Power Electronics

Professor Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi

 Power Control
ton
Ps = P
τ
Power
On-time
(ton)
P
ρ
Ps

Off-time
Time
(toff)
τ)
Period (
El-Sharkawi@University of 2
Washington
 Load Switching
Power
On-time
(ton)
P

Off-time
(toff) Time (t)

τ)
Period (

ton toff

El-Sharkawi@University of 3
Washington
 Energy Consumption (E)
Power
On-time
(ton)
P

Ps

Off-time
(toff) Time (t)

τ)
Period ( Duty Ratio (K)

ton
E ≡ Pt Es = Ps t = Pt
τ
El-Sharkawi@University of 4
Washington
 Ideal Switch
vsw
+
vs
i R
vs vt i
R

vs
-

Vsw
El-Sharkawi@University of 6
Washington
El-Sharkawi@University of 7
Washington
El-Sharkawi@University of 8
Washington
El-Sharkawi@University of 9
Washington
Bi-polar Transistor (C)
(C)
(C) IC
Collector
VCB
N IB
Base (B)
(B) VCE
P (B)
N
VBE
Emitter
IE
(E)
(E)

IC ≈ β I B
(E)

I E = I B + IC
VCE = VCB + VBE
 (C)
IC
Characteristics of Bi-polar
VCB Transistor
IB
VCE
(B)
VBE
Saturation Region IB1
IE

IB (E) IC
IB2< IB1

Linear Region

IB= 0

V 0.6 VCE
BE Cut Off Region

Base Characteristics Collector Characteristics

 IC IC IB max

RL VCC
(1)
IB RL

V CE
V CC
(2)

IB = 0

VCC VCE
VCC = VCE + RL I C
Closed At point (2)
At point (1)
switch IC is very small
VCE is very small
IC ≈
VCC Open VCE ≈ VCC
switch
RL
 Example
• Estimate the losses of the transistor at point 1 and 2. Also calculate the
losses at a mid point in the linear region where IB=0.1A. The current
gain in the saturation region is 4.9 and in the linear region is 50.

IC IC IB max

10Ω VCC
(1)
IB max=2A RL

V CE
100V
(2)

IB = 0

VCC VCE
El-Sharkawi@University of 13
Washington
 Solution
IB max
IC IC
10Ω Vcc
1
IB max=2A RL
3
VCE
100V
2
IB = 0
VCC VCE
At point 1
Total losses = base loses + collector losses

Total losses = I B max * VBE + I C1 * VCE1

2* 0.7 + [4.9 * 2]* (100 − 4.9 * 2 * 10 ) = 21 W

El-Sharkawi@University of 14
Washington
 Solution
IB max
IC IC
10Ω Vcc
1
IB max=2A RL
3
VCE
100V
2
IB = 0
VCC VCE
At point 2
Total losses = collector losses
Assume VCE=0.99 VCC
Total losses = I C 2 * VCE 2
⎡100 − 0.99 * 100 ⎤
⎢⎣ ⎥ * (0.99* 100) = 10 W
10 ⎦
El-Sharkawi@University of 15
Washington
 Solution
IB max
IC IC
10Ω Vcc
1
IB max=0.1A RL
3
VCE
100V
2
IB = 0
VCC VCE
At point 3
Total losses = base loses + collector losses

Total losses = I B 3 * VBE + I C 3 * VCE 3

0.1* 0.7 + [50 * 0.1]* (100 − 50 * 0.1* 10 ) = 250.07 W

Power transistors cannot operate in the linear region

El-Sharkawi@University of 16
Washington
 Thyristors [Silicon Controlled
Rectifier (SCR)]
Anode (A) IA

Ig = max
Ig = 0
Ig > 0
Ih
Gate (G) VRB

V
AK

V VBO
Cathode (K) TO
 Closing Conditions of SCR
Anode (A)
1. Positive anode to
cathode voltage
(VAK)
Gate (G)
2. Maximum
triggering pulse is
Cathode (K)
applied (Ig)
Closing angle is α
El-Sharkawi@University of 18
Washington
 Opening Conditions of SCR
IA
1. Anode current is
below the holding Ig = 0
value (Ih)
Ih
VRB

V
AK

Opening angle is β
El-Sharkawi@University of 19
Washington
Power Converters

El-Sharkawi@University of 20
Washington
Power Converters

El-Sharkawi@University of 21
Washington
AC/DC Converters

El-Sharkawi@University of 22
Washington
 Single-Phase, Half-Wave

+
i vt R
vs
-

vs = Vmax sin( ω t )

vs
i = ( only when SCR is closed )
R
vt = i R = vs ( only when SCR is closed )
 vt
i= +
vt
R vs
i
-
R

vt i

α
β ωt
vs
El-Sharkawi@University of 24
Washington
Average Voltage Across the Load
2π β
1 1
Vave =
2π ∫0 vt dω t = 2 π α∫ vs dω t
vt i

α
β ωt
vs
El-Sharkawi@University of 25
Washington
 Load voltage β π
1 1
Vave = ∫
2π α
vs dω t = ∫
2π α
v s dω t
π
1
vt i Vave = ∫
2π α
Vmax sin (ω t ) dωt

Vmax
Vave = ( 1 + cos α )
2π

α
β ωt
Vave
I ave = vs
R
El-Sharkawi@University of 26
Washington
 Vmax
Vave
Vave = ( 1 + cos α )
2π
Vmax
π

Vmax
2π

π π α

2
Root-Mean-Squares (RMS)

2
(.)
2π
1
2π ∫
0
. dωt
 Root Mean Squares of f

2π
1
∫ ( f ) dωt
2
Step 2:
2π 0

Step 1: (f) 2

2π
1
∫ f d ω t
2
Step 3: ( )
2π 0
 Concept of RMS
Average of v2
v2

Square root of the

ωt
average of v2 v
El-Sharkawi@University of
Average 30
Washington of v=0
 Root-Mean-Squares (RMS)
of a sinusoidal voltage
2π
1
Vmean = Vave =
2π ∫ v( t ) dωt
0

2π 2π
1 1
∫ [v( t )] ∫ [Vmax sin( ωt )]
2 2
Vrms = dωt = dωt
2π 2π
0 0
 RMS of load vt
i

voltage
α
ωt
vs

2 π 2 π
Vmax Vmax
Vrms = [ sin(ω t )]2 dω t =
∫ ∫
[ 1 − cos( 2ω t ] dωt
2π 4π
α α
Vmax α sin ( 2α )
Vrms = [1 − + ]
2 π 2π
Vmax = 2 Vs rms RMS of Supply
Voltage
Vrms

Vmax Vrms
2 I rms =
R

π α
Example.2:

An ac source of 110V (rms) is connected to a resistive element of 2 Ω through a single SCR.

For α = 45 and 90 , calculate the followings:
o o

a) rms voltage across the load resistance

b) rms current of the resistance
+
c) Average voltage drop across the SCR i vt R
vs
-
Solution:

For α = 45
o

Vrms =
Vsrms ⎡ α sin(2α ) ⎤ 110
⎛ 45 π
⎜ 1− ( ) ⎞
180 + sin( 90 ) ⎟ = 74.13 V
a)
2 ⎢⎣1 − π + 2π ⎥⎦ = 2 ⎜⎜ π 2 π ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
This looks like
V 74.13
b) I rms = rms = = 37.07 A the negative
R 2
i
vt of the average
1 ⎡α 2π ⎤ V voltage across
2π ⎢ ∫
VSCR = ⎢ v s dωt + ∫ v s dωt ⎥ = − max ( 1 + cos α )
⎥⎦ 2π
⎣0 π
c)
α the load. Why?
2 110 ωt
VSCR = − [ 1 + cos( 45 )] = − 42.27 V
2π vs
 Electric Power
2
Vrms 2
P = = I rms R
R
2
Vmax
P = [2(π − α ) + sin( 2α )]
8π R
 Single-Phase, Full-Wave, AC-to-DC
Conversion for Resistive Loads

i1 C

S1 S3
vs i2
R
vt
A B

S4 S2

D
 Single-Phase, Full-Wave, AC-to-DC
2-SCRs and 2 Diodes

i1 C

S1 S2
vs i2
R
vt
A B

D2 D1

El-Sharkawi@University of
D 37
Washington
 i1 C

S1 S3
vs i2
R
vt
A B

S4 S2

D
i1 i2
vt vt

α
ωt
vs
 i1 i2
vt vt

α
ωt
vs
π π
1 1 Vmax
Vave =
π ∫α v t dωt =
π ∫α V max sin( ωt ) dωt =
π
( 1 + cos α )

2π π
1 1
Vrms = ∫ v(t ) dωt = ∫ [V sin(ωt )] dωt
2 2

2π πα
max
0
 2 π 2π
Vmax 2 V
Vrms =
π ∫ sin( ω t ) d ω t =
2π ∫
max [ 1 − cos( 2ωt )] dωt

α α
Vmax ⎡ α sin( 2α ) ⎤
Vrms = ⎢⎣1 − π + 2π ⎥⎦
2

2 2
Vrms Vmax
P = = [2(π − α ) + sin( 2α )]
R 4π R
 Half Wave Versus Full Wave
Half Wave Full Wave

Average Vmax Vmax

Voltage Vave = (1 + cos α ) Vave = (1 + cos α )
2π π
RMS
Vrms =
Vmax ⎡ α sin( 2α ) ⎤ Vmax ⎡ α sin( 2α ) ⎤
Voltage ⎢1 − π + 2π ⎥ Vrms = ⎢1 − π + 2π ⎥
2 ⎣ ⎦ 2 ⎣ ⎦
Power Vmax
2
P = [2(π − α ) + sin ( 2α )] Vmax
2
P = [2(π − α ) + sin ( 2α )]
8π R 4π R

El-Sharkawi@University of 41
Washington
 Example
A full-wave, ac/dc converter is connected to a
resistive load of 5 Ω. The voltage of the ac
source is 110 V(rms). It is required that the
rms voltage across the load to be 55 V.
Calculate the triggering angle, and the load
power.
 Solution
α
sin( 2α )
Vrms = Vsrms [1 − + ]
π 2π
α sin( 2α )
55 = 110 [1 − + ]
π 2π
π sin( 2α )
2.25 = α − α ≈ 112.5 o
180 2
2
Vrms ( 55 )2
P= = = 605 W
R 5
DC/DC Converters

El-Sharkawi@University of 44
Washington
 DC-to-DC Conversion
1. Step-down (Buck) converter: where the output
voltage of the converter is lower than the input
voltage.
2. Step-up (Boost) converter: where the output
voltage is higher than the input voltage.
3. Step-down/step-up (Buck-Boost) converter.
Step Down (Buck converter)
VS
I
Vl

ton Time VS VCE

τ
I
+
Vl
-

ton Time
τ
t on
1 ton
Vave =
τ ∫ Vs dt = τ
Vs = K Vs
0
 Example
f = 5 kHz ( switching frequency )
Vs = 12 V ; Vave = 5 V ; ton = ?
Solution 1 1
τ = = = 0.2 ms
f 5
ton
Vave = Vs = K Vs
τ
5
K = = o.417
12
ton = 0.417 × 0.2 = 0.0834 ms
El-Sharkawi@University of 47
Washington
 Step up (Boost converter)
L it

Is

R vt
vs C

El-Sharkawi@University of 48
Washington
 L it
Keep in mind
Is
•Inductor current is unidirectional
R vt •Voltage across inductor reverses
vs C
•Inductor cannot permanently store energy

L L

ion ioff

R vt
vs vs C

El-Sharkawi@University of 49
Washington
 L L

ion i off
vs vs C R vt

ion ioff
Δi

ton toff Time

50
 Δi
Inductor current

ton toff Time

von
Inductor voltage

voff

Time

Energy is acquired by inductor

Energy is released by inductor

51
 L L

i on i off
R
VS VS
C
vt

Δ ion Δ ioff
Vs = L V s = vt − L
ton t off
At steady state Δ ion = Δ ioff
Δ ioff ⎛ t ⎞
vt =Vs + L ⎜
= Vs 1 + on ⎟
t ⎜ t ⎟
El-Sharkawi@University of off
Washington ⎝ off 52
⎠
 Example
• A Boost converter is used to step up 20V
into 50V. The switching frequency of the
transistor is 5kHz, and the load resistance
is 10Ω. Compute the following:
1. The value of the inductance that would
limit the current ripple at the source side
to 100mA
2. The average current of the load
3. The power delivered by the source
4. The average current of the source
El-Sharkawi@University of 53
Washington
 Solution
Part 1

⎛ t ⎞
Vt = Vs ⎜1 + on ⎟
⎜ t ⎟ 1 1
⎝ off ⎠ ton + toff = = = 0.2 ms
f 5
⎛ t ⎞
on ⎟
⎜
50 = 20 1 +
⎜ t ⎟ ton =1.5* t off = 1.5* (0.2 − ton )
⎝ off ⎠

ton =1.5 * t off = 0.12 ms

El-Sharkawi@University of 54
Washington
 Δ ion
Vs = L
ton
100
20 = L L = 24 mH
0.12
Part 2 Part 3
Vt 50 P = Vt * I t = 50 * 5 = 250 W
It = = =5 A
R 10
P 250
Part 4 Is = = = 12.5 A
Vs 20
El-Sharkawi@University of 55
Washington
 Buck-Boost converter

it
is
vs L C R vt

El-Sharkawi@University of 56
Washington
 -

C
vs L ion ioff L
R vt

Δ ion Δ ioff
Vs = L vL = − L = vt
ton toff
ton
if Δ ion = Δ ioff Vt = −Vs
toff
El-Sharkawi@University of 57
Washington
DC/AC Converters

El-Sharkawi@University of 58
Washington
 DC/AC Conversion
Q1 Q4
I1
A B

Q3 I2
Q2

Load voltage Q 1 and Q 2 are on

VAB

Time

Q 3 and Q 4 are on
 a b c
Q1 Q3 Q5
Vdc
a b c

Q4 Q6 Q2

n
o Q 1

Q 2

Q 3

Q 4

Q 5

Q 6
 Q1

First Time Interval Q2

Q3
a b c
Q1 Q3 Q5 Q4
Vdc
a b c Q5

Q4 Q6 Q2 Q6

n
o I/2
I

I/2 I/2
Q1 Q5
Vs
vab = va − vb = Vdc a b c

vbc = vb − vc = − Vdc Q6

vca = vc − va = 0 I I

I/2 I/2
I

n
El-Sharkawi@University of 61
Washington
 Q1

Second Time Interval Q2

Q3

a b c
Q1 Q3 Q5 Q4
Vdc
a b c Q5

Q4 Q6 Q6
Q2

n
o I

I
Q1
Vs
vab = va − vb = Vdc
a b c

vbc = vb − vc = 0 Q6 Q2

vca = vc − va = − Vdc I I I/2

I I/2
I/2

n
El-Sharkawi@University of 62
Washington
 Voltage Waveforms Across Load
vab

- Vdc

vbc

vca

• Waveforms are symmetrical and equal in magnitude

• Waveforms are shifted by 120 degrees
AC/AC Converters

El-Sharkawi@University of 64
Washington
 1. Single-Phase, Bidirectional
i1
i2

+
vs
i vt R
i1
vt -
vt
i2

α
vs ωt

El-Sharkawi@University of 65
Washington
 i1
vt
vt
i2

α
vs ωt

2π
1
Vave =
2π ∫v
α
t d ωt = 0

2π π
1 1
Vrms = ∫ v(t ) dωt = ∫ [V sin(ωt )] dωt
2 2

2π πα
max
0
El-Sharkawi@University of 66
Washington
 2 π 2 π
Vmax 2 V
Vrms =
π ∫ sin( ω t ) d ω t =
2π ∫
max [ 1 − cos( 2ωt )] dωt

α α
Vmax ⎡ α sin( 2α ) ⎤
Vrms = ⎢⎣1 − π + 2π ⎥⎦
2

2 2
Vrms Vmax
P = = [2(π − α ) + sin( 2α )]
R 4π R
El-Sharkawi@University of 67
Washington
 2. DC Link
iin Idc iout

AC/DC dc Link DC/AC

El-Sharkawi@University of 68
Washington
3. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

iin Idc iout

AC/DC Ib DC/AC

dc Link

iin = 0 Idc iout

AC/DC Ib DC/AC

dc Link
El-Sharkawi@University of 69
Washington