1

Lecture 1: Light Interaction with Matter

5 nm
2
Light Interaction with Matter
Maxwells Equations
0 = B

B
E
t

= +

D
H J
t
Divergence equations Curl equations
f
= D
D= Electric flux density
B= Magnetic flux density
E= Electric field vector
H= Magnetic field vector
J = current density
= charge density
3
Constitutive Relations
Constitutive relations relate flux density to polarization of a medium
( )
0
= + = D E P E E
Electric polarization vectorMaterial dependent!!
When P is proportional to E
Electric
E
-
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
Total electric flux density = Flux from external E-field + flux due to material polarization
= Material dependent dielectric constant

0
= Dielectric constant of vacuum = 8.85 10
-12
C
2
N
-1
m
-2
[F/m]
( )
0 0
= + B H M H
Magnetic flux density
Magnetic field vector
Magnetic
Magnetic polarization vector

0
= permeability of free space = 4x10
-7
H/m
Note: For now, we will focus on materials for which
0 = M
0
= B H
4
Divergence Equations
How did people come up with:
? = D
Coulomb
Charges of same sign repel each other (+ and + or and -)
Charges of opposite sign attract each other (+ and -)
He explained this using the concept of an electric field : F = qE
Every charge has some field lines associated with it
+
-
He found: Larger charges give rise to stronger forces between charges
Coulomb explained this with a stronger field (more field lines)
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Divergence Equations
E
dS
+
+
+
+
+
Gausss Law (Gauss 1777-1855)
A A V
d E d dv = =

D S S
E-field related to enclosed charge
Gausss Theorem (very general)
A V
d dv =

F S F
Combining the 2 Gausss
A V V
d dv dv = =

D S D = D
0
A
d =

B S
The other divergence eq.
0 = B is derived in a similar way from
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Curl Equations
H
How did people come up with:

= +

D
H J
t
J
H
D
D increasing when
charging the capacitor
C
A
?
J
Ampere (1775-1836)
C A
d d
t

| |
= +
|

\ .

D
H l J S
Changes in el. flux
Magnetic field induced by:
Electrical currents
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Curl Equations
C A
d d
t

| |
= +
|

\ .

D
H l J S
( )
C A
d d =

F l F S
Ampere:
( )
C A A
d d d
t

| |
= = +
|

\ .

D
H l H S J S
Stokes
theorem:

= +

D
H J
t
B
E
C
A

B
E
t
Other curl eq.
Derived in a similar way from

C A
d d
t

B
E l S

( )
C A A
d d d
t

= =

B
E l E S S
Stokes
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Summary Maxwells Equations
Divergence equations Curl equations

B
E
t
= D

= +

D
H J
t
0 = B
Flux lines start and end
on charges or poles
Changes in fluxes give rise to fields
Currents give rise to H-fields
Note: No constants such as
0

0,
, c, ,. appear when Eqs are written this way.
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The Wave Equation
Plausibility argument for existence of EM waves
E
H
H
E
E
.
Curl equations: Changing E-field results in changing H-field results in changing E- field.
The real thing
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
,
1
,
r t
r t
v

=

U
U
t
Goal: Derive a wave equation:
for E and H
( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
0
, Re exp t i t = U r U r Solution: Waves propagating with
a (phase) velocity v
Position Time
Starting point: The curl equations
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The Wave Equation for the E-field
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
,
1
,
r t
r t
v

=

E
E
t
Goal:
0
t

= =

B H
E
t
Curl Eqs: a)
(Materials with M= 0 only)

= +

D
H J
t
b)
Step 1: Try and obtain partial differential equation that just depends on E
Apply curl on both side of a)
( )
0 0
t t

| |
= =
|

\ .
H
H
E
Step 2: Substitute b) into a)
2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2 2
t t t t t


= =

D J E P J
E
0
= + D E P
Cool!....looks like a wave equation already
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2 2
0 0 0 0
2 2
t t t


=

E P J
E
2
2
2 2
1
v

=

E
E
t
With:
!
( )
2
= E E E
Use vector identity:
Verify that E = 0 when 1)
f
= 0
2) (r) does not vary significantly within a distance
2 2
2
0 0 0 0
2 2
t t t


= + +

E P J
E
Result:
The Wave Equation for the E-field
Compare:
1) Find P(E)
2) Find J(E)something like Ohms law: J(E) = E
we will look at this later..for now assume: J(E) = 0
In order to solve this we need:
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Dielectric Media
Linear, Homogeneous, and Isotropic Media
2 2
2
0 0 0 0
2 2
t t t


= + +

E P J
E
P linearly proportional to E:
0
= P E
is a scalar constant called the electric susceptibility
All the materials properties
( )
2 2 2
2
0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2 2
1
t t t


= + = +

E E E
E 2
2
0 0
2
r
t


=

E
E
Results from P
Define relative dielectric constant as:
1
r
= +
(2) 2 (3) 3
0 0 0
...... = + + + P E E E
Note 1 : In anisotropic media P and E are not necessarily parallel:
0 i ij j
j
P E =

Note2 : In non-linear media:

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Properties of EM Waves in Bulk Materials
We have derived a wave equation for EM waves!
2
2
0 0
2
r
t


=

E
E
Now what ?
Euh.
Lets look at some of their properties
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Speed of an EM Wave in Matter
Speed of the EM wave:
2
2
0 0
2
r
t


=

E
E
2
2
2 2
1
v

=

E
E
t
Compare
and
2
2
0
0 0
1 1
r r
c
v

= =
Where c
0
2
= 1/(
0

0
) = 1/((8.85x10
-12
C
2
/m
3
kg) (4 x 10
-7
m kg/C
2
)) = ( 3.0 x 10
8
m/s)
2
Optical refractive index
1
r
c
v
= = = +
Refractive index is defined by:
n
Note: Including polarization results in same wave equation with a different
r
c becomes v
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Refractive Index Various Materials
2.0
3.0
1.0
3.4
0.1 1.0 10 (m)
R
e
f
r
a
c
t
i
v
e

i
n
d
e
x
:

n
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Dispersion Relation
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
, Re , exp z t z ikr i t = + E E
( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2
,
,
t
n
t
c

=

E r
E r
t
Dispersion relation: = (k)
Derived from wave equation
Substitute:
2
2 2
2
c
k
n
=
2
2 2
2
n
k
c
=

g
v
Result:
Check this!
k
g
d
v
dk

Group velocity:
1
ph
r
c c c
v
k n

= = = =
+
Phase velocity:
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Electromagnetic Waves
( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2
,
,
t
n
t
c

=

E r
E r
t
Solution to:
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
, Re , exp t i i t = + E r E k k r
Monochromatic waves:
Check these
are solutions!
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
, Re , exp t i i t = + H r H k k r
TEM wave
Symmetry Maxwells Equations result in E H propagation direction
Optical intensity
( ) ( ) ( )
, , , t t t = r E r H r
Time average of Poynting vector:
S
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Light Propagation Dispersive Media
Relation between P and E is dynamic
The relation : assumes an instantaneous response
( ) ( )
0
, , t t = P r E r
( ) ( ) ( )
0
, ' ' , ' t dt x t t t
+

P r E r
In real life:
P results from response to E over some characteristic time :
Function x(t) is a scalar function lasting a characteristic time :
x(t-t)
t = t -
E(t)
x(t-t) = 0 for t > t (causality)
t
t = t
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EM waves in Dispersive Media
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
, Re , exp t i i t = + E r E k k r
( ) ( ) ( )
0
, ' ' , ' t dt x t t t
+

P r E r
Relation between P and E is dynamic
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
, Re , exp t i i t = + P r P k k r
EM wave:
Relation between complex amplitudes
( ) ( ) ( )
0
, , = P k E k
(Slow response of matter -dependent behavior)
This follows by equation of the coefficients of exp(it) ..check this!
( ) ( )
0
1 ( = +

It also follows that:
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Light Propagation Dispersive Media
Relation between P and E is dynamic
The relation : assumes an instantaneous response
( ) ( )
0
, , t t = P r E r
( ) ( ) ( )
0
, ' ' , ' t dt x t t t
+

P r E r
In real life:
P results from response to E over some characteristic time :
Function x(t) is a scalar function lasting a characteristic time :
x(t-t)
t = t -
E(t)
x(t-t) = 0 for t > t (causality)
t
t = t
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EM waves in Dispersive Media
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
, Re , exp t i i t = + E r E k k r
( ) ( ) ( )
0
, ' ' , ' t dt x t t t
+

P r E r
Relation between P and E is dynamic
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
, Re , exp t i i t = + P r P k k r
EM wave:
Relation between complex amplitudes
( ) ( ) ( )
0
, , = P k E k
(Slow response of matter -dependent behavior)
This follows by equation of the coefficients of exp(it) ..check this!
( ) ( )
0
1 ( = +

It also follows that:
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Absorption and Dispersion of EM Waves
Transparent materials can be described by a purely real refractive index n
2
2 2
2
c
k
n
= Dispersion relation k n
c

=
' '' n n in = +
Absorbing materials can be described by a complex n:
( )
' '' ' ''
2
k n in n i n i
c c c

| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .
It follows that:
Investigate + sign:
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
, Re , exp z t z ikz i t = + E E
( ) ( )
, Re , exp
2
z t z i z z i t

| |
= +
`
|
\ .
)
E E
Traveling wave Decay
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
, Re , exp z t k ikz i t = + E E
( ) ( )
, Re , exp
2
z t k i z z i t

| |
= +
`
|
\ .
)
E E
EM wave:
0
' ' n k n
c

= =
0
2 '' 2 '' n k n
c

= =
Note: n act as a regular refractive index
is the absorption coefficient
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Absorption and Dispersion of EM Waves
n is derived quantity from (next lecture we determine for different materials)
' '' i = +
1 n = +
Complex n results from a complex :
' '' 1 1 ' '' n n in i = + = + = + +
0
' 1 ' ''
2
n n i i
k

= = + +
0
2 '' k n =
Weakly absorbing media
When <<1 and << 1:
( )
1
1 ' '' 1 ' ''
2
i i + + + +
1
' 1 '
2
n = +
Refractive index:
0 0
2 '' '' k n k = =
Absorption coefficient:
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Summary
Maxwells Equations

B
E
t

= +

D
H J
t
f
= D
0 = B
Curl Equations lead to
2 2
2
0 0 0
2 2
t t


= +

E P
E
0
= P E
Wave Equation with v = c/n
( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2
,
,
t
n
t
c

=

E r
E r
t
In real life: Relation between P and E is dynamic
( ) ( ) ( )
0
, ' ' , ' t dt x t t t
+

P r E r ( ) ( ) ( )
0
, , = P k E k
(under certain conditions)
Linear, Homogeneous, and Isotropic Media
This will have major consequences !!!
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Next 2 Lectures
Real and imaginary part of are linked
Kramers-Kronig
Origin frequency dependence of in real materials
Derivation of for a range of materials
Insulators (Lattice absorption, Urbach tail, color centers)
Semiconductors (Energy bands, excitons )
Metals (Plasmons, plasmon-polaritons, )
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Useful Equations and Valuable Relations
Curl Equations

B
E
t

= +

D
H J
t
= D
Maxwells Equations Divergence Equations
0 = B
( )
0 0 0 0
1
o r
= + = + = + = D E P E E E
Constitutive relations:
( )
0 0 0 0 0 0
1
m m r
= + = + = + = B H M H H H H
A A V
d E d dv = =

D S S
C A
d d
t

| |
= +
|

\ .

D
H l J S
( ) ( ) ( )
0
, ' ' , ' t dt x t t t
+

P r E r ( ) ( ) ( )
0
, , = P k E k
( ) ( )
, Re , exp
2
z t z i z z i t

| |
= +
`
|
\ .
)
E E
0
' ' n k n
c

= =
0
2 '' 2 '' n k n
c

= =
Gausss Law
Maxwell (also)
Dynamic relation between P and E:
and
Dispersive and absorbing materials:

,absorption coefficient where

Handy Math Rules
( )
2
= E E E Vector identities:
= + E E E
Stokes
A V
d dv =

F S F
( )
C A
d d =

F l F S
Gauss theorem