英 文 文 法 精 要 reading fine books now as well. 如：I went school by bike when I was a child.

一、句型：英文句子有五種句型。 四、時式：動詞因動作與狀態發生時間的不同而產生時式的變化，英 He took a walk every morning when he lived in the

1. S ＋ V 【主詞＋動詞】 例：I read. 文的動詞共有十二種時式，列表如下： country.
2. S ＋ V ＋ C【主詞＋動詞＋補語】 例：She is pretty. 現在式 七、簡單未來式：
3. S ＋ V ＋ O【主詞＋動詞＋受詞】 例：I read a book. 簡單式 過去式 1. 形式：助動詞 shall / will + 動詞原形
4. S ＋ V ＋ O ＋ O【主詞＋動詞＋受詞＋受詞】 例：He gave 未來式 2. 功能：
me dolls. 現在完成式 (1) 表示發生於未來的動作或狀態。
5. S ＋ V ＋ O ＋ C【主詞＋動詞＋受詞＋補語】 例：He made 完成式 過去完成式 如：I shall be twenty years old next month.
her happy. 未來完成式 They will have an exam tomorrow.
二、句子的種類： 現在進行式 (2) 表示本人的意志時，助動詞皆用 will。
句子依其功能可分為敘述句、疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句及祈願句。 如：No matter what you say , I will go with you.
進行式 過去進行式
1. 敘述句的功能是將事情予以陳述。如：The sun rises in the east. He will join our team.
未來進行式
2. 疑問句的功能是提出問題，可分為下列五種句型： 八、現在完成式：
現在完成進行式
(1) 不含疑問詞的疑問句。 如：Do you want to go？ 1. 形式：has / have + 過去分詞
(2) 含疑問詞的疑問句。 如：What would you like？ 完成進行式 過去完成進行式 2. 功能：
未來完成進行式
(3) 選擇疑問句。 如：Are you fat or slim？ (1) 表示到目前為止已完成的動作。 如：I have done the job.
(4) 修辭疑問句。 如：a. What`s the use of worrying about it？ He has see the
＝ It is no use worrying about it. 五、簡單現在式： movie.
b. Who doesn`t like Mary？ 1. 形式： (2) 表示過去到現在的經驗。 如：I have been to H.K. several
＝ Everyone likes Mary. (1) I / We / You / They + 原形動詞（am / are / have） times.
(5) 附加問句。 如：It is a nice day , isn`t it？ (2) He / She / It + 原形動詞`s（is / has） He has told me the same
3. 祈使句是用來表達命令或請求的句子。 如：a. Shut out！ 2. 功能： story many times.
b. Please open (1) 表示現在發生的動作或狀態。如：I hear the music. (3) 表示過去持續到現在的動作或狀態。
the window. I am thirsty. 如：I have studied French since I was ten.
4. 感嘆句是用來表現強烈情感的句子。 如：a. What a pretty girl (2) 表示習慣性的動作或狀態。如：He goes to school early. It has rained for three days.
she is！ My father works in a 九、過去完成式：
b. How pretty she factory. 1. 形式：had + 過去分詞
is！ (3) 表示真理或事實。如：The sun sets in the west. 2. 功能：
5. 祈願句是用來表示祈願的句子。 如：a. May you succeed！ Actions speak louder than words. (1) 表示過去已完成的動作，通常發生在另一過去動作之前。
b. God bless you！ (4) 談到時刻或節日表等時，用來代替未來。 如：The train 如：We had sold every ticket by last night.
三、句子的結構： leaves Taipei at 9a.m. I had finished my lunch before you arrived.
依句子的結構可分為簡單句、合句、複句及複合句四種。 The movie (2) 表示過未實現的願望或計劃。
1. 簡單句：由一個主詞與一個述詞所組成。 如：I read fine books. starts at 2：00. 如：I had hoped to learn French.
2. 合句：以對等連接詞連接兩個或兩個以上簡單句所組成的句 六、簡單過去式： We had intended to visit you last year.
子。 如：I am a teacher and I read fine books 1. 形式： I / You / He / She / We / They ＋ 動詞的過去式（was / 十、未來完成式：
every day. were） 1. 形式：will /shall have + 過去分詞
3. 複句：以附屬連接詞連接主句與子句所組成的句子。 2. 功能： 2. 功能：
如：Since I am a teacher , I read fine books every day. (1) 表示過去發生的動作或狀態。 如：I went to see a movie (1) 表示未來某時前已完成之動作或經驗。
4. 複合句：以對連接詞連接兩個複句或連接一個簡單句與一個 last night. 如：I shall have finished my lunch at 1 p.m.
複句所組成的句子。 Jerry died in 1990. He will have read the papers by the time she arrives.
如：When I was a teacher , I read fine books every day and I keep (2) 表過去的習慣動作。 (2) 敘述事情持續到未來某時已有若干時間。
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 如：He will have worked here for three years by next month. 十四、現在完成進行式： 1. 由關係代名詞 who / which / that /whom 所構成的形容詞子
(3) 表示推測現在。 如：Mary will have received my letter now. 1. 形式：has / have been + 現在分詞 句。
十一、現在進行式： 2. 功能：表示從過去某時持續到現在仍在進行的動作。 如：The man who(＝that) lives next door is very kind.
1. 形式： 如：It has been raining all afternoon. John works for a company which(＝that) manufactures TV
(1) I / You / He + am / are / is + 現在分詞 I have been waiting for her for one hour. sets.
(2)We / You / They + are + 現在分詞 十五、過去完成進行式： The man whom I wanted to see was gone.
2. 功能： 1. 形式：had been + 過去分詞 2. 由關係形容詞 whose / which 所構成的形容詞子句。
(1) 表示現在正在進行的動作。 2. 功能：表示動作從較早的過去持續到過去某時，而該動作 如：A widow is a woman whose husband is dead.
如：He is reading a book. 在過去某時仍在進 3. 由關係副詞 when / where / why 所構成的形容詞子句。
I am playing tennis now. 行。 如：The hotel where we stayed was very nice.
(2) 表示在近期內即將發生的事或計劃未來要做的事。 如：John had been studying Chinese for two years before he Tell me a time when I can visit you.
如：I am leaving here tomorrow. came to Taiwan. That`s the reason why he failed.
He is going to H.K. next week. Up to that time I had been living in H.K. 二十、副詞子句：
We`re getting married in June. 十六、未來完成進行式： 副詞子句在複句中相當於副詞，以修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞的
(3) 表示狀態、情感、感官等動詞無進行式。 1. 形式：shall / will have been + 現在分詞 附屬子句。
例：belong、contain、love、like、see、feel… 2. 功能：表示過去發生的動作將持續到將來某時，而該動作 如：He walks as if he were lame. (修飾動詞 walks)
如：(正) The house belongs to my father. 在將來某時仍可能 I was late because I missed the bus. (修飾形容詞 late)
(誤) The house belonging to my father. 在進行。 二十一、倒裝句：
(正) He loves swimming. 如：I shall have been working for this company for two years 有時為了強調句中的某一部份，而將一般敘述句的語詞位
(誤) He is loving swimming. by next month. 置變動，其形成的句型稱倒裝句。
(正) I see something there. It will have been raining for two weeks by next Sunday. 如：Hardly（Scarcely）had Mary arrived home when John called
(誤) I am seeing something there. 十七、子句： her.
十二、過去進行式： 子句是由含主詞與述詞的字群所組成。 By no means shall I agree with this proposal.
1. 形式：was / were + 現在分詞 若能表達完整的意思，則稱為句子。 No sooner had I realized I had taken the wrong train than it
2. 功能： 若需藉附屬連接詞來引導，則稱為附屬子句。 began to leave.
(1) 表示過去正在進行的動作。 附屬子句又分為形容詞子句、名詞子句及副詞子句三種。 Only when one loses his freedom does he know its value.
如：I was watching TV when you called last night. 十八、名詞子句： Woman as she is , she is very brave.
What were you doing at this time yesterday？ 名詞子句在複句中的功能相當於名詞。 二十二、否定構句：
(2) 表示過去的習慣。 1. 作主詞： 含有否定字詞或否定意思的句子，稱為否定句。
如：He was always daydreaming in class when he was small. That Tom likes swimming is known to everyone. 1. 否定句的形成：
Whenever I visited her , she was always cooking in the 2. 作受詞： (1) 加上否定字詞，
kitchen. I don`t know why she is crying. 例：not、no、never….。
十三、未來進行式： 3. 作動詞補語： 如：She is not pretty.
1. 形式：shall / will be + 現在分詞 That fact is that he doesn`t tell lies I have no money.
2. 功能： 4. 作虛主詞 it 的實主詞： I had never said that.
(1) 表示未來某時將要進行的動作。 It is important that you keep your eyes open. (2) 加上否定含義的字詞，
如：I shall be having dinner at this time tomorrow. 5. 放在介系詞之後： 例：few、hardly、seldom…。
What will you be doing at 8 p.m.？ He made a list of what the box contained. 如：I have few friends in class.
(2) 表示預定的未來動作。 十九、形容詞子句： I could hardly understand you.
如：I shall be seeing you next week. 形容詞子句在複句中的功能相當於形容詞，其是由一個關係 I seldom met John in these days.
She will be going to H.K. next week. 詞引導，所以又稱為關係子句。 2. 否定構句在意義上的分類：
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 (1) 部份否定：是對事情的一部份加以否定， Mary has cleaned this room. (3) 與未來事實相反的假設：
例：not all、not every…。 This room has been cleaned by Mary. If + should + 原形, shall/will/should/would/…+ 原形
如：Not all my friends are here. (並非我所有的朋友都 (7) 過去完成式： If he should lose the game, I shall (should) fell sorry.
在此) Mary had cleaned this room. If he should be sick, he would go to see a doctor.
Not everyone agrees with the proposal. (並非每個 This room had been cleaned by Mary.
人都同意該計劃) (8) 未來完成式：
(2) 全部否定：是對事情的全部都加以否定， Mary will have cleaned this room at 9 p.m.
例：neither、none、nobody…。 This room will have been cleaned by Mary at 9 p.m.
如：Neither of the sisters are pretty. (兩姊妹都不漂亮)
ps.被動無未來進行式、現在完成進行式、過去完成進行式、
None of my friends are here. (我所有的朋友都不
未來完成進行式。
在此)
二十四、常見的介系詞：
(3) 雙重否定：指在一個句子中有兩個否定詞，表示肯
above、about、across、after、against、along、among、around、
定的意思，
at、before、behind、below、beneath、beside、between、beyond、
例：否定詞 + but (without) , no…。
by、concerning、down、during、except、for、from、in、inside、
如：Few people but love money. (幾乎人人愛錢)
into、like、near、of、off、on、over、forward、through、throughout、
It never rains without pouring. (禍不單行)
toward、under、until、unto、up、upon、with、without、within….
No pains, no gains. (天下無不勞而獲的)
二十三、語態：語態分為主動語態與被動語態兩種。
二十五、語氣：語氣是動詞表達思想的方式，可分為直述語氣、祈使
1. 主動語態的主詞行動者，其發出行動，及於他人或他物。
語氣及假設語氣。
形式：主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞
1. 直述語氣是最普遍的語氣，用以敘述事實或詢問事情，
2. 被動語態的主詞是行動的接受者，而其行動是來自他人
其包括了敘述句、疑問句與感嘆句。
或他物。
He writes a good book.
形式：主詞 + am/are/is/was/were/be/…+ 過去分詞（+ by +
Does he write a good book？
行動者）
What a good book it is！
3. 主/被動語態的時式：
If he writes a good book , I will buy one.
(1) 簡單現在式：
2. 祈使語氣是用來表達命令、請求等意思，其主詞通常被
Mary cleans this room every day.
省略，並使用原形動詞。
This room is cleaned by Mary every day.
Come here at once！
(2) 簡單過去式：
Close the window, please.
Mary cleaned this room yesterday.
3. 假設語氣是用來表達非事實性的假設情況。 【條件子句
This room was cleaned by Mary yesterday.
+ 主要子句】
(3) 簡單未來式：
(1) 與現在事實相反的假設：
Mary will clean this room tomorrow.
If + 過去式, should/would/…+原形動詞
This room will be cleaned by Mary tomorrow.
If I were you, I would take the job.
(4) 現在進行式：
If I had enough money, I would buy a house.
Mary is cleaning this room right now.
This room is being cleaned by Mary right now. (2) 與過去事實相反的假設：
(5) 過去進行式： If + had + 過去分詞, should/would/…+ have +過去分
Mary was cleaning this room when I arrived. 詞
This room was being cleaned by Mary when I arrived. If I had been there, I would have stopped him.
(6) 現在完成式： If I had known the answer, I would have told you.
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