measured in ohms, the symbol for ohm is an omega. The behavior of an ideal resistor is dictated by the relationship specified by Ohm's law: Ohm's law states that the voltage (V) across a resistor is proportional to the current (I), where the constant of proportionality is the resistance (R). Equivalently, Ohm's law can be stated:
This formulation states that the current (I) is proportional to the voltage (V) and inversely proportional to the resistance (R). Function: Resistors restrict the flow of electric current, for example a resistor is placed in series with lightemitting diode(LED0 to limit the flow current passing through the LED. 1 is quite small so resistor values are often gives in K and M . Resistor values are normally shown using coloured bands.
7
Each colour represents a number as shown in the table: COLOUR BLACK BROWN RED ORANGE YELLOW GREEN BLUE VIOLET GRAY NUMBER 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Tabel:1 Most resistors have 4 bands: The first band gives the first digit. The second band gives the second digit. The third band indicates the number of zeros. 8
The fourth band is used to shows the tolerance of the resistor. Resistors connected in series: In a series configuration, the current through all of the resistors is the same, but the voltage across each resistor will be in proportion to its resistance. The potential difference (voltage) seen across the network is the sum of those voltages, thus the total resistance can be found as the sum of those resistances:
As a special case, the resistance of N resistors connected in series, each of the same resistance R, is given by NR. Resistors connected in parallel: Resistors in a parallel configuration are each subject to the same potential difference (voltage), however the currents through them add. The conductances of the resistors then add to determine the conductance of the network. Thus the equivalent resistance (Req) of the network can be computed:
The parallel equivalent resistance can be represented in equations by two vertical lines "||" (as in geometry) as a simplified notation. For the case of two resistors in parallel, this can be calculated using: . Combination of series and parallel resistors: As a special case, the resistance of N resistors connected in parallel, each of the same resistance R, is given by R/N. A resistor network that is a combination of parallel and series connections can be broken up into smaller parts that are either one or the other. For instance, 9
. Power dissipation: The power P dissipated by a resistor (or the equivalent resistance of a resistor network) is calculated as: .
3.CAPACITOR
Just like the resistor, the capacitor, sometimes referred to as a condenser, is a passive device, and one which stores its energy in the form of an electrostatic field producing a potential difference (Static Voltage) across its plates. In its basic form a capacitor consists of two or more parallel conductive (metal) plates that do not touch or are connected but are electrically separated either by air or by some form of insulating material such as paper, mica or ceramic called the dielectric. The conductive plates of a capacitor can be square, circular or rectangular, or be of a cylindrical or spherical shape with the shape and construction of a parallel plate capacitor depending on its application and voltage rating. When used in a direct-current or DC circuit, a capacitor blocks the flow of current through it, but when it is connected to an alternating-current or AC circuit, the current appears to pass straight through it with little or no resistance. If a DC voltage is applied to the capacitors conductive plates, a current flow charging up the plates with electrons giving one plate a positive charge and the other plate an equal and opposite negative charge. This flow of electrons to the plates is known as the Charging Current and continues to flow until the voltage across both plates (and hence the capacitor) is 10
equal to the applied voltage VC. At this point the capacitor is said to be fully charged with electrons with the strength of this charging current at its maximum when the plates are fully discharged and slowly reduces in value to zero as the plates charge up to a potential difference equal to the applied supply voltage and this is illustrated below. Capacitor Construction
The parallel plate capacitor is the simplest form of capacitor and its capacitance value is fixed by the surface area of the conductive plates and the distance or separation between them. Altering any two of these values alters the value of its capacitance and this forms the basis of operation of the variable capacitors. Also, because capacitors store the energy of the electrons in the form of an electrical charge on the plates the larger the plates and/or smaller their separation the greater will be the charge that the capacitor holds for any given voltage across its plates. In other words, larger plates, smaller distance, more capacitance. By applying a voltage to a capacitor and measuring the charge on the plates, the ratio of the charge Q to the voltage V will give the capacitance value of the capacitor and is therefore given as: C = Q/V this equation can also be re-arranged to give the more familiar formula for the quantity of charge on the plates as: Q = C x V Although we have said that the charge is stored on the plates of a capacitor, it is more correct to say that the energy within the charge is stored in an "electrostatic field" between the two plates. When an electric current flows into the capacitor, charging it up, the electrostatic field becomes stronger as it stores more energy. Likewise, as the current flows out of the capacitor, discharging it, the potential
11
difference between the two plates decreases and the electrostatic field decreases as the energy moves out of the plates. The property of a capacitor to store charge on its plates in the form of an electrostatic field is called the capacitance of the capacitor. Not only that, but capacitance is also the property of a capacitor which resists the change of voltage across it. The Capacitance of a Capacitor The unit of capacitance is the farad (abbreviated to F) named after the British physicist Michael Faraday and is defined as a capacitor has the capacitance of One farad when a charge of one coulomb is stored on the plates by a voltage of One volt. Capacitance, C is always positive and has no negative units. However, the Farad is a very large unit of measurement to use on its own so sub-multiples of the Farad are generally used such as micro-farads, nano-farads and pico-farads, for example. Units of Capacitance Micro farad (F) 1F = 1/1,000,000 = 0.000001 = 10-6 F Nano farad (nF) 1nF = 1/1,000,000,000 = 0.000000001 = 10-9 F Pico farad (pF) 1pF = 1/1,000,000,000,000 = 0.000000000001 = 10-12 F The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is proportional to the area, A of the plates and inversely proportional to their distance or separation, d (i.e. the dielectric thickness) giving us a value for capacitance of C = k( A/d ) where in a vacuum the value of the constant k is 8.84 x 10-12 F/m or 1/4..9 x 109, which is the Permittivity of free space. Generally, the conductive plates of a capacitor are separated by air or some kind of insulating material or gel rather than the vacuum of free space. The Dielectric of a Capacitor
12
As well as the overall size of the conductive plates and their distance or spacing apart from each other, another factor which affects the overall capacitance of the device is the type of dielectric material being used. In other words the "Permittivity" () of the dielectric. The conductive plates are generally made of a metal foil or a metal film but the dielectric material is an insulator. The various insulating materials used as the dielectric in a capacitor differ in their ability to block or pass an electrical charge. This dielectric material can be made from a number of insulating materials or combinations of these materials with the most common types used being: air, paper, polyester, polypropylene, Mylar, ceramic, glass, oil, or a variety of other materials. The factor by which the dielectric material, or insulator, increases the capacitance of the capacitor compared to air is known as the dielectric constant, k and a dielectric material with a high dielectric constant is a better insulator than a dielectric material with a lower dielectric constant. Dielectric constant is a dimensionless quantity since it is relative to free space. The actual permittivity or "complex permittivity" of the dielectric material between the plates is then the product of the permittivity of free space (o) and the relative permittivity (r) of the material being used as the dielectric and is given as: Complex Permittivity
As the permittivity of free space, o is equal to one, the value of the complex permittivity will always be equal to the relative permittivity. Typical units of dielectric permittivity, or dielectric constant for common materials are: Pure Vacuum = 1.0000, Air = 1.0005, Paper = 2.5 to 3.5, Glass = 3 to 10, Mica = 5 to 7, Wood = 3 to 8 and Metal Oxide Powders = 6 to 20 etc. This then gives us a final equation for the capacitance of a capacitor as:
13
One method used to increase the overall capacitance of a capacitor is to "interleave" more plates together within a single capacitor body. Instead of just one set of parallel plates, a capacitor can have many individual plates connected together thereby increasing the area, A of the plate.
4.VOLTAGE REGULATOR
7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78XX series of fixed linear voltage regulator ICs .The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not give the fixed voltage output .the voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. the XX in 78XX indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide.7805 provides +5V regulator power supply. capacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage levels.
7805 voltage regulator
5.LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
14
When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is
Circuit symbol for LED determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability and reliability. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output. The first practical visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak Jr., while working at General Electric Company. Physics description: The LED consists of a chip of semiconducting material doped with impurities to create a p-n junction. As in other diodes, current flows easily from the p-side, or anode, to the n-side, or cathode, but not in the reverse direction. Charge-carrierselectrons and holesflow into the junction from electrodes with different voltages. When an electron meets a hole, it falls into a lower energy level, and releases energy in the form of a photon.
The wavelength of the light emitted, and thus its color depends on the band gap energy of the materials forming the p-n junction. In silicon or germanium diodes, the electrons and holes recombine by a non-radiative transition which produces no optical emission, because these are indirect band gap 15
materials. The materials used for the LED have a direct band gap with energies corresponding to nearinfrared, visible or near-ultraviolet light. LED development began with infrared and red devices made with gallium arsenide. Advances in materials science have enabled making devices with ever-shorter wavelengths, emitting light in a variety of colors. LEDs are usually built on an n-type substrate, with an electrode attached to the p-type layer deposited on its surface. P-type substrates, while less common, occur as well. Many commercial LEDs, especially GaN/InGaN, also use sapphire substrate. Most materials used for LED production have very high refractive indices. This means that much light will be reflected back into the material at the material/air surface interface. Thus, light extraction in LEDs is an important aspect of LED production, subject to much research and development. Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacements for aviation lighting, automotive lighting (particularly brake lamps, turn signals and indicators) as well as in traffic signals. The compact size, the possibility of narrow bandwidth, switching speed, and extreme reliability of LEDs has allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced communications technology. Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units of many commercial products including televisions, DVD players, and other domestic appliances.
6.FILTER
Electronic filters are electronic circuits which perform signal processing functions, specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted ones, or both. Electronic filters can be: Passive or active Analog or digital High-pass, low-pass, bandpass, band-reject (band reject; notch), or all-pass. Discrete-time (sampled) or continuous-time Linear or non-linear Infinite impulse response (IIR type) or finite impulse response (FIR type)
16
The most common types of electronic filters are linear filters, regardless of other aspects of their design. See the article on linear filters for details on their design and analysis. Classification by technology Passive filters Passive implementations of linear filters are based on combinations of resistors (R), inductors (L) and capacitors (C). These types are collectively known as passive filters, because they do not depend upon an external power supply and/or they do not contain active components such as transistors. Inductors block high-frequency signals and conduct low-frequency signals, while capacitors do the reverse. A filter in which the signal passes through an inductor, or in which a capacitor provides a path to ground, presents less attenuation to low-frequency signals than high-frequency signals and is a low-pass filter. If the signal passes through a capacitor, or has a path to ground through an inductor, then the filter presents less attenuation to high-frequency signals than low-frequency signals and is a high-pass filter. Resistors on their own have no frequency-selective properties, but are added to inductors and capacitors to determine the time-constants of the circuit, and therefore the frequencies to which it responds. The inductors and capacitors are the reactive elements of the filter. The number of elements determines the order of the filter. In this context, an LC tuned circuit being used in a band-pass or bandstop filter is considered a single element even though it consists of two components. At high frequencies (above about 100 megahertz), sometimes the inductors consist of single loops or strips of sheet metal, and the capacitors consist of adjacent strips of metal. These inductive or capacitive pieces of metal are called stubs. Single element types
A low-pass electronic filter realized by an RC circuit 17

The simplest passive filters, RC and RL filters, include only one reactive element, except hybrid LC filter which is characterized by inductance and capacitance integrated in one element. L filter An L filter consists of two reactive elements, one in series and one in parallel.
T and filters
Low-pass filter
High-pass T filter Three-element filters can have a 'T' or '' topology and in either geometries, a low-pass, highpass, band-pass, or band-stop characteristic is possible. The components can be chosen symmetric or not, depending on the required frequency characteristics. The high-pass T filter in the illustration, has a very low impedance at high frequencies, and a very high impedance at low frequencies. That means that it can be inserted in a transmission line, resulting in the high frequencies being passed and low frequencies being reflected. Likewise, for the illustrated low-pass filter, the circuit can be connected to a transmission line, transmitting low frequencies and reflecting high frequencies. Using m-derived filter sections with correct termination impedances, the input impedance can be reasonably constant in the pass band.
Multiple element types Multiple element filters are usually constructed as a ladder network. These can be seen as a continuation of the L,T and designs of filters. More elements are needed when it is desired to improve some parameter of the filter such as stop-band rejection or slope of transition from pass-band to stop-band. 18
Active filters Active filters are implemented using a combination of passive and active (amplifying) components, and require an outside power source. Operational amplifiers are frequently used in active filter designs. These can have high Q factor, and can achieve resonance without the use of inductors. However, their upper frequency limit is limited by the bandwidth of the amplifiers used. Digital filters
A general finite impulse response filter with n stages, each with an independent delay, di and amplification gain, ai. Digital signal processing allows the inexpensive construction of a wide variety of filters. The signal is sampled and an analog-to-digital converter turns the signal into a stream of numbers. A computer program running on a CPU or a specialized DSP (or less often running on a hardware implementation of the algorithm) calculates an output number stream. This output can be converted to a signal by passing it through a digital-to-analog converter. There are problems with noise introduced by the conversions, but these can be controlled and limited for many useful filters. Due to the sampling involved, the input signal must be of limited frequency content or aliasing will occur. The transfer function The transfer function signal of a filter is the ratio of the output signal to that of the input as a function of the complex frequency :
with
19
The transfer function of all linear time-invariant filters, when constructed of discrete components, will be the ratio of two polynomials in , i.e. a rational function of . The order of the transfer function will be the highest power of encountered in either the numerator or the denominator. .
7. LM 386 IC:
LM 386 is a low voltage audio power amplifier. The LM 386 is a power amplifier designed for use in low voltage consumer applications. The gain is internally set to 20 to keep external part count low, but the addition of an external resistor and capacitor between pin 1 and pin 8 will increase the gain to any value from 20 to 200.
LM 386 IC pin diagram The input are ground referenced while the output automatically biases to one half the supply voltage. The quiescent power drain is only 24milliwatts.When operating from a 6V supply, making the LM 386 ideal for battery operation. LM386 Features: Battery operation. Maximum external parts. Wide supply voltage range 4V-12V or 5V-18V. Low quiescent current drain 4mA. Voltage gains from 20 to 200. Ground reference input.
20
Applications: AM-FM radio amplifiers. Intercoms. TV sound systems. Line drivers. Ultrasonic drivers. Small servo drivers. ower converters.
8. SLIDE ON-ON SWITCH

There are three important features to consider when selecting a switch: Contacts (e.g. single pole, double throw) Ratings (maximum voltage and current) Method of Operation (toggle, slide, key etc.) circuit symbol Several terms are used to describe switch contacts: Pole - number of switch contact sets. Throw - number of conducting positions, single or double. Way - number of conducting positions, three or more. Momentary - switch returns to its normal position when released. Open - off position, contacts not conducting. Closed - on position, contacts conducting, there may be several on positions.
21
For example: the simplest on-off switch has one set of contacts (single pole) and one switching position which conducts (single throw). The switch mechanism has two positions: open (off) and closed (on), but it is called 'single throw' because only one position conducts. Switch Contact Ratings Switch contacts are rated with a maximum voltage and current, and there may be different ratings for AC and DC. The AC values are higher because the current falls to zero many times each second and an arc is less likely to form across the switch contacts. For low voltage electronics projects the voltage rating will not matter, but you may need to check the current rating. The maximum current is less for inductive loads (coils and motors) because they cause more sparking at the contacts when switched off. ON-ON Single Pole, Double Throw = SPDT This switch can be on in both positions, switching on a separate device in each case. It is often called a changeover switch. For example, a SPDT switch can be used to switch on a red lamp in one position and a green lamp in the other position.
ON-ON Switch symbol A SPDT toggle switch may be used as a simple on-off switch by connecting to COM and one of the A or B terminals shown in the diagram. A and B are interchangeable so switches are usually not labeled.
9. PRESET RESISTOR
22
A preset is a three legged electronic component which can be made to offer varying resistance in a circuit. The resistance is varied by adjusting the rotary control over it. The adjustment can be done by using a small screw driver or a similar tool.
The resistance does not vary linearly but rather varies in exponential or logarithmic manner. Such variable resistors are commonly used for adjusting sensitivity along with a sensor. Preset symbol These are miniature versions of the standard variable resistor. They are designed to be mounted directly onto the circuit board and adjusted only when the circuit is built. For example to set the frequency of an alarm tone or the sensitivity of a light-sensitive circuit. A small screwdriver or similar tool is required to adjust presets. Presets are much cheaper than standard variable resistors so they are sometimes in projects where a standard variable resistor would normally be used. used
10. BATTERY
A nine-volt battery, the most common of which (and the one referred to here unless otherwise stated) is designated a PP3 battery, is shaped as a rounded rectangular prism. 9-volt batteries are commonly used in pocket transistor radios, smoke detectors, carbon monoxide alarms, guitar effect units, and radio-controlled vehicle controllers. They are also used as backup power to keep the time in digital clocks and alarm clocks. Nine-volt alkaline batteries are constructed of six individual 1.5V LR61 cells enclosed in a wrapper. These cells are slightly smaller than standard LR8D425 AAAA cells and can be used in their place for some devices, even though they are 3.5 mm shorter. As of 2007, 9-volt batteries accounted for 4% of alkaline primary battery sales in the US. In Switzerland as of 2008, 9-volt batteries totalled 2% of primary battery sales and 2% of secondary battery sales. 23
Connectors The connector (snap) consists of two connectors: one smaller circular (male) and one larger, typically either hexagonal or octagonal (female). The connectors on the battery are the same as on the connector itself; the smaller one connects to the larger one and vice versa.The same connector is used on most other battery types in the Power Pack (PP) series. The battery has both terminals on one end. Battery polarization is obvious since mechanical connection is only possible in one configuration. A problem with this style of connector is that it is very easy to connect two batteries together in a short circuit, which quickly discharges both batteries, generating heat and possibly a fire. The clips on the nine-volt battery can be used to connect several nine-volt batteries in series to create higher voltage.
11. PUSHBUTTON
A push-button or simply button is a simple switch mechanism for controlling some aspect of a machine or a process. Buttons are typically made out of hard material, usually plastic or metal. The surface is usually flat or shaped to accommodate the human finger or hand, so as to be easily depressed or pushed. Buttons are most often biased switches, though even many un-biased buttons (due to their physical nature) require a spring to return to their un-pushed state. Different people use different terms for the "pushing" of the button, such as press, depress, mash, and punch. The "push-button" has been utilized in calculators, push-button telephones, kitchen appliances, and various other mechanical and electronic devices, home and commercial. In industrial and commercial applications, push buttons can be linked together by a mechanical linkage so that the act of pushing one button causes the other button to be released. In this way, a stop button can "force" a start button to be released. This method of linkage is used in simple manual operations in which the machine or process have no electrical circuits for control.
12. Microphone
A microphone (colloquially called a mic or mike) is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal. In 1876, Emile Berliner invented the first microphone used as a telephone voice transmitter. Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, tape recorders, karaoke systems, hearing aids, motion picture production, live and recorded audio engineering, 24
FRS radios, megaphones, in radio and television broadcasting and in computers for recording voice, speech recognition, VoIP, and for non-acoustic purposes such as ultrasonic checking or knock sensors. Most microphones today use electromagnetic induction (dynamic microphone), capacitance change (condenser microphone), piezoelectric generation, or light modulation to produce an electrical voltage signal from mechanical vibration. A fiber optic microphone converts acoustic waves into electrical signals by sensing changes in light intensity, instead of sensing changes in capacitance or magnetic fields as with conventional microphones. During operation, light from a laser source travels through an optical fiber to illuminate the surface of a reflective diaphragm. Sound vibrations of the diaphragm modulate the intensity of light reflecting off the diaphragm in a specific direction. The modulated light is then transmitted over a second optical fiber to a photo detector, which transforms the intensity-modulated light into analog or digital audio for transmission or recording. Fiber optic microphones possess high dynamic and frequency range, similar to the best high fidelity conventional microphones
Fiber optic microphones do not react to or influence any electrical, magnetic, electrostatic or radioactive fields (this is called EMI/RFI immunity). The fiber optic microphone design is therefore ideal for use in areas where conventional microphones are ineffective or dangerous, such as inside industrial turbines or in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment environments. Fiber optic microphones are robust, resistant to environmental changes in heat and moisture, and can be produced for any directionality or impedance matching. The distance between the microphone's light source and its photo detector may be up to several kilometers without need for any preamplifier and/or other electrical device, making fiber optic microphones suitable for industrial and surveillance acoustic monitoring. Fiber optic microphones are used in very specific application areas such as for infrasound monitoring and noise-canceling. They have proven especially useful in medical applications, such as allowing radiologists, staff and patients within the powerful and noisy magnetic field to converse 25
normally, inside the MRI suites as well as in remote control rooms.) Other uses include industrial equipment monitoring and sensing, audio calibration and measurement, high-fidelity recording and law enforcement.
13.SPEAKER
A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electro acoustic transducer that produces sound in response to an electrical audio signal input. Non-electrical loudspeakers were developed as accessories to telephone systems, but electronic amplification by vacuum tube made loudspeakers more generally useful. The most common form of loudspeaker uses a paper cone supporting a voice coil electromagnet acting on a permanent magnet, but many other types exist. Where accurate reproduction of sound is required, multiple loudspeakers may be used, each reproducing a part of the audible frequency range. Miniature loudspeakers are found in devices such as radio and TV receivers, and many forms of music players. Larger loudspeaker systems are used for music, sound in theatres and concerts, and in public address.
CHAPTER:3 3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
26
Figure: 1circuit diagram
3.2 Functional Description:

APR9600 block diagram is included in order to describe the device's internal architecture. At the left hand side of the diagram are the analog inputs. A differential microphone amplifier, including integrated AGC, is included on-chip for applications requiring use. The amplified microphone signals fed into the device by connecting the ANA_OUT pin to the ANA_IN pin through an external DC blocking capacitor. Recording can be fed directly into the ANA_IN pin through a DC blocking capacitor, however, the connection between ANA_IN and ANA_OUT is still required for playback. The next block encountered by the input signal is the internal anti-aliasing filter. The filters automatically adjust its response according to the sampling frequency selected so Shannons Sampling Theorem is satisfied. After anti-aliasing filtering is accomplished the signal is ready to be clocked into the memory array. This storage 27
is accomplished through a combination of the Sample and Hold circuit and the Analog Write/Read circuit. These circuits are clocked by either the Internal Oscillator or an external clock source
Figure2: The APR9600 DIP & SOP is not [PIN TO PIN] When playback is desired the previously stored recording is retrieved from memory, low pass filtered, and amplified as shown on the right hand side of the diagram. The signal can be heard by connecting a speaker to the SP+ and SP- pins. Chip-wide management is accomplished through the device control block shown in the upper right hand corner. Message management is provided through the message control block represented in the lower center of the block diagram. More detail on actual device application can be found in the Sample Application section. More detail on sampling control can be found in the Sample Rate and Voice Quality section. More detail on Message management and device control can be found in the Message Management section.
28
Figure 3 APR9600 Block Diagram
3.3Message Management:
Playback and record operations are managed by on-chip circuitry. There are several available messaging modes depending upon desired operation. These message modes determine message management style, message length, and external parts count. Therefore, the designer must select the appropriate operating mode before beginning the design. Operating modes do not affect voice quality; for information on factors affecting quality refer to the Sampling Rate & Voice Quality section. The device supports five message management modes (defined by the MSEL1, MSEL2 and /M8_OPTION pins shown in Figures 1 and 2): Random access mode with 2, 4, or 8 fixed-duration messages Tape mode, with multiple variableduration messages, provides two options: -Auto rewind -Normal Mode cannot be mixed. Switching of modes after the device has recorded an initial message is not recommended. If modes are switched after an initial recording has been made some unpredictable message fragments from the previous mode may remain present, and be audible on playback, in the new mode. These fragments will disappear after a Record operation in the newly selected mode. Table 1 29
defines the decoding necessary to choose the desired mode. An important feature of the APR9600 Message management capabilities is the ability to audibly prompt the user to change in the device's status through the use of "beeps" superimposed on the device's output. This feature is enabled by asserting a logic high level on the BE pin. Mode
Random Access 2 fixed duration messages Random Access 4 fixed duration messages Random Access 8 fixed duration messages Tape mode, Auto rewind operation Tape mode, Normal operation
MSEL1
0
MSEL2
1
/M8_OPTION
Pull this pin to VCC through l00K resistor Pull this pin to VCC through l00K resistor The /M8 message trigger becomes input pin
1 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1
0 Tabel: 2
The APR9600 device incorporates several features design help simplify microprocessor Controlled message management When controlling messages the microprocessor essentially toggles pins as described in the message management sections described previously. The /BUSY, /STROBE, and /M7_END pins are included to simplify handshaking between the microprocessor and the APR9600. The /BUSY pin, when low, indicates to the host processor that the device is busy and that No commands can be accepted. When this pin is high the device is ready to accept and execute commands from the host. The /STROBE pin pulses low each time a memory segment is used. Counting pulses on this pin enables the host processor to accurately determine how much recording time has been used, and how much recording time remains. The APR9600 has a total of eighty memory segments. The /M7_END pin is used as an indicator that the device has stopped its current record or playback operation. During recording a low going pulse indicates that all memory has been used. During playback a low pulse indicates that the last message has played. Microprocessor control can also be used to link several APR9600 devices together in order to increase total available recording time. In this application both the speaker and microphone signals can be connected in parallel. The microprocessor will then control which device currently drives the speaker by enabling or disabling each device using its respective /CE pins. A continuous message cannot be recorded in multiple devices however because the transition 30
from one device to the next will incur a delay that is noticeable upon playback. For this reason it is recommended that message boundaries and device boundaries always coincide.
3.4 Random Access Mode

Random access mode supports 2, 4, or 8 Message segments of fixed duration. As suggested recording or playback can be made randomly in any of the selected messages. The length of each message segment is the total recording length available (as defined by the selected sampling rate) divided by the total number of segments enabled (as decoded in Table1). Random access mode provides easy indexing to message segments.
3.4.1 Functional Description of Recording in Random Access Mode

On power up, the device is ready to record or playback in any of the enabled message segments. To record,/CE must be set low to enable the device and /RE must be set low to enable recording. You initiate recording by applying a low level on the message trigger pin that represents the message segment you intend to use. The message trigger pins are labeled /M1_MESSAGE /M8_OPTION on pins 1-9 (excluding pin 7) for message segments 1-8 respectively. Note: Message trigger pins of M1_MESSAGE,/M2_NEXT, /M7_END, and /M8_OPTION, have expanded names to represent the different functionality that these pins assume in the other modes. In random access mode these pins should be considered purely message trigger pins with the same functionality as /M3, /M4, /M5, and /M6. For a more thorough explanation of the functionality of device pins in different modes please refer to the pin description table that appears later in this document. When actual recording begins the device responds with a single beep (if the BE pin is high to enable the beep tone) at the speaker outputs to indicate that it has started recording. Recording continues as long as the message pin stays low. The rising edge of the same message trigger pin during record stops the recording operation (indicated with a single beep).If the message trigger pin is held low beyond the end of the maximum allocated duration, recording stops automatically (indicated with two beeps), regardless of the state of the message trigger pin. The chip then enters low-power mode until the message trigger pin returns high. After the message trigger pin returns to high, the chip enters standby mode. Any subsequent high to low transition on the same message trigger pin will initiate recording from the beginning of the same message segment. The entire previous 31
message is then overwritten by the new message, regardless of the duration of the new message. Transitions on any other message trigger pin or the /RE pin during the record operation are ignored until after the device enters standby mode.
3.4.2Functional Description of Playback in Random Access Mode

On power up, the device is ready to record or playback, in any of the enabled message segments. To playback,/CE must be set low to enable the device and /RE must be set high to disable recording & enable playback. You initiate playback by applying a high to low edge on the message trigger pin that represents the message segment you intend to playback. Playback will continue until the end of the message is reached. If a high to low edge occurs on the same message trigger pin during playback, playback of the current message stops immediately. If a different message trigger pin pulses during playback, playback of the current message stops immediately (indicated by one beep) and playback of the new message segment begins. A delay equal to 8,400 cycles of he sample clock will be encountered before the device starts playing the new message. If a message trigger pin is held low, the selected message is played back repeatedly as long as the trigger pin stays low. A period of silence, of duration equal to 8,400 cycles of the sampling clock, will be inserted during looping as an indicator to the user of the transition between the end and the beginning of the message.
3.5 Signal Storage:

The APR9600 samples incoming voice signals and stores the instantaneous voltage samples in non-volatile FLASH memory cells. Each memory cell can support voltage ranges from 0 to 256 levels. These 256 discrete voltage levels are the equivalent of 8-bit (28=256) binary encoded values. During playback the stored signals are retrieved from memory, smoothed to form a continuous signal, and then amplified before being fed to an external speaker.
3.6 Sampling Rate & Voice Quality:

According to Shannon's sampling theorem, the highest possible frequency component introduced to the input of a sampling system must be equal to or less than half the sampling frequency if aliasing errors are to be eliminated. The APR9600 automatically filters its input, based on the selected sampling frequency, to meet this requirement. Higher sampling rates increase the bandwidth and hence the 32
voice quality, but they also use more memory cells for the same length of recording time. Lower sampling rates use fewer memory cells and effectively increase the duration capabilities of the device, but they also reduce incoming signal bandwidth. The APR9600 accommodates sampling rates as high as 8 kHz and as low a 4 kHz. You can control the quality/duration trade off by controlling the sampling frequency. An internal oscillator provides the APR9600 sampling clock. Oscillator frequency can be Changed by changing the resistance from the OscR pin to GND. Table 2 summarizes resistance values and the corresponding sampling frequencies, as well as the resulting input bandwidth and duration. Sampling Frequency Input Bandwidth Resistance 84 K 38 K 24 K 4.2 kHz 6.4 kHz 8.0 kHz 2.1 kHz 3.2 kHz 4.0 kHz Duration 60 sec 40 sec 32 sec
Table :3 Resistance Values & Sampling Frequencies
3.7 Automatic Gain Control (AGC) :

The APR9600 device has an integrated AGC. The AGC affects the microphone input but does not affect the ANA_IN input. The AGC circuit insures that the input signal is properly amplified. The AGC works by applying maximum gain to small input signals and minimum gain to large input signals. This assures that inputs of varying amplitude are recorded at the optimum signal level. The AGC amplifier is designed to have a fast attack time and a slow decay time. This timing is controlled by the RC network connected to pin 19. A value of 220K and 4.7uF has been found to work well for the English language. Be aware that different languages, speakers from different countries, and music may all require modification of the recommended values for the AGC RC network.
33
4.1 APPLICATIONS
Doorbell or entrance message. Greet your guests or customers with a welcome message. Watchdog" burglar alarm system. Record the barking of a dog and connect this circuit to a alarm system to deter burglars. Toys applications where you need speech or audio effects. Talking picture frames for personal or museum use. Add it to the back of a picture frame of a friend or relative to have his or her voice be played back at any time. With the looping mode of operation, you can connect the circuit to one of our FM Transmitters in order to build a FM Announcement System or talking sign which is ideal for real estate applications.
4.2 ADVANTAGES
Single-chip, high-quality voice recording & Playback solution - No external ICs required - Minimum external components Non-volatile Flash memory technology - No battery backup required User-selectable messaging options - Random access of multiple fixed-duration messages - Sequential access of multiple variable duration Message.
34
REFERENCES
35

60 Seconds Voice Recording and Playback Device

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

60 Seconds Voice Recording and Playback Device

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER: 1 INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER: 2 2.1 LIST OF COMPONENTS

2.2 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS: 1. DIODE

7805 voltage regulator

A low-pass electronic filter realized by an RC circuit 17

8. SLIDE ON-ON SWITCH

CHAPTER:3 3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure: 1circuit diagram

3.2 Functional Description:

Figure 3 APR9600 Block Diagram

3.4 Random Access Mode

3.4.1 Functional Description of Recording in Random Access Mode

3.4.2Functional Description of Playback in Random Access Mode

3.5 Signal Storage:

3.6 Sampling Rate & Voice Quality:

Table :3 Resistance Values & Sampling Frequencies

3.7 Automatic Gain Control (AGC) :

You might also like