Test: Monday March 4, 2013

Unit 1 Test Review: World War 1

Key Terms
Militarism: belief in the necessity of building and maintaining a strong military force Nationalism: set of beliefs that promote the collective interest and cultural identity of a nation (pride in your country) Imperialism: building an empire Colonialism: Franz Ferdinand: heir to the Austrian throne, his assassination sparked WW1 Gavrillo Princip: 19 year old Serbian, part of the Blank Hand, shot F.Ferdinand Triple Entente: (allies) France, Britain, Russia Triple Alliance: (central powers) Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungry Western Front: located in Belgium and France

"No Man's Land": the area between the opposing sides' front lines Conscription: forced military service (July 1917) Schlieffen Plan: German plan, mobilize troops through Belgium to attack France in the west, proceed east to fight Russia

 Stalemate: no movement or gain of land - both sides would gain land, then lose it "Unterseebooten": U-Boat Ace: pilot who shot down five or more enemy aircraft Billy Bishop: top allies ace having shot down 72 enemy aircraft, first airman to be awarded Victoria Cross Medal Red Baron: M. von Richthofen, a German fighter pilot, most successful flying ace in WW1, 50 air combat victories Roy Brown: shot down the Red Baron Dogfight: battle between 2 or more aircraft Trench Foot: a fungal infection caused by water Creeping Barrage: artillery would creep ahead of the troops, providing them cover as they crossed "no man's land" General Haig: British Commander, ordered troops to go "over the top" and destroy German trenches, regardless of mass casualties (Somme) Arthur Currie: Canadian Commander, invented creeping barrage, learned from Haig's mistakes Total War: the entirety of resources and population are mobilized towards the war effort, which takes priority over everything else Lusitania: unarmed ship carrying 2000 passengers (1/2 were Americans) and supplies was sunk by the Germans Swayed US opinion of the Germans, US entered WW1 in 1917 Bluebirds: 3000 women who became army nurses and ambulance drivers, wore blue uniforms

 Suffragettes: women who organized themselves to gain the right to vote Victory Bonds: helped to bay for the war, "bondholders" were promised their money and interest after the war Sam Hughes: Minister of Militia and Defence, responsible for creating and mobilizing a Canadian Expeditionary Force, gave soldiers unsatisfactory equipment (Ross Rifle) established the Shell Committee, members made profit from government contracts to make artillery shells, forced to resign Robert Borden: Prime Minister during the war, promised no conscription to gain votes, revoked promise after he won the election Enemy Aliens: a label applied to people who had come to Canada from a country that was at war with the Allies War Measures Act 1914: gave government ability to pass laws without consent from Parliament could censor media imprison people without trial label people enemies of Canada Military Service Act, July 1917: introduced conscription Anglophones supported the Act, Francophones opposed the Act Military Voters Act: all members of the military; male and female could vote Wartime Elections Act: close women relatives of soldiers could vote enemy aliens and conscientious objectors could not vote farmers' sons were exempt from conscription until after the election Propaganda: Transfer: using names and pictures of famous people Idealistic: not realistic

 Bandwagon: persuading people to do something by letting them know others are doing it Repetition: product name is repeated at least 4 times Emotional Words: words that will make you feel strongly about someone or something Testimonial: words of a famous person Implant a sense of righteousness into the view Minimize the concept of time

Extended Answers
Canada's Changing Reputation At the beginning of the war Canadian troops weren't seen as a large threat to the Central Powers. Their reputation began to change at the 2nd Battle of Ypres in April 1915. Their trial-by-fire approach earned them a reputation as tough and dependable troops. The British and French forces fought in the Battle of the Somme for months prior to the entrance of Canadian Divisions. Canada entered the battle in September 1916, and made progress in only two days. By November, the 4th Division had captured the valuable Regina trench. This affirmed the belief that the Canadian troops were determined and skilled. The British and French forces had tried to gain control of Vimy Ridge since 1915. In 1917, Canadian troops began extensive preparations to take over the British operation. They began a creeping barrage on April 9, and by April 12, the Canadians had taken and held Vimy Ridge. The result of this battle gave Canada a place on the "World Stage". During the Battle of Vimy Ridge, Canadian soldiers made greater advances in three days than any other Allied force since 1914. Finally, at the Battle of Passchendale, Canadian Divisions succeeded in capturing Passchendale where other forces had failed. Regardless of the terrible conditions, the Canadian troops

persevered and received great rewards. By the end of the war, the Canadian army was recognized as a force to be reckoned with. Introduction of New Technologies During WW1 many new weapons of war were introduced. Gas was first used on the Allies forced by the Germans during the Battle of the Somme in 1916. Chlorine gas suffocated and killed soldiers. Mustard gas burned the skin and respiratory tract, while causing blindness. Canisters of gas were opened when the wind was blowing towards the opposing sides trenches. However, if the wind changed directions, the gas could backfire on your troops. Gas became ineffective because armies began to supply their soldiers with gas masks. Machine guns were the most effective weapon used in WW1. They could shoot about 120 bullets per minute. This took the place of about 60 to 80 soldiers. At the beginning of the war, as technology was developing, machine guns frequently jammed and overheated. By 1918, technology was evolved and machines guns were more reliable. Tanks were first used by French and British forces. They travelled very slowly, but they served as protection when travelling across "no mans land". Tanks were credited with ending the stalemate. The U-Boat or submarine was able to carry 36 men and 12 torpedoes. They could stay submerged for up to 2.5 hours. A German U-Boat sunk a neutral American ship. This swayed the Americans view of the Germans, and caused the US to enter into the war in 1917. Planes were invented in 1911 by the Wright Brothers. They required two people to operate; one to man the machines gun and one to drive. Planes were credited with mass casualties. Planes were useful for taking pictures of opposing forces positions to use in preparation for battle. The Zeppelin blimp was used to bomb cities. Conscription Conscription is forced military service. At the beginning of the war, they enlistment number for the military were large. As people on the home front heard of news and conditions in the trenches, enlistment numbers dwindled. Before the election, Borden promised no conscription in order to gain votes from the Francophones. He revoked his promise after he won the election in 1917. All men

between the ages of 19 and 25 were called to enlist. Single men were called first, then young married men. Aboriginals, enemy aliens, people of Asian descent, people opposed to war, and those with health problems were exempt from conscription. War Effort at Home Everyone, including the people left at home, wanted to do their part for the war effort. After the men left for England, many women got jobs in traditionally male dominated fields and factories. The Canadian Industry grew from munitions factory prior to the war, to 1500 factories by 1918. The war became much more expensive than the government had anticipated. The Government was in need of funds to pay, train, equip, and feed soldiers. Victory Bonds were introduced in order to assist with funds needed for war. "Bondholders" were promised to receive their money plus interest back after the war. Victory Bonds raised more money than the government anticipated. Additionally, the Income and Business taxes were introduced in 1916 and 1917. Although this was supposed to be a temporary measure, they are still in place almost 100 years later. Children also participated in the war effort. They purchased War Stamps for $0.25 each. If they purchased $4 worth of stamps, they received a War Savings Stamp worth $5. People on the home front were also conserving food to send overseas. People planted War Gardens to reduce the pressure on the public food supply. Women knitted sweaters and socks for soldiers. They assembled them, along with along necessities to send in care packages. The entirety of resources and population were mobilized towards the war effort, which took priority over everything else. Women's Role Although women weren't able to enlist in the army, they took on a large part in the war. Some women were deployed as nurses or ambulance drivers. They aided in the recovery of injured men in hospitals. Nurses were often called "bluebirds" because of the blue cloak they wore. Prior to WW1 women primarily worked in the home or domestic positions. When the men went overseas, many skilled positions became available. Women began to work outside the home, in places such as munitions factories. These new positions empowered women, they had more to offer than domestic skills. When the men returned from war, women were not ready to leave their jobs. On the home front, women conserved their food

and resources. They planted "war gardens" to reduce demand on public food supply. Canada sent millions of tons of food to France and England for the soldiers. Some women knitted sweaters and socks for the soldiers. They were placed, along with other essentials, in care packages that were sent to the trenches. Women played a significant role in the success of Canadian troops during WW1. Propaganda Poster

"Propaganda Trick" Used: Emotional Words: children asking their father about WW1 Guilt: would feel guilty if he did not enlist, no stories to tell, not a hero in the eyes of his children Message of Poster: Enlist in the army so you can be a hero for your family. Is the poster effective?: Yes, men want to be able to protect their families.

Review Questions
Who was the most famous ace? Red Baron When was the first time gas was used? 2nd Battle of Ypres When was the first time the creeping barrage was used? Vimy Ridge Who was the minister of Militia and Defence? Sam Hughes When was the first time the British used the tank? Battle of the Somme What were people from Germany and Austria-Hungry living in Canada labelled as? Enemy Aliens What is a long term cause of WW1 that encompasses expanding a country's empire? Imperialism What was created to raise funds for the war? Victory Bonds, War Stamps, Taxes What was the British Plane called? Sopwith Camel Women who organized themselves in order to gain the right to vote were called ___. Suffragists Who was the butcher of the Somme? General Haig What is an aerial battle between two planes? Dogfight The line of trenches across France and Belgium is called the ___. Western Front Who was the top Canadian ace of the war? Billy Bishop What did Enemy Aliens build? Banff National Park Who was Prime Minister? Robert Borden Sinking of the ___ swayed American opinion of the Germans. Lusitania US joined the war in ___. 1917 Who was responsible for the success at Vimy Ridge? Arthur Currie What impact did Franz Ferdinand have in WW1? His assassination sparked WW1. When did German and British troops meet? Jutland 800 000 British soldiers suffered from ___. Shell Shock ___ Election of 1917. Khaki Soldiers played the card game ___. Seven Toed Pete Female nurses were known as ___. Bluebirds

Children contributed to the war effort by buying ___. War Stamps When and where was the Turnip Winter? Germany, 1917 What effect did chlorine gas have? Suffocation and Death Who helped A.Currie at Vimy Ridge? Julian Byng What was the name of F.Ferdinand's wife? Sophia What was the nickname given to a frequent meat in rations? Bullybeef Why was the Zeppelin Blimp used? Bomb Cities What is conscription? Forced Military Service What is trench food? Fungal Infection, Caused by Water What was the name of the heavily armed British ship? HMS Dreadnought ___ were exempt from conscription. Aboriginals ___ shot Red Baron. Roy Brown ___ assassinated F.Ferdinand. Gavrillo Princip Who wrote "In Flander's Fields"? John Macrae What is testimonial? Using Words of a Famous Person in Propaganda ___ is the area between opposing sides front lines. "No Man's Land"