Chapter 0: Indices, Surds and Logarithms, Quadratic Functions, Remainder and

Factor Theorems, Basic Functions and their Graphs

1. Law of Indices
r s r s
b b b
+
( )
r
r r
b c bc
( ) ( )
s r
r s rs
b b b
r
r s
s
b
b
b

1
r
r
b
b

r
r
s
b b
b c
_

,
( )
m
m
n m n
n
b b b
2. Rules of Surds
m n mn
m m
n n

3. Laws of Logarithms
log log log
m m m
xy x y + log log log
m m m
x
x y
y

log log
k
m m
x k x
1
log
log
a
b
b
a

log
log
log
b
a
b
x
x
a

(change of base formula)

log 1
a
a
and
log 1 0
a

4. Roots of Quadratic Equations
2
4 0 b ac > : 2 real and distinct roots
2
4 0 b ac : repeated roots
2
4 0 b ac < : no real roots
5. Remainder Theorem
When a polynomial
( ) f x
is divided by
( ) ax b
, where 0 a , the remainder is ( )
b
f
a
6. Factor Theorem
For a given polynomial
( ) f x
, ( ) 0 ( )
b
f ax b
a
is factor of
( ) f x
, where 0 a
Chapter 1: Functions, Inverse Functions and Composite Functions
1. Vertical Line Test
A relation f is a function if and only if any vertical line x k , where k Domain of f,
cuts the graph of f at exactly one point.
2. Horizontal Line Test
F is one-one if and only if any horizontal line y = k, where k Range of f, cuts the graph
of f at exactly one point. (Therefore the inverse function of f exists.)
3. Inverse Functions
1
f
f
D R

1
f
f
R D

4. Composite Functions
gf f
D D
To determine if fg exists:
...
...
g
f
R
D

Since
g f
R D
, fg exists.
Chapter 2: Graphing Techniques
1. Simple Transformations
Transformation For the equation of the
image after transformation
Equation after
transformation
Translation in the positive
y-direction by a units
Replace y by y a y = f(x) + a
Translation in the negative
y-direction by a units
Replace y by y + a y = f(x) a
Translation in the positive
x-direction by a units
Replace x by x a y = f(x a)
Translation in the negative
x-direction by a units
Replace x by x + a y = f(x + a)
Stretch parallel to the y-axis
by factor a (with x-axis
invariant)
Replace y by y/a y = af(x)
Stretch parallel to the x-axis
by factor a (with y-axis
invariant)
Replace x by x/a y = f(x/a)
Reflection in the x-axis Replace y by -y y = -f(x)
Reflection in the y-axis Replace x by -x y = f(-x)
2. Graphs of Rational Functions
[IN MF15]
ax b
y
cx d
+

+
Express in the form of
q
y p
cx d
+
+
Vertical asymptote:
d
x
c

Horizontal asymptote:
a
y p
c

2
ax bx c
y
dx e
+ +

+
Express in the form of
r
y px q
dx e
+ +
+
Vertical asymptote:
e
x
d

Horizontal asymptote:
y px q +
3. Modulus Functions
y = |f(x)| Keep part of the graph of y = f(x) for which f(x) 0
Reflect the part of the graph of y = f(x) for which f(x) < 0 about the x-axis
y = f(|x|) Keep the part of the graph of y = f(x) for which x 0
Remove the part of the graph of y = f(x) for which x < 0
Reflect the part of the graph of y = f(x) for which x > 0 about the y-axis
4. Circle
(x a)
2
+ (y b)
2
= r
2
, where r > 0
Mark center and radius, x and y-axis must have the same scale, note the position of the
circle with respect to the origin
5. Ellipse
2 2
2 2
( ) ( )
1
x a y b
h k

+ , where h,k > 0
Symmetrical about lines x = a and y = b
Scale of both axes should be the same
Mark center, horizontal and vertical radius
6. Parabola
(y a)
2
= k (x b), (x a)
2
= k (y b) where k 0
Mark line of symmetry: y = a and x = a respectively
Mark turning point
7. Hyperbola
2 2
2 2
( ) ( )
1
x a y b
h k

, where h,k > 0
Symmetrical about x-axis and y-axis
Mark two oblique asymptotes and intercepts
Chapter 3: Equations and Inequalities
1. Rules of Inequalities
a > b and c > 0 ac > bc a > b and c < 0 ac < bc
a
b
> 0 ab > 0
a
b
< 0 ab < 0
Chapter 4a: Differentiation I Techniques of Differentiation and Limits
1. Important Results and Rules
If y = c where c is a constant, then ( ) 0
dy d
c
dx dx

If y = mx where m is a constant, then ( )
dy d
mx m
dx dx

If
n
y x where n is a constant, then
1
( )
n n
dy d
x nx
dx dx


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
d d d
f x g x f x g x
dx dx dx
t t
Product rule: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
d d d
f x g x g x f x f x g x
dx dx dx
_ _
+

, ,
Quotient rule:
( ) ( )
( )
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
d d
g x f x f x g x
d f x dx dx
dx g x
g x
_ _

_
, ,

,
Chain rule: If y is a function of u and u is a function of x, then
dy dy du
dx du dx

1 dy
dx
dx
dy

2. Exponential and Logarithm Functions

( )
( ) ( )
'( )
f x f x
d
e f x e
dx

( )
'( )
ln[ ( )] , ( ) 0
( )
d f x
f x f x
dx f x
>
3. Trigonometric Functions
( ) ( ) sin ( ) '( ) cos ( )
d
f x f x f x
dx

( ) ( ) cos ( ) '( )sin ( )
d
f x f x f x
dx

( ) ( )
2
tan ( ) '( )sec ( )
d
f x f x f x
dx

( ) ( ) ( ) cos ( ) '( ) cos ( ) cot ( )
d
ecf x f x ec f x f x
dx

( ) ( ) ( ) sec ( ) '( ) s ( ) tan ( )
d
f x f x ec f x f x
dx

( ) ( )
2
cot ( ) '( ) s ( )
d
f x f x co ec f x
dx

*Above results hold for x measured in radians only. If x is in degrees, then convert x
o
to
180
x
radian
4. Inverse Trigonometric Functions
( )
1
2
'( )
sin ( ) , 1
1 [ ( )]
d f x
f x x
dx
f x

<

( )
1
2
'( )
cos ( ) , 1
1 [ ( )]
d f x
f x x
dx
f x

<

( )
1
2
'( )
tan ( ) ,
1 [ ( )]
d f x
f x x
dx f x

+

5. Higher Order Derivatives
1
1
n n
n n
d y d d y
dx dx dx

,
6. Implicit Differentiation
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
d d dy
g y g y
dx dy dx

7. Parametric Differentiation
If x = f(t) and y = g(t), then
dy dy dt
dx dt dx

Chapter 4b: Differentiation II Applications of Differentiation
1. Strictly Increasing and Strictly Decreasing
Strictly increasing: 0
dy
dx
>
Strictly decreasing: 0
dy
dx
<
2. Concave Upwards and Concave Downwards
Concave upwards:
2
2
0
d y
dx
<
Concave downwards:
2
2
0
d y
dx
>
3. Determining Stationary Points
x a
-
a a
+
a
-
a a
+
a
-
a a
+
dy
dx
-ve 0 -ve
or
+ve 0 +ve
+ve 0 -ve -ve 0 +ve
Tangent to curve
or
Nature of stationary
point
Stationary point of
inflexion
Maximum turning
point
Minimum turning
point
If
2
2
0
x a
d y
dx

<
, then (a, f(a)) is a maximum turning point
If
2
2
0
x a
d y
dx

>
, then (a, f(a)) is a minimum turning point
4. Graph of f(x)
Stationary points on f(x) y = 0 on f(x)
Maximum / minimum gradient on f(x) maximum / minimum points on f(x)
5. Graph of
1
( )
y
f x

y = f(x) 1
( )
y
f x

x-intercept (vertical asymptote) at x = h vertical asymptote (x-intercept) at x = h

y-intercept at y = k, k 0
y-intercept at y =
1
y
k
, k 0
maximum (minimum) point at (a,b), b 0
minimum (maximum) point at
1
( , ) a
b
, b 0
horizontal asymptote at y = q, where q 0
horizontal asymptote at
1
y
q

, where q 0
f(x) t 1
( ) f x
0
f(x) = 1 1 1
( ) 1 f x

= 1
f(x) > 0 [f(x) < 0] 1
( ) f x
> 0 [f(x) < 0]
increasing (decreasing) in (a,b) decreasing (increasing) in (a,b)
6. Graph of
2
y x
Sketch y = f(x)
Consider f(x) 0. Square root the y-values to obtain ( ) y f x
Reflect ( ) y f x in the x-axis to obtain ( ) y f x
7. Relationship between Gradients of Tangent and Normal to a Curve
If A (a, f(a)) is a point on the graph of y = f(x), then
The gradient of the tangent at A is f(a), and
The gradient of the normal at A is
1
, '( ) 0
'( )
f a
f a

8. Equations of Tangents and Normals to a Curve
If A (a, f(a)) is a point on the graph of y = f(x), then
Equation of tangent to the curve at A is
o y f(a) = f(a)(x a)
Equation of the normal to the curve at A is
o y f(a) =
1
'( ) f a

(x a), provided '( ) 0 f a

9. Connected Rates of Change
Denote each changing quantity by a variable
Find the equations relating the variables
Use the chain rule to link up the derivatives
Write down the values for the variables and rates given
Solve for the unknown rate
Chapter 5a: Integration Techniques
1. Basic Rules of Indefinite Integral
[f(x) t g(x)] dx = f(x) dx t g(x) dx
kf(x) dx = k f(x) dx, where k is a constant, k 0
( )
d
f x dx
dx

= f(x) + c
( ) ( )
d
f x dx
dx

= f(x)
2. Basic Properties of Definite Integral
[ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
b
b
a a
f x dx F x F b F a

( ) 0
a
a
f x dx

( ) ( )
b a
a b
f x dx f x dx

( ) ( ) ( )
b c b
a a c
f x dx f x dx f x dx +

, where c is such that a c b
[ ] [ ] [ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
b b b
a a a
f x dx g x dx f x dx g x dx t t

[ ] [ ] ( ) ( )
b b
a a
k f x dx k f x dx

, where k is any constant, 0 k
3. Integration of Standard Functions
[ ]
[ ]
1
( )
'( ) ( ) , 1
1
n
n
f x
f x f x dx c n
n
+
+
+

'( )
ln ( )
( )
f x
dx f x c
f x
+

( ) ( )
'( )
f x f x
f x e dx e c +

( ) ( ) '( ) cos ( ) sin ( ) f x f x dx f x c +

( ) ( ) '( )sin ( ) cos ( ) f x f x dx f x c +

( ) ( )
2
'( )sec ( ) tan ( ) f x f x dx f x c +

1
2 2
'( ) ( )
sin
[ ( )]
f x f x
dx c
a
a f x

+

[IN MF15]
1
2 2
'( ) 1 ( )
tan
[ ( )]
f x f x
dx c
a f x a a

+
+

[IN MF15]
4. Trigonometric Formulae
2 2
2 2
2 2
sin cos 1
tan 1 sec
cot 1 cos
x x
x x
x ec x
+
+
+
2 2 2 2
sin 2 2sin cos
cos 2 2cos 1 1 2sin cos sin
x x x
x x x x x

5. Partial Fractions
[IN MF15]
2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )
px q A B
ax b cx d ax b cx d
px qx r A B C
ax b cx d ax b cx d cx d
px qx r A Bx C
ax b x c ax b x c
+
+
+ + + +
+ +
+ +
+ + + + +
+ + +
+
+ + + +
2 2
2 2
1 1
ln ,
2
1 1
ln ,
2
x a
dx c x a
x a a x a
a x
dx c x a
a x a a x
+ _
+ >


,
+ _
+ >


,

6. Substitution
2 2
1 1
( ) ( )
x u
x u
dx
f x dx F u du
du

7. By Parts
dv du
u dx uv v dx
dx dx


Choose u based on LIATE
Chapter 5b: Applications of Integration
1. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
( ) ( ) ( )
b
a
f x dx F b F a

2. Parametric Equations
t q b
a t p
dx
ydx y dt
dt

,

3. Volume of Solid of Revolution
Rotation about x-axis:
2
y dx

Rotation about y-axis:

2
x dx

Chapter 7: Arithmetic and Geometric Progression

1. Arithmetic Progression
( 1)
n
u a n d +
[2 ( 1) ]
2
n
n
S a n d +
2. Geometric Progression
1 n
n
u ar

(1 )
, 1
1
n
n
a r
S r
r

, 1
1
a
S r
r

<

Chapter 8: Summation of Series and Mathematical Induction

1. Properties of the Notation
[ ( )] ( )
[ ( ) ( )] ( ) ( )
n n
r m r m
n n n
r m r m r m
af r a f r
af r bg r a f r b g r


_

,
_ _
t t

, ,


2. Standard Results
Sum of AP:
1
( 1)
2
n
r
n n
r

Sum of GP:
1
(1 )
1
n n
k
k
r r
r
r

2
1
1
( 1)(2 1)
6
n
r
r n n n

+ +

*must always start from r=1 [IN MF15]

2
3 2 2
1
1
( 1) ( 1)
4 2
n
r
n
r n n n

_
+ +

,

*must always start from r=1 [IN MF15]

3. Mathematical Induction
Let
n
P
be the statement
Show that
1
P
is true
Prove that the implication
1 k k
P P
+

is true
o Assume
k
P is true, prove that
1 k
P
+
is true
o
1 k
P
+
is true whenever
k
P is true
Since
1
P
is true, by Mathematical Induction,
n
P
is true for n
+

Chapter 10: Binomial Expansion
1. Binomial Expansion for Positive Integral Index
For n
+
, ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 2 1
1 2 1
( ) ...
n n n n n n n n n
n
a b a a b a b ab b

+ + + + + +
, where
( )
0
!
, , 0
!( )!
n
r
n
r r n
r n r
+

[IN MF15]
0
, , 0
n n
r n r
C C r r n
+

1
1
, ,1
n n n
r r r
C C C r r n
+ +

+
( 1)
th
r + term: ( )
n n r r
r
a b

2. Binomial Expansion for Rational Index

2
( 1) ( 1)...( 1)
(1 ) 1 ... ...
2! !
n r
n n n n n r
x nx x x
r
+
+ + + + + + [IN MF15]
*Condition: |x| <1
Chapter 11: Power Series
1. Maclaurins Theorem
2 3 ( )
''(0) '''(0) (0)
( ) (0) '(0) ... ...
2! 3! !
n n
f x f x f x
f x f f x
n
+ + + + + + [IN MF15]
2. Small Angle Approximations
For all small angles, positive or negative, we have
sin kx kx
2
( )
cos 1
2
kx
kx tan kx kx where x is measured in radians
Chapter 12A: Vectors I
1. Vector Algebra
Triangle: PQ QR PR +
uuur uuur uuur
Parallelogram: PQ PS PR +
uuur uuur uuur
Polygon: PQ QR RS ST PT + + +
uuur uuur uuur ur uuur
ST OT OS
uuur uuur uuur
+ + a b b a a a
(a +b) +c = a +(b +c) ( )a = ( a)
+ + ( )a = (a) (a) (a +b) = a + b
2. Fundamental Results
Parallel vectors: b a for some
\ {0}
Unit vectors:
a a a
Collinearity:
AB AC
uuur uuur
, with A as common point
Non-parallel and non-zero vectors:
a b
for some
,
, then
0
Ratio theorem: If
OP r
uuur
, then


+

+
a b
r
. If P is the mid-point of AB, then
1
( )
2
+ r a b .
Q P
R
S
T
P
A
O
B
a
r
b

3. Properties of Vectors
Cartesian form:
x y z + + r i j k
Matrix form:
1
1
1
x
y
z
_



,
Equality of vectors:
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
, ,
x x
y y x x y y z z
z z
_ _




, ,
a b
Addition:
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
x x x x
y y y y
z z z z
+ _ _ _

+ + +


+
, , ,
a b
Subtraction:
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
x x x x
y y y y
z z z z
_ _ _

+

, , ,
a b
Multiplication:
1 1
1 1
1 1
x x
y y
z z

_ _




, ,
a
for any
Distance between two points:
2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) ( ) AB x x y y z z + +
uuur
4. Scalar Dot Product
cos a.b = a b
(considering acute angle)

t t
a.b = b.a
a.(b c) = (a.b) (a.c)
(a.b) = ( a).b = a.( b)
. 0 > ab if 0 90 < <
o o
and . 0 < a b
o
if 90 180 < <
o o
.
2
a a a
or . a aa
Perpendicular vectors: . 0 a b
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
. .
x x
y y x x y y z z
z z
_ _

+ +


, ,
a b
Length of projection:
.

. OP OP
a b
a b
b
uuur
*Cosine rule:
2 cos 2
2 2 2 2 2
c = a + b - ab = a + b - a.b
A
O B
P
a
b
5. Equation of a Straight Line
Vector form:
1 1
2 2
3 3
a b x
y a b
z a b

_ _ _

+


, , ,
r
Parametric form:
1 1
2 2
3 3
,
x a b
y a b
z a b

+
'

Cartesian form:
3 1 2
1 2 3
z a x a y a
b b b


If
1
b
=0, line is parallel to yz-plane.
Determining if point lies on line: equate point to equation of line and see whether able to
solve for unique value of lamda
Determining foot of perpendicular:
Foot lies on horizontal line
Vertical line which the point lies on DOT direction vector of horizontal line = 0
Solve simultaneous equations
Perpendicular distance from point to line
Find length of projection to line. Then apply Pythagoras Theorem
Find foot of perpendicular from point to line. Then find distance.
Characteristics of a pair of lines
Parallel: direction vector of one line multiple of the other line
Not parallel but intersect: unique value of lamda and miu that satisfies the
equations of both lines when
1 2
l l
. Once the unique value is found, can
substitute it into the equation of one line to find the point of intersection
Not parallel and do not intersect: no unique value
Angle between two lines:
2
2
.
cos
1
1
b b
b b
Chapter 12b: Vectors II
1. Vector Product
( )
sin a b a b n
( ) a b b a
sin a b b a a b a b
( ) ( ) ( ) t t a b c a b a c
( ) ( ) ( ) a b a b a b
Parallel:
0 a b a b P
Perpendicular:
a b a b a b n
Cartesian notation:
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
( )
x x y z z y
y y x z z x
z z x y y x
_ _ _

, , ,
a b
*Area of triangle (sine rule):
1 1
sin
2 2
a b a b
*Area of parallelogram:
a b
Perpendicular distance from point to line:
a b
2. Equation of a Plane
Vector form:
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
:
a b c x
y a b c
z a b c

_ _ _ _

+ +


, , , ,
r
Scalar product form:
: . p r n
Cartesian form:
1 2 3
: n x n y n z p + +
Foot of perpendicular from point to plane:
Foot lies on equation of normal of plane
Foot lies on plane . . OP OC p n n
uuur uuur
Solve simultaneous equations
Perpendicular distance from point to plane:
( ). OA OC n
uuur uuur

A
C B
K
a
b
Characteristics between line and plane:
Parallel and lies on plane: direction vector of line DOT normal of plane = 0 +
point on line fits the equation of the plane
Parallel but does not lie on plane: direction vector of line DOT normal of plane =
0 + point on line does not fit the equation of the plane
Not parallel intersects at a point: direction vector of line DOT normal of plane
does not = 0
o To find point of intersection: point lies on equation of line and plane. So
equate both equations together and solve for lamda and subsequently the
point of intersection
Angle between line and plane:
.
sin
bn
b n
Angle between two planes:
cos
1 2
1 2
n .n
n n
Characteristics of two planes:
Parallel: normal vector of one plane is a multiple of normal vector of the other
plane
Intersect to yield common line of intersection: Let z = t. Then solve simultaneous
equations of both equations of planes
Characteristics of three planes:
Intersect at single point: unique solution for x, y and z
Intersect along one common line: solution for x and y expressed in terms of z
Do not intersect at common point or line: no solution found
Chapter 13a: Complex Numbers I
1.Properties of Conjugate Pairs
* *
( ) z z
Important:
*
2Re( ) z z z +
Important:
*
2Im( ) z z z
* 2 2
zz x y +
*
z z z is real
2. Properties of Complex Conjugates
* * *
1 2 1 2
( ) z z z z + +
* * *
1 2 1 2
( ) z z z z
* * *
1 2 1 2
( ) ( )( ) z z z z
*
* 1 1
*
2 2
( )
( )
( )
z z
z z

3. Forms of Complex Numbers

Cartesian form:
z x iy +
Polar / Trigonometric form:
(cos sin ) z r i +
2 2
z r x y +
arg( ) z <
*
z z
2 *
z zz
*
arg( ) arg( ) z z
Exponential form:
i
z re

1 2 1 2 1 2
z z r r z z ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
arg arg( ) arg( ) z z z z + +
1 1 1
2 2 2
z z r
z r z

1
1 2 1 2
2
arg arg( ) arg( )
z
z z
z

_


,
4. Geometrical Effect of Multiplying 2 Complex Numbers
If P represents the point with complex number z in an Argand diagram, the effect of
multiplying z by
(cos sin ) r i +
or
i
re

is to rotate the line segment of OP through an

angle of about O in the anti-clockwise direction followed by a scaling factor r.
When you multiply a complex number by i, you are shifting it
2

radians about the

origin.
5. De Moivres Theorem
If
(cos sin ) z r i +
, then (cos sin )
n n
z r n i n +
If
i
z re

, then
n n ni
z r e

Need to add 2k to the angle to get complex roots

Chapter 13b: Complex Numbers II
1. Circle
z a r
Locus is a circle with center a and radius r.
Indicate intercepts if obvious, indicate radius, check if circle passes through origin
2. Perpendicular Bisector
z a z b
Locus is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining the points a and b.
Draw perpendicular bisector with solid line but draw the line adjoining both points with
dashed line.
Show the perpendicular sign and indicate that the line adjoining both points have been
segmented exactly in half.
Label intercepts after getting Cartesian equation (if question asks you to determine this)
Check whether line passes through origin
3. Half-line
arg( ) z a
Locus is a half-line starting at (but not including) a, and making an angle of

with the
positive real axis.
Remember to indicate that the starting point is exclusive (ie. draw a circle where the half-
line starts), indicate argument, use dashed lines to represent positive real axis
For Cartesian equation, must indicate the domain of x (eg. x > 0)
Check whether line passes through origin