ABYDOS

by W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE

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M 69. >BYDOS. TEMPLE: GLAZED POTTERY.

1

W'MF'P.

AB Y DOS
PAET
II.

1903

BY

W.

M.

FLINDERS PETRIE
II

Hon. D.C.L., LL.D.. Litt.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., Hon. F.S.A. (Scot.)

MEMBER OF THE IMPEKIAI. GERMAN ARC AEOLOGICAL 1NSTIT1 CI CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE BOCIBTS OF ANTHROPOLOGY, BERLIN; MEMBER OK THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQV ARI J

EDWABDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, INIYERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON.

With a Chapter by
F.

Ll.

GRIFFITH,

M.A.,

F.S.A.

TWENTY-FOURTH MEMOIR OF

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE

LONDON
SOLD AT

The

OFFICES OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND,

i\-d
8,

37,

Cheat

Russell

Street,

W.C

Beacon Street, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

CO.,

bt

KEGAN PAUL, TEENCH, TBUBNEE &

15, Piccabtllt,

Dbtbb* Ho.se,

43,

Gerrard Street, Soho, W.

.

B.

QUAEITCH,

and

ASHEE & CO., 13, HENEY PEOWDE, Ame.n

W.
;

Bedford Street, Coyest Garden, W.<

Corner, E.G.

1903

Fww

Arts-

T)T

51

LONDON
PRINTBD BY GILBERT AND IUVINGTON, LIMITED,
ST.

JOHN'S HOUSE, f'LKRK KNWELL.

E.C.

EGYPT EXPLOITATION FUND.

Iprcsioent.

SIR

JOHN EVANS,

K.C.B., D.O.L.,

DL.D.,

F.R.S., V.P.S.A.

IPicc^ipresiocnta.

Sir E. Maunde-Thompson, K.C.B., D.C.L.,

Prof. G. Maspero, D.C.L. (France).

Prof. Ad. Erman, Ph.D. (Germany). Josiah Mullens, Esq. (Australia).

LL.D.

General Lord Grenfell, G.C.B., G.C.M.G. The Rev. Prof. A. H. Sayce, M.A., LL.D. The Hon. Chas. L. Hutchinson (U.S.A.).

M. Charles Hentsch

(Switzerland).

1boii.

(Treasurers.

H. A. Grueber, Esq., F.S.A.

Gardner M. Lane, Esq.

(Boston, U.S.A.

1bcm. Secretary.
J.

S.

Cotton, Esq., M.A.

Members
H. Somers Claeke, Esq., F.S.A. W. E. Crum, Esq., M.A.
T.

of

Committee.
A. S.

Baylis, Esq., M.A., K.C., V.D.

Murray, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A.

The Marquess of Northampton.

Francis
F. G.

Wm.

Percival, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.

Louis Dyer, Esq., M.A.

Hilton Price, Esq., Dir.S.A.

Arthur John Evans,

T.

Esq., M.A., F.R.S.

Herbert Thompson, Esq.

Mrs. Tirabd.

F. Ll. Griffith, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.

Faemer Hall, Esq.

Kenton, Esq., M.A., Litt.D. Prof. Alexander Macalister, M.D

F. G.

Emanuel M. Underdown, Esq., K.C E. Towry Whyte, Esq., F.S.A. Major-General Sir Charles W. Wilson.
K.C.B., K.C M.G., F.R.S.

Mrs. McClure.

The Rev. W. MacGregor,

M A.

CONTENTS OF PART

II.

CONTENTS
SECT.

PAGE
PI.

SECT.

PAGE

49. Sealings.

xvi

31

61.

Pottery
Pis.

of

Vlth Xllth

Dynasties.

50. Inscriptions,
PI.

Vth
.

Vlth
PL xxi
.

Dynasties
31

xlv-xlvi

39

xvii-xx

51.

Objects of Pepy.
tools,

32
PI.

CHAPTER
The
Bv

V.

52. Copper
xxii

53. Inscriptions,
xxiii-v

.... ....
Vlth

Dynasty.

Inscriptions.

Xlth

Dynasty.

Pis.

F. Ll. Griffith, F.S.A.

33
Pis.

54. Inscriptions,

Xllth

Dynasty.

62 The 63 The

sealings

decrees

xxvi-xxix
55. Inscriptions,
Pis.

33

....
.

41

41

64. Pepy inscriptions 65. Xlth

42
43

XHIth
PL

Dynasty

&c.

XHIth Dynasties inscriptions

inscriptions

xxx-xxxii
xxxiii.

34
35

66. XVIIIth Dynasty inscriptions

67.

44 45

56. Granite pylon.

XlXth Dynasty

57. Inscriptions,
ties.

XVIIIth XIX th Dynas

xxxiv-xxxix
.

Pis.

35

CHAPTER
CHAPTER
IV.

VI.

Summary of Results.
68. Religions 69. Artistic

Flint Knives and Pottert.

58. Flint knives,
59.
xl-xli

.....
APPENDIX.

47

48

38

Pottery of 1st Dynasty.

PL

xlii

38

60. Pottery of
xliii-iv

Ilnd Vtli

Dynasties.

PL
39

70. Size of bricks

....

50

LIST OF PLATES
WITH INFERENCES TO THE PAGES UN WHICH THEY ARE DESCRIBED.

PLATE
I.

Temple

Glazed pottery (coloured)

Ivory figures,
1st

23, 25, 26, 48 23, 24,

24, 28,
is

II.

Dynasty

III.

48
is

IV.

Glazed pottery (coloured)

23, 24, 25.

V.
VI.
VII. VIII.

Glazed figures,

1st

Dynasty

23, 24, 25
.

25

25, 26

,,

Glazed beads,

tiles,

&c,

1st

Dynasty

23, 20
10, 20, 27

IX.

Figures of limestone, &c.

X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.

,,

Glazed figures, &c.

27, 28, 49
.

,,

Glazed and rough pottery

Pottery and inscription, 1st Dynasty

28 48

,,

0, 28, 29, 38,

Ivory statuettes,

1st

Dynasty and Kliufu

.

30, 48, 49
9, 30,

XIV.

,,

Royal objects,

1st

Vlth Dynasties
.

31, 32, 49
.

XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.

Copper

tools, &c.

31

,,

Sealings, 1st

Vth Dynasties
and
stele,

29,
31, 41,
.

31,41

Decree, Teta, Vlth Dynasty

42,49
42,49
43

Neferarkara, Vth Dynasty

31, 41,

XIX. XX. XXI.

XXII. XXIII.

Temple
,,

of Pepy, Lintel
,, ,,

Vlth Dynasty

12,3 1,

41, 42, 43, 48

31, 32,

Inscriptions,

Vlth Dynasty
1 ,

,,

Vases, &c, of Pepy, Vlth Dynasty

20, 25, 31, 32

25, 32, 33
16, 20,33,
14, 32, 33,

,,

Copper
:

tools,

Vlth Dynasty, Iron weapons

Temple

Inscriptions of

Xlth

Xllth Dynasties
I

48 43

XXIV.

XXV. XXVI.
XXVII. XXVIII.

Temple of Mentuhotep III, Xlth Dynasty Temples of Mentuhotep III and Sankhkara, Xlth Dynasty Temple Lintel of Usertesen I., &c.
:

16, 33,

43,48
33,

43
43

,,

Standards, quarry marks, &c.

12, 33, 34,

Usertesen III statues

Inscriptions,
Steles,

Sebekhotep III jambs

XXIX.

Xllth Dynasty

17,34,43 34, 43, 48

34, 43,

XXX.
XXXI. XXXII.

Steles

Xllth XHIth Dynasty of Penthen, &c, XUIth Dynasty

44
36

34, 44
34, 35,

Inscriptions of

XUIth XVIIIth

Dynasties

LIST OK PLATES.
PLATE PAGE

XXXIII.

XXXIV.

Temple of Tahutmes III, W. pylon Temple Offerings of Tahutmes III

:

XXXV.
XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII.

,,

Inscriptions,

XlXth

XXth Dynasties
Amenhotep

....... ....
.....
.

35

35, 44
19, 35,

36

,,

Stele of l'u, tigure of

36, 45
36,

,,

XXXIX.
XL.
XLI.
XLII.
XLIII.

,,

XlXth Dynasty Inscriptions of Unnefer, Nezem and Auy, XlXth Dynasty Boat, harper, pieces of figures of Mut-tuy, XlXth Dy nasty
Head
of Neb-en-maat, figure of Pa-ra-hotep,

45

36, 45, 46
.

,,

Flint knives

....
.

37

38

Flint hoes and scrapers

38
39
39 39

,,

Stone and pottery of earliest temple

Pottery of Ilnd

28, 38, 48
.

Vth Dynasties
Dynasties

XLIV.

XLV. XLVI.
XLVII. XLVIII.

,,

Pottery of Vlth Dynasty

11, 20,
14, 15, 20, 39,

Pottery of
of Old

Vlth Xth

Temple Temple
,,

Kingdom

Temples of
:

Vlth XX Vlth
Dynasty

XLIX.
L.

Some
1st

principal buildings

LI
LII.
LIII.

Ilnd and Illrd Dynasties.

IVth and Vth Dynasties

Vlth Dynasty

.... .... ....

Dynasties
.
.

40
12
18
7

11, 12, 13
.

6, 11, 13,
.

8, 9,

30
34
lu

0,23, 26,28,31, 39
10, 14, 31, 32,
14, 15,

LIV.

LV. LVI.
LVII.
LVIII.

,,

Xlth Dynasty (Mentuhotep Xlth Dynasty (Sankhkara)

III)

15, 16
1(1,

Xllth XHIth

Dynasties
.

17
:\()

XVIIIth Dynasty XXth XX Vlth Dynasties

10, 17, is,

.

V.),

20
21
21
10

LIX.

Periods of levels
of glazes and ivories, 1st Dynasty

5, 6,

LX.
LXI.
LXII.
LXIII.

,,

5, 0,
.

Chamber

,,

Foundation deposits, Vlth

,,

XVIIIth Dynasties

20
21

Tahutmes

III

LXIV.

Connection of pre-historic and historic pottery

21,22

Plates

1.

and IV. inadequately

represent the original draioings in shading.

ABYDOS
INTRODUCTION.
1
.

II.

The work described in this volume was begun

end of November, 1902, and continued
1

we could not reach

it,

and we were obliged thus

at the
till

to leave the early temple site for

some

different

the early part of April,

903.

In the previous

mode

of work.
last

Happily the very exceptionally

season a part of the early town of

Abydos had
its

low Nile of
tunity that

summer gave us

the best oppor-

been excavated, and

it

was shown that

prehistoric
;

period

we could ever hope

to gain.

When

began at the

close of the
first

age and
the con-

extended over the

few dynasties

I went out in November, just after the inundation, the water in our pits was even lower than

nection between the prehistoric scale and the

historic reigns

when

had

left

it

in
is

April, instead of being

was thus
I.

settled,

and the

results

several feet higher as

usually the case.

was

appeared in Abydos

The

position of this

thus able to begin a season with better conditions than are generally obtained at the dry end

town was
closure

close

behind the

site of the old

temples

of Abydos, and within the great girdle-wall enof

of the season

and the water continued

to recede

the

Xllth Dynasty, which stands

as the year advanced.

No

better chance could

about half a mile north of the well-known later

temples of Sety I and Ramessu
the sandy edge
;

II.

and whatever was possible to be done without enormous pumping Avorks was
be ever hoped
for,

This early town being behind the temples, or

completely in our power.

We
below

made use
site

of the
as

more

into

of the

desert,

was

chance by clearing as
could deal with,

much
to

of the

we

higher up

the ground gently sloping from the

down

this exceptional

cultivated land
it

upwards

as a
hills,

sandy plain, until

a couple of miles

water
out

level,

and no one

will ever see

is

more withto

reaches the foot of the

such pumping as

never likely

be

back.

This slope of sand has been encroached

attempted.

As most
earliest

of the site

we

did

clear
for

upon by Nile deposits as the level of the river and what was formerly dry ground when rose built on in the early monarchy is now about
;

had

in

the

time only been used

rubbish, and not for construction, there was the to work less reason to regret not being able

twenty
rise of

feet

below the high Nile

level.

This

the water, due to silting up of the Nile

the obstacle to dealing with most of the

bed,
early

is

sites

and
town.

in

the

previous

season

we

and the sand basis was reached so near is unto the lowest and oldest temple that it here. existed likely that any earlier building We have probably, therefore, exhausted the
deeper
;

cleared as far as
basis of the

we could on

the native-sand

Nearer to the cultivation

level, so that

though no doubt there by the are acres of early buildings and enclosure
site of

the temple

itself,

the sand sloped

down below water

side of

it.

ABYDOS
The broad
can
be
result
is

II.

that ten different temples

whatever stood
exploration.

in the

way

of

more complete
left

traced

on

the same ground, through

difference

All striking pieces of construction,

about twenty feet

of level

each

such as the stone gateways of Pepy, were

temple built on the ruins of that which preceded

it,

untouched, and work carried on to deep levels

quite regardless of the

work

of the

around them

in

this

way

at the

end of the

earlier kings.

season the site was bristling with pieces of walls

2.

On

sites

which having been

briefly occuit
is

and blocks of stonework

feet

rising

ten or fifteen

pied have no great depth of remains,

to turn

best

above the low level clearances.

back the earth as

it is

removed, and so

3.

main consideration

in the

work was

cover again the ground which has been searched.

where to place the removed earth. At the back of

the
site,

And

also

where there

is

no structural connection

to the west, there

all
;

was the ground which

between
building,
to

different parts, such as the plan of a

it is

had been
last

turned over down to basal sand

practicable to tui'n over the earth

season

and that could be heaped up withAccordingly

site,

considerable
results.

depth

without

losing

any

out any risk of covering things.

important

But
so

in the present case the

we began along

the west side of the temple

like

superposition

of

many

buildings,
it

and the

and gradually raised high banks

railway

depth of the accumulations, made

shift the earth entirely

needful to

embankments, along which the boys ran and

threw the earth at the end and
most of
this
sides,

from the ground that we

at the

thus

filling-

searched

and we could only throw back

area.

But the delay caused by

feet distance,
it

lower

levels,

on surfaces which had been cleared

throwing at much over a hundred

to the water.

and the
it

limits of this old

ground, made

im-

In such a clearance
serve
all

was impossible

to pre-

possible
that.

to clear

the whole temple site on to

Had we avoided moving the foundations of the XXVIth Dynasty, we could never have seen much of the earlier work had we left the paving of the XHth Dynasty in place, we must have sacrificed the objects of the
the structures.
;

Pits

were then sunk along the whole of

far

the north side, and the stuff thrown

there.

out

Other

pits

were sunk on the inner sides

between.
of pits, showing about

of these, leaving only walls of earth

And when two

lines

And, moreover, in the present Egypt we could not hope that any limestone building left exposed would be preserved for long so that we should have resigned
conditions of
;

Old Kingdom.

thirty feet breadth of ground,

had proved that

such a space was

clear

of

stonework or any

important walls, we then threw out the earth

close

to the pits.

Similarly on

the east side,

the older works for merely the temporary sight

of later building

and part of the south, having proved that there

which would soon be destroyed. Even while we were continually on the spot,
and so tempting a quarry, with a big
it,

were no temple constructions

at

some way

out,

we could then
feet

raise

heaps of earth ten or twenty

blocks of stone were several times removed at

high

all

along.

We

had
all

to

remove about
only
conse-

night

twenty
area.,

feet

depth of earth

over the excavated

feet,
;

Lime-kiln at each end of

i

will

never be

left

and

sometimes

twenty-five

in

worked by builders and lime-burners.

levels,

Also
left

narrow

lines of walls being left standing

had we only worked the higher

the rest, the

and

quently a huge mass of tip heaps was a necessary

feature of the work.
In

inflow of high Nile

would have

formed
'j
i

pond which would have so rotted the

the future.
jilan

order to move such a great quantity

to a

of

pH ml that deeper work could not have been

in

earth
to

considerable distance
a,

it

was needful
as carriers.

carried on
fore

The only course therefully,

employ

large

number

of boys
old

was

to

everything

and remove

The digging was always done by

hands from

INTRODUCTION.
Quft, about thirty to forty pairs being employed
nil

he marked on

it

and the
fixed

lev<

1-

could

then

be
I

this site;

and the carrying required about

Each
pair
of

measured

off

t"

points.

Altogether,
;

hundred boys, who were drawn from the neighbouring

villages.

Quftis

had

attached to them a sufficient

aumber

of boys,
to

according to the distance and height

the earth

which

made 586 measurements of bricks took 1,073 levels; and made 2,132 plan measurements, besides 2,010 such which were made by Mi'. Stannus. The nine plates of plans here published

In the latter pari had to be carried. of the work the raising of the earth about thirty

are

therefore the

result

of

nearly

six

thousand measurements.
5.
else

feet

to

discharge

added

good

deal

to

the

Besides this work on

eh. ne

the

temples

much
The

labour; the boys had to climb up long rows of

steps cut in the sides of the excavation,

was
fort,

on other regions of Abydos.

and run

old

the Shunet-ez-Zebib, was cleared out,

along zig-zag tracks on the tops of narrow walls,

to reach the outside of the ground.

and the dwelling chambers found Ln it, containing

sealings of
Deir,

The arrangecontinual
their
be,

Khasekhemui
tort

between

that

and the

ment of the thrown earth needed

supervision
;

another

was found,

with chambers

as

the boys
as

if

left

to

own
so

containing -ealings of IVrahsen.

likely that these
also, are the

Thus

n -ecu,,

ways always throw

raise a

near as

may

and

two

forts,

and perhaps the Deir

high bank, up which everything has to

roll

temporary residence- of the kings of

be carried only to
other side.
first,

to

the bottom on

the

the

Ilnd Dynasty.

The

distant

ground should be

filled

explored, finding some important tombs.

great

The cemetery was further The

cliffs,

and long
on

radiating lines of
of

formed,

the sides

bank should be which more should

is

tomb

at

the southern
;

found

last

year,

Avas completely cleared

and another great tomb,

be thrown until
continuously.
4.

the whole space

filled

up

shrine, a terrace
el

temple

the
in a

prototype

of

Deir

Bahri

and
III.

a town, were
I.

discovered,

As the excavation progressed there was an

which are the work of Aahmes

other subjects will he treated

All these

incessant need of planning and recording all the

constructions.

supplementary

Where

these consisted of stone-

volume, Abydos
6.

work, as in the later temples, the joints had to

Our party

of workers were nine in

entirely on the
in
it.

all,

and the surfaces examined to see whether they were foundations or upper conBut in the lower levels where only structions.
be searched
for,

most of
E.

whom were engaged

in

work
Mr.

of the Fund, and all of

If.

Avhom helped
and

Ayrton was

charge of the work on the

;

brickwork work was used the survey needed a long preliminary study of the fragments of walls.
Often,

forts,

and part of the cemetery

alter

that
T.
in

on the great temple

Currelly was
lor a

excavation.

Mr. C.

what looked

like a

high

Avail

when

cleared,

month on the cemetery,

the
to

proved to consist of several

walls, built

nearly

order to learn to

know

men; and then went

work the great

on the same

line in different ages,

but having a
Again,
it

to live at the southern

(dill's,

band of ruins between one another.

tomb

of the

Xllth Dynasty, beyond which he

was
of

difficult

to settle

for certain

the level at

which a wall Avas based, and Avhether two pieces

Avail

Miss L. Eckenfound the works of Aahmes. stein volunteered to come and help us, and gave

Avere really

originally

continuous.

her

time

almost

entirely

to

receiving
in,

the

therefore always

went about

Avith a large dinner-

antiquities that

were brought

and storing
so

knife and a trowel in

my pocket, and spent much

them, which

is

a large branch of
is

work Avhen

of

time in cutting innumerable sections and The top and tracing out the lines of the bricks.

my

much

productive excavation

on hand.

Miss

base

level

of each piece of Avail

then had to

F. Hansard also volunteered her help in drawing, and has produced most of the plates of

ABYDOS
inscriptions.

II.

Miss

M. A. Murray, although

the work, observing the results, and valuing

the objects for rewarding the men.

all

mainly occupied for the Research Account, has

copied some inscriptions and checked over most
of the others.

Of

detailed

work,

had

to

do

all

the examination and intersite,

Mr. N. Rawnsley was occupied

pretation of brick walls in the temple

levelling,

the

in superintending the

workmen

in the temple

and half of the planning

and
arranging
all

also

drawing
plates.

excavation.

And Mr. H.

Stannus gave his

the

pottery

the

architectural knowledge to planning the stone

buildings,
wife's time

Though

the party was larger than usual, there

to spare for

and some of the brickwork.

but the drawings of

My
flints

was certainly no time

ground, containing so
ance which required a

any one,

if

we

was mainly spent on the Avork of the

;

would deal properly with such a large space of

Research Account

many

details of import-

she has done as last year.

My own

time was
all

full record.

taken up in general attention to arranging

CI

AI'TKI!

I.

THE HISTORY OF THE TEMPLES.

7.
it is

Before describing the remains

needful to note that the
this

of the temples of recording

mode

moved by us, being outside of the early temple area. The connection between the sloping sand
zero of last year and the level zero of this year

the levels taken

season differs from that

followed last season.

Ave

In the work in the town

maybe

stated thus:

Near
and
is

the

\V. wall

of the
to

had to deal with separate and unconnected

outer temenos the basal sand slopes

the E. at
for
1 in -40 for

down
1

houses, which there

had not been any reason

;

to

500 inches

then

in

70

place on a level plane at one time

on the con-

1,000

inches,

then horizontal for

region, about the
of last year

trary they were founded on a slope of sand, and

the indications of types of pottery and flints

500 inches or more; at

about at 125 inches

this

Tahutmes pylon, the zero basal sand

is

found at uniform heights above the sand, show

that the accumulation of buildings was fairly

in the

levels of this year.

So, roughly speaking, the sand zero of last year

uniform along the slope over the region then

outside the temple on the west slopes from

to 125 inches

150

worked.

Hence the height over the

basal sand
age,

above the zero

level of this year.

was the truest indication of

relative

and
I.

was always stated thus

in inches in Abydos

But the sand would probably slope down to an average of 100 above zero beneath the
and the average of seven forms of pottery found in both systems of levels, would
temple
site
;

This year the conditions, and therefore the

methods, were different.

levelled in

The temple site was the Xllth Dynasty and onward,

the earlier temples

o-ive

the sand surface as 92

in

absolute level.

regardless of previous slope or irregularities of

the

site.

And

grew irregufilled

larly,

and do not follow a uniform slope of basal

;

Such amount of difference is desirable to avoid confusion, which might have arisen if the numbers had been nearly alike. There are no
heights of objects over sand last year as large as 20 inches, and there are no levels of objects
1

sand

and heaps of broken pottery

Moreover,

part of

the site which was covered by the second and

third temples.
it

was impossible

to

tins

year as small as 120, so there can be no

reach the basal sand under most of the temple

question in future as to the meaning of numbers

and therefore heights could not be read from it. The only method then was to take true
site,

on pottery or other objects from here.

8.

In

the

plans

here

given

it

should be

levels

over the whole ground, and leave the

irregularities of each period to be seen

by the

differences of level.

Hence
to

the levels of this year

understood that not only the new buildings of a buddings certain period are shown, but also all been have to are proved by their levels

which

have no constant relation

last year.

the heights

oversandof

in use at that period.

plan shows then

all

The zero

of this year's levels was taken

that

we know

to

have been in simultaneous

at

400 inches below the top of the large block of

III in the western wall
all

use in one period.

the older from the

granite which formed the side of the pylon of

But in order newer work,

to distinguish

the buildings

Tahutmes
visible

as that

was

from

parts of the

site,

and was not

from which are in previous plans are shaded appear first hio-h left to low right, those which

ABYDUS
iii

II.

the present plan are shaded oppositely

and,

ings are

marked with broken

lines

without any

again, of the fresh buildings, those which are

earlier in the given

shading, so that there can be no doubt about

period are shaded closely,

to

the observed remains.

9.
PI. xlix.

and those which were added

the period are shaded openly.

them later The relation

a,

in

To begin

with, an outline of
is

of

some of the principal buildings

the

given, to
1

show

the different shading

foot of each

is

given in
also the

table at the
levels

general

nature of
all
;

the

site.

have not
the whole

plan

and

of the

attempted to show

periods, nor

shadings at opposite sides of the plan, dependi

work
which
wall

of

any one age

xii

but

only

a,

selection

ng upon the slope of the

site.

will avoid

confusion.

Stonework
line for

is

marked

in

solid
;

black where
in

marked
I
;

was probably

The great outer first built by

of his foundaof

upright construction yet remains

open outBrick-

Usertesen
it

the bricks of the oldest parts of

sizes as bricks
it

pavements and substructures.

are the

same

work

is

shown by shading, varying according

the

tion deposits, and

rests

upon town ruins

that
;

to its age as stated above.

the Old Kingdom.

levels

But

this wall

has been so
a

Upon
inches

plans

the

are

shown

in

often

broken and repaired

it

complete

above the arbitrary

datum.

Usually
;

study of
rest

would be a heavy task

seen.

some parts
and even

two

levels are stated

is

with a hyphen between

on

XlXth
shown
in

Dynasty building,
is

the lower

the level of the base of the wall,

it

Roman jmtchwork
ter of
it is

The general charactowers of

showing when
the

was founded, the upper

at

is

that

in pi. xlviii, with alternating

set consisting of

of the highest part of the wall, which

shows
it

portions,

the

first

ground
use.

level

the period

when

was

brickwork built
connecting
courses.

concave foundations, and then

between, formed in straight
of this construction has

swept away,
its

and therefore dates the

is

close of

walls

AVhere only one level

it

stated to a
it is

The purpose

hyphen before base level, or the hyphen

wall the
is

shows that
it

a
is

long been a puzzle, but a suggestion

may

be

after

shows that

made
face,
in

here.

The weakness
consists
in

of great walls of

a top level.

unbaked brick
also

the scaling of the

There
type,

are

reference
the

numbers
to

in large
re-

when

a whole sheet of two or three bricks

mainly to
to

foundation

deposits,

thickness will crack through and drop

away

ferring

the

numbers

attached

objects

from the main mass.

this
is

An

obvious remedy for

lines

found.

to

have construction

of well-laid

Also there are numbers with decimal points,

as 6'1,

bricks running through

the wall, square with

which show the breadths of bricks used

For the details of such see under
in

the face.
real

And

the

best
lines

way
are

of ensuring that
laid,
is

in the walls.

strengthening

to

have

the "nominal number

the table of dimen-

alternate blocks

built

and

well

finished,

and

sions of bricks at the end of the volume.

This

then

connected

by

intermediate
this

masses.
if scal-

" nominal

number"

is

not necessarily the exact

to refer
in
to

Another advantage of
ing begins
wall
will
in

form

is

that

mean dimension, but it serves group of actual measurements

well as
a,

the

one block the joints across the

it

the

table as
it,

prevent
block.

spreading
alternate

through
concave

to

letter or reference
I'

mark, and

gives

another

The

and

an idea o
time.

the

general

dimension at the same

straight courses are the natural result of build-

It is

intentionally

made

slightly differenl
in

ing isolated

masses, on a concave

bed like

all

for different

group- of bricks,
in the table.

order

to serve

Egyptian houses, and then connecting them by

intermediate walls.
wall,

to identify

them

The hard

lace

across the

All suggestions of restored outlines of build-

and the joint to prevent the spread of

THE BISTORT. OP THE TEMPLES.

scaling,

are

the

essential

advantages

of

this

previous tombs.
far

Al!

if

these

are,

of course,

construction.

below any of the buildings shown

on this

The corner marked

diggers

Kom-es-Sultan

is

the

outline plan.

enclosure which was emptied oul by Mariette's

The excavations of
a

lasl

year began along the

because

of the

abundance of burials
the

north of the site of the temple of Nekht-nebf;

with steles of the Xllth to XVTIIth Dynasties.

row of trenches, with only

between
them,

fool

or

two of
site

They have removed

the base
parts

all

earth

to

far
in

below
i

earth

was run
between
f tin'

from
the

this

of the

walls,

thus
the

digging

northwards,

passing

Kom-es-

right

through

town of
before

the
the

Old
great

Kingdom, which stood

walls

here

Sultan and the py] ami ending beyond

\ VI

Ihh Dynasty,
of

the

tombs

the

l-t

were

built.

Dynasty.
sides of this

This

ground

was

all

completely
a

The inner two

are later than the

enclosed corner
the bricks are
the base of
then,

turned over to the basal sand, and served as

outer

wall;

waste space for receiving the temple earth from

this year's

larger than those of Usertesen, and the wall

is

work.
vi

higher than

his.

It

appears

that burials having

begun
it

in that corner of the

Of the two long walls marked one is older, but was reused by
probably the temenos
of

the inner
Ii

Pepy.

is

great

fortification,

was

feared
so

that

they
cross

the

Illrd

Dynasty.

would spread inconveniently, and

walls

two

The outer
Dynasty,

Avail

is

the temenos
side of

of the
is

Vlth
un-

were built

to

box

off

the

corner

and

the

west

which

yet

reserve that part only for burials.

On
to the

the east side the wall

is

strangely askew

known, and has probably been all de-troyed. The temple of Pepy is shown in the middle,
with the X.,

gateway
is

but the whole history of the

W. and

S. sides of the thin

it.

boundary
which
of the

S.E. corner

so

complex and unexamined that

not at
understood.
site

wall which enclosed

lies

The
the

thick

wall wall

the rebuilding of the walls and their connection

outside of that

is

greal

with the late pylon

is

all

The
from
feature

causeAvay line dotted through the

the
:

east

to

the
later

west gate

is

main

of XVIIIth Dynasty, with wed full., have the seems It to III. Tahutmes line of the Vlth Dynasty wall on the north.

the granite pylon

but

it is

than the Vlth Dynasty,

it,

The
and

walls of the

Xllth

Dynasty arc omitted

so

as the wall of that age cuts in It

and

it

was cut
Dynasty.

here, as they

would cause

much

confusion

two by

later buildings of the

XXth
to

for all the details the following plans should

seems then to begin with Usertesen, whose

it

be studied.

gateways
kept up

runs through

and

have been

The
ment
10.

outline

marked xix shows

Ramcssu
II.

high

level

by Tahutmes

III,
it

who who

built a wall
xviii here),

platform of stone, which Avas probably the baseof buildings of

PI.
1.

with granite pylon for

(marked

and

also

by Eamessu
through

II,

built

great

This plate

includes two

periods

portal colonnade of limestone for the causeway

to

of building,

and an intermediate

stage.

The

pass

on

entering

the

cemetery,

earliest building that I could trace

site Avas at

on the temple

outside the west wall of this plan.

A.

The north end

1

of the thin, long

To

the north of the causeway are seen the

1st

wall

is

based at

14 level, and was cut

down

at

tombs of the

Dynasty,

which were

dis-

covered last year and published in Abydos J, One more, No. 27. was found xxxvi xlix.

probably when the adjacent chambers The Avidc layer of sanded at 1G5 Avere built. groundat 146 shows a rearrangement and fur158
level,

this

year beneath the wall of Tahutmes

it

was

of just the

same character

as

the larger of the

Of the bishing of the site at a second period. same date seems to be the continuation of this

ABYDOS
wall to the southward, based at 154.

II.

No

such

This must have had some supports for the roof,

walls were to be found under

levels of all that

or F, the lowest

and probably the 42

or 7 spaces.
spans,

ft.

Avas

divided into

3, 5,

ground being

tilled

with rubbish

Both
5

and

7 spaces

imply unlikely
ft. ft.

heaps of broken pottery and refuse.

ing

The

build-

and

spaces with spans of 8

each
spans

seems then to be that of the original temple, and to have been entered by a passage

across the width, and 3 spaces with 7

in the depth,

seem most
this,

suitable.

from

the
it

south.

The northern

and western
all

In front of

on the other side of the roadto

walls of

could not be traced,

the north

way, was built a block of rooms at 155

base
level,

165

having been cut away by the sand bed of

XXth
148

and others

at

146

and 163

level.

Dynasty

but a fragment with

its

top at

Just within the temenos

Avail

a set of four

might be part of a north wall of the same age. Of the same earliest building are the chambers

strong store rooms Avere built at F, Avith base

at 161-169 level.

This Avas later increased by

in front of
it,

by

based at 115, the stone paving at 114 west

three

more chambers

at

172 to

of these,

and the chambers at C on the south,

181 level, Avhich cut off the region south of the

based at 120 to 134.

temple from the entrance at D, and must have

The second period, of the rearrangement of A, is marked by the sanded ground at 146 east
of A, the extension of

southward

at

154, the

made the road in front of the temple the only way into the temenos. To the east of the temenos Avail D the ground
Avas

great temenos wall

at 143, the walls east of

sanded over at 154 to 159, and some houses

that at 145, and the house

away

to the

west at

Avere built at 162, with

two circular granaries.

is

142.

The date
the

of this second temple

indicated

by

As

rubbish accumulated

the

level rose

ribbed slate like that of

alabaster like that of
of

about these buildings, and the approach sloped

Den at 170, and Den at 180, Avhile a

the Avest at 178.

ribbed
sealing

upward, as seen at the yellow brick

north-east,
11.

floor

on the

Qa

Avas further to

These

which

rises

from 142

to 165.

positions

may

be taken as about the level of the

The next period shows the establishment

larger buildings at

close of the 1st Dynasty, as the objects of

Den
then

of

much

and F.

The

were probably old when throAvn aAvay.

the close of the 1st Dynasty
level, Ave
is

If

ground
of

level

had risen by accumulations at

at

170 to 180
F,

and around

it,

so that the base of the south wall

must put the

later

chambers of
;

and

from 157 on the east to 185 towards the west, completely burying the remains of the
rises

later front of E, to that age

and the building

be of the

of the temple

E and temenos D must

older temple at A.

The great building

with
Avails

at

E
;

earlier part of the 1st Dynasty,

perhaps of Zer.
site

was 42

ft.

wide

inside,

ft.

thick

This

Avill

throw back the furbishing of the

at 146 level to the time of

the difference of shading

change of

level,

but

it

upon it is to mark this was doubtless all built at

traced,
line

and sanding
and the

Mena

earliest

temple at

Avould be that of
0.

the same time.

The north wall was not

level, as

the pre-Menite kings of Dynasty

Such seems
fixed

but

it

must have been under the

170-190
Avail

of the

the probable history of the

site,

from the
the

later wall a1
will

on the next plate

position of the latter part of the 1st Dynasty.

be seen a

at 180-210,

which clearly

12.

PI.

li.

The temple

of

llnd and

bounded the road on the north; and, allowine

for the road width, the

Illrd Dynasties Avas

much
and

the same structure

north face of the temple

as that bull! in the 1st

door-sill

Dynasty.
a

An

entrance
to the

can
190.
'21

hardly

have been
with an

beyond the
entrance

wall

170-

remains at

skew front
sill

We
12

must then imagine a space of about

ft.,

store
i^

on the north.

rooms was shown in the

built,

with a

last plan,

at 1X5, which which but should be

TIIK

IN

I'OltY

OV THE TBM1
traceable,
il

transferred

to

the

present.

A
an

Long

wall

was

prol

al

3tarfo

<l

in

the
a-

[Vth
before,

built at 180 level,

bounding the temple road on

west
outer
enclosure
t<i

Dynasty.

The ground sloped much

hern
gtill

the

north.

To

the

and bence we may consider the eastern

-'
' I

door-sill

appears at 200-235
joined
the

Level,

which seems

bave

level tu lia\e

Ml

ll-e

along Willi

southern
is
is

boundary wall

D.

The

the black ash lied of offerings

beginning aboul

north boundary

probably the wall

a

202-254.

210.

Within

this area

sanded space at L90, and a

space outside
in
ii

The

thick outer wall mi the east

remained as

much

larger
a

sanded
great

at

192,

before, and the general

ma<s

,,|

store
i"

chambi

showing
Dynasty.

refurbishing

the

llnd

which were, however, extended

Hi

the north,

the disappearance of the older temple.

The
of

To

the south of the temple the

left at
1

way which

site
in

west of the stores -'ems

to a

have been cut

had been

74 level past the building at

oil'

two

by

long wall

1);

new
that
oil'

block

by the extension of the great store chambers C. The older boundary

cut
wall, E, at 171 to 195

161-194 was

dwellings being built in between

old
st<>re>.

and the
actual

Probably

1)

shut

the

was

in the

llnd Dynasty

temple from stores and dwellings.

14.
itself

rebuilt

much

thicker at 195 to 210, and the

Whatever
by Pepy.
is

there

av,-i<

of
in

the

shrine

temenos wall was thickened by adding about

6
ft.

had mainly disappeared

I

the

recon-

more brickwork

to its outer face at

177

struction

Jut a great

ash bed re-

level.

In front of the temenos some more skew

mained which
Level black

so far unique.

At

about

_'1<i

buildings were added.

burnt earth had been accumulated

out

At
found

the

south
pit

of

the
ft.

temple building was

on the ground, and spread

over a space

a
;

about 4

deep
cut

and

ft.

in

more than 10 by
delimited

15 feet in area.

After several

diameter

it

was
In

roughly

through

the

inches thickness was piled

up the ground was

of

strata of pottery

and rubbish, and whitewashed

it

by a thin wall
end, the

two courses of
being laid upon

over the sides.

cylinder,
to

was found the limestone

276
;

bricks end to

bricks

shown on

pi. xii

and the
is

level

the ashes.

This boundary was observed, and

it

which the cylinder must be credited

This
is

that

the further accumulations inside

were mainly
it

of the top of the pit 187.

practically

charcoal ash and fine carbon, while outside

the ground level of the temple, which

seen
is

we have
The
fine

of about the
xii,

date of Zer.

was earth stained black by the dust. No bones were found in this pile, nor any definite objects
of
sacrifice

black cylinder,

275, was found at the same

or

ottering,

except hundreds

of

level in the Avestern region.

Agreeing nearly
style of

little

twists of
xiv,

burnt

clay, of the

forms shown

with this dating

is

the

flint

hake of the

in pi.

285

287.

These seem to be the

Zer found at 197

level,

S.W. of the temple.

rest

very
of

degraded and conventionalized imitation

ottering,

The southern ground was higher than the

likely
PI.

some object of

perhape the foreno

of the site in later times, a difference which very

quarters of a sheep.

This heap cannot be re-

began
lii.

earlier.

garded as a mere rubbish heap, because (1)

An

entire reconstruction next took

ordinary rubbish such as broken pottery was

place,

in

which the

older buildings

of

the

found
a

in

it,

(2) it

was carefully delimited with

(3)

temple were cut

buildings

down to below started. The date of

but as
it
it

210, and
this

new
is

thin

line

of

bricks,

only one class of

there,
It

change

votive

offerings

was found
of burnt
is

and these

uncertain

is

the last building before

in

were not found anywhere

fore

else.

must

there-

that of Pepy,

must have been

use in the

be

hearth

offering; and
in

no

Vth Dynasty, though,

as there are

two periods

such

offering

place

known

any of the

10

ABYDOS
in

II.

temples before or after this here, nor

other Egyptian building.

any

tained
1st

the

"lazed

figures

and

ivories

of the

Dynasty.

This

and

some
as

of

the

other

The building around

those before or after
;

this

was smaller than

in fact a

offerings
in

ought rather to have been entered

plan
;

it

was

mere

cell

the

previous

but
it

there

was no

about 12

feet wide,
;

which enclosed the ground

and there does not seem to
this.

building in this region,

all

seemed best to keep

of burnt offering

the offerings together on one jdan, so as to

be any space for a temple beside

Ave

Have

see their relation.

not here in this change in the character of

There

is

a difficulty in understanding

how
came
these

worship the basis of the tradition about Khufu, preserved by Herodotos, that " having shut up all the temples, he first of all forbade
the

the chambers 64 and 65 at the north end

to

have objects of the

the
levels to

1st

Dynasty

in them.

By

we.

should

attribute

them

to

offer

sacrifice,

and

afterwards

he
"

chambers

the

Xlth

Dynasty.

Either

we
ft.

ordered
(Hdtos.

all
ii,

the Egyptians to

work

for himself

must suppose that building must have gone on

very rapidly here, raising the
site
;

124)

6 or 7
else

At

the west and south

is

of this cell of burnt

above the rest of the ground

or

that

offering

a bed of sand, A, which supported

these early objects were found in digging

by
and
ix,

a later building based at

about 230
cell

level,

which

Sankhkara when he rearranged the

rooms.

place,

seems to have enclosed the

This

of

offerinsr.

were then put aside as sacred in some disused

may

well

have

been a temple of the

As

the large

ape-like

stones

(pi.

priestly age of the

at 92 differs

Vth Dynasty.

The deposit

195, 196) were set upright against the

sides, it

chamber

from any other, having only a few small beads and a little model adze of copper in
the sand.

appears that they were respected

when

put in position.

South of
buildings,

this

sanctuary

was
clear

block

of
left

The general nature of the sanctuary of the IVth and Vth Dynasty then is different from
the earlier or later arrangement.
large building there
ings,
is

E, which

had a

passage

Instead of a

between
15.
to

it

and the dividing wall D.

offering cell appears

cell for

burnt
it

offer-

The entrance to the

and an open space beyond

and
vases

in

which

have been from the north, the road passing

stands

were

placed,

apparently

from the east gateway along the north face of

the building.

bounded by the walls G, and

30
ft.

another wall

Thus the two decrees of Teta

C,

to

the south

outside of this wall on

and Neferarkara,
the
cell, so as to

Avhich

lay

face

down,

the south the broken offering jars were thrown

in

stood probably one on each side of the road to

a heap.

Both the

cell

and

the
later

offering

be well seen and known.

of the

At
led
at

ground were covered over by the

of Pepy.
16.
PI.
liii.

temple

is

the stone

sill

doorway which

into the precinct, at level 185.

The stones
belonged.

The

Vlth
:

Dynasty
the

was

203 and 209 may

be part of the foundations of

sill

great time of reconstruction

two stone

a stone doorway to which this

gateways of the enclosures, and the two stone

Behind the sanctuary

to the wesl

the ground

doorways of the temple of

earliest

this

age being the

that

was strewn with various

of pottery stands

offerings.

Two groups
broken
other

important

stonework
of the

remains.
are given
(pi.

(see pi. xii,

270-272) and two

The evidences of the date

by the
stele

work

other

such
of

stands,

great

mass of
various

of

the
in

Vlth
its

Dynasty
original

xix)

pottery
vases,
pari

Large

vessels

and

standing unmoved
just

base-block,

were
Inn;

in this area.

The most importanl

69,

in front of the
is

temple doorway, on ground

was

the

chamber

which

con-

which

at

the level of that

under the stone

THE BISTORT! OP THE TEMPLE!:

door-sill.

11

The
this
ii

position
to

of

the

steles

pr
up;

(No.

by

the

sid

of the
(pi.

sill,

which con

thai
isted

the
in

entrance

bhe

temple already exthey were

set

'niied a

pottery

vase

xlv,

115) of the form

similar
deposil
E.,
al
is

position

before

of

Pepy280

alabaster vases.
ai
(;.'><>

and yei
as the

cannot be much older than the

steles,

(No. 81) was found

al

inches to the
I

and 750

ground of the sides is lower than the doorway, and the tablets of Pepy 1 were thrown away on ground at the same level as
the

level

and another (No.

19)
it

inches to ihe S.E. at 299 level.

that
the
level
is

Here

clear
io

building ground
ai

varied

from

196

doorway.

This

doorway

carries

with

it

299

one period
lowest

and

in

general
tin'

the the

the age of the western building A, into which

it

P.

the

ground, and

SAW

leads; and this again implies the age of the

15,

highest.

outer enclosure

which

is

at

the

same

level.

17.

The

building

at

A,
to

with

thick

walls

The gateway
of the
east
Gr

D
face

is

self-dated

by the name of

and two doorways, appears

be the temple of

Pepy, which can he traced on the north jamb

(sec
pi.

Pepy
middle
the

it
ft.

was 60
It
ft.

ft.

from

hack
to

to

front,

xlvii).

The outer
wall
stoi'c
is

and 70

wide.

appears

have
ft.

had

a
A.S

gateway
of

D,

as

must be subsequent to the it was built to enclose the

wall,

hall,

23

wide and 49
brick,

long,

walls

were of
;

the roofing was pro-

chambers attached to that

a

and

it

at

bably of timber
the spans

with two rows of five pillars

ft.

higher level.
plans,
in

Yet, as
the

further
altered

bases

we shall see in the F were buried and

therefore

would he 8
is

each

way, and

the

only

uncertainty

the

possibility

of four or

the

Xlth

Dynasty, and

six pillars

having been used.

c\\<\,

The two
this

doors,
a

they and the outer gate at the same level must

one at each

shows that

was

pro-

be

much

older than

that age.

As from our

cessional temple, like others before the

KVIIIth
hall stood

general knowledge of the history

we can hardly
in

Dynasty.

In the S.W. corner of the

suppose a gate
wall
(see

such as
to

and a large temenos

the
it

a group of three large ring stands and two jars.

(pi. xiv,
lit;1

pi. xlix)

have been built

19.)

dark ages of seems that

of the
this

the

Vllth

Xth
Pepy,

Dynasties,

The north doorway

ou
pi. xlvii.

consists

of a

pavement

mosl likely belongs to the close

of stone blocks, seen in side view and top view

Vlth Dynasty.
the

As

the gateway

is

The

position of the

east,

jamb

is

most probably of the

built

first

who we know
and

shown by two blocks of stone

rest of
it,

in place,

and the

temples

of

Tanis,

Bubastis,

and that of the west jamb by the

stone

Koptos, this leaves over 120 years to the close

of the dynasty, or 100 years before the end of

sunken surface where the

had
side

stood.

The deep groove along the west

inserting the pivot block, and

was

for
in

the second Pepy, enough time for the growth

of the difference between the gate levels.

then sliding

the bottom pivot of the door after the lop one

The ground varied in level a good deal at The gateway D is only 196 level this period.
:

was

in

place.
a,

There was

single door, 57 in.

in.

wide, closing

passage of 41
is
a.

wide.

The
in

the ground slopes rapidly up

to

the

west

at

southern doorway
with
4
in.

single

block

of stone,
all

about

in 10 to 234, as

shown by the

slope of

height of the jambs cut out

in.

the bases of the wall on the south of the way.

one piece, and 2

sunk lower
is

for

the door \\w

Thence

it

continued on one level to the ground

steles at 235.

play (on which the level 273

written);

by the Pepy
the temple
is

The north door

of

whole block being 2

single,

in. thick.

The door was

passage

at 245,
is

and the south door of the

That these are of the

42

in.

wide,

closing

34

in.

same building
same age
is

at 273.

between the jambs.

the pivot and
its

The groove
is

for inserting
side.

shown by a foundation deposit

block

on the west

12

ABYDOS
the inner sides of the

II.

On

jambs are two blocks

Avail

dently there had been a long record, of Avhich

of brickwork, shaded closely here, which seem

only

this

fragment

is

left.

The

steles

Avere

older than the rest of the

are
inserted
;

in

which they
266

between them the walling was

X 9^ and 29 x 6 in., set in sockets 40 X 19 the southern one was broken and 37 X IS in.
29
;

filled

in across the

doorway down

to

level,

at the end.

doubtless

by

Sankh-ka-ra,
of Pepy.

wall on the line

built likewise

who reared this He may have reeither side of

Around

this

temple
Avail.

there

seems
is

to

have

been an enclosure

At B

a corner of

the
if

portions on

wall based at 237, which has

been ruined at
yet the Avhole of

the dour, and,

so,

only the two jambs built

290 and rebuilt at 298 inches

it is

against the

stonework are originally of Pepy.

being
higher

earlier

than the

Avail of

the Xllth

Dynasty
Avail

This part

than the rest of the

Avhich

superseded
is

it.

As

the

south

of
is

temple has suffered most in the levelling down

Pepy's temple
clearly
of the

based at 232, this enclosure

age.
It

and reconstruction of the Xlth Dynasty.

same

probably ran on
based

On
to

either side of the great Avail there

in

seem

nortliAvard
at 202,

till it

joined a
at

Avail Avhich Avas

have been store chambers,

which Avere
(pi.

and destroyed
Avail

254

for

Sankh-ka-ra to
line.

found an alabaster vase of Pepy

another of the same form No.
eight
10,

xxi, 8),

build his oavu

on nearly the same

a group of
11),

The
till

Avhole

of this temple remained in

III,
;

use
shall

copper feathers,

gilt

(xxi,

and

the time of Mentuhotep

as Ave

copper tube like xxi, 2.

Outside of the temple

see in dealing Avith his Avork

the ground had

on the north lay an alabaster vase of Neferkara (Pepy II) xxi,

of
7,

an accumulation of a foot or more of

it

mud on

the five glazed tablets

II,
little

in the course of centuries.

it

Then by SankhAvails

Pepy

I,

and one of Pepy

xxi,

12

14,
2.

kara

Avas pulled

down, the

levelled to

and a copper tube and two

cups, xxi,

to the

mud

around, and a thick bed of about

it

At 100
stone
Avail

in.

east of the north door a block of

3 feet of sand laid over

to bring

it

up

to

the

Avas

inserted in the face of the temple

general ground

level of surrounding parts which

(the
;

outline in the plan

detail

is

incomplete in
is

had been raised by

18.

ruins.

front)

the

of this block
in
it,

given on

At C

is

a portion

of another

large

PL

xxvii.

The grooves
as
it

deeper at the
hold

building

Avhich

may

belong to

the
it.

previous

back,
staves
of
;

seem
and

if

intended
Avell

to

upright

dynasty by the rather loAver level of

may
in

be the earliest form

At
To
in

is

a sloping ascent rising about one in

the

grooves

the

temple

fronts

of the

ten from the lower level of the stone gateAvay.

the south of
it
is

XVIIIth Dynasty,
If so,

in Avhich masts

were placed.
used in ex-

the older group of store

the staves

may have been

them

chambers, Avhich received a neAv north end, E,

this

ternal processions, and not being brought into

period,

probably

in

connection

Avith

the temple, some stand for

outside.

Avas required

building the slanting wall

south of D.

The

stone gateAvay remains in good condition up to

in front of the
steles,
still

Almost
limestone
bases
of
in

doorway stood three

broken

five feet high, sec pi. xlvii.

The

surfaces Avere

socketed in the original

anciently weathered, so that the inscription of

l'cpy

limestone.

They had been

them

can scarcely be traced

in

but the Avhole

down
soil,

later times to the level

of the
:

mud
its

had been buried

accumulation of earth, so
flight

Avhich had partly buried

and thus

that Sankhkara built a

of rough steps

only the northern

inscription,

one

retained

any of
for

before

it

(xlviii),
live

and did

not

concerning
the

endoAvments
(pi.

the

stone below
his wall

fed of height
it.

remove the when he founded

the north side of

service

to

royal statues

xix).

Evi-

on the top of

On

THE HISTORY

(>K

THE TEMPLES.
The outer
is

18

the east end the boll holes are seen in the stone
(xlvii),

wall through which this gate leads

and there
There

is

a
at

door pivot

in

the south

part

of a

huge temenos, which

wall,

ran

outside

side of the

doorway
is

each end of the stone

the

inner

temenos
site.

and probably

round
Bhaded

gateway.

no trace of any continuous

the whole

The

Line outside of the

jointing of the stone at the junction of the two

wall on each side

to

show- the place of the foot

Doth walls are

walls; so

that the whole

gateway appears
earlier

to

which the side slopes out.

in

belong to one age.

is

The
its

outer additional wall

obvious

the
as

general

field

of ruins

away

to

based

at

177, which

shows an

age

the south,

showu on
feel

the

plan

(pi.

\lix).

than the gateway with

in

floor at L96.
is

Ahoui

-c\

enty
to

aorth of the gateway

west,

the

front of the
is

gateway

the colonnade

wall

turns

the
the
all

and

must

have run
111

which
at

certainly later, as

the pillar bases are

on to

where

wall
this

of

Tahutmes
great

later

220, and
is

probably the

ground about 214.

appeared.

But

part

was entirely dug

sand
all

This

same date as the buildings north those south of it with of it with a sill at 220 and the outer gateway G at 220. a sill at 219
of the
; ;

out by Ramessu III

hi- buildings,

for a

bed of
I"

which has destroyed

It

trace

earlier work-.

may
as

be suspected that this

the end
side

It

seems that a pair of bases to the west of

;

line ran

on

to the

piece of wall at

of

these has been lost

with such a pair the spaces

to

the Kom-es-Sultan,

the south

of this

would be equal up
are

the brick

antae which

temenos runs as

far

west as that point.

this

The
as

built on at either

side of the inner gateall

only place to find the west side of

temenos

The spaces would then be those across the gangway, up to the

way.

equal,

would be under the temple of Nekht-nebf,

the

flank walls

north and south, and from pillar to pillar and

up

to the

gateways.
pillars

Unfortunately no
;

trace

modern sebaleh diggers have entirely dug away all construction elsewhere on the west. The wall has been economized at the north-east
by building
clean sand.
it

remains of the
stone
bases of

and,
pillars

considering
at

the
it is

hollow and

tilling the

space with

wooden

Kahun,

The

large vacant space over the

is

very possible that they were

19.

here also of

wood.

" yellow brick floor "

It looks as
if

difficult to

understand.

The outer gateway at G is much more ruined, only some of the lowest course of The pavement stones remaining (pi. xlvii).
has been greatly worn away, breaking through
in parts

intended for a gateway; yet the

is

base of the wall

at 210,

and cannot therefore

at 220.

be older than the gate

pavement

Also

chambers at 220 completely block across the

opening.

and patched with rough

stones.

The

There seems no reason

Avail
it

for

making
if

inner door-sill was also hollowed

several inches deep.

by

treading,

such a thick
large gap
in

with a stone gateway,

close

The

far

greater amount

of wear on this gate compared with the inner one is due to more use, as it led to dwellings and stores as well as to the temple and also
;

Perhaps some
opening.

by the outside building masked

was made

gate.
this

20.

To

the south of the gates a large block

due to longer

use, as the

inner gate floor was

of stores, and perhaps of dwellings,

was

built

buried in earth probably before the colonnade

against the inner wall J, K, and the outer wall

was
the
a

built,

whereas the outer gate was in use to

In the

was separated from

it

by a narrow

passage

Xlth Dynasty.

N.W. corner was

pivot block of hard

black quartzose stone,

which gave access to the space further to the It is a remarkably narrow and awkward south.
passage, about

slightly concave
It

on the top and highly polished.

two
it

feet

wide

at
all

the bottom,
the traffic to

was stolen

at night soon after

we found

it,

considering that

had to take

the

museum guards

being ineffectual.

a space four or five hundred feet long; for no

14

ABYDOS
entrance

II.

other
wall.

has

been

observed

in

this

The chambers contain two

large circular

granaries,
of wheat.

which probably held about ten tons

This would feed nearly a hundred

The space between the outer wall M, and the gateway wall G, contained no structures of this age. Nothing was met with but broken pottery
and
rubbish heaps, and therefore

we stopped

people for a year, and

the

number
a

of persons

we thus get some idea of who were provided for

after clearing

about a quarter of the area with

I

pits in various parts.

wished to avoid over-

by these store-rooms.

throwing the

scanty
if

remains of the

XXVIth

About
at
1!>7,

hundred

feet to the east of this wall

is

Dynasty temple,
21.
of

there was nothing likely to

it.

there was a thick wall, M, the base of which

be of importance beneath
PI. liv.

and therefore probably of the age of

Pepy's gateway at 196.

at

We

only disclosed

it

The greater part of the buildings the Vlth Dynasty seem to have continued in

one part, as the depth of the ground made

it

it

use until the great reconstruction by Sankhkara.

tedious to work, and

lay so Jar out that

we
a

But
at

in the time of

Mentuhotep
the
altars

III

some
red

could not expect temple buildings.

ness of
it,

The
it

thick-

changes

were made.
A,

Outside

temple of
of

17 feet, seems to
of
it
:

show that
the
site.

was

Pepy,

two roughly cut

great outer fortification

At one
a

granite were placed side

by

side.

The spout
their

point
laid

we found beneath
as
if

the bones of an ox,

of the altar was to the north, and they sloped

around

in a pit

probably this was

down

in that direction.

They seem from

to

sacrifice at the founding: of the wall.

regular

arrangement

be

in

the

original

A
floor

peculiar building was

consisted
;

found at N.
of thin
in

The

position.

The

inscription

was only the king's

These

of

two

layers

slabs of

cartouche and the figures of offerings.

limestone

and between them,

the

mortar,

indicate that the approach to the temple

still

was

were two bent rods of copper thickly plated with gold, about inch thick and 5 inches long.
.}-

on the north, the path probably leading

altars

between the

up

to

the

door of Pepy.
level,

The

sides of this long

chamber were thin

slabs
at

The tops
ground

of the altars

were at 276

and the

of limestone, about 3 inches through,

rough

level of that

age about 266.

pit full of sand,

Close

by

the back and smooth inside.

At

the north end

them was a square

from 263

were traces of an arched

start,

roof,

45 high to the

down
found

to 243 level
in
it

but nothing whatever was

and 80 inches high

to

the crown.

The
wide

except two bits of broken rib bone,

whole chamber was 397 inches long, 71 at the south and 73i at the north.
level

and a broken end of a pot of probably the Xlth

Dynasty.

The
210

On
in

the

top

of

the

sand was
as

five

of

the

pavement
and

was
This
so
it

213,
is
is

or

inches of chips of sandstone, such

Mentu-

by another measurement.

about the
entered on

hotep used

the building, and a layer of chips

all.

Vlth Dynasty
this plan,

level,

and mortar on the top of

Near by,
the

at

(ill,

lint as the slahs

imply a backing of
it,

was a circular
a
pi.

hole,

which from
In
of

level

is

earth (being thin

and rough on the back),

propably of the same age.

pot
xlvi
;

the
1

sand

was
L96,

would seem that

subterranean
if

this

may have been

of

an entirely
period,
it

between

the

forms

and
the

chamber

some

later

and other pottery of the Xlth Dynasty

in

the roof were entirely below ground,

would
Xllth

was

found

the

earth

just

over

sand

imply that this was at least as

late as the
it

filling.

Dynasty
form

and the poor work of

XY.H,
,.

would agree

The construction
were found, reused

of

Mentuhotep must have

the

best to the
is

XXVIth
else.

Dynasty.

The

been important, as several blocks of sculpture

in

unknown

before,

and the purpose not

XVIIIth Dynasty
pis.

for

illustrated

by anything

building foundations, see

nmy, xw.

All of

THE

IIISTOUY OF

THE TEMPLE8.
the Hint flooring this
tional

these are of sandstone: and, so far as remains

go, this

must have been an inten-

was the
it

first

stone

temple

at

A.bydos.

deposit
bole.

or

deposits,
ii

and aol

merely

The

position of

of Pcpy, as

was probably near the temple the Mocks were found reused about

waste

Perhaps

was an offering place

;

belonging

that region, the foundations in which they were

laid being

to the temple the irregular form being thus accounted for by the repeated digging

those
liv

marked A and
at

I!

on

pi. lvii.

of a fresh hole to deposh

the offerings.
I)

Now

on

pi.

there are,

B,

five

limestone

bases of columns, which are rather too high to

entirely

Coming further easf we see that at new group of chambers bad been
perhaps
the
these

an

built;
close

belong to

Pepy,
level

being
is

248, 249

level,

while

but
of

might

belong

t<>

tin-

Pepy ground
building- 245.

235 along there, and his

they are certainly
before
(h.-v

Ylth

Dynasty.

The square chamber

vaulted, so n
tin'

And

marked 280-227 was

have been
period.
a

barrel

may
next

the building of Sankhkara at 289 level, as

lie

subterranean chamber of

in the

bottom of

his thick

sand bed.

They
being

do not

fall in

with the plan of Pepy's or Sankh-

At C the south end of the greal store chambers of the Old Kingdom had been
abandoned, after
filling the

kara's walls.
18, 23, 24,

They vary much

in size,

S.E.

chamber with
age.

29 and 30 inches across; but clearly

the broken wooden statues of that

And

belong to one plan by their position.

therefore belong to a building largely

They must made up

they

new chambers were added over

Outside the temenos
with
granaries
of

tin-.'.

Pepy
in

the

chambers

of old materials
to

and

Ave

cannot attribute such

So,

continued

use.

Tin- colon-

Pepy or

to

Sankhkara.

unless

nade betAveen the gates was partly earthed up;

were arranged by some king who has

other trace,
hotep.
of eight

left

no

and

at 230, or fen inches over the

column

bases,

we must attribute them They suggest a wide portico

pillars

to

Mentu-

a Avail

was

built

which must have touched the

facing east.

northern

columns.

The
at 231.

wall

on the south of

in

front, those

which remain

the columns must have

time, as the base
is

been

renewed

at

this

being the four to the south of the axial path leading to the front of Pepy's
Avail at

Also
the

a buttress

was

temple.

The

thin

built against the side of

outer

gate, this

258 to 230, just before the

Avail

pillars,

seems

buttress, the Avail south of the columns,

Avail

and the
all

to

have been the retaining

of the founda-

244-194 S.W. of the

inner

gateAvay,

tion of a stone front to the portico.

Avail

This stone

have the same peculiar quality of gritty

bricks,

Avould be outside of the remaining brick,

Avhich Avould suggest that they were built at the

and so leave a space of about 100 inches centre

to centre across to the pillars,
Avhile

same time;
have been

if

so the
at

S.W.
the

Avail

244-194 must
of
the

the span

added
later.
lv.

close

Vlth

betAveen the pillars

is

103 at the end, and 113

Dynasty or
23.
PI.

along the front.

The temple
that

of

Pepy

Avas so

22.

At
Avas

in

the

west

part of

the Pepy

ruinous,

however,

Sankh-ka-ra

entirely

temple

an irregular

IioUoav,

filled

with a

swept

it

away, and built upon a new plan which

lines.

very large deposit of hundreds of pottery vases,

of the

ignored the old

Pepy's temple,

The former enclosure

pi. lv, Avas

of

types given in
in

pi.

xlvi,

nos.

157-186.

on

used to limit

Below them

some parts

Avas a flooring
flint, laid

made

the foundations of Sankhkara's neAv Avork, but the

eastern side of this neAv square of building ran

of very thin, rough flakes of

closely

together overlapping

and a good deal of white

through the midst of the

the

site of

Pepy, and none

ashes of burnt offering

mixed

Avith the deposit.

of the old temple Avails had any connection with

There was no
dark

Avhite sand for filling in, but all

new building.

The ground

.around had pro-

mud

earth between the pottery.

From

bably risen a good deal by repeated rebuildings

16

ABYDOS

II.

during several centuries, and so the old temple

site

evidently for the sake of dryness.

They may
a
tool

was too low.

of
at

It

was raised by a thick

the

belong to the previous period.

square
models,
deposit,
is

At 95 was

bed
stood

sand

so
to

that

new

pavement
of 245.

which, from the minute

285

289

inches,

instead

The new wall

to
this
is

east

of the square will be seen

and may
to the

not of the XII th or XYIIIth Dynasty, At 80 was another belong to this age.

have a portion
a

hatched

as

being

older

deposit, with a few pots

which seemed to belong

fragment of Pepy's front wall which

was left to -rand as part of the doorway of Pepy adjoins this on the west

new

line

the
side.

Xlth Dynasty. The very broad wall, P>, to the east of this may be misunderstood. Only one or two courses
of bricks remain bedded on sand,

The position
is

of the entrance to the

new

building

and they may

not known.

The dating

of this

new work

is

fixed thus.

have been pavement as well as wall. The large pit on the east of it at the south end contained
nothing.

'We have seen Mentuhotep's altars in line with

the entrance to Pepy's temple, showing that the

The date

of this Avail

is

fixed
I

by

its

underlying the temenos of Usertesen

at the

entrance there was in the old plan

is

line.

Here the
later

south, and yet rising completely over the gate-

entirely different,
III.

and

this

must be

way
it.

of Pepy,

which was buried

five feet

under

than Mentuhotep
square had
of this

On

the other hand, the

this

It seems then to belong to the high level

deposit pit of Usertesen I

its

in the middle of

reconstruction
at E,

by Sankhkara.
rude
steps,

Outside

this,

brick sides rising above the level

therefore the paveIt

was a

flight of

formed of

single,

new pavement, and

is

rough blocks of stone, to lead up from the

of the half-buried colonnade to the

level

ment
three

older than Usertesen.

or of

must, then,
I,

new

level of

be of Sankhkara

Amenemhat

and

as

the reconstruction on the top of Pepy's gateway.

blocks of Sankhkara were found reused

(pi.

These are seen in

pi. xlviii,

before

we removed

here

xxv),

it

is

pretty
the

evident that this

them
24.

to

show the older gateway.

PI. lvi.

re-establishment

of

temple was

due

to
" ?

Usertesen

swept away a large

laid out

him.

The
of
is

pit

on the west marked " Deposit

it

part of the earlier

work and

an entirely

was empty, but near

tablet

lay the small alabaster

PI.
xxiii.

new temple on
temenos walls
disappeared

much
1st

larger plan.

The

old

Sankhkara,
a

East
;

of the
is

of the

IVth
and

Dynasty had

square

pavement

at

278

level

this

seven
it

long

ago,

inches below the western

pavement, but as

temenos of Pepy was

larger temenos
also

lost.

now the outer A new and far

interferes with Pepy's temple

which Mentuhotep
Sankhkara.
bricks

was

laid out,

kept

up,
walls

it

can hardly be before

at

expanded.

This

The

are of

the same

and

general levelling of

character as the western part, and doubtless of

the same age.

new sand

beds.

and the temple was work was marked by the ground and spreading part of the plan of Sankhhis
joist-

They probably held

and 281-253.
here,
.-is

the sand bed

kara was kept at the western square, but

for a thick stone wall, filling the trench

between
deposits

pavement was overlaid by rows of deep,

like foundation blocks.

the wall- 295-259

The

Within

this

area a pit

93 and 94 are marked

larly
in

they are singu-

was sunk

in

the

sand, lined with

in
it.

brick,

and a

line

with such a wall, but

likely

from their

deposit of Usertesen placed

lining rose

The brick

ry they are more

i-ty,

of the

XVIIIth

up through the Usertesen Inunda-

and agree

to that place (see pi. lvii).

tion level

and above the Sankhkara pavement.

The
end
t"

floor props

noted are cylinder- of pottery

jar-, set

What
the

the relation of these wall-lines was to the

and fragments of very thick large

suppoii
a
floor

on

stone temple

we cannot now
is

see.

<

>n

the north

made

of potter) -lab-,

row

of stone blocks

in

line

between the

THE EISTORY OF THE TEMPLES.

two
northern deposil
pits,

17

L20 and 86.

that

But
plan.

corner, which

seems entirely

lost,

bul

parts of

the southern

row of blocks and

fall

across the

the inner and outer faces were found,

and such
closer

square

do

not

in

to

any obvious
is

are

marked
At

by
the

thicker
S.K.

outlines

and

Another

difficulty in
pits,

the

site

that while the

shading.

corner there

remained

two northern

86 and L20, are in the line of

only an inch or two of thickness upon the sand

bed, which
wall,

stone buildings, the

121,

two western

pits,

120 and

spnad

several

feel

outside

of

the

arc

beneath the brick temenos wall,

to the stone

and

and on the

easl side

two or three points of

have no relation

hark of the temple

the outline that

were found are also marked.

found on the
north
;

which must have existed.

This stone back wall

No

corners were

but a

was probably
wall,

inside, or east, of the

narrow brick
still

piece of stone basement

from

its

levels,

282

to

where the X.Yv. corner of masonry

287, seems as

if

it

had formed the substructure

existed.
that

On

looking to the south side

III
is

we

see

of a gate in this wall, and so indicates where the

the door-sill of Sebekhotep

pits,

in line

wall line lay.

with the two southern

foundations
outside
of

96 and 121.
gate

The

25.

PI.

lvii.

On

reaching

the

XVIIIth

this

were largely

Dynasty we

find

an entirely new order of things.

made
hotep

of disused bases of columns, and as Sebekis

not likely to have pulled

it

down
likely

the

At the west end an immensely thick brick wall remains, which was built to supplement and
continue the partly destroyed wall of Usertesen.

work

of Usertesen,

seems more

that

these belonged originally to the temple of Pepy.

pylon of rod granite formed the outer face

At the
of

S.E. of these

foundations were two lines

side

of the

gateway
and

in

the wall,

which

was

lined

rough pots stacked

by

side,

perhaps

through the thickness of the wall with limestone

facing,

bordering some deposit, of which nothing was

left

but broken potsherds in the middle.

door-sill of

date of this

pavement of limestone. The pylon is shown by the sculptures

a

The

Sebekhotep was a great block

the

on
as

it,

pi. xxxiii,

which represent Tahutmes

the north

III,

of yellow quartzite sandstone, with the groove for

Osirified

and worshipped by the an mutef

of

passing the lower pivot

place.
kingIt

of

door into

its

priest.

One block

jamb

of the

may have been

placed by an earlier

pylon remains

in place,

but

is

weathered away

but was doubtless used for the two black

on

all sides.

The inscribed

pieces are lying in

granite jambs of
pieces of

Sebekhotep

(pi.

xxviii),
it.

the

hollows on the outer side of the gate.

the axis
of

Along

which were found

close

by

the gateway runs

a drain, cut in

The pavement at 278 level, east of the square, was laid by Sankhkara, as shown by its level. But a stone of the south end of it had been
removed,

blocks of limestone, and covered over by the

pavement.

It falls

from 307

level,

near the
;

gate, to 290 on the eastern part, near pit 70

and others rearranged,

appeared to

to place

and

at the turn to the outfall

it is

280, and 272

deposit there which

be

of
it

the

at the

mouth

cf the outfall.
site
is

The ground north

low,

XVIIIth Dynasty.
left

This suggests that

was

of the temple
likely that here

still

and

it

seems

exposed until that time, and so

may have

formed part of the temple of the Xllth Dynasty.

The temenos wall was preserved

for three or
;

was the first " sacred lake," or great brick-pit whence Pepy made the mud The bricks for his temenos and buildings.

four feet in height along the west side

it

is

much
south

larger hollow, which

of the whole
site

is still

a lake, at the
left

dated there by closely overlying the two deposits

of Usertesen,

is

probably that
I,

and being
I

built of bricks of exactly

from the great works of Usertesen

built the
j

when he
site.

the size of those which line his deposit holes.

huge

fortification

round the Avholc

On

the

south side

could not discover

the

There being low ground

close by,

on the north,
c

is

ABYDOS
was used
as a

II.

it

rubbish

pit,

containing masses

feature

is

in

of broken

pottery and

burnt earth; and the

was
its

filled

chamber D, where the south end with a solid bench of stone about
cut through
is

drain
it.

which we have traced was turned into

line of a

three feet high, basing a groove

whole depth.

The

best suggestion

that

The drain marks the

passed over the great

causeway

this
east,

it

was

to place a processional

bark or standard

sill

of granite on the
in

upon, and the groove was to receive the pole

which probably marks the gateway

wall, of

an outer

by which the standard was carried.

27.

which we found part of the sand bed.

The plan

of the temple of

Tahutmes

III

Further east this causeway was entered from

the greai eastern pylon in the outer fortification
nt

can only be traced by the foundation deposits

of that king,

and a few other

indications.

The

Usertesen

and on the west

(see

it left

the

fortifi-

brick retaining wall of the foundation remained

cation

by another gate
this great

pi.

purpose of

line

of

The causeway must

xlix).
fortress, past

on part of the east and

south

sides,

and we

know

that the stone wall

must have been someThis gives the

the
site.

have thus been to go across the

the temple,

and on to the cemetery beyond,

where within that boundary. direction, and two limits to

position of the south side
line
is

The

where

it

colonnade built by Ramessu

went through a great limestone portalII. It was evi;

indicated

by the
and the
breadth

of

deposits, 84,

89, 116, 83, 88:

dently the line for funeral processions

and

is

position of the north side

90,

by the

line of deposits this

probably the place referred to by Mariette as

lined with steles

104, 85, and 100.

Adopting

The chapel
of his

father

when he found it. Amenhotep I, built in honour Aahmes I, was preserved up to a

of
of

we

see that the N.E. corner of the temple just

cleared the line of the side of the causeway, as

continued

from the granite pylon.

is

For the

couple
great

of feet from the

temple
III,

ground but of the Tahutmes III and Amen;

back of the temple there

blocks
of

the pile of sandstone

Mentuhotep
to

at

B,

on the top of
with a terminal

hotep

only
All

a few
the

blocks

of

foundation
entirely

Usertesen's basement; then, carrying this line

remained.

rest

had
only
its

been

down, we are led

end

it

at C,

swept away and used for foundations in the

corresponding to that which projects from the

XXVIth Dynasty; and

deposits were left to

the

foundation

Aahmes
as here

chapel.

The

cross

walls

within

the

show
of

place.
finely built

temple are probably indicated by the deposits

26.
as

The chapel
in

Aahmes was
pis.
the;

of blocks of hard limestone,

is

and well sculptured,

front.,
lxii,
lxiii,

large

marked but which of them contained halls and which were around groups of
;

shown
lxiv.

Abydos

/,

chambers, we cannot

now
it.

ascertain.

and

Unfortunately

stone having been

In front of the temple a sand bed was found with a clear end to
This probably shows
;

for long
in
it,

near the surface, salt had accumulated

-plit
it

and

in

must

cases
it

very

badly.
Prof.

the base of the temenos wall of the of a

and the position

insertion

When we came
Maspero's consent)

to
to

remove
follow

(with

end would agree

in

fairly to the

the

earlier con-

gateway
sill,

the axis of
is

the
to

temple.
the

The

struction below, the

men were
quite

aide to pick
easily.

the

granite

which

askew

causeway,

stones

into small

slabs

Two

of

was doubtless square with

this wall,

which must

the pillars had

evidentl
"ii

brickwork
a
it,

built

against

them,

have had a second entrance there.

cracked architrave.
in
a

Ami.
had
in

the uorth of
ral

the pillars

hall

Four foundation deposits of Amenhotep III (three marked here) appeared in the forecourt;
they are not enough to define his building, but
they show that

parts

been

patched

with

brickwork,

doubtless to supporl an injured roof.

A curiouB

Amenhotep,

in

true

Egyptian

THE
fashion,

BISTORT? OP

THE TEMPLES.
mid and south: and the
a column, and at

L9

had built further

in

front of the

work

direction of the walls

of bis great-grandfather.

implies a northern entrance.

At B

is

apparently

The "late paving"

chapel
consisted of
buildings.

at the south of the

slabs

Aahmes

C
all

is

the eastern

jamb
it.

of a

taken

from various
with
a

doorway.

But

this

stonework was much

salt in

Among

these were several of AmenIII,

crumbled by the accumulation of

to the date of this building there

As

botep

III,

and two of Ramessu

So

was a reused

queen hitherto unknown named Thyi Mer-en-ast,

see pi.

block of Tahutmes III

of Sety
I,

a re-used door
;

jamb
work,

xxxv.

it

must have been

Dynasty.
this plan

laid

down
its

in the

lower course

a bronze seated

some time ment

is

after the

XXth

The pave-

figure of Horns, like

XXVItb Dynasty
;

marked upon

because of

relation to the

Aahmes chapel. Under Ramessu III a great 28. I'l. lviii. The causeway was reconstruction took place.
entirely broken
course,
all

between the stones of the pavement and 30 inches down in the mud bed, which is beneath
the sand
level,

bed of the pavement, or about 234

up along a large part of its and a deep excavation was made through
as the
1st

was a pot with large green beads and a green glazed head of Ptah which I should
suppose
to be

of the

XXYIth
to

Dynasty.
this

It

the earlier strata of building, to a depth at

seems hard
with
If

therefore

credit

building

least as far

or Ilnd Dynasty level.

any date before the

late,

XXYIth
Ramessu

Dynasty.
III
Avas

This space was

up with a deep sand bed, and on shown on the plan with dotted surface Only this a great building was constructed.
filled
:

so

the building of

probably re-arranged then.

30.
tions

Coining further east we see the foundaAvail

the basement of one wall of the building remains,

at the east side of
it.

and part of the south

temple
built

and entrance of
II,

But

in

the sand bed,

sqiuvre
is

by Aahmes
of

whose

nearly symmetrically in each corner, a foundation deposit

tions are

name

frequently found cut as a quarry-mark

was placed

in the sand

the posi-

on the blocks.

The length

the

temple

is

the levels

marked by the numbers 36 and 74, were about 273 and 276, practically

quite clear from the south side, and the foundations

the same.

The

objects in these deposits were

in 36
in 74
.

on east and west. The axis is defined by the entrance, G, and the rows of foundation and the north side is blocks, H, at the back
;

Scarabs, plain

15
13

Plaques, inscribed

10
3
2

Heh

sign

Sedheb sign
Bull's
Bull's

head

haunch

.1.1 .1.1
. .

by the brick retaining wall at the N.E. The two bases of columns are seen at corner. G; south of them are left two blocks of the wall, and north of them two other blocks at a
fixed

distance

symmetric with the south

is

wall.

Rings

50

about 48

fragment of a corner of the front the S.E. corner which remains at

porch of the temple with
safely recorded.
for
its

in line with

J.

Hence the
is

The plaques

are very carelessly made, and

two columns
finely

can only be read by comparing them together.

In the general style of the group, and the large

Among the
at

stones laid roughly

are

the

foundations

carved

quantity of rings, these deposits are

much
to

like

those of Siptah, only poorer in quality.

blocks and slabs of the temple of Tahutmes III, In the with the colour still fresh upon them.

29.
age

The building which remained,

all
it

the

corner

at

is

doorway,

which from the

south of this sand bed, appears to be

;

of one

the pavement level of

slopes
to

up gently
318
at the

cement upon the stones seems to have had a granite. sill higher than the 365 level, perhaps of
This S.S.W. door to the temple
is

from 306 and 312 at the north

similar to the

r,

yix>s

S.S.W. door

to

the

Tahutmes temple,

at

the

around

il,

and therefore probably

to

the

Vth

back of the Aahmes chapel.

Inside the temple,

Dynasty.

between K and

II,

were the pieces of the red

granite shrine of Haa-ab-ra, which had probably

si
1

The deposit 80 seems from the rough vases, like xlvi, 165, to belong to the Xlth Dynasty.

here.
is

(See Abydos

/,

pi. Ixviii.)

The great group

fortifica1

of

the

Xlth Dynasty,
they were
all

figs.

At L
tion.

the eastern gate of the

east half
is

town

57-18G were so irregularly piled together that

;

The
aire

of limestone,
is

the west

no plan could be shown

in

buried

half of sandstone.

There
gate,

nothing to

show

mud-earth without any clean sand.

the

of

this

though

some gateway

The system
by Usertesen
121, 86,

of deposits
I,

was greatly expanded

have Nds. 120,

probably existed

here

from the time of the

v.

of
I

whom we

1th,

ami certainly from the XVIlIth Dynasl

it

and 96.
from

was prevented from seeing

The
and

wall in which
lias

is

placed

is

of

many
it

ages,

121 and the central deposit, and the plan 121

been so often patched that

would
it

was drawn
bead

memory by Mr. Rawnsley

I

require a special study of every ten yards of

to

but the other three

is

fully planned.

The ox-

disentangle

its
I,

history.

Probably
it

it

begins

always present, and some long bones,

ribs.

with Usertesen

ami

in

part
;

rests

on town
it

but no vertebrae or
are

ruins of the Old

Kingdom
age.

elsewhere

rests

shown

in

xlvi,

The forms of pottery 187-197. The unusual

is

upon buildings
(if it

of the

XlXth Dynasty, and

parts

matter in these deposits

the insertion of tablets

are

<>f

Roman

of copper, alabaster, and

glazed ware

in

the

31.
cessive

Having now described the suctemple buildings of this site, some note
PI. Ixii.

middle of bricks.

Those marked

contained
those with

alabaster tablets inscribed

(pi. xxiii),

may

lie

given

about the deposits which have

in the plans.

P had glazed

pottery tablets, those

with C had
13

been referred to

plain pieces of sheet copper,

and those with

Three deposits, 119, 81 and 117, arc of one style; and from 1 17 belonging to the doorway
of Pepy's temple,
(pi. xlv,
-

had a layer of burnt or carbonized matter,

perhaps papyrus, inserted
bricks.
in

the heart of the

and the forms of the pottery

clear that these

These bricks, and others which had no

115) being copied from the alabaster

it is

insertion,

were formed at
were
soft

the
fell

time

of

the
;

vasi of Pepy (pi. xxi, 8), areoftheVIth Dynasty.

deposit, as they

and

out of shape

No

sand was placed

their

outside

was whitewashed on one

face.

with them, and the

soil

was only the brown

been dug out of the

They

arc parallel to the bricks of mortar laid in

(Six Temples

muddy
boL
to

earth which had

the foundation deposit of Tausert.

at Thebes, xvii,
I

begin with.
;

In each deposit was an

.)

ox-head

for the

deposit 81 seems to have been

is

The deposit 95 contained many very small

copper models of chisels scattered over the tops
of the pottery.
It

partly disturbed, a- the pottery

well
as

deficient as

tic

skull.

The only forms

pi.

of pottery
115,

might by the
Dynasty;

level be of the

are

the

two cups of

xlv,

111,

which

Xlth or any

Inter

and we do not

arc

made of fine red pottery. Tic deposil 92 i- very different

glaz

know enough
;

of the forms to fix the age, though

the pit was

perhaps
early
I

this

and 95 might more likely be of the

I

filled

with clean sand, and only contained small

<1

X Vlllth
7<>

>ynasty. of Ameiiholep
III,

beads

(tubes and
of

rings),
(

and
to

)eposil

is

dated by
on
il.

small

model

adze
I,

copper.

>wing

the

the green glazed tile

with his name cut

last
">.

depth below the

placi
it
'I

ml, line Level at

is

which deposits
;

similar one
.

was found
I,

year

in

another

the age of this

if
it

uncertain
to

but
bed

deposit, see

Ibydos

l\i,

seemed

as

belonged

the sand

Deposits LOO and 88 are not fixed in age, but

THE BISTOET OP THE TEMPLES.

seem
to

21

be of the

XVIIIth
III,

Dynasty; 109

is

tion of the different

a;

<

to

he cloarlv seen, and

pn ibably of Tahut mes

if

by the copper models

the variety of levels

in

the

site.

The south
it

side

tools

found

in

it.

was always the highest; indicating that

dwelt

was

32,
are of well

PI. lxiii.

Tahutmes

The whole of these deposits The pottery is of the III.

age (see Koptos, xiv),

upon

in

early

times, and

so a

mass of

rubbish had accumulated there; then the dope

is

known
base

types of thai

from the west region towards the eastern sidej

to the

except that the bottles swell out more towards

the

probably owing

natural -lope of the basal

than

in

previous

examples.
in

The
were

sand toward the

tions of the Xllth

river.

The

levelling opera-

alabaster

model
types
in

vases are
of

shown
tool
5.

PL xxxii;

and

later Dynasties,

and the

and

the

copper
I,

models

substitution

from that time of stone buildings

published

Abydos

lxi,

The sandstone
;

which were carried away or reused, instead of

crumbling brickwork, brought to an end the
continuous accumulation which gives a chronological value to the lower strata.

corn grinders wove often present

those which

had a cartouche painted on them in bine paint

are
are

marked here with the oval, the plain stones marked S. The copper tool models are
in

As

the build-

ings have been described earlier in this chapter

found

nearly

all

of these deposits,

marked C
in

and the objects are described

chapters, there
here.
is

in the following

here where necessary.

The

little

cups

89

no need to mention the

Abydos

details

marked

were

tilled

with white mortar.

The

order of the deposits on the plate begins with

the east end of the temple

34.

PI.

lxiv.

In

I,

pp.

18-22,

and goes westward.

eastern,
;

The

richer deposits are the

and

the

described the evidence given by the pottery and stone vases found in the tombs and the town, as

and the poorer the western

perhaps

it

seems probable

compared with the prehistoric types and those

of the Royal tombs.

that different parts of the temple

different

were built
years
III.

nt

This

is

here given in a

times,

many
filled

apart,

diagram; and, though the

In the

details

need not

lie

during the long reign of Tahutmes

these

All of

re-stated, the general conclusions

may

be pointed

deposit
It
is

holes were

up with clean

out.

first

columns are some of the types

-and.

certain that

many

of the vases were

of prehistoric pottery in the order of their age,

as

broken before burial, and not even in throwing

shown by
8-11).

their sequence dates (see Diospolis

them

in,

as only portions of

some of them were

of pieces in

I'n rva,

In the second column are types of

in the

found.

The great quantity

are

some of

pottery found at various levels

order of deposit
is

town.

The

the holes could not be drawn, and those here

here the reverse of the actual

it
is

shown

what were not broken up. There does not seem to have, been any regular
only
order of deposit
'.Ml
;

section of the town, because

to

more

familiar

show the older

down.

objects

at the top

and the
is

though the alabaster vases

in

later lower

Hence the

basal
1

sand

have been stacked together, and then upset

the throwing in the upper pottery.
to deposit S2

at the top,
it

in

The
in the

annex

was hollowed out

all

side of the hole,

and contained
;

the copper

above These heights over the basal sand have no fixed relation to the absolute levels used in this volume
are

and the heights written running

of 10 to

10 inches

downwards.

models and an alabaster vase

a similar

annex

and

this

year's work.

Here

will

lie

seen

how

was found
33.
I

at

Koptos (Koptos,
in a

xvi.).

each of the prehistoric types shown have their

parallels in the

Pis. lix, lx.

For the sake of clearness

diagram the more

town, and serve to link the later

have here placed together

stages of sccpuence dates to the various heights

of accumulation in the town.

important levels of the various temples, and of

the objects found.
These, will enable the rela-

Next

is

shown the

pottery of the tombs of the kings in chronological

22

ABYDOS
;

II.

order with the approximate dates

and

it

will

These connections give thus an absolute continuity between the end of the long series of

be seen
town,

how this is parallel to that in the and how therefore the strata in the town
by the royal tombs, and hence the
dates are linked
to

sequence dates and the beginning of the chronology in years.

are dated

later sequence

years b.c.

23

CHAPTER
OBJECTS BEFORE THE
35.

IT.

IVth

DYNASTY.

In describing the objects found in the

first

figures were broken

clear that this

temple area we shall here

deal with

tbe

large groups of those which were found together,

a latrine,

when thrown in and it is was a rubbish hole, and probably where damaged offerings were thrown
;

and then with the scattered pieces which stand

apart.

away from the temple. The generally early date of such objects is shown by the Mena vase
;

The main group of early things was in a chamber just outside the early temple area, marked on pi. lii as G9, and known as M G9 in our numbering. This chamber was 116 inches
on N.,
1

but they

were doubtless

old

and worthless
of the ejection
flakes

when thrown away. The date of them is shown by the Hint

pi.
viii,

139, 140,

which are of the age of Perabsen, or

/,

15 S., 94 E., 97

W.

the bearing of
at

it

216"

the middle of the Ilnd Dynasty (see Abydos

magnetic, and the base of

Close

it

207 inches

level.

xv)
the

also

by the

jar,

pi.

xlii,

37,
I,

which
vii,

is

of

by

it,

30 inches to the east lay the piece

age

of Perabsen

(Abydos
;

31), or

of glazed vase of
at

Aha Mena,
same time

pi. iv

and

v, 32,

perhaps a reign or two later

xlii,

and by the vase

form of Perabsen's
flints

215

level;

apparently,

therefore,

thrown
to about

41 which
,

is

also near the

away
215.
floor

at about the

as the objects in

(Abydos
are

f,

vii,

28).

This pottery and the

the chamber, which were from 207

up

not likely to have

been kept

for

many

The chamber was covered

slimy

all

over the

years, and show the age of the filling up of the

with a thick laver of organic matter, which

mass,

chamber

to

have been about the middle of the

formed a red-brown

and Avhich
eisdit inches

Ilnd Dynasty.

The Tim
the

objects

in

it

may

then

dried to a very light friable

spongy consistency.
chamber, and
it

be probably assigned to various dates in the

1st
is

This organic bed was about two to

thick in
different parts

Dynasty.

scale

of each photograph

of the

marked

at

top

left

hand
it

this

scale

cannot have been liquid originally, as

different levels.

was

at

applies to all objects following

until re-stated.

Embedded

in this

stuff

were

PL
viii.

i.

These objects are described under the

their

about 160 glazed objects, 30 large beads and

numbers of
36.
the face
PI.
is

photograph

in

pis.

v,

vii,

many small, and about 30

ivory carvings.

They
will be

had been thrown in quite irregularly, as

seen by the plan of the chamber
the distinctive objects are there
pi.

ii,

is

the figure of a boy walking

lxi.

All

broken.

The

attitude
is

is

quite free

numbered with
;

and natural, and the modelling

2,
is

good.
inches high,

reference to the figures in the plates

the great

a figure of a girl standing,

6^-

quantity of ape figures are not distinguished,

the largest ivory found, excepting another

and many
earth

of

the ivories

are

not entered, as

female figure in worse condition, but 10 inches

high.

when found they had

till

to be

kept in lumps of

This
It

is

in

<rood

state,

but of formal
over the

dry,

so

the

forms

were not

seen.

work.

shows the mode

it

of dressing the hair

Most of the

ivories

and several of the glazed

by binding

to

one

side,

partly

24

ABYDOS
;

II.

shoulder

the
a
pi.

same
plaited
i.

unsymmetrical
tail
is

placing,

12, a baboon, does not belong to this

chamber,

though with
figured

in

No. 40, fully

but was found at a lower

13
is

level,

if

0.

on

All the female figures found

a tine head of one of the massive hunt-

at II ierakoiip.il

is

have the hair symmetrical.

ing dogs used in early times, wearing a collar.

1

is

the head of a statuette of a king, enlarged

4,

the head of a boy.

is

to double size.
is

The whole

figure less enlarged

15
tail
;

young

bear,

with

short curly

shown on pi. xiii. He is figured as wearing the crown of Upper Egypt, and a thick embroidered robe.

the attitude and character of the animal

are

well given.

This
in

is

the only figure of a

apart

From

the nature of the pattern

it

bear yet

known
PI.
iii,

Egypt,

from foreign

and the
robe
dress

stiff

edge represented,

looks as if this
:

importation in the XVIIIth Dynasty.

were quilted with embroidery

is

no such
yet

37.

Hi,

the

figure

of

an ape,

is

known on any Egyptian

The work belongs
to

figure

finely carved

the legs are completely separated

found.

an unconventional
;

one from the other.

Owing

to pressure

in the

school, before the rise of the fixed traditions

it

wet

soil

the base has been forced askew.

three well- carved figures
large

might have been carved

in

any age and

17, 18, 19, are

of

country where good natural

It

work was done.

small

boys,

the

ear on the head of 19

shows a power of dealing with individuality

all

should be compared with the ear of the old king

(pi. xiii)
;

which stands apart from

its

the later work, in

the similar form shows that

it

repre-

unshrinking figuring of age and weakness

a

sents a peculiar type.

with

subtle

character.

It

belongs
17,

to

the
;

20 (three positions)

is

boat,

which from
to

same school of art as figures

and these reveal a
style of the
style

1, 4, 5,

and 19

the shortness of the open space

seems

have

which has hitherto been

been a copy of a dug-out canoe.

21
is

quite unsuspected, as preceding the

more formal
in the

a boy seated on the ground

a fragment
of delicate

Old Kingdom.
figure of a

of a head probably belonging to

it is

is

half of a

young boy,
modelling.

work.
22, a

same natural
5
is

style, of excellent

dog of lighter build than the

13.

heavy
like

part of the figure of a

;

hair in fine ringlets

delicate.
6

the

woman, with the work is natural and

simpler, and limited
;

hound, 23
the

29,

lions used

for

gaming
Tombs,
ii

pieces,
;

lions

of

Zcr {Royal
No. 27

vi,

3, 4).

shows different work

All of these are later in style than those of Zer,

or of Mena.
is

by the

form of the material

the type of the

probably the

firsl

here,

man with
7
is

a short pointed beard seems to belong

and

28

perhaps the next advanced

in

work.

lo the prehistoric

Libyan stock.
short, woolly

young boy with

positions)
flat

hair,

Both 20 and 28 appear to be a lioness, and have a collar, showing that the animal was tamed.
29
has

appearing negroid.
S

an

eye accurately cut

in

chalcedony

(three

is

an

infant,

hoy

with

remaining
30
is

in place.

remarkably long

head.
i-

a dish, hollowed out on the hack, carved

legs
lied

young historic work

!),

girl,
in

more
Hat
collar

like

the
of

late

pre
face

as a

cow with the

is

together, a motive
late

the

style
is

the

which

usual

in

the

XVIIIth Dvnasfv and

and
neck.
1

body;

bead

shown

on the

periods.

PL
i
i

iv.

These objects are described under the

of the

"
I,

head of the nal ural

style.

numbers
plates.

photographs

in

the

following

an uas sceptre, some pieces of the straight

I'

ste

which were also found.

38.

PL

v, 31.

A portion of

hand of wall

OBJECTS BEPOEB THE IVth DYNASTS

tile,

25

with a hawk, probably

from a royal

Ica-

holding an uas sceptre.

copy.

See

pi.

i,

for a coloured

uame.
the low

The
tail

Hat

top of the
bird

name-square
thai
it

and
after

of the

show
is

is

37

is

a kneeling captive with the

.-inns

bound;
2,

Mena, but the squal attitude

only on some of

compare
xxii, 3.

the captive in HieraJconpolis, xxi,

3;

Zer

(seals

105, 106)

and

one example of Zet

(seal 1).

Tins

is

probably therefore of the reign

is

38, 39, figures of boys, with the

band

to the

of Zer.

The design

incised

and

filled in

with

mouth.
10,

coloured inlay: probably

the

original

colours

figure of a girl with close-fitting garment,

pi.
iv.

were green
32.

for the tile

and purple

for the inlay.

cut in a V opening on front and back, see

Fragment
with

of a vase of king

green

purple

inlay originally.
is

Aha-Mena, The re-

The
tail

hair

is

thrown

to

one

side,

and plaited

in a

on the back. an old ape holding

a

storation of the colour and form

pi. iv,

shown on

41,

young one

in

her

from accurate measurements of the piece

;

arms,

and with some other object, possibly a

see pi. iv.
to 48,

32 and other pieces of the neck

line
is

the open outit.

baby ape,
42

only a conjectural completion of

The

human

figures

and fragments.
7.

With

style of the

hawk and

of the

ka-n&me

is

exactly

46 compare Hierak.,

xviii,

47 hears a pot

that
this
It

known
is

to belong to the reign of

Mena, and

on the head, and wears only

waist.

a girdle

round the

evidently contemporary with the king.

shows that glazed work was already developed

a

39.

PI. vi.

49

is

a unique figure of a seated

feet
;

mi

larger scale then, and

with inlaid colours

later.

ape, with

two small ones seated below the

is

hitherto only
33.

known much
tile

the head

lost.

Glazed
i.

of uniform green colour, see

50-61, 64, 65.

As many
the

as sixty-nine figures

also pi.

It
is

has no groove or dovetail on the

quite
plain;
it

of apes were found in this chamber, of which a

selection

back,

but

does

not

seem

of
52,

all

varieties
large,

is

here

given.
;

therefore to have been intended to insert in a

wall,

Some,

as

were

and

made hollow

but

rather

as
is

if

made

for

votive

others, as 58,

were cut out of a Hat sheet with

quartz, probably

offering.

The

figure

of a low type, the negroid

hardly any
63, a

detail.
in

variety of the prehistoric people, and neither of

cow vaguely carved

78,

the pure Libyan nor dynastic races.

inscription

From
to the

the

glazed originally.
66-69,

who are He appears

we must known as an
to

attribute

him

Ann,

quadrupeds,

probably

pig,

dog,

aboriginal people in Egypt.

and

lioness.

be

a chief named Tera-neter,

70,

71,

73,

hippopotami.

72,

frog.

74-76,

'devoted to God," of the fortress of the

in the town of

Ann
intro-

crocodiles.
77, a figure with a lioness

Hemen.

This,

and No. 36

head, but swathed

duces us to a style of work in relief on glazed

tiles

round cylindrically, with a

line of

edge running

which has not been met with before.

down
style
like

it;

see the repetition in fig. 136.

PI. vii. 79, 80, birds.

34. 35, two figures of cast copper.

is

The
closely

40.
81-84,

entirely Tin-Egyptian,

and 34
in

is

hawks

of

early type, without

legs;

copper
in

figures

found
as

the

Diktaean
in

cave

probably early
85, locust
?,

in the 1st

Dynasty.
i.

Crete,

such

No.

436

the

Candia

see also on pi.

Museum.
3G shows two fragments of a glazed relief
with the signs
mer,
anlch,
(?), zet,
ta,
tile,

86, ape walking, of simple but spirited

see pi.
i.

work

zeser,

the

87, piece

of inlay representing a stem

;

and

corner of a /-(/-name

a town

sign,

and a ram

branches of a palm tree

see pi.

i.

26

ABYDOS
88,

II.

part of a

hawk

for

inlaying,

probably

portions of an older slate bowl.

flakes, of the

139-40,

flint

from a &a-name.
89, 90, probably figures of laden boats.
91,

age of Perabsen.

141-3 appear to be toggles for fastening dress

92 are
like
is

flat

sheets
;

of glaze, which look

through a loop,
military cloak.

like

the

frogs

on a modern

much
the

model axes
quite

but

this

form of axe
till

with lugs

unknown
There

in metal
are,

at least

144-152, rings of
various forms.
171,

slate.

153-170, beads of

Xllth Dynasty.
axes with

however, some
possibly be

stone

lugs which

may

172,

174,

pieces of glazed

quartz

for

earlier.

inlaying, as found at Hierakonpolis.

pi.
i.

93-05, see
are
If as vet

These lotus flower vases

at so

173, 175-178, pieces of small glazed

171', tile

tiles.

quite

unknown

early a date.

with mat pattern, perhaps as a tray

the cups or vases were copied direct from the

for

an offering, like the mat under the hotep

flower, the smallness of the hole opening

would
is

offering.

be unlikely, and there would be no meaning in

the raised
disc

180 shows the deep dovetail running along

the back of a plain
ending; in
tile,

on the

top.

But

this disc

with a groove along

;

it

exactly the form for architectural use, in order

to take the pressure of the architrave without

two holes through the ends

the

this

groove was doubtless to hold a copper wire, by

breaking down the thin edge.

that these have been copied from

It

seems clear

which

all

row

of tiles in a wall

were strung

lotus capitals,

together, so that no one could

become detached.
tiles,

and hence
1st

this capital
;

is

taken back

now

to the

181-183, the backs of two large

front of one

and the

Dynasty

but whether the form was made

is

showing the ribbing.

copper

The wide
wires
are.

in

mud and

reeds, or in stone,

not certain.

dovetails on the back, intended to key into the

wall,

96, 97, large oval fruits or seed vessels, with

have two grooves

for

to

four grooves from end to end.

us, 99 are copied

secure

them

together.

Across the back

;

signs

from the cornflower, which

roughly scored before baking

sign
is

the royal su(ten)

was so fashionable

in the

XVIIIth Dynasty.
103 are small inlay
104,

on both, showing that they were made

king
;

Of 100-107, Nos. 101,

tiles

for the

and on

181 are two other signs,

to

with domed surface;

107 are large

apparently at right angles

reading as

the su, possibly

If this
is

ball beads.

105

may
1

be a draughtsman.
the
first

the mouth and hawk.

it

to

108

11<>,

model

vases,
1

two with

be read as the Horus Ro

woidd put these

purple glazed tups.

stands.

1,

113, globular vases on

hark

to

the fourth king before Mena, which

;

112,

L16,

117-121, 124, 120, various

seems rather too remote

the
signs

yet the rough style of

forms of vases.

114,

model stand.

115,

127,

would

agree

with

that

age.

The

128, L29, models of jars with clay sealing?.

122,

ribbing was evidently vertical,

of the dovetail;

by the

direction

bowl broken from

the hands.

figure,

which held

it

between
a

and

it

probably represented a

123, spiral

bead.

125, model of

hand of stems of water

later limes.

plants, like the favourite

in

baskel
i:;i,

lid

of coiled work.

decoration around the lower part of a wall

L32,
a

model shrines or carrying chairs;

figure
in
il

one with
pi.

was found elsewhere,

42.
groups

PI.

ix.

We now
were

turn to some
in

other

xi,

243.

chair

on
13.

the

Compare the figure in such a mace head from Hierakonpolis,

133-135, pieces of uas sceptres

which
at

found

the
pi.

chambers
In

shown

the
<'>i

X.W. corner
(he

of

lii.

the

xxvi
41.

chamber
PI. viii.
;

were the objects shown in

placed on
floor,

pi. ix,

irregularly

and

the

two
the

137-8. petal-

froma built-up flower,

made from

large stone-. L95, L96, set

upright

against

OBJECTS BEFORE THE IVth DYNASTY.

side.

27

AVe have

already

noted

the
at

difficulty

is

most

like the

form adopted under Zer

drilling little holes
is

and

about these things being found

level.

so

hiidi

the decoration

by

like that
T.

But whatever date they were placed

it
is

on
ii,

(lie

turquoise pieces of Zer's bracelet (B.

i).

here,

clear

that

the

objects

arc

all

pi.

It

is

probable

therefore
It is the

that

this

of

the

1st

Dynasty,

and

some

perhaps

piece belongs to that age.

only slate

earlier.

carving that
a female figure of pottery of the

we found

in the whole site (Cairo

184

is

same
date.

Museum).
43.

style as the

rough animal figures of early

PL

x.

The west chamber,

out

65, con-

185, 186, are two rough figures of men, which differ from any yet found in the forms of the

tained similar objects;

part of the group was

the
;

found

further

on

west, and

so

was

head and rude indications of limbs.

187

may
is

be

intended for a child kneeling on the ground,

numbered as 89 but they are reunited here, two fragments of the same figure,
differently

and leaning forward on

pottery hippopotamus.

its

hands.

188

a red

225, being found, one

in 89.

in

group 65, the other

in

The baboons form a strange group.

197
are of the

189 and

206

is

a ram-head
;

amulet

hard

yellow

usual work.

190 to 193 are

limestone

this

and 208, a bird

in slate,

seem
girl's

larger and ruder than others, hardly

attempted
194,

than the
is

head

more being with them was

flint,

to belong to the prehistoric style.

The

head, 207, and pieces of figures, 209-212, are of the 1st Dynasty class.

which

an entirely natural
like the

with a

213

is

perhaps a figure
in

projection

somewhat

head of a baboon,

of the dwarf I'tah, like that

xviii, 19.

Hierahorvpolis

and apparently kept

as being like a

for this resemblance.

The

214
tile.

is

a 1st Dynasty frog.

215 a

great natural flint 195 seems to have been kept

bit of piece,

mat

216 has been a very important

the legs of the king, a heart sign,
objects,
It

quadruped, and 196 for

its like-

but unhappily the /.(/-name of the king

;

ness to a baboon.

Xo

other large

flints

were

has been lost

found in the whole temple area, and these must

and some uncertain

group
existed
here.

show that
broken

a royal

have been brought a mile or more

desert
;

from

the

was

before

as

they were placed with the rudest

being thrown
baboons.

away.
is
:

217-219 are the usual

figure of the
is

figures of baboons that

we know,

it

seems that

220

zet

serpent

we have here
up because of
and perhaps
198

the primitive fetish stones picked

their likeness

chipped in
flint

flint

this

like the

portion of a

to sacred animals,

serpent in

MieraJconpolis,

xxiv, 22,

and
is

venerated

before

any

artificial

another found at Koptos.

different type to the

The baboon 221

images were attempted.

is

common

one, having the

intended for some bird; and 199

is

head lower, and the arms hanging down to the

feet.

hawk
royal

of the regular prehistoric style, see Naqada,

222

is

a limestone frog.

223 part of a
quite

lx, 15, IS,

of earlier form than the

It

hawk on any
below
for

quadruped.

224 a head, which seems certainly

is

monument.
it
is

has

hole

that of a camel, yet so far the camel

setting

on a pole

as a standard.

unknown
is

200

a frog in limestone.

201

a piece of

225

is

Greek times in Egypt. hippopotamus, and 226 is another, well

before the
alabaster.
flint

a small jar with

wavy

handle.

202, a baboon.
its

worked

in

227

is

another

frog.

203, another natural

flint,

evidently kept for

228 a large coarse

contain

knife for an offering, see

very strange form.

of a calf in ivory.

204

is

a well-carved figure

Hieralconpolis xxv.

Broadly, these two chamdeposit

of
;

bers

things more like the

295
in

is

the

hawk on

a building, so well
tail

known

Hierakonpolis than are those in chamber 69

the ha -name.

The

sloping

downwards

and therefore we may consider these as belonging

UYU
parti
noli
i

to

thi

[)'(

loniti

ho
ri(!]

Him

(ikon

I,,,

ii

'ii

haw

',

and

hrine

or

palanquin

hing
|

com
i

to
\\
<

belong
||OM
I

'M
I
I

'J

mi n

to
lU'l
I

li'

objoi
M"l
in

uol her

small group at
upi
'"',
i"i'i
J.

98

level
o
'
i

is

the frog

(!|

ill

In
lui

I'

lii|il'

1111(1

145, lion
'I
ij

Mfi
"I

ated

7,

baboon
quartz

group
'

lil

'

those in
i

pr<

ci

'1

in"
I

[)]a|;<

hi"
'

mal

work

L!J,

pieces

of

"i
i

>|
,

llill

gill/Aid
(J

il(!

I'M-

lulu vim"
;

50,

.I

.ml
ii

late ring
in

15

!,

in
Mil

Ji.ii,

(in
ii

of
i

ii

plant, liko
liiil;
I

in

cornilowci
i

01

'.ii
line

baboon
found
!

hard
Ii

brown limestone,
horeforo
ho
late

"I

lid

ribbed

iling

i'i

on

woi

k,

wil

omo ordinary
I
I

glazed
it

..II

o|
i

pap
lii
i '

M
in
I

round
I

Liu;

lower purl
ol

baboon
"I

at

!0

lc\ el,

and

of
Li

ii

in

in n

row

nun

ru

Mill
1
1

II" III"
,

..I

idoug
-

Im

ton
foillilll

iii

im
i

red
"iii

|'"i
I.

tory
in

and green glaze,

I

'

.i

(IlltC'll

Ii"

In'
[)ol

Im

:i

('"in

to

i|.i "

retched

oul

I"

iii

i-iii
i

ill

iii

ii

Mm
.-iii'l
i i I

with

purple

now

dry,
!/5(l
i

ilii

i'i

in

white
I

brown,
Im
1

in

brown
found

|"i I'i'v,

;onl

i.

M"

I,

In
in
1

.'II
-

Im

(lino
1

I!0li

iinii"
:iii'
I I

v.

human
I
I

figure
Mill
'

here, probably

boforo the

:i

iii

in
ii
I '

Im

1'

1"

In r

In

ii

posil
"l
i I

in.

'I

"M

pi.

Iii,

north
figures
"Mill
.

ol

Wosl

,:;

;n'"

potters
i

head
Ii,

of unl<

now

n age,

ill"

"i In
I

nil
in
111
1
1

lazed
I

w
"I

n
'i

i-

(bund
:i

found
'.')

im
i

Inli'il

uMii
iiiil

n|
ii

In

lli"

"

ion

'

il

im Mini
1

typo of head

found

al

ho

Iii ..v.

mil of
i

tdinnli
i

"nili

;n

J
.-ii

I"

lovol of

34, Mi"
"

n
111

|ii

im
I

I.

in

"I ealeitc
1

found
111 1(1

170 lovol
i ' '
,

'mi
i

h "in

roup

fi

I,

and show

In

50 OVdl
ii

iiii'l

;i"

Ih'I'i

hick haired typo

m,i
i

I'ol'l

I"
i

;i

null,

|i<iiil;ilil

IVoiii
I"

Tomb M
I"

II

:i

largo

bond,

well

modelled
rod
.)

though
of

I/-,,/,

/,

liv)
I

vvliit'h
/,
' I

Inn"
lli"

about
o|

00
i

rough,

in

brown
I:
i I

pottory
i

with

paint,

"ii
in
ii

1111(1

I/"/./"

),

im

I'oigl]

V'

about Hi"
I'I,

(Cairo VIu

mi.
imiiiil
i

S
iii

rough
i;i
1

mud
.

doll

2(i

'

!05,

'

' I
I

III"

l-v.

i.l

II," ill"

li;il

li-in,

i
lili
Ii

'

1\

level

I'M
1*01
'

"I
.ill
'I

small
Ill""
.

coin
"I
,'!/'.,

'
III"

'(,i,

n
Ii

largo pan or mnt/nv, on opposite aides

t\\

ill

III."
l

|>

if

w Im

arc

"

ii"

mi"

of ships,
"I

and

also

to
I

I
I

"I

IlKIIJIll
Iii

.1

',

//

Ii

,/.

jiiilni

branehos,
i

Jho form
in lli"

the

high ond

In

kIioWN

"
in

I.

H'

ll'olii

in

II

i|i

thn vossol

"'M

black boul pnintod on

ho Im
ii

ii,

in-

unknown
i

thd

Mini
in" "i

Dynn
ill"
IhI
1

by,
1

tho\ hi
i

tomb
,
i

hi

II

ieni konpolis,

and also

in

some

"I

.J
I

iii

1"

I,,"

,i

Id
in
i i

from
:i

lioro,
ii

Tho square
has
ii

ujion

ill
'

ii

'iii

Li tli

ii

lli,,,

uiipolin,
.i

"i

in
in.

I"

nl,
1

middle
into
;

lino for

and
n
it

M"i
fi

ill \

hli'il

soparal
\\

Tin
in
i i

i"

of upi

'

'
i

diU'oroiii
I

fr
i'
I

.1

her
I

blool
lull ,w

would bo
"iii

ir

cabins
1 1 i
.

the
i

avy
the

lino

InI"'l

'l h
II

"I

Mi"
nil
I,

""I

:n

lli"
liki

roprc

Mi"

This

only

inII

illior
,in iii"

iiion
v,
.i

thci
:
1

onrly figure of a sailing

\

In

ml

be ido kind on the

all
i

Ol

iii

Id

Mil"

1 1

ii

"

in

In

M ih

Ii

ii

"inn,
alloys

ho

ol

her figure

purple,
'

now whito and brow

i i 1 1 ,

n,
i i

of
mill
til
.,

hip
'i,
i

being rowing
ion
I

"M

tiind

i.ii

form
II.
i

mi "
i

of

blacl<

|" J

i"i\

>

Ih'iI,

ill,

Ii',
al

md
l<\ "I

also

in

llin
:il
.1

x \, pi

probabh
potti i\
.

Croto
10
8(1

as

d<

cribed

under

the

Willi
d

thi

11)0

win''
ti

Hi"
ID

i'i.
.".
i

In.
in "

hi

!81

bal

ii--

i"

270

'

rod

potto rj

tnnd

h hich

\\

ere

OBJECTS BEFORE

I'lIK

l\

D">

N \-

commonly used
273
is

through

the

early

dynasties;

The subjects
it,

are, a

tank with four birds around

a to
tail;

the

only instance of decoration,

the

and the

a long-nosed d

bird

in

froi

figure

of

ram
are

is

well
the

modellod.
lor

The
the
"'

two erocodiles head

blank

intermixed

in

the
.

punehod

triangles

substitutes

aller

figures of birds, &<

to
\x

triangular perforations as in

svi,

which are too much worn

stood (see
pit,
pi.

undern

These are probably tho survival of a form built

\\i.
at

12).
l

This was fouud in

level.
It

up of interwoven reeds plastered with mud.

15.

in

ground
the

-71

is

a cylinder of black
;

steatite,

with

coincidence that
s ictly

these cylinders were

all

fouud

arm-, jackal, and ibex

tho chapel of
a
ilini

it

was found below

11

Anhmos
<<(

at

186 level, or
/.or.

below

regions; bul
the

same level to an inch in ditiei shows thai the) are of about it

llako

the

typo of

and therefore

same
,,
is

about then

.1

Menu.

an incised figure of a deer on a stand

pottery, probabl) o( the

275

is

another of tho black cylinders of the

of red-faced

IVth or
from

usual type of such, with a seated figure before n

table

Yth P\
-

of offerings,
in
its

[Iris

is

howovei' tho
it

finest

is

the

earliest

inscription

the

known
polish

condition, as

lias

the original

temple,

on

a piece of an

upright

vasoofbrowu
.

and

is

quite unworn.
others ore

It

reads intelligibly,
less

limestone,

[trends
ii

show

though and

all

more or
of

blundered,
servnnl
of

ing

that

belonged

to Vs

tho

furniture of the

records the "servant

Neit,
five

temple

of

Upuat,
are

fouml
o(
V.
y>\\

in
pi,

tho
1.

Khnumu, Khnumu,
.

Tota."
Noit,

rhere

iu*e

others

known
with

chambers which

north

it

mentioning
but

and

two
tho

of
title
^\'

them
tho

seems to show that the adjoining

earliest

temple

none have
with
in

of servant,
deiti*

to connect

tho

names

was that of Upuat and not of Osiris, is a portion ^( a howl y<( rook crystal

I'ln-

was found

house rubbish

at

1ST level to
pi. Ii as 18G).

with

tho
it

inscription

\>

the west of tho tomplo (marked on

I7ti
is

possibh
boat

belonged

to

tho

furniture of a reyol

worn cylinder of white limestone,

30

ABYDOS

II.

CHAPTER

III.

OBJECTS OF THE IVth-XXVIth DYNASTIES.

46.
king
of
PI.
xiii.

the

1st

The ivory statuette of the Dynasty has been already

ii,

found

in

the

midmost
in pi.

of
Ii,

the

three

store

chambers marked C

along with a great

statues of

described, under

pi.

3.

quantity of pieces of wooden

first

the

The ivury
uf
that

statuette of

monarch that

Khufu is the has come to

of

figure

same

age,

of which

only the films of surface

light.

In

stucco remained.

The head was broken from

it

connection with the whole figure here shown,

the

the body by the accident of digging, and was

lost in the earth,

more enlarged photographs

be
studied on
pi.

the

head

where

was only recovered by

slate bowl,

should

xiv,

284.

Happily,

three weeks of incessant sifting.

the /ca-name of

Khufu upon the

The work
on
is

front of the

47.
280, of

PI. xiv.

A
is

fragment of a
closely like his

throne leaves no possible doubt on the identity

of the figure.
of

King Zet

work found

extraordinary
to

in the royal tombs.

delicacy and finish; fur even

when magnified

double the

size

pi. xiv, it

does not suggest

281,282 was found

1st

are early amulets

at

the bull's head

177 level,

and therefore of the

any imperfection or clumsiness, but might have

belonged to a
of the head
is
is

Dynasty.

The

beetle amulet

was

at

120,

life-size statue.

The proportion
;

and must belong to the time of the

kings.

earliest

slightly exaggerated
in

as,
:

indeed,

In the town the beetle amulet was of

age,

always the case

minute work
is

but the
it

the

same

but

the

bull's

head

amulets
I,
li,

character and expression

as well

handled as
of

were
5,7.)

earlier than that here.

(Abydos

4,

might be on any other and vigour.

scale,

and

is full

power
;

The surface was highly polished

remains, and
the face

283
with

is

a piece of a diorite cup with

/

a figure

much

of this polish

is

of an ox, sn and
/

signs

from their positions

twists of burnt clay.

happily quite perfect, except that the end

the nose
in form,
it
is

of

not beneath su they are probably part of

batij.

slightly worn.

and correctly placed.

conveys to us of

The ear is very true The idea which the personality of Khufu

the group suten

The

285-287, have been mentioned already as the

votive offerings thrown into the great ash bed

agrees with his historical position.

We

see the

which was the only religious centre

of

the

energy,
will,

the

commanding
firm

air,

the indomitable
the

IVth Dynasty.
stitutes
for

They appear
sacrifices

to

be the sub-

and

the

ability

of

man who

the

which

Khufu
the

had

-lamped

for

ever the character of the Egyptian

all

abolished.

monarchy, and outdid

Ins

time

in

the scale of

288

is

clay sealing of

L'serkaf,

only

works.

No other Egyptian king

this

that

we

such known.
i'S!l-2!H

know resembled
in

head; and

it
it

stands aparl

are alabaster vases of the

f

same form;

portraiture,

though perhaps

may be comfigure

which, by the Lnscripti*

CTser-en-ra on 289,

pared

with

(he energetic lace of .Justinian, the

may be dated
2H2
is

to the

Vth Dynasty.

great builder and organizer.

The

was

an ink slab of chert highly polished,

OBJECTS OF THE IVm

and of beautiful work, but uol quite
as
so

X.Wini DYNASTIES.
like

.".1

regular

User ab (Khafra) as
possibly
is
it

it

has

and

to.

super-

that of Assa (History,

i,

80)

it

is

probably

fluous;

is

ast-ab-timi

(Userenra).

of the

Vth Dynasty, and

is

its

position

is

marked
lii.

No. 20

to the south of the store

chambers on
I'serkliau

pi.

mention in the Vth Dynasty the same place of " Ships of

the king," which

of Userkaf, and seems to

293
of the

the decree of

Xefcrarkara

occurs on sealings of the llnd

Yth Dynasty.
at

inscription clearly
face

The drawing gives the This was found on pi. xviii.

Dynasty
50.

(Royal
I'l

Tombs
xviii.

ii,

xxii,

178,

179).

Nos. 2\ and
l'ls.

are of Sahura, Vth Dynasty.

downwards

C on

pi.

lii,

near the similar

xvii,

These

two

decrees

decree of Teta.

Sec Mr. Griffith's chapter for

were found

close

together lying face down, as

pi.
lii.

the translation.

shown

at

C on

the plan,

The fca-name
usual
lists,

48.
of

PL xv.
types.

Some
The

of the copper tools

1, 8,

were

Userkhau does not occur

at first I
;

in the

and

new

chisels

10

are of the

supposed

it

to

be of king Userkara,

common
But
as vet

form, and belong to the Old Kingdom.

7,

the tools with turned-up edges, 2 and

are

unknown; and nothing has been seen

4.

quite

Aty but it is on the Palermo stone, as the Icaname of Neferarkara, and hence this decree is They had apparently been of the Vth Dynasty.
placed one on each side of the road leading to
the north entrance of the cell of burnt offering,

like the form

which might be a

tire

tender,
6).

like the

later

Greek form (NauJcratis

chisels
12, are

I, xl,

The
to

chisel

Avith

cylindrical handle. 11,

is

neAV
6,

and

the

ground
293),

of

offerings

beyond.

The

us.

The pointed
flat

or
all

borers,

5,

inscriptions are injured

by weathering

(as seen

and

the

chisel,

well

known.
was

on

pi.

xiv,

many

signs are entirely lost,

The ages
in

of these are best

judged by comparing

and others hard

Pis.

to distinguish.

The
of

translations

the levels with

pis. lix, lx.

The arrow,
form to the

9,

are given in Mr. Griffith's chapter.

the midst of the sand

therefore

bed of Sankhkara,

and

dates
lead

that

Xlth

The lintel found among the basement

xix,

xx.

Pepy
of

II

was

stones

UserIt

Dynasty.
in loose

model of a knife, 13, was top rubbish, and is probably Greek or

The

tesen I in the
retains
earliest

western square of building.

is

some of the red colouring, and

architectural

the

Roman.
rains,

The weight,
and
so the

14,

is

of about
it

2,080
refer

instance

of the

winged
stele of

30 numeral on
It

must
at

disc

and serpents,
II
is

see pi. xxi, 16.

The

to a unit of half a Jcedet.

level,

was found

100

Pepy

the lower
in

edge of a large stone,

and

is

of the Old
scribe, 15,

Kingdom.

The ebony
in

which was found

base-block
pi.
liii).

place, inserted in a wider

palette

for a

was not found

the

in

trout of the temple of

Pepy
in

(see

temple, but in one of the tombs of the

XXVIthfound
mostly
itself.

All

the

upper part had perished,

XXVIIIth Dynasty.
49.
scattered

down
it

to the level of the

mud ground
15.

which
the

PL

xvi.

These searings were

parts of the
site,

was embedded,

see pi. xxi,

The lower

in various

part was

much
The

scaled and fragile, so that

about the houses outside of the temple

Hakes of the inscribed face could only be removed

piecemeal.

None

of

them are

identical with

those private
;

ones already

known from

the royal tombs

but

was used in the

belongs
to

from the style we should attribute 1-7

1st

to the

showing a seated queen pavement of Sankhkara, and The either Pepy I or Merenra.
slab

Dynasty, and 8-11, 14 to the Ilnd Dynasty.

is

piece with the

name Pepy
the

is

from the same

12

of

the
of

1st
pi.
it

Dynasty by
xii,

its

level

(see
is

pavement.
uirrij

The defaced block has had anlch hor

description

276).

No.
first

18

of

taui at the top,

list

k-name
the

of

Pepy
is

I,

historic value, as

gives for the

time the

followed by a long
the
list

of offerings.

This

like

k-name

of

Menkaura.

No. 19 scarcely seems

of

offerings

on

temple

walls

of

32

AISYlxtS

11.

Mentuhotep
at Kalinii
;

III. (pi.

xxiv), and of Usertesen

it

II

I")

and
xix.
17 to

lintel

16

Lave been described already

in

probably
if

came from

the temple of

pi.

Pepy, and
51.
in
tlir
I'l.

was reused by Sankhkara. Tin' copper vase, 1, was found xxi.

soil

22 are pieces of glazed inlay, which had

in

been

inserted

the stucco

lace of a

wooden

mud
lies

outside

the

Pepy temple, and

that,
[t is

had probably been cast out from

regular
vase,

the

17 and box; the stucco around them was gilt. IS is a shemi of green glaze, the I!) are buds.

which also forms pari of the

for

middle
bright

tilled

with gilt stucco, and the centre of

group khent, and was used

early

offerings

from
yel

carnelian.

20

is

white

(originally

times

onward;

the

only

examples

blue?) petal.
black glaze.

21 an ab heart sign in green

and

known
J
i-

arc those of the

XXIst Dynasty from

the

This system of decorating boxes

the late prehistoric time

Dcir-cl-Hahri deposit.
a

has come
it

down from
viii,

hollow copper vase, and another like

round.
lioth
a,

(F,l

Kiih

2)

box

covered

with

gilt

was
mat

also
lei',

contained
of

vegetable

stucco,

and

with
at-

copper handles, was

level
;

found
is

apparently

roll

papyrus.

These

crushed up

197

and similar work

seem

to

he holders lor written charms, which

in

known
52.
mirrors

in early Crete.
I'l.

dwindled
gold

size

to

the

pretty
a.

little

silver or
in

xxii.

A
to

group of copper
corroded
the west of

tools
in
pi.

and
one
liii.

cases of the

thickness of

pencil

the

was

found
little

together
II

XIIlli

Dynasty;
later

such yet contained papyrus,

gold
toil

mass, at a

on

hut

stage was a thin

cover

The

level

was 228, and

therefore

they were

with solid resin inside.

3, 4 arc

probably on the floor of some chamber of (he

to

two copper howls of the age of Pepy. Id are alabaster vases, all of which
Pepy
No.

Pepy buildings near H, the walls of which were

indistinguishable.
earlier
for

The forms are

of the
xvii.

certainly far
see,'

(except 7) are of the same type, and dated by

no. s
to
a
I.

than

those

Nllth Dynasty,

is

of

lVpy

II,

and

instance,
7

Kahwi,

But
xxix,

the

round-

shows

scantier and less graceful form.

These,

headed adzes

and 8 are
see

later than that of the

II.

with the

Vth Dynasty
are

vases (xiv, 289-291), will

[Vth Dynasty,

Medum

Hence
fit

serve well to date the varieties.

the Vlth Dynasty date of the level will

the

At

II

two from
buried

a group of eight copper

character of these without question.

1

The

chisels
1st to

leathers

found

together.

The copper

and 2 are of the type which

Xllth
Dynasty.

lasted

from

was coated with stucco

the feathering, which
toil.

to receive the impress of

the

The axes

and 4 are
I

was marked on the gold

all

quite different in outline from those of the X

Ifh

They had been

Pepy
temple

thrown
pi.

into a

corner

Dynasty, but we have no earlier dated ones until

of

the

(see

liii),

along with

we go back

to the

Ilnd Dynasty, where those of

some stuccoed woodwork

decayed.
stallleS.

which was entirely

to several

Khasekheinui have the rounded outline, but no

lugs for securing them (R.T.
these
ii,

They must have belonged

of the

xlv, 27).

So
7,
!S,

form a valuable
the

link.

The

adzes,

In

fronl

door of the

Pepy temple

a,

have
but

rounded head of the

lYth Dynasty
those of

group of green glazed

live of
all

tablets lay close together;

I,

are

much
then.

wider, and almost like

them of Pepy
and one

in relict

on both sides,

the Xllth in the blade, although

dill'ereiit

the head

was

with similar inscription-, both of which are

:

So here again
series.

is

an intermediate

shown here
incised
festival

o|

Pepy

I,

with
first

single

form which helps the

very d liferent
limes, nor
is
(J,
il

The

knife,

9,

i-

inscription.

All record the

sedheb
if

from those of (he Xllth and later

like

of the

kin-: and

they seem as
festival.

they
steie

any of the

Hint knives.

The

had been dedicated at that

The

mirrors,

5,

are not distinctive in date mi far

OBJECTS OF
as
is

Vim XXVI
I,

mi

DYNASTIES.
}

ye1

known.

Rusted on

to to

this
it,

tools,

and certainly belonging

group of was a mass

This

6 of alabaster, 7,
in the

of g azed

pottery.

These

were inserted
in

midst of
other

mud

bricks placed

of iron, which
is

may have
is

been

wedge.

the

deposits,

with

plain

plaques

of

over 2,000 years older than any iron yet known

copper.

Seethe account of foundation

Limestone coping of

deposits.

in

Egypt, and

therefore of great importance

occasionally iron was
its

Sect. 31, p. 20.

9, 10.
I

as

showing

thai

known

at

a wall of Userte en

a far earlier

age than that of

is

ordinary use.
in

with rounded top, showing

off.

how a free-standing
Usertesen
I.

The

halbert, 10,

of iron,

and was found

III, so
is

wall was finished

11.
pi.

the deep sand bed of

Ramessu

probably
in

Limestone

lintel

of

>ei

ofhisage, and the

Egypt.

oldest iron
1
1

weapon known
12,

xwi.
PI.

The

iron swords,

and

were found

in

xxiv,
1

high rubbish of the town last year, and are quite

hotep

arc

undated.

12 might well be before the

it

XXVIth
like a

sandstone.
taining long

inscriptions of Mentuupon blocks of soft brown They were parts of a shrine conall

xxv.

The

Dynasty, as

does not seem to have any Greek

form.
1 1

lists

of offerings

for

the statue of

influence on the

looks

more

the

king,

and

this

was

therefore a

funereal

mediaeval type.

chapel like that of Usertesen II at Kahun.

1,

The

53.

PI. xxiii.

2.

Sandstone

block

of

earlier

list

of offerings of

Pepy

shows that

Mentuhotep and limestone block

also

of Sankhkara,

such were placed in temples, not connected with

the actual

drawn on

pi.

xxv, under which head they

tomb

of the king.

All of these blocks

are described below.

:!.

had been reused

Osiris,

as foundations, probably in the

Limestone block with figure of

king,

and

offerings.

The king has

. . .

a part of a

cartouche
lehau,

Ba-Jcha

.,

probably
all

Ba-lcha-

Usertesen

III.

But
to

this

name and
It

figure are over an

rest of the
is

erasure,

and therefore the

an earlier age.

XVlIIth Dynasty. The blocks of Sankhkara are of limestone. They had been reused in foundations by Usertesen I and Tahutmes III. 54. PL xxvi. Not much of Usertesen I was
found,

work belongs
it

although

from the
the
outline

size

of his

stone
it

too poor in drawing for Pepy, or any

XII th

foundations and

of his temple

Dynasty king; but

it

seems not unlikely that

must have contained

limestone lintel

much

sculpture.

The

belonged to the temple of Sankhkara.

4
is

here was found with another in

a black granite statuette of a vizier, with

worse condition, reused in some rude construction.

the fonnula

down

the back, but no

in

name

en-

The jamb below

stele

it

does not belong to the

graved.

It

was found

the sand under the

;

same doorway.

wall of Usertesen I at the east end

it

and hence

The
granite,

of
is

Atha

is

roughly cut

in

black

must be of the Xlth Dynasty or very early

5

and

very

difficult to read.

Xllth.
is

The
a foundation deposit plaque of alabaster palace of the
lea

statuette of the vizier

;

Ameny

is

of black

granite

and

is

identical in style of dress

and

with inscription for the

of

work with
of the early

the

uninscribed

statuette
I,

found

Sankhkara.

This apparently means a funerary

beneath the wall of Usertesen

and therefore

chapel like that built for

Aahmes

I.

was found under the W. wall of

close to

The block Tahutmes III

XII th Dynasty.
to this age.

The name Ameny

would well agree

a large pit which

had been anciently

? "

PL

xxvii.

block of limestone with standits

emptied,
pi. lv.

marked " Deposit

at

W. end

of

ards of gods appears from

size

and

style to
I.

have belonged to the temple of Usertesen

It

6-8.

Foundation deposit plaques of Usertesen

was found

in the

western square of building.

34

A.BYDOS
of limestone with, grooves in the face
pi.

II.

The block
of
it
liii.

man

is

seated on the
flat,

ground, with one knee

is

has been described in the account of

It

raised, the other

and the inscription

on

was probably

for holding-

two staves

the lap of the garment.

The

figure

was stolen

at

the door of the temple, the prototypes of the

from

my

house

and though the thieves were

thief

masts placed on either side of the temple doors

in the in the

accused by report, and the foot of one agreed

XVIIIth Dynasty.
lull

Several of the blocks

with the very peculiar footprint of the

temple had quarry marks painted on them

of red haematite
all

who

took the statue, yet no conviction could be

It
is

with a brush
such as
is

paint, just

obtained.

said that

35

of bribes

were

used to mark
at

the baggage on the

given in the case.

55.
Pis.

Egyptian railway
as they

present.

These

copied

xxx, xxxi.

These

steles

found in

were found.

They seem

to refer to the

various parts of the temple site are dealt with

source of the stone in earlier instances, No. 2

by Mr.
is

Griffith.

The

stele of

Penthen, however,

being limn Kusae, Nbs. 3 and 4 from the Oryx

deserves some historical notice.

The throne name

and

dome.

The
xxviii.

later ones
7

name

the destination at

Ba
lii i

sehhem hhu-taui, and

sehhem shedi
taui,

this is closely like that

Abydos, Nos.

LO.

of

Sebekemsauf II
{Naaada
stele
;

PL

colossal red granite statue of

also like a

king whose name was found

taui Tahuti

at Ballas,
xliii, 4).

Usertesen III was set up by Tahutmes III at

the west face of his granite pylon.
It

has been

Ba selchem men Now the king's

son

on

our
"

is

named
to be

overthrown and broken

the inscriptions

down

Tahuti-aa, " the great

Thoth
is

and

it is

the back and the edge are here given.

Jchenti

(Compare

considered whether he
Tahuti.

not the same as king

I

hau anhhu in L. D.

iii,

36.)

As Sebekemsaf

was working a large

By

the side of the quartzite door-sill at the

granite statue, and quarries in

Hamamat, he

south of the

temple were found parts of two

black granite door jambs of Sebekhotep III.

Of
;

must have been of importance, and have lived So before the decay of the Middle Kingdom.
the

one jamb two blocks comprised nearly the whole

more

likely order

would be

([).

hut the other jamb had been broken into scattered

fragments, which had to be copied separately

Ra
Ii'n

selchem nefer Ichau, selchem uaz Ichau,

Upuatemsaf.

Sebekemsaf
Penthen.

and

litted

together on paper.
identical, only

The two jambs

being-

Iin selchem

shedi taui,

Sebekemsauf

(II).

are almost

Khentamenti

Ba

selchem Ichu hud,

substituted for Unnefer the great god.

These

his son

show

high standard of work in the Xlllth

Ba

sehhem nun taui,

Tahuti.

Dynasty, more costly than anything until the

I

These names seem closely linked together by

their forms.

imc of Tahutmes III.

PL xxix.
is

The

small limestone altar of

in

Ankhu

But whether they belong Xlllth Dynasty or somewhat later is

PL xxxii.
1.

to the as

yet

at

|"

Less

usual

the

Xllth Dynasty than

importanl a3

quite unknown.
inscription

in later timi

of

king whose

The limestone
showing

stele of Senbtefi
is

i>

thai Osiris

connected with Memphis

Horus name, or lea name, was Merut, and throne name Ra-U-aqer. lie is quite unknown hitherto,
but

[Anleh-taui) rather than

i-

Abydos; while Upuaut

This
is

probably belongs
side

to

the

XlVth Dynasty.

called the Lord of

Abydos.

in

accord
in

The block was

I'.-'

by side with blocks of the

it

with the dominance of the jackal

earl
tit

god here

lieseli

paving,
in

01'

might have been added

Yet
the
position,

to the exclusion of

siris.

to
a

them

reconstruction.

The

inscription

of

Amenj

is

from

Beated

the

resemblance of the stone to

that

of the

black granite figure of the Xllth Dynasty.

The

Vlth and Xlth Dynasties, and the termination

OBJECTS OF THE [Vth-XXVIth DYNASTIES

aq( r}

may

lead us to consider the Vllth Dynast}

56. PLxxxiii. The great pylon of red granite,

3i -I

as a possible
2.

age for

this.

up

at

the western exit of the causeway, was

Stele of Penthen, described in the previou

"\ erthrowi]
lie

and brok<
it.

tip,

and bb
the blocks

uoav

plate
3.

ami by Mr.
Stele

Griffith.

to

tin'

west of

A.mong

some

of

Antef,

Nub-kheper-ra,

followed

are inscribed, and these are copied on this plate.

by

his keeper of the seals, Aahnefer.

1,

The top
and of
is

Left-hand piece

is

clearly pari of
is

fchi

top
in

5.

Fragments of cartouches of Antef and

of the lintel.

Below

that
I>.

Tahutmes
49,
51),

111

Sebekamsaf.
another
slab

The colouring
of

of these,

Osiride dress (sec L.

iii,

with

the

Antef not

published,

in

panther's skin on a pole

Osiris.

before him, as before

is

blue-grey, red,

and yellow; and the

in favour

tints

are

In front of this block

to

a piece which

exactly the same under both these kings.

is

This
date

seems
-tall',

have the end of the panther skin, a

an

argument

of

the

later

and the knee of an An-mut-f priest.

The

which has been assigned

6.

to

Antef V.

next block has the legs of the same priest with

the tail of the panther skin.
a base

Quartzite sandstone upper part of a statue. the material

it
;

There then appears

From

is

probably of the Xllth

is

with sloping sides which supported some

or XI 11th Dynasty
that of Neferhotep
III.

and the face

closely like

central object.

Beyond

that are legs of another

side, evi-

or his brother Sebekhotep

of both these kings have

An-mut-f priest turning toward theother

dently to adore another figure.

As monuments

This would imply

Lintel,
is

been found in the temple, this might well be

either of them.
T
is

a total breadth of at least 123 inches for the

and a height of about 76 inches

the gateway

a very beautiful figure of a queen in low

about 87 wide, and the whole distance across

the jambs 153 inches.

relief of great delicacy.

The

style of the hiero-

The

piece at the rightit

glyphs and figure

at

is

exactly that of

Amenemhat I
The queen

hand base does not seem

the uas

as if
;

could

fit

into

Koptos, and

could not suppose that such

in another age.

such a subject as the above

is

the forked end of

work would recur

is

the right-hand edge of the scene, and

title

evidently an heiress to the kingdom, having

;

there seems to be the end of the

An-mut-f.

the uraeus on her head

the

and she might well be

through

The

large strip of titles at top right

;

is

probably
is

daughter

of

Sankhkara

whom

from the jamb

and the piece

at left base

Amenemliat gained the kingdom and founded

the Xllth Dynasty.
8.

probably part of the other jamb with a Ionmultiple cartouche of both names in one. Possubject was

Head

of

Aahmes
I,

I offering.

Compare
This
is

his

sibly

the
;

Avhole

lintel

not symleft
;

portraits in Abydos

frontispiece.
is

not

metrical

there

may have been on

priest

the

the

part of his chapel, as he

here represented as

deceased Tahutmes III seated, and the priest

the
right

on
II

a living person, without the menat.

9.

another

and

Amenhotep
for the

Foundation deposit vases of alabaster, with

of

standing, and so leaving

room

columns
This

the

name

Tahutmes

III.

See the section on

of explanatory inscription about the priest.

deposits, p. 21.
10.

would then go well into the whole

inches wide.

lintel of

150

Sandstone ushabti of Amen-em-hes, which

will

be fully published in the next volume.

57.

PI.

xxxiv.

These pieces of a great

list

of

11.

Black granite seated figure of Arnen-

offerings are all

carved on very hard white lime-

hotep, Steward of the palace at

Memphis and
palm
spathe,
see

stone, the cutting shallow

and

left

rough

in the

Treasurer.

The hand holds

very rare.

hollows.

They were

all

found at the west end,

with

which
Mr.

is

For the inscription

or inmost part of the temple of Tahucmes.

PI.

Griffith's chapter.

xxxv.

Sandstone slab

of

Sety

36

VliYDOS
of

II.

figure

Hapi.

This

is

the

only

trace

of

just inside the pylon of

pi. lvii.

Tahutmes,

as

marked on
of

building

by Sety in the Osiris temple. edges of it are skewed about 20 as if a

.

The
dooi'-

PI. xxxvii.

The black granite head

of
it.

Neb1

way had gone

2.

obliquely through a
of

Avail.

en-maat

is

probably of the time of Ramessu

Grey granite figure

for the
fine

Pa-ra-hotep, rethe back.

lie

by the

style

The

lace

is

injured, and

markable

work of

nothing more could be found of the body.

was brother
Osiri-.

of

Onnefer the great high priest of

See

The seated brown granite

hotep
is

figure

of

Pa-raof

and was vizier under Ramessu Ik

of

of
II
:

the

best

work

of the

reign

Mr. Griffith's chapter.

3.

Ramessu
II

the character of the face, the

detail
all

wavy

Slab

Ramessu
at

with rounded top;

hair, the

muscular

of the back,

and the

about 5 inches thick

20
inches

above, and
the

then

about

cushion for a seat are

unusual

at that period.

thick

lower

third,

having
is

an L-shaped section.
clear.

The use
of

of

it

not

The photographs of the figure are given in This wezir was brother of Minnies, pi. xxxv.
and half brother of the great Unnefer, high
priest

Back of a group Uamesseum at Thebes,

4.
5.

Nezem, keeper

of the

of

Osiris,

by

the

same mother
inscription
is

(see

see pi. xxxviii.

Abydos

I, -47).

The large

on the

Steatite statuette of a prince l'a-kki'ed-na-

front, the

strip

below on the base.

The two
in-

ahu son of Ramessu.

6.

upper small inseriptiems are on the arms; the

pectoral between the arms
;

Pyramidion of black quartzose stone of

.
.

and the lower

Theper
Tauraa.
7.

.,

and

his

mother Khati and

figure

sister

scriptions are at either side of

feet.

and between the

Griffith's

The

translation

is

given in Mr.

Part

of

kneeling
front,

holding
sides,

altar,

chapter.
PI. xxxviii. fer

inscribed on top,

both

back, and

The upper

inscriptions of
in

Unneof

under side with cartouches of Ramessu

IV.

and Nezem were found

group

Park grey quartzose

x
.

st<ine.

sculptures

which had

been

thrown together

Slab

of

Ramessu
is

III

and queen Thyi-

against the north wall of the

XVIIIth Dynasty

mer-en-a>t

who
also
late

hitherto
slab
;

unknown.

(Cairo

temple, but southof the causeway. Thereseems to

Museum.)

Another

with

her name, but

have been a grouping of sculptures here on both

sides

no head, was

found

both were turned face

of the causeway, as the figures of

Amen-

down
PI.

in the

paving south of the Aahmes

the
stele,

hotep

and Rahotep were opposite.

(PI. lvii).

chapel.

The
At
top
is

inscription of

Nezem

is

on the back of a

xxxvi.

the scene
is

on

lime-tone group of two figures,

much decayed
group of
a

small

limestone

which

of

unusually

and broken.
goddess,

There was also

(2) a

delicate

work
figure

in the features.
is

Osiris,

Ramessu
a

II,

and

guide.

The
seated
I

inscription below
in

from the front of

of

with cartouches at the sides of the front,

much

Mark granite
tin-

Amenhotep,
of this

decayed limestone;
figure,

(">)

squatting limestone

scribe
ila-

over

palace

al

Memphis, and
i>

over

treasury.
pi.

The photograph
to

given on
head
of
i1

xxxii. 11.

From the character of the

il

much split, with inscriptions on back, base, and down front; (I) a Limestone baboon, which was badly split: a Muck of lime('>)

should suppose
II

belong

i<>

tin-

reign

stone of

section, the

outside

"I'
<>f

the

upright
11

Amenhotep
graceful,
lorials
;

or

Tahutmes IV.
than
i-

The wort
in

limb
(pi.

having xxxv,
.*'>);

the

cartouches

Ramessu

and
an.
is
I

finer

usual
seated
It

such
a

(6) a neck of a
\.i>.,

Roman amphora
when

the figure

mi

\<,w

of

tin'

firsl

century

which shows

step,

which

not often shown.

was found

these pieces were heaped together.

OBJECTS OF THE

Vim

WYIni DYNASTIES.
haps
boats
the
aegis

87

The lower
group of

inscription
of

of

Any

is

below
gods,

of

some god.
as
yet.

Such decorated

figures
to be

Auy and

the

too

are
is

unknown

The

figure

of

a
a

much broken
PL xxxix.
in
i<

worth reproducing.
of these

harper

interesting, as

showing the harp on

a

All

pieces

were found
First

portable folding -(and. like

camp
from
the

stool.
a

the previous season at the temple site.

a
ii

The lower
stone
statue
of

piece

are

all

hard lime-

block with part of a Large Nile boal carved

:

of

Mut-tuy,
II.

seventeenth
vulture
is

on

the boat has been decorated

with a row

daughter

Ramessu

The

was

of adoring figures, standing

where higher, kneeladaptations

in

around the back of the crown.

This

the first

ing

where

lower

(like

the

monument

Greek

pediment); these probably represented

known of this otherwise only named on the

princess,
lisl

who

is

at

Luqsor.

worshippers of the figure head of the boat, per-

;;s

ABYDOS

1L

CHAPTER

IV.

FLINT KNIVES AND POTTERY.

58.

Pl.

xl.

Although many

flint

flakes

were

piece of a vase
third stone vase
in the
level,

is
is

described under

pi. xii.

A
176

found scattered in the temple area, there was

the plain diorite bowl found

pi. li) at

no great number of well worked

third

flints,

only a

great store chambers (C on

of

what were found

found

in

about the same

all

near the original

floor,

and so of an

early

space of town last year.

later than those

They are nearly

town
;

dynasty.

in the

and

it

will

59.

Pottery of the 1st Dynasty and Earlier.

in

be seen that the general type of the earlier ones

These forms are already pretty well known

the town of this age
11, 12,
;

with a spur at the end of the handle, gives way

to straight handles, and even to the

Nos.

3, 4,

5, 6, 7, 8, 9,

smooth
6, 7,
it

and 17 have

all

been found within the

curve with a mere notch in

it,

as Nos. 3, 5,

first fifty

inches of the town, or before the end

and
is

10.

This dates this form, and shows that

of the reign of Zer.

On comparing
town and

these and

of the end of the

Old Kingdom, and later

it

others levelled in the

in the temple,
is

than the Royal Tombs, in which

found.

was never
being more

the middle result from sixteen different forms

to

The

tips of all these knives

show that the

basal sand line

site,

is

equal to

1 1

l^ointed than those

from the tombs

may be due
;

level in

the temple

which accords

closely
I,

worn away with scraping but they seem more pointed than those used in the earlier
to being

with what we otherwise know.

pi. xxxviii).

(See Abydos

town, so the pointing

character,
as well as

may
the

be reckoned a
handle notch

late

Black Pottery,
class

1st
is

Dynasty.
unlike any

20

to 36.

This

in

of pottery

known
in

in early
all

curved front, and the convex line of the back.

PI. xli.

Egypt.
through,

The small cups 20 to 30 are black

hard,

The one important

link

flint

here
the
;

is

33,

and not polished

general.

which

gives another

between

pre-

They
ochre.
softer,

often contained remains of a brilliant red

historic lance

and the peshken amulet

lance, yet
it

the size

The vases 32
with a polished
lines,

to

36 are thicker, rather sometimes showing

and form
cut,

is

that of the
is

would not
Dynasty)
(See

face,

and
it

it

so

late

(Vllth

Xlth

burnished
the jar 36.
of the

as

for

instance,

up and down
specially

that

must be regarded
I,

as an

amulet.

The forms
;

of the vases are clearly

is

Abydos

24).

Greek family

the hollow foot

PI. xlii.

Here the number

at the right-hand
in

western, seen under 33 but broken, and also in

base gives
levelling.
in the

the level in inches

the temple

the foot of 35

the

amphora form with a

is

con-

Only

tln^ee

stone vases were found

1

cave curve in the neck

the
little

also western

this,

and

temple

site.

No.

is

a piece of a rockis

vase 35,

should have put to a Greek

crystal bowl, of

which the inscription

given

source of the
without
a

.\.\ Villi

Dynasty had they been

piece
of

on

pi.

xii,
it

279.

The boat with a crowned

to

history.

A
from

the

neck

of

hawk on
this

seems
to

bearoyal
the
royal

vessel

probably

36 placed side by side with black pottery of the

late

belonged

boat.

Another

neolithic

age

Knossos was indistin-

FLINT KN1YKS AND IMTTKRY.

guishable
ance.
in colour,

S9

burnish, and general appearto

Deshasheh xxxiii,

15.

The

offering vases
(//.

which
1

They

belong
is

one

fabric;

and

the

we know
to

in the

Is)

Dynasty

V.

i,

xliii,

10)

source of that
the rougher

presumably Cretan.
Egypt.

Probably

are never found

the

in

the town, but belong entirely

little

cups contained paint which

temple, about the IVth Dynasty,

Nos.
at

was imported
Pottery with

to

93

95;

they

continued 96
is

to
a

the

Villi

early glazesand ivories,

M.

69,

is

Dendereh
the

(xvi, 5, 7).

form of the Ilnd

I"

of value

as

dating the throwing

away

of the

Dynasty (A bydos r,xxxiv, 135) which lasted on

objects in that chamber.

37

is

of the type of
little

Vth (Desk

xxxiii, 20)

and the Vlth Dynasty

thin

Perabsen (Abydos
later.
3!' is

f,

vii,

31) or perhaps a

(Dend. xvi, 19).

97 isapeculiar form, in

of the latter part of the 1st Dynasty.

like

highly polished red

flakes of flint

ware;

several
it.

very

long
of the

41

is

most

the form under Perabsen.

1st
is

38

were found

inside

98

is

and 40 are certainly after the

date of the
sect. 35.

Dynasty.
dealt

The
in

same appearance.
100,

The

lid of

an incense burner,

chamber

filling

with

may

be compared with that of the Vlth

xvi, 6).

Dynasty (Dend.

The head-rest

101

is

60.

Pottery of

IlndVth Dynasty.

PI. xliii.

unknown

hitherto in pottery of this form.

1

The
L06

The forms here lead on from those of the 1st Dynasty to the well-known IV th Dynasty types. The open bowls should be compared with those
in

simple stands 102 to

0(3,

110 to 112havealong

history; the graceful trumpet forms 105,

Medum
of the

xxx,
early

9,

10

but the thin

splay-

are known in the Illrd Dynasty (Dend. xvi, 1). The compound forms of stand and dish in one

lip

bowls seems to

have been

piece

are
I,

known from
xxxv, 195

before the 1st Dynasty

;

avoided after
liable

the

Ilnd Dynasty, being very

Abydos

197)

but they developed

to

break,

and the stronger form with

usual in the

a higher stand, and a form more nearly copied

recurved brim of some shape was nearly always

used.

from a vase

in

No. 109.

It is

possible, indeed,

The spouted bowl which

is

that the latter form

may have been

intended to

Old Kingdom {Medum xxxi, 21) begins here in

the Ilnd Dynasty, No. 72.
is

be used either end upward.

Nos. 111,112 are of

The large pan,

75,

thick pottery, with bright red polished facing.

unique

it

seems to have been copied from

61.

PL

xlv.

The forms 113

115 were found

Pepy
;

rush-work, and has a cross-line border of red

jjaint

in the foundation deposits of

and 11G

on a light ground.
at
it is

The

position of
pi. lii as "

it

is

119 stood in the corner of the temple of that

aire.

marked
jar "
;

the west edge of

ribbed

Of the other forms 123

I,

is

new

to us at this

probably of the

Illrd

or

IVth
78

period, a survival of the big jars of the earliest

Dynasty.
in

The form 77 here passed on

belong
to

to that

Medum
79

xxxi, 28, and Dendereh xvi, 32.

early
types.

and

The rough

xxx, 69) 121 and 122 are also 125 is not known so small (see Dend. xvi, 13) a IVth Dynasty form (Medum xxx, 5), and 126,

town (Abydos

finger-marked jars 80

83

begin at the latter

127 are like Dend. xvi, 24, 26, 27.

In the next group of the Vlth

part of the 1st Dynasty,

striated in the Illrd

become more regularly

late

Xth Dynast}-,
132,

Dynasty, then degrade to

the Illrd

we

see

the

early types of

bowl 129 surviving,

133
tall

rough

lingering

in

(Medum

and the conical rough

vessels

like

xxxi, 15) and become nearly cylindrical in the

Medum
137

xxxi,

28.

The hand-made

pots
to

Vth Dynasty (Deshasheh xxxiii, 22), and quite so in the Vlth Dynasty (Dendereh xvi, 8). The narrow-necked vases 88 92 PI. xliv.

8,

which are so well

xvii, 86.

known

earlier,

seem

have
as in

also

dwindled to the small forms 135, 136,

PI. xlvi.

Dend.

do not begin
to

till

the Ilnd Dynasty, and continue

xvi,

of this age are mostly found in the

at Dendereh (pi. xvii).

The other types same period

finer

the

IVth and Vth, Dendereh

2527,

But some are much

40

ABYDOS
form and handling, as 149, 152, 153, 154
in the
;

II.

in

or two, but ending with

Mentuhotep

111. last

Pro-

and Uuo resemble many

called

west group

bably the finer forms belong to the

ihese deposits.

age of

Xlth Dynasty, such as 177184.

The
its

whole of this group was found together

posit

in the de-

The types
Dynasty
at

of Usertesen I from his foundation

marked X, on

pl.liv,

which seems from

(see sect. 22) to

deposit differ from anything

known

in the

Xllth

arrangement and position

been a
scries of pits for

have

Dendereh, and
II

also

from the deposit

offerings in the west

of Usertesen

(Kahun, xiv), or other groups

wing of the old Pepy temple.

easily belong to

So these may

of the Xllth Dynasty.

different times over a century

1!

CHAPTER

V.

THE INSCRIPTIONS.
By
F.

Ll.

Griffith,

F.S.A.

62.

I'l.

xvi.

In this

new

collection of puzzles

the papyrus was closely followed in the inscription.

there are a few details clear.

In 8 we probably

At

the right band edge

we

see a

column
king,
:

have

(T]

N^

"the servant of the god, Heb":

y
<=>

containing only the Horus

name

of the

in 9 a female title

common

in the Illrd

the symbol of his presence and approval

this

may
be Hez-hotep.
,

correspond

to

the

royal

seal,

but was

Dynasty and the early part of the IVth, together

with a name that
is

probably also written inside the papyrus.

the top of the decree itself
into
is

At
"

may
^

In 15 there
is

a heading divided of the king

the

name

~p

Nefermaat, which

well

two portions

"

Command

known

as belonging to

an important member of
described as
is

faces in

one direction, and the name and

title of

the family and court of King Senefru, buried at

the person to
direction.

whom

it is

addressed
the

in

the other

Medum.
as "

On

18 King Menkaura
his

is

To judge by

analogy

of

the

"beloved of Hathor," and

7ca-name

given

correspondence found by Prof. Petrie at Kahun

this
is

arm of the bull of Ra (?) ": 20 shows the Horus name of TJserkaf, and 21 the cartouche
Horus name ^r^ the same names.

the endorsement of the papyrus, but the

also

same may

have appeared

upon the

face.

of Sahura with the

qMK:

At the

foot

of the decree

22 has fragments of

divided into
himself," the

two
"

"

is

another
(?)

line, also

in

presence of

the king
it

The most interesting of the inscriptions found this year at Abydos are those upon the three
63.
plates
<

second part declaring that

was

"sealed

(?)

on a certain

date,

apparently

xvii-xix.

These decrees of kings of the

without naming the year.

I'l.

>ld

Kingdom

are of a class of writings hitherto

xvii.

unrepresented

on
in

the

monuments.
tombs

We

can

lands," the
"

"Horus who pacifies Horns name of Teta.

of the king (unto)
last

the
"

two

however compare them on the one hand with

the

Command
first

charges

private

of the

Old

(The

and

lines of the

decree

itself

Kingdom, respecting the /-'/-servants and the property of the endowment, and on the other
with the royal order of the boy-king Neferkara
to
his
officer

-rem
".

to give
. . .

no connected sense.)
to

reckon

....

cattle
[this]
?]

and
(?)

all
is

products

therein

land

Herkhuf, when the latter

was
the

preserved unto

Khent[amentiu
of

(i.e.

Khentaby

returning from a long voyage laden with

rarities collected for the royal gratification.

menthes, Osiris

Abydos)
king
of
for
[it?]

command

of

the

Upper and Lower

ever
to

The

first

two decrees are

alike

in general

Egypt Teta who liveth

[whereas] he
the

eternity,

arrangement.
engrossed
character
;

No doubt
in

they were originally

a

commanded

unto the erpa-ha,

on papyrus

kind

of hieratic

royal

chancellor,

governor of the

South

very probably the arrangement on

\ekau-Assa

42

ABYDOS
" [hi presence of the king himself]
:

IT.

sealed (?)

they arc, conveying the products of any work,

taking any serfs that

the third

month
is

of inundation (?),

day

2 (?)."

....

for canal-work (?),

PL
This

xviii.

" Horus, rich in manifestations."

that of Neferarkara (the third

and any work of the nome on any land on which

k-name

king of the Yth Dynasty) on the Palermo stone.

work They

is

done

by any servants of the

king
rn

god.

are protected to the extent of eternity

of the
. .

The cartouche

in the

body of the decree To p

\j J

command
Egypt
task
(?).
.

of

by Upper and Lower

in

may perhaps be
king.
It
is

the

prenomen
is

of

the

same

Ira

every

very unfortunate that the middle

cartouche
imperfect.
T

sign

in the

Another
reading

" Verily

every

man

of the

take any servants of the

nome who shall god who are in the

any work of the
acquaintance
(?)

Horus

name,

Nefer-khau
of
this

(the

lands

(?)

of the

god

or serfs of the lands

not quite
similar
to

certain),

period,

and very

of the god, for canal-work or

the

one

now under
Fraser
'

consideration,
a

nome
"

was noted
El Bersheh.
of

by Mr.

tomb at Mr. N. de G. Davies made a copy

from
to
it

Any magnate
of
(?)

or

royal

or

inspector

embankments
these things
of
( )

who
king

shall
"

do

the

extremely fragmentary inscription

it

according to

which
is

is

attached and has shown

of the
;

me

that

"In

presence

the

himself;

precisely
xvii,

form

of the

decrees

on an
sealed (?)

"

pi.

xviii

it

must

have
the

recorded

honorific

"command" from

king

64.
to the

PL
II.

xix.

The architrave

inscription

is

of

owner of the tomb.

which the
"

The present decree seems

from labour to

Pepy
king.

to be for the relief of the priests

rest of the people

The decree is probably of the same The record of sealing and date are
;

might be subjected.
(unto) the superin-

here placed at the right hand end

the heading

Command
title is

of the

king

and royal La-name are

lost,

but perhaps were

tendent of the

servants of the god, Hen-ur."

written in the upper part of the same column.

The

that of the head of the local temple

What remains seems

endowments of
Khentamenthes.

to

relate

chiefly to

the

administration, always

very important perless

certain statues in the temple of

sonage in a religious centre of even

than

repute

Abydos

in

fact

the

nomarch himself

form, and so far as

generally combined the religious primacy with

his civil

ments, a share in
is

The statement is in tabular we can learn from the fragan ox and a portion of milk
(?)

princedom.
decree itself some of the writing
1

to

be given

from

each festival to

the

corporation of the temple and to each of the

is

In the

in statues. " the one

irregular columns, which apparently have to be

inserted

Perhaps the "eighth of an

ox" and
in the

amongst

measure

of milk "

which occur

the

horizontal
in

lines;

but

there

is

much

obscurity

fragments were repeated in each case.

parts
of

the

".
larder

inscription.
'

of every festival therein, unto (1) the

have not empowered any man

in the

(?)

ofthe superintendent of divine servants,

this temple, (2) the

to

take
(?)

any servants of the god who are

in

nome
*")

and the divine servants of

royal

which

for canal-work (?) or for

(

statue of Neferkara, (3)the statue of Pepyankhnes

any
the

mother

of

Neferkara

of

the

pyramid

work ofthe nome, beyond performing

service of the
is,

Menankh,

(4) the statue of

Pepyankhnes royal

god

....

in

which the temple

in

and making the temples to prosper

1

which

mother of Merenra of the pyramid Kbanefer, (5) the statue ofthe chief judge and wazir Zau:
which statues (possibly
this

refers

only to the

El Bersheh

ii,

p. hi.

first

three) are

in

the temple of Khentamenthes.

THE INSCRIPTIONS. The divine

estates are

48

servants of their several

endowment(?),

formula and musl

"
<

liavi

stated thai the door

was

discharged

from

this

duty
I

they

made by him
Isiris
<

as his
<

monument
fsiris

to

his

father

are

protected
(?)

have not
thi

nnophris (or
statuette
is

Khentamenthi
a

granted that the royal larder

tilings (?)

receive

The
of
Osiris

inscribed with
the

prayer to
lord
ol

to

the

extent

Khentamenthes
royal city

great

god,

eternity."

Ahvdos, for offerings "to the ka of the governor

(?)

" Sealed
fourth

in

presence of the king himself:

of the
of

and

wa/.ir

Ameiiv, begotten

month

of harvest (Mesore),

day 8."
milk must

the

....
xxvii.

Senb and born of the lady

the

The

fractions of cattle

and

jars of

refer to

portions of the offerings and sacrifices

PI.

Amongsl

quarry marks
the

on
of

at the festivals.

the

building stones, No.

9 gives

name
7

Merenra and Neferkara were brothers who

reigned in succession, sons of
In*

Abydos, No. 10 "year 46, Abydos," Nos.

8

and

Pepy

I.

(Meryra)

"year 50
No. 12

Abydos."

These

must

almost

two

sisters

of the

noble Zau.

Both these

certainly be from the long reign of

III.
is

Thothmes
if

sisters

seem
1

to

have had or to have taken the

its

perhaps upside down, and

so

name

of Pepy-ankhnes or

variant Meryra-

begins with the sign |U "scribe" or "written,"

ankhnes.

All these kings and great personages

but the inscription

obscure.
PI. xxviii.

is

highly cursive and very

may have
PI.

contributed to the grandeur or the

possessions of the temple of Abydos.

The

inscriptions of Usertesen III

xx.

The

inscriptions
I.

here

appear to
be the

record nothing of interest.

In those of Sebek-

belong to Pepy

-r S^.

*^c

may

hotep

III
his

name on
as

the injured table of offerings which,

suggests,

made

we read " King Sebekhotep hath monument to his father KhentaOnnophris), the making for
that
Osiris

Mr. Petrie

may

well have been

menthes

(var. Osiris

dedicated after the king's death.

him a temple of stone

65.

PI. xxiv-v.
III,

Fragments from a temple of

the
inscriptions

Mentuhotep
chiefly to

relating

may give him his protection daily." The altar is inscribed PL xxix.
sab

with

offerings.

On

one we have " thou-

prayer for offerings addressed to Osiris for the

sands of all "

provisions " to the statue of the

and ari-nekhen

Ankhu born
?)

of

Hent-pu.

king of Upper and Lower Egypt Neb-kkerura

"
:

The

stele has a similar

(at

formula to Osiris lord of

on another " King Mentuhotep has made

as his

Ankh-taui

this

temple of

monument": on another "in the Khentamenthes to make unto him

:

Abydos

for

Memphis the "ha and

lut

and Ophois lord of

sealer Hor, born

divine sealer, Senbetfi,

begotten of the

and divine
It

divine offerings to the extent of eternity "

on

of the lady Neferu."

seems odd
is

that

the

another various gods, including Upuaut (Ophois),

connection of Osiris with Abydos

to in the inscription.

not referred

Horus,

Khnum, Thoth, and Anhert

unto thee
all life

(Onouris)

say, "[I give

and strength and]

"
!

The

figure of

Ameny

has a formula addressed

joy of heart, thou livest as king in the Great

Place,

to Osiris

Khentamenthes, the great god lord of

for

King Nebkherura,
is

living for ever

Ab}dos,
<

the

"chancellor,

chief

steward

Fragments from a temple of Sankhkara.

one of them the king
" beloved of

>n

Ameny (?),
of the lady Kemtet."

begotten of Taenhaau, born

Upuaut."
I.

The name
for

of the father

PL

xxvi.

The

inscriptions

of Usertesen

means "Bread

of the poor."

can be restored

according to the well-known

PL xxx,

1.

Prayer

the "official of a

department, Sa-Hathor, born of Menkhet," and

1

Hen- Borchardt

in

Deir

el

Gebrawi

i.,

pp. 29-30.

for his wife (?) "

Mema, born

of Metu-ankh."

44

ABYDOS
2.

71.

Tlie chief scribe, Neferhotep,

begotten of

Behold the heart of

his

majesty found

satisfac-

born of the lady Senbet, says: "Hail

to thee,

tion in doing [pious actions to his father Osiris

thou
forth

eldest son

of Gel),
in

mighty god
Khcnta"

he gave abundant provision] as daily supplies,

coming

....

king

Ta-ur,

beyond what had been formerly

offered
collars

his

majesty

menthes Lord of Abydos

An

early

unto
(?)

him
[of

with

vessels

and

example of
3--j.

hymn

to Osiris.
steles

and every valuable stone, services

gold,
silver]

Fragments of

with

many names

of wine-vessels
this

and bronze,
his son

and

titles.

was done

for

him by

who

PI. xxxi.

This plate contains an inscription

least
is

loves him, Thothmes."

(2)

of a king whose norm n at

was hitherto
probably the

The introductory
lines

inscription

was followed
Part of
lines

unknown.
Pen(?)then

Sekhem-khu-taui-Ra
that
of

by three
the
right

of tabulated offerings.

reading of the prenomen, and son of the Sun

the

the heading remains in

two horizontal

on

nomen.

Below the
of the king's of the king's
in

hand fragment.

small

fragment
left

royal names are

inscriptions, "

Favour granted
lea

should
piece
as

perhaps be attached to the

giving
[O]

hand
this,
it

by the king and

son

Osiris to the

The objection
points out,
is

to

Tehutiaa," and " to

(?)

the

lea

Mr. Petrie
a

that

daughter

Neferu."

Penthen

the later

brings
this end.

high

number,
1,

120
2 at

part of the

New Kingdom
but
the

would readily and

amongst the
(Heading)

low numbers,

appropriately be interpreted as "

the
"*<f

He

of This,"

offered

Thinite":
" he
the
of "

spelling

for

"Daily [provision]
"
In

[by?

wwA

seems scarcely possible so

king Menkhepcrra?] son of the Sun Thothmes,

to

early as

end of the Middle

this inscription

Kingdom,

the table

we

see various

to

which period
66.
plate
PI.

probably belongs.

xxxiv.

From

the fragments on this

numbers 82, GO, 200, 700of loaves bat of many sizes 13, 41, 60, 100. 146,
half bushel (quadruple heqt) of Hour
;

called

to the

we

learn that

Thothmes made considerable

also

hay

gifts to

the temple of Osiris.

:

The

inscription

or vegetables, dates (1 bunch), milk (2 vessels).

(3)

seems to have consisted of

(
)
1

Below

this table is a single line of

full

heading

An

introductory text setting

gift,

forth

the

probably of the
followed

width of the inscription,

to

occasion of the
Pari of this

written in horizontal

by a very extensive tabulation

which

lines.

remains on the fragments in the

the larire fragment on the plate doubtless bel >ns

Lower partof the plate: portions of three lines

being on the right hand larger fragment, and of

This fragment also seems to show the lower edge

of the whole insci'iption.

The enumeration
intervals

is

in

two

lines

on the niidd Ie fragment

ie

former

horizontal lines divided at

lines.

by vertical

should be moved
conies opposite to
the left
a

one
i

line
.

down, so that
large fragment on
these
(?)
<

(Heading)"
of
.

[offered] forthe benefit

The

King Thothmes,
. .

anew unto
of offerings

his
is

father

was

probably separated from

hut

by

'siris

."

The
:

list
it

exces-

long gap,

another small

fragment

joins

sively fragmentary

included boxes of differenl

alabaster
(?),

kinds of
its

I,

objects in

iron

(?),
list

righl

band edge, giving

33!'
Connecting
read
".
:

silver

and bronze.

Towards the end of the

oil

we

read,

"my

majesty gave unto him

)

aruras

these

pieci

together

we

may

of ///(/(/-land ami 40

of higher land.

Also

my
fine

the

-,;, r.-)
j

thai

encompasses the Hanebu.

linen

majesty gave unto him serfs anew to and white cloth ...."'

make

I'll!-:

INSCRIPTIONS.

to

PI.

XXXVI.
the
king,

what
and Osiris
the kin-'I

is

pious and

pleas og
'"

washed my god,

"Favour granted by
i

purified

Innophris, the great god in A.bydos;

Below are
figure

tin

inscriptions

upon a squatting
under
Ra-

scribe,

steward

of

Memphis,

superintendent

of
il

(Pa-)Ra-hotep,
a

wazir

of the treasuries of silver and gold,

Amenhotep.
lord
of
:

and evidently
Bet

Memphite worshipper
is

He
T

says

'

have come unto

thee,
lea

iif

l'tah.

ween

his

arms

shrine shapi

'I

d-Pek,

my

prayers are unto thy

each day

tablet

worn
uiir

as a pectoral, with the

hi- god.

cartouche of

give thee glory, I exalt thee and glorify the

Lei

his king
<

and the figure of

beauties of thy face.

there be given unto

arm

i%

" the "

;

royal

chancellor,

the

me

offerings of bread

and beer, oxen and fowl,

I be anointed

divine

father

Ra-hotep

on the other seem

lord appointed
of
l'tah

cloth

and thread, incense and ointment, water,

to be titles (?) in his

enigma tie writing, together with

wine and milk.

best

May
oil

with the

name

at the feet, "

(r)

My

me
:

unguent and

that has been cast off from

:

wazir as fosterer

of the temple

the forehead of the god

in the feast of
I

max'

receive
cloth.

fillets

became

(?)

overseer of the whole country, judg-

Uag, of green and red

May

ing the land for the king."

enter the rTeshem-boat (the sacred boat of

'siris)

On
a

the front, from the knees

downwards,

is

as a perfect spirit,

may

I not
I

be parted
one (who
:'

longer inscription, the central column being

in

from the servants of Horns.

loveth)
truth,

am

kind of enigmatic writing.

detesting evil,

without crime
(?),

"The

chief of

secrets

of
.

the

great

place,

for the lea of the sab,

|,,,

on the right hand

who

priest (?) of l'tah in

...

the chancellor
lord, protect

ttli
,.

burial and

hath reached reward,

Ra-hetep, he says,

'

O my

.... me for
make

my the chief steward of the king, one praised who came forth from the body of one praised, my my excellent satisfier of the heart of his lord, the
king's
hotep.''

excellence, grant safety to

my

soul,

body
bones

to prosper, its flesh to

to

be good, and

be safe unto the future, because

scribe,

steward

of

Memphis,

Amenin

For
truth'

am

thy servant, loving thee

the
says,

wazir Parahotep,

who

is

a-

The
the

inscription

is

probably of the middle of

god.
train,

He

'Let

me become
:

as those in thy

XVIIIth Dynasty.
PI. xxxvii.

67.

On the
(?)
J

support of the head

" the chief priest of

of a statue.

who see thy forms exalt me amongst the make me divine amongst the souls. Let me be summoned to thy presence daily, and
spirits,

At

the back

/"j

not be

destroyed

from

out

the

land

'

the
of
11,

Ta-ur (the reliquary of

Osiris)
(?),

the

erpa ha, chancellor, confidential friend

of the king, the wazir Parahotep."
PI.

divine chancellor in great dealings

the cere-

monial attendant, the master of ceremonial in

xxxviii.
at

Unnefer,

the

high priest

.... the .... He

A bydos,
I

divine servant of Osiris, Nebenmaat

says,

Osiris

Abydos

in the reign of

Rameses

'I

was

divine

servant
(?)

of

has

left

many

records.
in

Of the fragments

in this

secured gold for

my

master

....

plate,

the small one

the middle should

If

I established

the god upon his sacred stand and

joined to the larger one below, so that the signs

are continuous,

raised that
"
(?).'

up upon the

scaffolding of the

and the larger fragment

be

barge

above
side
:

should

placed

below

them,

On one
maat
:

" the divine

'

servant Xebenpriest

he

says,

was the chief

god who
is
'
.

of

so

that

O
hymn

are joined.

The

in-

Ta-ur,

kher-heb of the
:

therein.'
. .
.

On

the other side

"

He

savs,

doius;

scription was a

or prayer addressed by

AKYDOS
to

11.

Unnefer
thy son

Osiris
live,

it

ends "

'

make liameses
his enthrone-

[Addenda

to

Abydos

1.

Jt

is

best

to

state

to

establish thou

here a correction to the inscription in Ab.

/, lx, 2,

ment upon the great seat, advance him (?) in the royalty of the two lands that he may live for ever,' (pronounced) by the chief priest of

which Mas found just before leaving Abydos,

and was not dry enough to clean completely

when

copied.

In

the
in

third

column

read,

Mris, Unnefer."

>
is

The second
Hathor,
divine
scribe,
all

inscription

an address to

deities,

11
nrzj

and
ill'

the fourth

T
said
son.
to be

including Harakhti,

Atum,

Ptah-Sokaris-Osiris,
!

the gods of the sacred land, and the

in

The kneeling
of

figure,

pi.

Ennead

lxv, 8,

Abydos, by Nezem, the royal

in

Unnefer,

is

of

Hora,

his

The
{

steward of the temple of liameses II

(?).

Karnak

inscriptions

read,

The

last

inscription

is

a prayer to " Osiris,

*
J)

'

|g

*]

ruler of

eternity,

Ptah-Sokaris,

Lord of the

-Jbl^jGI

at the side.

coffin," for "

thousands of every good and pure

thing, thousands of every

good and sweet thing,

to breathe the air,

HV^t^^1iPI?nSyi3 <&>?
by the
feet.

given by heaven, produced by earth, brought

by the Nile, of

its

offerings

smell the north wind, and drink water in the

swirl of the stream
;

rwmiiMitvHiDi
s

^>

for the

ka of the scribe of
city

the

steward

of

the

southern

(Thebes),

tPil^V13)miPV?oJback has the same

inscription

Th

master of ceremonies in the

festival of

Amon,

slightly varied.

Any."

W. M.

F. P.]

17

CHAPTER

VI.

SUMMARY OF RESULTS.
68.
Ix dealing

with so

many

details

it

may

be

temple.

In order to

compare the
place

relative
in

posi-

best to bring together a brief

main

results, especially for

those

summary of the who may not

is

tions of the gods we

in

may

them

the order

which they appear on the monuments of the

site,

have time to consider the whole of the material.

It
lias

temple

with the number of instances during

been a surprise to find that Osiris

each period that their names have been published

in

not more

prominent in the early history of the

Abydos /and

this

volume.

I III
Upuaut
.

Kbnumu
Anher

Khentamenti

Horus
Tahuti
.

Asar

Asar Khentamenti
Asar neb Abdu Asar neb Daddu

Asar neb Ankhtaui

Asar Unnefer
.

Hathor

Ptah nefer her

Uazyt

Anpu
Asar-neb-ta-zeser

Though mere accident may

lead to a

name

not having been preserved from an early date,

yet accident cannot be supposed to entirely per.

vert the evidence

drawn from the occurrence

of

names
in the

in a site.

We

see that

Upuaut appears

first period, is prominent through the Kingdom, and then disappears. Whereas Middle Osiris does not appear till the Middle Kingdom,

and grows in importance to the end.

is

Upuaut

the

name on

the only temple vase, and appears

48

ABYDOS
and
Osiris

II.

Dynasty;
till

alone

does

not

appear

two stages
It

after

the

temple of the 1st Dynasty.

to

the

XHIth Dynasty
/,

(pi.

xxviii).

The
to
this

must be therefore probably referred

or

the the

mention of Anher belongs to the capital Thinis

(Ahydos
temple.
Ivi),

Illrd

IVth Dynasty.

And we

have

and

does

not relate

tradition of a religious revolution at the rise of

the IVth Dynasty,

history
to

when Herodotus
temples
tradition
find
:

states that

The
appcais
deity

of

the

worship

of

the

place

Khuf'u

closed

the

and abolished the

exactly
is

have been then that Upuaut was the

temple
at
first.

sacrifices.

This

meets the

of

the

In
(pi.

(he

Vlth

conditions that

we

there

no temple, and
fire,

Dynasty Khentamenti appears

ing the temple.
In

xix) as own-

clay votive offerings are thrown into a

the

Xlth Dynasty Upuaut

cheap substitute for the real offerings of animals

was

siill

mainly venerated by Sankhkara (xxv).

and vegetables, on which the priesthood

lived.

In the Xllth Dynasty the temple foundations

are in

This disestablishment and confiscation of endow-

honour of Khentamenti

(xxiii).

Asar Asar
world

ments has been a familiar course in history

Khentamenti then appears, perhaps

Hapi, meaning Khentamenti
of Osiris,
in the

like

whenever a

strono- ruler has to organize a

;

new

who

is

in the

order of things

and

it

is

quite in accord with

the future state (xxvi, xxix).

is

And

the dominant character of Khufu.

Xllth Dynasty
and
or

Asar neb Daddv, Asar

the
first

69.

Several objects have placed the history

neb

Ankhtaui,

for

time in the

of art and products in an entirely

new

light,

and

Xllth

XITIth Dynasty

Asar neb Abdu

change some of the ideas hitherto accepted.

(altar pi. xxix).

Asar Khentamenti continues,

At

the

beginning of the

1st

Dynasty we

however,

to

be the main form until in the

New

meet with the

inlay

art of glazing fully developed,

Kingdom
This
Osirian

Osiris alone stands

on an equal footing.
Khentamenti, the
lastly

not only for large monochrome vessels, but for

in different
(pi. iv).

succession

of

Upuaut,

colours,

as

in

the

vase

of

Khentamenti, and
consistent a view

Osiris alone,

Mena
and

It

was

also used for relief

;

work,
scale

gives too

to

be merely the

in the

round

(pi. i)

and on a great

result of accident.

If in other texts outside of

is

for the coating of wall

surfaces.

Certaiuly no

the temple
lord of

it

should prove that Osiris

at

called

advance on new
of coloured

lines

appears until the variety

glaze

Abydos
itself

an earlier date,

it

would then

glass

and

appeared

in

the

only apply to his lordship of the cemetery; the

tin pic
i

was that of Upuaut, and next of

Khentamenti.

XVIIIth Dynasty. At the same early period arises the fine art in ivory carving, which is equal to anything done
later,

The change in the character of the temple under the IVth Dynasty is notable (see sect. 14). The great bed of vegetable ashes differs from
anything seen before, and the offerings of clay
in
it

and in
all

its

absence of convention stands

The statuette of the old king (pi. xiii), and some of the fragments on pis. ii, iii, show as good an underabove
later

Egyptian works.

are
is

similarly

unknown.

This

positive

standing
in the

of

form as at any later age.

change
that iiM
this

accompanied by the negative change

temple building here belongs to
large buildings
in

l-t

ami

llnd Dynasty the intercourse

great

with Crete had

brought in the polished black

age,

although there were

ware well known as the early product of that

island,
in

before and after this.

The ash bed was only

this.

the later
in

neolithic

age.

The

small

a small

cell

ami

at a later

time another case of

cups were used

tint

importing bright red paint,

oil,

building was added around

this
stagi

The date

of

larger jars probably for

&c. (xii, 267

new form of worship must have been two

before

xlii,

2036).

Pepy

in

the Vlth

Dynasty, and

This connection hears ouf the importation of

SUMMARY OP RESULTS.
the earliest kind of painted island pol tery at the

The decrees
Dynasty
state

of

tli-

*s of the

Vth and YTth

same period.

(xvii, xviii)

are

the

only examples of

The camel had hitherto been unknown Egypt until late times. Now a camel head
pottery found with objects of the
(x,

in
in

documents of
with
the
carries

the

old

Kingdom.
\

The
Ttli

iron found

copper tods of the

the

Dynasty

Dynasty
metal
for

back
or

knowledge of
years,
as
it

thai

224) points to the animal having died ou1

this
is

two
it

three
at

thousand

and
rare

ami been re-introduced;

much

like the

shows that
metal
in

was
<

leasl

known

history of the horse in l^gypt, as lately suggested

the

>ld

Kingdom, though
Greek times.
present

did not

by Zippelin.

Income common

till

The statue of Khafra has long been one of the main treasures of early Egyptian portraiture,
but his more celebrated
predecessor,

Though not

in

the

volume, we
cliff

may

mention also the discovery of the

temple

Khufu,

prototype of Deir-el-Bahri, and the great stele

of Queen Tetashera, the ancestress of the

was quite unknown

last

to us

by appearance.

At
work

Wfllth

we have recovered
by
its

a statuette, which,

though

Dynasty.

so small, yet

exquisitely minute

gives us a portrait that for

power and character

(xiii, xiv).

The clearing of the ten successive temples of Abydos has given, for the first time, the continuous history of a
ties.

ranks with some of the best

can
the
at
last

We

site

through

all

the dynas-

realize

the nature and energy of

And

it

has afforded in several respect- a

most

ruling

character

that

Egypt ever

new view

of the beginning of the civilization.

produced.

ABYDOS

II.

APPENDIX,
THE SIZES OF BRICKS.
70.
In uncovering walls of so
sizes of the

many

periods the

enormous bricks two

feet long
lie

and a foot wide

in the
III,

comparison of the
of use for

bricks was often

we cannot

say.

They

on the N.W.

identifying the connection between

sand bed beneath the wall of

Tahutmes

but

The time required for finding the dimensions of one set of these unbaked mud bricks was considerable. One or two joints might show, or even a wall might show its bricks all
different walls.

do not appear in any built wall.

The

references to the plans are given here

by

the " nominal " widths,

plans in which
the

and the numbers of the

they are found appear beneath

over,

and yet dozens of sections of the

soft

mud

nominal width.

The breadths

to

which
the

earth might have to be sliced before two or three

there are no references on the plans

are

lengths and breadths could be certainly identified

following
Inches.

and
vary

fixed.

Ft

is

not

sufficient

to

measure
the
joints

several
in

together in one
thickness
;

length, as

4.3

Foundation W. of
wall,
liii.

S.

end of outer gate

the
its

brick

itself

must be
side.

clearly delimited

from

mortar on each

5.22
5.6

S. wall of

W.

square,

Iv.
lii.

The breadths
of the bricks

are usually about half of the length

;

Wall

S. of

ash shrine,

but this

is

by no means
plans

exact,

5.72

Low

houses

under

Kom-es-Sultan,

and both dimensions need fixing separately.

xlix.

For

reference

on

the

letters

or

6.05

Corner tower N.W. of Kom-es-Sultan,

xlix.

more than one alphabet would be used up, numbers were better. It seemed best then to use the medium breadth of the bricks as a reference number, as
numbers might be used.
as

But

6.1 2

Base of E. outside

wall, 265, xlix.

6.2

6.45

W. end of wall E. of Teta decree, lii. Low corner N.W. of Kom-es-Sultan,

xlix.

that gives

an immediate notion of the

size.

These reference numbers are not exact averages,

but merely serve to distinguish different
of
sets

6.5

W.

of K. in

liii,

and cross walls

21A,
7.0
13.2,
lvi,
liii.

in

big N.E. wall, 305-

measurements and

to refer

between the plans

are
dis-

and the following

table.

&c,

Usertesen

deposit

pit,

The general conclusions from this table that from 1st to Vth Dynasty there is nothing
tinctive in the size,

and low corner N.W. of outside

xlix.

wall,

which varies from 4.4 to

6.4.

The Vlth Xlth Dynasties show larger sizes, from 5.2 to Pepy's 7.8. Then the Xllth Dynasty
only used the greater of these
sizes, 7.0 to 7.35.

(13 and 15 inch bricks tuized

13.8,

in

both.)

&c,

filling

of a break in

N.W.

outside wall, xlix.

I

And

the

8.9 to

XVIIIth went outside of all these into To whom belong the 9.0 for the width.

1.3

patched

E. wall of outside, 245,

xlix.

TIIK SIZES

OP BRICKS.

51

1.1

[Tsertesen
lvi.

W.

wall,

S.

end 303-

266,
7.1

W.

side

temple A. 202-189,

Li.

14.2 inner corner

liii.

of X.K. thick

wall,

1.4
liii.

construction chamber

in

above,

7.2

E. outside wall, xlix.

EC om-es- Sultan

outside wall, xlix.

8., lvi.

Usertesen wall S.W. and

7.35

Lower
xlix.

part

inside

Kom-es-Sultan,

J3.K,

&c, top 10 courses

8.

of

Kom-es-

Sultan, N.W., xlix.

7.8
E.

and
xlix.

walls

of

Kom-es-Sultan,

8.7

8.9

Tahutmes Ml wall at N.W., Ivii. Tahutmes III retaining wall by deposit

116,
lvii.

9.0
12.1

Tahutmes
wall,

III wall

on W.,

lvii.

X.W. sand bed under Tahutmes

li.

III

The excess
breadth
is,

of the

length

over double

the

(i.e.

the allowance for one mortar joint)

*4

on an average,

in each period before the

XVIIIth Dynasty.
of 13.5

The two

different lengths

and 15.2 inches

to

(see 7.0)

mixed

together,

probably were respectively for stretchers and

headers,

allow

of

bonding

across

wide

middle joint in the wall.

DIMENSIONS OF BRICKS.
Nominal.

62

ABYDOS

11.

Nominal.

..;;

INDEX TO PART
Aahmes
I,

II.

tomb, town, &c.

....

bi

ABYJJUS
dish, in ivory
.
.

ir.

Cow
,,
,

24
25

Frogs
Fruits, glazed

quartz
.

Cretan pottery
Crocodiles
Crystal bowl

28, 38,
.

48
25
Girl, figure of
.

29, 38
.

Glaze polychrome

Currelly, Mr. C. T.

Glazed
,,

figures,

found

Cylinder of limestone
,,

vases of
tiles

Mena

of black steatite

9,

29 29
3
3

,,

,,

inlaying
at

Deer
Deir

in pottery

Gods worshipped
Granaries, size of

Abyd

Deir at Abydos
el

Bahri

Granite pylon

,,

Den

period of objects

shrine
statues

Deposit, sec Foundation.

Destructive for stone

Griffith,

Mr. F.

LI.,

chapte

by

Diagrams

of levels

21

Grooves

for staves

by door
of level

Dish, ivory, form of

cow

21

Ground, differences
Halbert, iron

Dogs, ivory carvings of

21 25
.

Dog, glazed
Dolls

28
12
10, 11

Hansard, Miss F.

Door, grooves for stave s by

Hapi

Doorways

of stone
tiles

12

Hawks
Hearth
of

Dovetail of

26 18

burnt offering

Drain under causeway

Heb, name
Hclt sign in deposit
.

Draughtsman
Eckensteiu, Miss L.

26
3

Hen-ur, name

Excavation, by clearance

2,3
21
12,
.

Hen vase

Eye

inlaid, of

stone

Hez-hotep,

name
tiles
.

Hieroglyphs on
Feathers, copper

32 27
9

Hippopotami

Fetish stones

Hor
Hora
Horus, bronze figure of

Flint flake, as that of Zer

,,

as that of Perabsen

23,
.

26
15

Flint flakes on floor of deposits

Flint knives

Flints venerated
Flint serpent
,,

.... ....
.

38
27 27

Ink-slab of chert

Inundation
Iron, earliest
,,
.

large knife

27
16

halbert

Floor props
Fortification wall

,,

swords
.

6, 18,
.

20
3

Ivory carvings

Forts of early king-,

Foundation deposits on plans

STa-name on

tile

Vth Dynasty
,,

(?)

10,
11,
.

20
20
14

Khasekhemui, sealings
Khati

of

of of

Pepy
Mentuhotep(V)

,,

,,

Khrntamenti

,,

,,

marked
of of of

15,20
I

Kbnumu,

priest of

,,

,,

of Usertesen

6, 17,

20

Khufu, seated figure of

,,

,,

,,

,,

,,

Tahutmes III Amenhotep Ramessu III

1
1

18, 21
.

changes

in

worshiv

20
19

King, ivory statuette of

Knife, copper
,,
.

,,

defining temple
description of

17,
.

18

lead model

,,

,,

20

Kom-es-Sultan

AT5YDOS
Sanded ground
Sandstone carvings

II.

Sankhkara
Sealings
.

15, 1G,

7,

32

Sebekamsaf

Sebekamsauf

II

Sebekhotep III

Sedheb tablets
Senbtefi

sign in deposit

Sequence dates
Serpent of
flint
.

Sety

Ship on pan
Shrine of red granite
of glaze
.

Shunet ez Zebib
Skins, stretched out
Slate rings
,,

carving

Standard hawk

Stands of pottery
Stannus, Mr. H.
Steatite cylinders

Stele of

Pepy

Store rooms

Stone doorways

Swords, iron

Tablets of

Pepy

I.

Tahuti

Tahutmes III
Tauraa

7,

13, 17

18,

19,

33,

Temenos
,,

of

Old Kingdom
Usertesen
I.

Temple
Temple,
,,

site,

clearance of

growth
first
.

of

second, 1st Dynasty

,,

i.

Ifnd and Illrd Dynasties

third,
>>
>>

IVth Dynasty

Vth Dynasty

,,

fourth,
fifth,

VI th Dynasty Mentuhotep 111

Sankhkara
I

,,

sixth,

,,

seventh, Usertesen
eighth,
ninth,

Tahutmes III Bamessu ill

I

,,

tenth,

Aahmes
.

Temples, ten found

,,

need of removing
history of
.

later

,,

ABYDOS, TEMPLE; IVORY FIGURES,

M. 69.

1st

DYN.

ABYD03, TEMPLE; IVORY FIGURES, M.

69.

I**"

DYN.

111.

2: 3

ABYDOS, TEMPLE: GLAZED POTTERY, M

69.

IV.

-~~^m&^Sf
wm-p-p.

ABYDOS, TEMPLE; GLAZED FIGURES, M.

69.

|ST

DYN.

ABYDOS, TEMPLE; GLAZED FIGURES. M.

69.

|st

DYN.

VI.

ABYDOS. TEMPLE; GLAZED FIGURES, M.

69.

1st

DY n.

VII

ABYDOS, TEMPLE; GLAZED BEADS, TILES, &c, M.

69.

1st

DYN.

VIII

ABYDOS, TEMPLE;

FIGURES OF LIMESTONE, &c, M.

64.

IX.

ABYDOS, TEMPLE; GLAZED FIGURES, &c, M. 65 &

89.

ABYDOS, TEMPLE: GLAZED AND ROUGH POTTERY.

XI.

204-

,r

*
>y2&

si
J

V*

r*V

^KbX rs.
-/

ABYDOS, TEMPLE; POTTERY AND INSCRIPTION, 1" D YN.

I

XII.

3:2

ABYDOS, TEMPLE; IVORY STATUETTES.

XIII.

KHUFU.

ABYDOS, TEMPLE; ROYAL OBJECTS,

I. VI. DYN.

XIV.

ABYDOS, TEMPLE: COPPER TOOLS.

&C.

XV.

0=^

I]

m
110

II

173

10s
II

<F^>

IZ

13

(J

18?

u
LEAD

ABYDOS, TEMPLE: SEALINGS,

IV
2

DYN.

XVI.

E-R-A.

:5

ABYDOS, TEMPLE: DECREE OF TETA,

VI

DYN.

XVI

4}
%
EH.

Mh
M,//,///

:4

ABYDOS, TEMPLE: DECREE OF NEFERARKARA, V DYN.

XVIII

^!ir4t~^ 4
\4
TI7

n
*

-1 ^

iu

% t
u
5'

11
If

softs-

1?^

4
Aft

Tr
*2/H~^*im*ftftt

ZH

& *

0=*

8fc#
1

WM-F-P-

ABYDOS: TEMPLE OF PEPY, LINTEL AND STELE,

VI

DYN.

XIX.

A
i

tfx

4
to

10

ABYDOS, TEMPLE: INSCRIPTIONS OF PEPY.

VI

DYN.

XX.

F.H.

"*A-#l

i
i
v

^tt-t

yu
-i

T
t

T-

T-1

*/*
i
i

t
M-A.M.

ABYDOS, TEMPLE; VASES, &c, OF PEPY.,

VI.

DYN.

XXI.

255

ALABASTER VASES.

GILT COPPER FEATHERS.

LINTEL

GLAZED DECORATION.

ABYDOS, TEMPLE: COPPER TOOLS,

VI

DYN.

IRON WEAPONS.

XXII.

W.M.FR

ABYDOS, TEMPLE; INSCRIPTIONS OF XI. XII. DYN.

XXIII

COPING AND LINTEL OF USERTESEN

I.

ABYDOS: TEMPLE OF MENTUHOTEP

III,

XI

DYN.

XXIV,

~\

p
II
1

1 I

E.R.A

fl/.M.F

1:6

ABYDOS: TEMPLES OF MENTUHOTEP

III

AND SANKHKARA,

XI

DYN.

XXV.

r ,!A\^?-l^^P\ f ~^
(

>

mm

f^A

E.R.A

ABYDOS, TEMPLE: LINTEL OF USERTESEN

I,

&C.

XXVI.

1:5

H.P

:5

/iiT

ir

it

&
1 1

STELE OF ATHA.

STATUETTE OF THE VIZIER AMENY.

m

U
JXl

g^f^^P] \^HpV m *& u4{mm

I
F.H

ABYDOS, TEMPLE: STANDARDS, QUARRY MARKS.

&c.

XXVI

1:8

STANDARDS OF USERTESEN

MAM.
I

1:10

BLOCK WITH GROOVES BY DOOR OF PEPY.

XII

<nK

&

d'
XII!

XII

C=t3

msV

10

S\y
IZ

xviu

^/V/Ott'

^ni>
QUARRY MARKS ON BUILDING BLOCKS.

FP-

ABYDOS, TEMPLE: USERTESEN

III

STATUE; SEBEKHOTEP

III

JAMBS.

XXVIII.

>CT

V
W
uu
Li

7
E.R.A
L.E.

EH.

1:3

ABYDOS. TEMPLE: INSCRIPTIONS,

XII

DYN.

XXIX.

fc-1

tEfl-^ CD

!__

p*\.

^#;if^

t
i

8^

^7

A\XV*\t-M.
*
i

1\

V
JiAAlUlA
ALTAR OF ANKHU.

4MMI1^ U^MJIiUi TWW^^EMAk

1

rr
STELE OF SENBTEFI.

-i:>^T(fi
F.H.

FROM FIGURE OF AMENY.

ABYDOS. TEMPLE: STELES,

XII-XIII

DYN.

XXX.

1:3

ABYDOS, TEMPLE: STELES OF PENTHEN, &c.

XIII

DYN.

XXXI

^sTtzZ'^ld^ IY~*

F.H.

ABYDOS, TEMPLE; INSCRIPTIONS OF

XIII.

-XVIII.

DYN.

XXXII.

Mi
STELE OF PENTHEN
3.

STELE OF ANTEF

V.

4.

ANTEF(?) AND

5.

SEBEKEMSAF.

''

*
'

fir?
y

%}&%

fertl

-"

>

M
--

"

f^^BMi
6.

SEBEKHOTEP

III.

(?)

10

ABYDOS: TEMPLE OF TAHUTMES

III,

W. PYLON.

XXXI

ERA

1:6

ABYDOS, TEMPLE: OFFERINGS OF TAHUTMES

III.

XXXIV.

f^

Rff

ABYDOS, TEMPLE; INSCRIPTIONS

XIX. -XX.

DYN.

XXXV.

1.

OF SETY

I.

2.

FIGURE OF RA-HOTEP.

^fA

3.

RAMESSU

II.

4.

RAMESSIDE GROUP.

5.

PA-KHRED-NA-AHU.

6.

PYRAMIDION.

7.

FIGURE OF RAMESSU

IV.

8.

QUEEN THIY-MERENAST. RAMESSU

III.

ABYDOS, TEMPLE: STELE OF

PU,

FIGURE OF AMENHOTEP.

XXXVI.

V ai r/rxsa teas te srs*u

gilt *

Mjgg^^

ff^*

^vw^A.

F.H.

1:3

ABYDOS. TEMPLE: HEAD OF NEB-EN-MAAT. FIGURE OF PA-RA-HOTEP. XIX DYN,

XXXVII

n
4

a ncil^r*
&>.

a
WA
I

SI
\

<^ww^.
I.
'

t^x+

Stwm:
K9y-~~*~

ir.

S^)!'''

IS?

^
^rit

Erss-sa
"l
4~J

/:rl
irr^i

l?5!!i

I^UILl
xjc
f
*

iflSU
i

tit

-J

^ 2

>VW*

S&t&nriWW

F.H.

ABYDOS, TEMPLE: INSCRIPTIONS OF UNNEFER, NEZEM AND AUY,

XIX DYN.

XXXVIII.

f\
I
I

-*r

AL

in
i
i i

m
i_^-i

Z\
i i
i

W6
!

0''
'

MSB
^1
JrJVl
1

\LM^

mmi^MM
/*+****.
1

///m ////////// //////*

mm&m^

F.

ABYDOS, TEMPLE: BOAT, HARPER. PIECES OF FIGURE OF MUT-TUY.

XIX DYN.

XXXIX

A.M.B.
F.H.

ABYDOS, TEMPLE: FLINT KNIVES.

XL.

ABYDOS, TEMPLE: FLINT HOES AND SCRAPERS.

XLI

17

120

245

245

267

187

275

33

30

298

197

155

138

ABYDOS: STONE AND POTTERY OF EARLIEST TEMPLE.

XLII

STONE

BOWLS

POTTERY OF FIRST DYNASTY AND EARLIER

.20
2

36

39

40

6
4-3

ABYDOS, TEMPLE: POTTERY OF

1 V

DYNASTY.

195

204

205

50

227

227

208

79
78

80

ABYDOS, TEMPLE: POTTERY OF

ll-V

DYNASTY.

XLIV.

106

no

215

203

205
.112

109

,215

2IO

ABYDOS, TEMPLE: POTTERY OF

113

VI
117

DYNASTY.

XLV.

II

115

123

VI

TO X DYNASTY.

129
137 138

244

130

131

56
W.M-i

ABYDOS. TEMPLE: POTTERY OF Vl-X DYNASTY.

XLVI.

140

141

142

-MTI52

155

fug
'53
146

150

144
143

145

I
148

156

151

154

XI

DYNASTY.
61

157
.159

163

165

IMtt^

158

160

162

164

167
172

vvieo
185

168

170

169

74

9
USERTESEN
187
188
.192
I,

XII

DYN.
197

196
,189

,190

.191

W.M

ABYDOS, TEMPLE OF OLD KINGDOM.

XLVII.

-"^

1.

GENERAL VIEW TO N.W. KOM ES SULTAN BEHIND.

2.

OLDEST MASONRY. PEPY GATE BEHIND.

E. FRONT OF PEPY GATE COLONNADE IN FRONT.

4.

NAME OF PEPY ON JAMB.

5.

BOLT HOLES

IN

JAMB.

6.

GATEWAY

IN

OUTER WALL.

7.

CORNER OF OUTER WALL.

STEPS OF SANKH KARA

9.

TEMPLE DOORSILL OF

PEPY.

ABYDOS, TEMPLES OF V|th_xXV|th DYNS.

XLVIII.

FLOOR O r TEMPLE DOOR OF PEPY

2.

THICK PAVING. USERTESEN THIN PAVING. SANKH-KA-RA

3.

TEMENOS WALL.

USERTESEN

4.

WALLS OF CHAPEL OF AMENHOTEP

I.

5.

CHAPEL OF

AT

6.

FC

/ULUrflri

dmo

t..

A AH rVl to

II.

1200

ABYDOS, TEMPLE: SOME PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS. FIVE

XLIX.

Iitr3SrX3K,EX>

FEET

XII

"D

TOMBS

OF

Orr

VI

TEMPLE
NEKHT NEB
XXX

Or
F

LATE PVL

XII

250

ABYDOS: TEMPLE OF

DYNASTY.

YELLOW BRICK lt.5 FLOOR 142.

LEVELS
A B

IN

INCH E

OVER

BITRA RY ZERO

WEST

EAST

FIFTY FEET
V/.M.FP
//AVv&BICK
STOME

92

'/////, -&

/ / /

/ / /
'cylinder
186

Black

1
Ll 6
t

90

ABYDOS: TEMPLE OF

II

AND

III

DYNASTIES.

LI.

V7777771

*
i

/ / / /

// /

600

w.M.rp

65

SAND LAV EH
1
I

64
2.80

!50

ABYDOS: TEMPLE OF

IV

AND V DYNASTIES.

Lll.

^^V?

ETA

CREE
<ty

CREE

W.M.F.P.

Tfi

i.r

AUTABS
i'"'
7
'

Of

(MENTOHOTEP

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The End.

World Public Library Association

The End.

World Public Library Association