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(b) (b)
Lt = L + L L (4)
Rt = R + R L (5)
M t = M + LL (6)
component of current, is usually small and can be neglected Based eqn. (22), eqn. (18) can be solved as
and, therefore, eqn. (9) can be simplified into − 2 2V s
~
~
io = {cos[ω(t − t1 )+ π3 ]+ 3πω (t − t1 )}+ K (23)
v~u Lt M t M t iu ω(Lt + 2 M t )
~ ~
vv = M t Lt M t p ~iv (11) where K is a constant to be determined. This constant can be
vw M t M t Lt iw
~ determined based on the fact that the average value of the
output current ripple over the interval from t1 to t2 is zero and
Based on eqn. (11), the ripple component of currents can be the result is
obtained as
3 2V s
K= (24)
~iu L2t − M t2 M t2 − M t Lt M t2 − M t Lt ∫ v~u dt ω(Lt + 2 M t )
~ 1 2 Eqn. (23) can be used to determine the peak-to-peak and rms
iv = Z M t − M t Lt L2t − M t2 M t2 − M t Lt ∫ v~v dt
value of the output current ripple. Eqn. (23) shows that the
~ d
L2t − M t2 ∫ v~w dt
M t − M t Lt M t2 − M t Lt
2
iw output current ripple is reduced if an output filter inductor
(12) that having positive coupling coefficient is used.
where
Z d = (Lt + 2 M t )(Lt − M t )
2
(13)
~ IV. INPUT CURRENT RIPPLE
v = v −V
u u o (14) Once again, only the input current ripple analysis of the
v~v = vv − Vo (15) rectifier in Fig. 1(a) is detailed. Analysis of the rectifier in
~ Fig. 1(b) can be done in similar way. From eqn. (12), the
vw = vw − Vo (16) current ripple of phase u can be obtained as:
The output current ripple is ~ Lt − M t ~
2 2
M t ( Lt − M t ) ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~
io = iu + iv + iw (17) iu = ∫ v u dt − ∫ (v v + v w )dt (25)
Zd Zd
Combination of eqns. (12) and (17) results in If it is assumed that the output current ripple is very small
1
∫ (vu + vv + vw )dt
~ ~ ~ ~ and can be neglected (which is equivalent to assume that the
io = (18)
Lt + 2 M t load inductance is very large) then eqn. (25) can be
approximated as
{ ]+ 2}
the required transformer will be small. Because the inverter is
= − I r 2cos[ω(t − t 2 ) + 2π
3 ]− 3 sin [ω(t − t 2 ) + 2π
3 operated as a six-step inverter, the output voltage of the
for t 2 ≤ t ≤ t3 rectifiers will be similar to the output voltage of a three-phase
(27) chopper under 2/3 duty cycle. In reference [4], it was shown
that at duty cycle equal to 2/3, the output current ripple will
where
theoretically be zero. Thus, the system in Fig. 5 will produce
2V s a very small output current ripple. Fig. 6 shows the simulated
Ir = (29)
3ωLl results of the system in Fig. 5. In this simulation, a positive
The fundamental frequency of the above current ripple is coupled inductor that having 0.5 mH self-inductance and 0.4
twice the input voltage frequency. This circulating current mH mutual- inductance was used. The output filter
will be minimum if a filter inductor that having negative capacitance is 100 µF. The load was a series connection of
coupling coefficient is used. 0.01 Ω resistance and 0.1-mH inductance. Simulated result
The primary winding current of the transformer consists of a shows that the output current ripple is very small as expected.
current component due to the dc load current plus the current
due to the above current ripple. The expressions for the
primary winding current can be written as
Io ~
+ ω for 0 ≤ ωt ≤ π
N s 3 iu ( t )
iab = (30)
N p − I o − ~
iu (ωt − π) for π ≤ ωt ≤ 2π
3
where Np and Ns are the number of turns of the primary and
secondary windings of the transformer, respectively. Eqn.
(30) can be used to determine the ripple content of the
transformer currents and the input line currents of the
rectifier.
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
In order to verify the proposed concept, small experimental
systems with the schemes as shown in Fig. 1(a) was
Fig. 3. Waveforms of total output current (upper) and output
constructed. In the circuit of Fig. 1(a), the input line-to-line
of one of single-phase rectifiers (lower). [5 A/div]
voltage is rated at 380V, 50 Hz. The transformer is designed
in such a way so that a dc voltage of about 20 Vdc is resulted
under rated condition. The maximum output current is 20 A.
In this experiment, the rated current of the diode is 8 A. The
coupled output filter inductor is constructed by using a zig-
zag transformer rated at 50V and 5 A and, therefore, the
coupling coefficient is negative. The load that was used in
this experiment is a series connection of a variable resistance
and an 8-mH inductor.
Fig. 3 shows the waveforms of the load current and one of
the single-phase rectifiers current. This figure shows that the
current in one of single-phase rectifier is equal to the load
current divided by three. Fig. 4 shows the input voltage and
Fig. 4. Input current waveforms of rectifier.
current waveforms. This figure shows that the input current