Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GROUP NAME
ID NUMBER
1.Haftay Abrha CE/UE/192/02 2.Halefom G/yohanns 3.Meareg Girmay CE/UE208/02 4.Mehammednur Abderazik 5.Samson T/ medhin CE/UE230/02 6.Senait Mebrahtu 7.Tsgabu H/silasse FST/ED233/99 CE/UE232/02 CE/UE212/02 FST/ED131/00
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Tables Contents
1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Project Back Ground............................................................................................. 5 2. Location site................................................................................................................6 3. Operation of Irrigation System................................................................................... 7 3.1. Operation.............................................................................................................. 7 4. Irrigation duration and Irrigation frequency............................................................... 8 4.1. Irrigation duration.................................................................................................8 4.2. Irrigation frequency.............................................................................................. 8 5. Crop Water Requirement............................................................................................ 9 5.1. Reference evapotranspiration.............................................................................. 9 5.2 Effective rainfall..................................................................................................... 9 6. Irrigation scheduling................................................................................................. 10 7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................12
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1. INTRODUCTION
In the entire Tigray region rainfall is a marginal for agriculture production. In addition to the constraints of this rainfall, lack of modern agriculture practice suffered the region for a long period of time. The main goal of this strategy is to utilize the land and water resource efficiently using appropriate technologies. Mai koko micro dam irrigation scheme is then one of the sites studied to fulfill the above goal. By constructing a dam and storing water on the upstream reach, irrigation is to be practiced by gravity through a network of canals on a command area of 152ha. Irrigation had practiced in this project area by constructing temporary small structures across the river for supplementary and dry season irrigation purposes. However now due to formation deep and wide gullies it is difficult for the farmers to construct diversion structures in the area. Irrigation practice by using shallow hand dug wells is still going on although it is not sufficiently done.
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2. Location site
Administrative Location Region Zone Woreda Tabia Kushet = Tigray = Eastern = Gulomekeda = Kileat = Laelay Kileat (Right side) & Tahtay Kileat
Dam Site = Mai-Koko Command area = Left side (Tahtay Kileat) = Right side (Laelay Kileat) Geographical Location (Center of Command) Latitude = 548500 N Longitude = 1596000E Altitude = 2161.42m.a.s.l
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The operation systems may vary in size, scope and design, but since the very aim of irrigation is to supply crops with the water they need for their growth at the right time, distribution implies the ability to control the discharge from each canal at any instant so that the canal or its branches can satisfy the net demand of the area they serve. As well as the discharges the water level must be controlled for two main purposes, depending on the circumstances: to rise the water level as high as economically possible with a view to increasing the area under irrigation, and to control variations in water level.
3.1. Operation
Water application should be done based on irrigation schedule so that dispute among users will be avoided. Care have to be taken to minimize wastage of excess water (over irrigation) Water distribution should be done on rotational bases The farmers in the project area are new to irrigation. As a result, they should be well trained and guided how to irrigate and use water effectively and rationally so that there will be no excess loss of water.
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Water committee shall be organized among the elders in every kushet. This committee can set matters like disputes due to shortage of water from reach to reach and serve a lot as water management body. When canals are running more than their capacity, the excess water should flow through escapes located at suitable locations.
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Where ETo = Reference evapotranspiration (mm/day) Ra = Extra Terrestrial radiation expressed in equivalent evaporation in mm/day TD = Temperature difference (T max - T Min) in 0c T max+T min TA= TA = Average temp. 2 (0c)
P effective = 0.8P-25 if monthly P>70 mm Where P is monthly precipitation Detail crop water requirements for the proposed crops are worked out by spreadsheet are found to be 17236m3/ha. Based on the crop water requirement calculated in the irrigation Agronomy study, the maximum duty, for the irrigation hours per day of 24 hrs, is 2.44l/s/ha (supplementary case).
6. Irrigation scheduling
Irrigation scheduling is the activity of making the programmer for the coming week (or 10 days, 2 weeks, one month) of the water distribution in the scheme during that period. There are two main reasons for preparing such a programmers: 1. The farmers wants to know when they will receive irrigation water (= timing),
how much (= flow rate) and for how long (= duration). 2. The scheme operators need to know when and how to adjust gate settings.
The irrigation applications are intended to meet the water requirements of the crops Cultivated in the scheme. If just one farm is considered, the irrigation requirement for the next week depends on: the crops grown, and the area and growth stage of each crop; the moisture conditions in each field; the weather conditions expected for the coming week. The first and second of these items are easy to determine; the area of each crop grown and crop stage. Establishing the moisture conditions in each field with some precision requires specialized equipment, while no one knows for sure what the next week's weather will be. This means that a decision on the next week's irrigation needs cannot be made on the basis of precise knowledge alone; it also requires experience. Farmers are making these types of decisions all the time, because many decisions at the farm must be made without precise knowledge of the future: decisions on what crops to grow, when to plant, how much and when to apply fertilizers and other agro-chemicals are all made on the basis of the farmers expectations and previous experience with rainfall, sunshine, pests and diseases, crop yields and market-prices.
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It is therefore believed that the farmers should first indicate what their irrigation needs are, and that the scheme managers should provide for these needs as best as they can. The procedure for irrigation scheduling depends on the design of the scheme: if the scheme is designed to make water deliveries to individual farmers, each of these deliveries needs to be specified in the irrigation schedule; if farms in the scheme are grouped into tertiary units which share a common outlet, the scheme operators will only prepare a schedule for water deliveries to the tertiary off takes. This section describes irrigation scheduling in the four designs described in the section methods for water distribution to tertiary units.
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7.2 Recommendations
Appropriate location during construction according to the topography. The recommended cropping pattern on the agronomy report should be adopted in order to attain the expected economic benefit and development. Concerned bodies should take the responsibility so that the farmers adopt the respective cropping pattern to avoid water deficit and sufficiently irrigate the command area. Recommendations given in the study reports of the various professionals shall be strictly considered and implemented.
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