CH 1 Androcentrism male-centered norms operating throughout all social institutions that become the standard to which all persons

dard to which all persons adhere Agency the power to adapt and sometimes to thrive in difficult situations Doing gender the notion that gender emerges not as individual attribute but something that is accomplished through interaction with others Dramaturgy viewing social interaction as if it were an enactment in a theatrical performance Empowerment the ability for women to control their own destinies End point fallacy the negotiation of social reality is an ongoing process where new definitions produce new behavior in a never-ending cycle Expressive role associated with the expectation that the wife- mother maintains the family through child rearing and nurturing Feminism an inclusive worldwide movement to end sexism and sexist oppression by empowering women Gender social, cultural, and psychological traits linked to males and females that define them as masculine or feminine Gender roles the expected attitudes and behaviors a society associates with each sex Instrumental role associated with expectation that the husband-father maintains the family through earning income Misogyny the disdain and hatred of women Norms shared rules that guide peoples behavior in specific situations Patriarchy male-dominated social structures leading to the oppression of women Role the expected behavior associated with a status Sex the biological characteristics distinguishing male and female Sexism the belief that the status of female is inferior to the status of male Sexual orientation a preference of sexual partners of one gender (sex) or the other Social construction of reality the shaping of perception of reality by the subjective meanings brought to any experience or social interaction Social stratification the way society divides people into ranked categories or statuses Status a category or position a person occupies, such as gender, that is a significant determinant of how she or he will be defined and treated Status set status that are occupied simultaneously Stereotypes oversimplified conception that people who occupy the same status share certain traits in common Theory an explanation that guides the research process and provides a means for interpreting the data o Functionalism is a macrosociological perspective that is based on the premise that society if made up of interdependent parts, each of which contributes to the functioning of the whole society Does not account for variety of existing family systems and does not keep pace with rapid social change moving families toward more egalitarian attitudes regarding gender roles

Offers a sound explanation for origin of gender roles and demonstrates the functional utility of assigning tasks basis of gender in subsistence economies or in regions in which large families are functional and children are needed for agricultural work o Conflict theory social order is maintained involuntarily through the exercise of power one social class holds over another Assumption that society is a stage on which struggles for power and dominance are acted out Contemporary conflict theory asserts that social structure is based on the dominance of some groups over others and that groups in society share common interest CH 2 CH 3 Agents of socialization the people, groups, and social institutions that provide information for children to become functioning members of society Androgyny the integration of traits considered to be feminine with those considered to be masculine Continuing socialization learning that provides the basis for the varied roles an individual will fill throughout life Culture a societys total way of life that provides social heritage and guidelines for appropriate behavior Gender identity an awareness that there are two sexes who behave differently Double standard the idea that men are allowed to express themselves sexually and women are not Essentialism the belief that males and females are inherently different because of their biology Feminization of aging the global pattern of women outliving men and the steady increase of women in the ranks of the elderly Hermaphrodites infants born with both male and female sex organs or who have ambiguous genitals; also referred to as intersexed GLBT an inclusive term for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered people who show a wide range of attitudes and behaviors related to sexual orientation and gender identity Queer theory examines how sexuality and sexual identity in all its formsfrom sexual orientation to sexual behavior-is socially constructed Sexual dimorphism the separation of the sexes into two distinct groups Sexual scripts shared beliefs concerning what society defines as acceptable sexual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors for each gender Sociobiology a field using evolutionary theory to examine the biological roots of social behavior Transgender describes people who do not conform to culturally defined traditional gender roles associated with their sex Transsexuals genetic males or females who psychologically believe they are members of the other gender

 CH 7 CH 8

Gender socialization the process by which individuals learn the cultural behavior of femininity or masculinity that is associated with the biological sex of female of male Primary socialization begins in the family and allows the child to acquire necessary skills to fit into society, especially language learning and acceptable behavior to function effectively in variety of social situations Schemas cognitive structures used to understand the world, interpret perception, and process new information Self the unique and highly valued sense of identity that distinguishes each individual from all other individuals Social control measures a society uses to ensure that people generally conform to norms, including those related to gender Social institutions organizational structures that ensures the basic needs of society are met in established, predictable ways Socialization the lifelong process by which we learn culture, develop a sense of self, and become functioning members of society Subcultures segments of a culture that share characteristics distinguishing it from the broader culture

Assortive mating coupling based on similarity Companionate marriages marriage based on romantic love and an emphasis on balancing individual needs with family needs Egalitarian marriage a marriage in which spouses share decision making and assign family roles based on talent and choice rather than on traditional beliefs about gender Homemaker - the person responsible for the making of a home, usually a full-time person, mostly women but increasingly men Homogamy becoming attracted to and marring someone similar to your self Household a person or group of people occupying a housing unit Marriage gradient a pattern in which women tend to marry men of higher SES Marriage squeeze an unbalanced ratio of marriage-age women to marriage-age men that limits the pool of potential marriage partners Nuclear families consists of wife, husband, and their dependent children who live apart from other relatives in their own residence Second shift the shift of unpaid work in the home for women who are also employed full-time for pay Third shift caregiving by employed women who simultaneously care for their children and frail parents, grandparents, or other friends and relatives

Motherhood mandate issues a command to females of all ages instructing them that motherhood demands selfless devotion to children and a subordination of ones own life to the needs of children and family o Functionalism emphasizes that the motherhood mandate is essential for social equilibrium

Mothers are both social reproducers and biological reproducers o Conflict theory motherhood mandate is contributing to the social powerlessness experienced by women in their household and roles outside the home, because womens earnings form paid employment alter the power relations within the family, men will evoke the motherhood mandate to ensure that women concentrate their energies on domestic roles Fatherhood o First time fathers have easier time adapting because of the predictability of the role they will play, surrender majority of child care to wives o Fathers are more involved than in the past with child-care Voluntary Childlessness couples who choose not to have children must still contend with a pro-child social message Fictive Kin where friends become family, networks among African Americans that absorb friends into kin structures Familism a strong cultural value emphasizing that family and its collective needs over personal and individual needs and any other groups to which a family member belongs. Familism creates strong bonds between nuclear and extended family members in terms of support, loyalty, and solidarity. It is associated with emotional protection and guidance for Latino youth and a buffer against negative influence outside the home. This ensures that family members will remain intimately connected to one another throughout their lifetime. Strongly gendered. Machismo among Latino men, seen to include virility, sexual prowess, and the physical and ideological control of women Marianismo (from the Virgin Marys name, Maria) Womens role, seen to include the beliefs of spiritual and moral superiority of women over men, the glorification of motherhood, and the acceptance of a difficult marriage. Women are expected to have an infinite capacity for sacrifice in their role as mothers and to be submissive to the demands of the men in their family Feminization of poverty a global trend showing an increase in the percentage of women in the poverty population Serial monogamy marriage-divorce- remarriage pattern Blended family children from parents prior relationships are brought together in a new family

CH 9 Hegemonic masculinity asserts that a number of competing masculinities are enacted according to particular places (contexts) and particular times. The norms include antifeminist, success, toughness, aggression, sexual prowess, and tenderness Battered womens syndrome the powerless, dependence, and poor self-image of abused women associated with the belied that they are responsible for the violence against them National Organization of Men Against Sexism a male liberation group working to reduce the negative effects of power and unyielding masculinity Life course the roles people play over a lifetime and the ages associated with those roles. Retirement, Midlife as crisis, Widowhood

Homophobia the fear and intolerance of homosexuals and homosexuality Heterosexism viewing the world only in heterosexual terms, this denigrating other sexual orientations