Temperature Control - Project Report

CONTENTS 1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 2. CHAPTER 2: BLOCK DIAGRAM AND CIRCUITS 3. CHAPTER 3: DETAILS OF PCBS USED 4.
CHAPTER 4: DETAILS OF ICS USED 5. CHAPTER 5: FLOW DIAGRAM 6. CHAPTER 6: CONTROL SOFTWARE 7. CHAPTER 7: DETAILS OF MDS FOR 8032 8. CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS 9. CHAPTER 9: BIBLIOGRAPHY 10. ANNEXURE: DATA SHEETS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT

In the present times, the connectivity between equipment is increasing. The computers are inter-connected to get the maximum benefit out of polling resources and quick interchanging of data. It is aptly named as networked world. Though the equipments are networked or inter-connected, the actual data has to go through the connecting wire. The mass of wires restricted the distance between the equipments and it was becoming a limiting factor. The countries are connected by optic fibers, whose lengths equal the circumference of the Earth or more. 3 years back a undersea and overland cable was laid to connect Europe and Asia. The cable project was named as SEA-ME-WE (South East Asia Middle East West Europe). The cable was submerged undersea from Middle east to Indian shores of Kerala. From there it traveled over the land and it left India from Chennai on the eastern side to Malaysia and Singapore. This was hailed as a milestone in inter-continental communication as this communication network now connects these countries.
Though there are Satellite links, the need for wires was not altogether non existent. When this is the situation in the international scenario, where the Satellite and other wireless methods are replacing wires gradually, the situation at micro level was still based on wires. The ICs are still inter-connected by wires. For example, the more and more data bits were added to microprocessors and Micro controllers, the number of wires needed to communicate between the master (Processor) and the slave devices (ADCs, RTCs, Memory devices to name a few), needed several pairs of wire for communication. In this context, the work done by the engineers of Philips needs to be mentioned. While several methods were suggested to connect Master and Slave ICs, the idea of Phillips was found to be easy to adopt by most designers. This technique is called I2C short for Inter IC Communication. It used two wires, one for clock and other for data. It can be seen that the technique is an advanced
serial communication, which makes use of its own clock, there by eliminating handshake problems. Just by using two wires and a ground reference (this is actually called as 3-wire technology), several devices can be connected in parallel, but addressed independently by the master. This has come very close to reducing wires but not actually replacing wires for inter equipment communication.
The solution for such wireless communication between equipment is a recent one when several equipment manufacturers across the world had joined together to propose a solution. This is called Blutooth technology. The description of this technology is given below for reference.
BLUETOOTH is a low cost, low power, short-range radio technology, originally developed as a cable replacement to connect devices such as mobile phone handsets, headsets, and portable computers by enabling standardized wireless communications between any electrical devices, Bluetooth has created the notion of Personal Area Network (PAN), a kind of close range wireless network that looks set to revolutionize the way people interact with the information technology landscape around them. (J. Bray & C.F. Sturman, BLUETOOTH Connect Without Cables, Prentice Hall 2001, page 1).
It can be seen that the Blutooth (as it now called) technology is set to invade Industry and home environment. The protocol for communication is an elaborate and complicated one. But it made easy by the IC manufacturers who propose to make custom built processors for this technology. But this experiment is in the initial stages and it will take several years for the technology to be adopted in Indian industry and homes.
It can be understood at this stage, that this project proposes to replace wires between the sensor and the equipment. The idea of using a temperature sensor is to make it easy for demonstration of the proposed principle. It can be replaced by any sensor that needs to be measured and needs controlling. The sequence of operation is explained here. The Temperature sensor and associated amplifier is designed to give 10 mV/oC. A V-to-F is used to convert this voltage into frequency. This stage gives 1 Hz/mV This frequency is transmitted to the master control unit through FM The receiver at the Master control unit recovers this frequency. The frequency is fed into a F-to-V converter designed to give 1mV/Hz. This voltage is fed to an ADC, which gives 8-bit digital equivalent of the voltage input. In effect the digital output is equivalent to the temperature. Micro controller reads this 8-bit value and displays this value. C now reads the 3 digit push wheel switch (PWS) and compares the displayed temperature value with PWS. If PWS is lower than temperature, a OFF signal is issued to the heater unit If PWS-5>Temperature, then heater On signal is issued. This operation is repeated in an endless loop
CHAPTER 2: BLOCK DIAGRAM

AND CIRCUITS
Block diagram for Remote temperature Control unit.
PT 100 Probe
Wheat stone Bridge and Amplifier CA741
F-to-V Converter LM 331
433.97 MHz Transmitter Tx-Rx Switching Network
Container With water Electric heater Solid state Relay control
Remote BELL Receiver
Remote UNIT (Temperature) to be controlled Remote BellTransm itter 80C32 and Address decoder and EPROM units LCD and TWS units Tx-Rx Switching Network 433.97 MHz Receiver
ADC 0808 with gates
F-to-V Converter LM 331
The Master control unit
The Working method:

1. The C, when switched on initialises required memory locations, sends a heater on pulse and initializes LCD. 2. The ADC is read and the 8 bit hex is converted in to 3 digit BCD. This value is displayed in LCD. The Push wheel switch is now read. 3. The value of push wheel switch (PWS) and BCD is compared. To PWS is greater then, no action is taken and it goes to step 2. 4. If PWS>BCD, then the C waits for Transmission from remote unit to be over, to switch on its transmitter to send power OFF pulse to remote unit. Power to the heater at remote unit will be switched off. The temperature now comes down. 5. The ADC is read and PWS-5<BCD condition is checked. Till the condition is reached, this process is repeated. 6. Now the heater in the remote unit should be switched on. The C waits for transmission from remote unit to finish, so that it can switch on its transmitter to send power ON pulse. 7. Go to step 2 and repeat the process.
THE INTERFACE BOARD

11 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 10 01
D0 D1 D2 D3 RS En Vcc Gnd, R/W, Intensity 16 Charector 1 - line LCD Display Unit
20 Pin FRC From C PCB + 5V
09 20
20 11 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 01 10
Tx ON Heater ON Heater OFF
3 digit PUSH WHEEL Swi tch Isolation Diodes 12 x 1N4148
20 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 19
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 01
Rx ON signal in
19 02 03 04
18 17 16 15
PRO JECT: R e m o te w T e m p e ra tu re s e n s o r & C o n tr o lle r - In te rfa c e B o a rd

FROM the output of ADC0804
05 14 06 07 08 09 20 13 12 11 10 01
The MAIN BOARD - C Board

G n d 0 1 2 0 2 1 9 +
2 0 p in F R C c o n n e c to r co n n ec ts to o th e r b o a r d s
1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 3 3 p F x 2 1 8 1 2 M x ta l 1 9 2 K 1 N 4 1 4 8 2 2 0 E L E D + 5 V
1 1 1 0 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 9 8 7 6 5 4 8
1 N 4 0 0 7
9 -0 -9 V
- 1 A
7 80 5
2 2 0 V A . C . 1 N 4 0 0 7
8 0 C 3 1
2 2 0 0 F
0 9 2 F
4 0 2 0
7 4 L S 5 7 3
A D 0 A D 1 A D 2 A D 3 A D 4 A D 5 A D 6 A D 7 A L E P 2 .0 P 2 .1 P 2 .2 P 2 .3 P S E N + L E 1 2 1 3 A 0 A 1 A 2 A 3 A 4 A 5 A 6 A 7
2 7 C 6 4
D 0 1 1 D 1 1 2 D 2 1 3 D 3 1 5 D 4 1 6 D 5 1 7 1 8 D 6 1 9 D 7
3 9 3 8 3 7 3 6 3 5 3 4 3 3 3 2 3 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 3 0
0 9 0 8
1 0 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 2 0
0 7 1 4 0 6 1 5 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 1 1 2 0 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 1 0 0 1
A 8 A 9 A 1 0 A 1 1 C S
2 5 2 4 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 8 2 7 2 6 0 1
8 0 C 3 1 C - M a in B O A R D
+1 2V 10 pin relymate +5 V pin 11 pin 12 pin 13 pin 14 pin 15 pin 16 pin 17 pin 18 pi ns of 74245 to be matched
12K 0.1
10K
10K
6K8 4 6 6 4 220 pF
20
6 19 11
10K MSB D7
10K 470pF 100K BC 548 1F 100K 6 8 1 7
F M R x
3 3 1
3 4
5 2 12 K 5K 68K CAP NP
2 3
10 2 7 8 1 3
741
-1 2 V
12 13 14 15 16 17 5 18 LSB - D0
A D C 08 0 4
+5 V
1K
1K
3 V Z e n o r
220E
220E
FM Tx
0 .1 F
10K
7
6 2 1
100F
14 13 5
LED
LED 3
14 1 2
-1 2V
B C 548
To 74 LS573 6 5 4 7 +1 2V 4 pin rely mate connector
3 .5 8 M Hz X ta l
3 4
91214
11 14 12 16
4066
1 2 3 4 7 6 12
7400
+ 5 V + 12 V
1K2
1K2 470E 1K 2 741 3 PT100 Pro b e 1K 4 -5 1K2 +5 10K MTP 1K 10K 7 6 4 K7 47K 2 741 3 4 -1 2V 1F 0.01 F 7 6 100K 5 7 8 3 1 6 4 12K +1 0K MTP 10K MTP 100K
L M 3 3 1
2
22K
47 E
Tran smitt er Th e s witch ing circu it is n ot sh own h er e +5 Heater 500 W 0.1 F MO C 304 1 BT 136 4 6 47 0E 220E N L 220 V AC fr o m E B 2 22 0E 1 0 18 7 17 8 14 3 1 2 13 11 12 14 12 9 5 6 390K 16 1 4 3 1M 2 100K R e c e iv e r 0.1 F 400V 3.59 MHz
Heater ON In di cator LE D
8 8 7 0
7 4 0 0
9 4 BC548 Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller 6 1K 5 8 10 7
Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller
CHAPTER 3:
DETAILS OF PCBS USED
Description of Boards used

MICRO CONTROLLER BOARD
The C board, which acts as a mother board by excising control over all other boards, Consists of a C Chip 80C31, an 8 bit latch and an EPROM. It is connected to other boards through a 20-pin FRC (Flat Ribbon Cable) connector, which carries the 8 bits of PORT-1 and 8 chip-selects from Port 3. Also this board has the four Port 3 bits of INT0, INT1 and T0 and T1 brought out separately through a 6 pin rely mate connector for future use. The C 80C31 is a 40 Pin Chip, which works on + 5V DC supply and has a 12 MHz crystal connected as clock source. It has four 8-bit Ports, named Port 0 through Port 3. The reset pin is connected to ground through a 47K resistor and a 0.1 F/Tantalum capacitor is connected between reset pin and positive supply. A push switch is connected across this capacitor to apply reset manually when ever required. The supply to this board is through a 3 pin rely mate connector. It connects the micro controller board with power supply. The power supply will supply 5 V DC @ 1.0 amps and 12 V DC @ 200 mA. An LED on the micro controller board indicated that the power is applied to the board.
The Port 0 is used as multiplexed Address-Data lines AD0 to AD7, as in 8085 and the PORT-2 will be used by the C to emit higher order address bits - A8 to A15. These two ports would have been available to us if we elected to use 89C51 (From ATMEL, USA) or 87C51 or 80C51 (From Intel USA). But the Micro controller development system that we have used supported only 80C31 and we have decided to stick to the same C in our project design for the sake of simplicity. A 27C64 is used, which is an 8K byte EPROM, to store and
generate the required sequence of hex byte command and data for the C. This is the least capacity EPROM presently available in the market. Using an 8 bit latch 74HC573, along with ALE of 80C32 like in 8085 systems, the address and data lines are separated and latched. As explained in earlier chapters, the Port 3 bits of 80C32 have additional usage or alternate uses. The ICE for 80C32 that we have used has given us the control over entire port 1 bits and port 3 bits. The Emulator was driven by a serial communication port (RS 232) of the PC. It was very easy for us to connect the emulator to the Microcontroller board as there was no need to effect any change.
Had we not used ICE for 80C32, we would have to have to try the control software in the simulator and having perfected to the extend possible, the same should have been burned into an EPROM. If the circuit works after power up, then every thing is OK. Generally the electronics circuit does not work on the first try and the emulator had given us a chance to run the programme under our control. The emulator uses an 8 K RAM for downloading the programme from the computer and configures this RAM as EPROM and connects it to the micro controller inside for real time emulation. The additional control circuitry takes the command on the computer keyboard and controls the way the micro controller works. This micro controller board has a 20 pin connector on its side. The other boards that need to be connected will also have an identical 20 pin connector, so that the data and control lines along with supply lines may be interconnected between boards. This type of arrangement is easy to implement and messy interconnecting wiring of individual points are avoided.
The reset switch is brought out on the panel board for applying manual reset by the user. The housing in which the project is enclosed will have an LED on the panel to indicate the status of power to the micro controller board.
INPUT/OUTPUT BOARD
As explained earlier in this chapter, the micro-controller board can only support 16 lines in the test target board for interfacing the controller with other devices. As we need several 8-bit ports to realize the required functions for our project, we are forced to find a solution for this problem. One solution is to connect an 8255 PPA with two 8-bit ports and two 4-bit ports. The 8255 IC draws considerable amount of power. We have decided to use 8-bit latches and transceivers in the place of 8255 to realise the required port implement.
We have chosen 74LS573, an 8-bit latch to be used as an output port. This IC has its pin 1 grounded to make the chip always selectable. The chip enable pin 11 will be used to latch on to the new data as and we require. This IC suits our requirement for output port. For realizing an input port, we have chosen 74LS245, an 8-bit transparent bus transceiver. This IC has the capacity to transmit or receive the signals in 8-bit groups. This means that the direction of data flow can be controlled. It can transmit or receive data. That is why this IC is classified as Transceiver (Combination of TRANSmitter reCEIVER. We have grounded its direction pin (Pin 1) to make it only receive the signals. This way we use this IC as an input buffer. The advantage in using such an arrangement is that the ports need not be initialised and only setting or clearing the corresponding bit in port 3, which acts as CS for the port under use, we can operate the appropriate ports. Consequently the power consumed by this arrangement is far below the 40 pins IC 8255. Additionally, there is no reset or clock required as in 8255 for synchronising. The hand shaking capabilities of 8255 is missing in this simple-to-implement port buffers. As our requirement for this particular project is minimum resources requirement, we really do not the sophistications of 8255.
For both the ICs (74LS245 and 74LS573), the Data input pins are pin 2 to pin 9, which are multiplexed that is pin2 of all buffers are connected together, pin3 off all buffers are connected together and so on. The multiplexed lines are terminated in the 20-pin FRC connector. The connection on 20 Pin FRC on this Input/Output board is identical to the connections on 20 Pin FRC connector on the micro controller board. When the two boards are inter connected by a 20 pin FRC, the pins of 80C32 and the input pins of the buffers are connected. This connection will ensure that pin1 of 80C32 will connect to pin2 of all buffers (D0). Similarly pin2 of 80C32 will connect to common pin3 of buffers as D1. Similarly pin3 to pin 8 of 80C32 will connect to Pin4 to pin 9 of buffers. The chip selects of all the buffers are yet to be connected. The appropriate bits of port 3 from 80C32 will be used as chip select.
This board houses four devices, two each of 74LS245 and 74LS573. This arrangement will enable us to connect two such boards in parallel by choosing different Port 3 pins for chip select. The input side of the 74LS245 (Pin 18 to Pin 11) has a SIP resistor of 10K pull-up (The pins are pulled up by default to read a high, when there is no signal present). The output latches and the input of the transceiver are terminated in a 10 pin rely mate connector each for external connection. This board also has an LED indicator to give the visual indication of power being connected to this board.
The 10 pin connector on the buffer has the 8 bit data and supply lines. This will ensure that the devices connected to the buffers are properly powered up.
INTERFACE BOARD for INPUT & OUTPUT operations

This board interfaces Micro controller and the Transmitter receiver of the master control unit. The receiver output is in audio range and this represents the value of the output from the temperature sensor in Hz (1Hz = 1 mV). This frequency is converted in to voltage by F-to-V converter using LM331. The output is buffered and the resultant analogue voltage is supplied to the ADC 0804. The 8-bit digital value equivalent to the temperature is supplied to the Micro controller for processing. When Micro controller wants to switch off the heater, it waits for the transmission from the heater unit to be over and issues an OFF command. Sending a DTMF tone over the FM channel by the Micro controller brings about this effect. For ON command a different DTMF tone is sent. MM91214 DTMF generator is used for this purpose by the controller.
Heater Control Unit
The heater control unit consists of sensor amplifier for giving an output of 10 mV/ oC. This voltage is converted in to equivalent frequency by V-to-F converter LM331. This resultant Frequency is transmitted to the master control unit through an FM transmitter. The control signal received from the master control unit in the form of DTMF signal is decoded by the DTMF to BCD decoder IC mm8870D. The decoded output is used to drive a Flip-flop formed around 74LS00. The output is used to drive a TRIAC BT 136 through opto coupler Triac IC CA3041.
POWER SUPPLY BOARD
The DC power for the entire equipment is supplied by a linear Power supply built around a Transformer of 0 10 V AC, secondary at 1 Amp capacity. A bridge rectifier formed by four power diodes 1N4007 converts the AC into fluctuating DC. The filtering of this pulsating DC is done by the capacitor of 2200 F/25 V DC. A 3-pin regulator IC 7805, with suitable heat sink is connected to the output of the bridge-filter capacitor. The resultant 5 V DC is supplied to the C board and through 20-pin FRC connector to other boards. The unregulated DC is used to power any device that needs 12 V for its operation.
THE TRANSMITTER BOARD
The equipment under observation will have a potential free contact associated with its working condition. Potential free condition means the contact will not source or sink any electrical potential. It may a relay contact. The equipment may be generally ON and the contacts will be in closed condition. As and when this contact opens, the fault condition is generated. In some equipment, the equipment may normally be OFF and when the fault occurs, it comes ON. In such conditions, the contacts will normally be open and when they close, the fault condition is generated. In reality different parts of the same equipment may be under observation. For example a chemical tank is under observation. The lower limit and upper limit are being monitored. The probe for the lower limit is always immersed and the associated relay will always be on. The upper limit probe should not be on and the associated relay will always be off. When the lower limit relay open an error condition is generated. In the way, if the relay associated with upper limit closes, the fault condition is generated.
For each equipment or points to be monitored, a transmitter with an audio oscillator is associated. As long as the relay is ON, the transmitter is also ON and the window Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller
annunciator receives this FM carrier wave and also the audio frequency modulated. The audio oscillator is built around the Timer IC 555 in free running mode. The audio range frequency generated is fed to the FM transmitter. The power for the entire circuit is given through the relay contact. When the relay is ON, power for this circuit is supplied and the transmission is done. In the actual circuit a switch is provided as there is no equipment is monitored. The switch is used to send or stop the transmission.
CHAPTER 4: DETAILS OF ICS USED
ICS USED IN THE PROJECT

INTEL 80C31 - C
The heart of any project is the brain or the C which combines the functions of P and an I/O process. In this project the central command is INTELs industrial standard C 80C31. This is an 8 bit controller, that is it communicates internally as well as externally through an 8 bit data bus. There are several variations to this family of controllers and this particular controller is chosen because the controller does not have internal ROM. The control programme should be stored in an external ROM or EPROM. It is easy to programme conventional EPROMs in comparison to special devices needed for programming 87C51 or 89C51, which can have up to 4K of internal programme memory. This consideration is the main reason for choosing this particular micro controller. Another reason is the availability of In-Circuit-Emulator or ICE for 8032. The ICE for 8032 is a versatile tool that would make developing control software for 8032 an easy task. The working of the ICE for 8032 is explained in detail in the MDS for 8032 chapter of this report. This 40 pin IC comes in different flavours and the generic type number is 80C31. In this version, the ports P0 and P2 of the micro controller are NOT available for the designer. These ports will serve as multiplexed Address-Data BUS, AD0-AD7 (Port 0) and Address Bus A8 to A15 (port 2). Using an octal latch, the DATA and ADDRESS bus can be separated, like in 80C85 circuits. The Other two ports are used to expand the usable port to 8 numbers of 8 bit ports. This is done by using 74LS245 8-bit transceiver as an input buffer and 74LS573 8-bit latch as an output buffer. The port 1 (P1) is used as 8-bit data bus to send and receive information to output buffer or to read 8-bit data from input buffer. Port 3 (P3) is used as chip select and up to 8 such devices in any combination of input and output can be used. The provision is made for 8 input/output buffers. The capacity of this processor to address individual bit locations made it a very versatile IC. For this reason this IC is also called as Boolean Processor or Bit processor. Several instruction to handle bit related process makes it a unique processor. The final control programme becomes very compact and it can be executed very efficiently. The twobyte instruction in the traditional three bytes instructions of 80C85 makes the resultant Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller
EPROM memory extremely small. Using page concepts and defining 3 types of jumps, the designer of this processor had given high speed processing capabilities. The speed with which the instructions are executed can be compared with conventional processor. In the coming pages, an attempt to explain some of the salient features of this IC has been made, which is the favourite of the Electronic Industry. Another reason for choosing this C is the availability of resources for developing control programmes. The computer screen based simulator downloaded from the Internet, the in-circuit-emulator for 80C31 controller, several data sheets, assemblers etc, made us use this IC for this project. The details are given in the following pages on the salient points that are markedly different from the popular P IC 80C85. We start the discussion about this controller, with the type of memory it offers to the designers and explain the SFRs and BIT manipulation techniques. In order to keep the explanation short, we have not explained the full working of this IC. It has several features that makes it the industry standards, but as explained we limit it to the required features for carrying out this project. TYPES OF MEMORY The 8051 has three very general types of memory. To effectively program the 8051 it is necessary to have a basic understanding of these memory types. The memory types are illustrated in the following graphic. They are: On-Chip Memory, External Code Memory, and External RAM. On-Chip Memory refers to any memory (Code, RAM, or other) that physically exists on the microcontroller itself. Onchip memory can be of several types, but we'll get into that shortly. External Code Memory is code (or program) memory that resides off-chip. This is often in the form of an external EPROM.
External RAM is RAM memory that resides off-chip. This is often in the form of standard static RAM or flash RAM.
Code Memory
Code memory is the memory that holds the actual 8051 program that is to be run. This memory is limited to 64K and comes in many shapes and sizes: Code memory may be found on-chip, either burned into the microcontroller as ROM or EPROM. Code may also be stored completely off-chip in an external EPROM. That is, it is possible to have 4K of code memory on-chip and 64k of code memory off-chip in an EPROM. However, code memory is most commonly implemented as off-chip EPROM. This is especially true in low-cost development systems and in systems developed by students.
External RAM
As an obvious opposite of Internal RAM, the 8051 also supports what is called External RAM. As the name suggests, External RAM is any random access memory, which is found offchip. Since the memory is off-chip it is not as flexible in terms of accessing, and is also slower. For example, to increment an Internal RAM location by 1 requires only 1 instruction and 1 instruction cycle. To increment a 1-byte value stored in External RAM requires 4 instructions and 7 instruction cycles. In this case, external memory is 7 times slower!
On-Chip Memory
8051 includes a certain amount of on-chip memory. On-chip memory is really one of two types: Internal RAM and Special Function Register (SFR) memory. The layout of the 8051's internal memory is presented in the following memory map: As is illustrated in this map, the 8051 has a bank of 128 bytes of Internal RAM. This Internal RAM is found on-chip on the 8051 so it is the fastest RAM available, and it is also the most flexible in terms of reading, writing, and modifying its contents. Internal RAM is volatile, so when the 8051 is reset, this memory is cleared.
The 128 bytes of internal ram is subdivided as shown on the memory map. The first 8 bytes (00h - 07h) are "register bank certain 0". SFRs, By a manipulating
program may choose to use register banks 1, 2, or 3. These alternative register banks are located in internal RAM in addresses 08h through 1Fh. Bit Memory also lives and is part of internal RAM. The bit addressable memory resides in internal RAM, from addresses 20h through 2Fh. The 80 bytes remaining of Internal RAM, from addresses 30h through 7Fh, may be used by user variables that need to be accessed frequently or at high-speed. This area is also utilized by the Microcontroller as a storage area for the operating stack. This fact severely limits the 8051s stack since, as illustrated in the memory map, the area reserved for the stack is only 80 bytes--and usually it is less since these 80 bytes has to be shared between the stack and user variables.
Register Banks
The 8051 uses 8 "R" registers which are used in many of its instructions. These "R" registers are numbered from 0 through 7 (R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7). These registers are generally used to assist in manipulating values and moving data from one memory location to another. For example, to add the value of R4 to the Accumulator, we would execute the following instruction: ADD A, R4 Thus if the Accumulator (A) contained the value 6 and R4 contained the value 3, the Accumulator would contain the value 9 after this instruction was executed. However, as the memory map shows, the "R" Register R4 is really part of Internal RAM. Specifically, R4 is address 04h. This can be see in the bright green section of the memory map. Thus the above instruction accomplishes the same thing as the following operation:
ADD A, 04h This instruction adds the value found in Internal RAM address 04h to the value of the Accumulator, leaving the result in the Accumulator. Since R4 is really Internal RAM 04h, the above instruction effectively accomplished the same thing. But watch out! As the memory map shows, the 8051 has four distinct register banks. When the 8051 is first booted up, register bank 0 (addresses 00h through 07h) is used by default. However, your program may instruct the 8051 to use one of the alternate register banks; i.e., register banks 1, 2, or 3. In this case, R4 will no longer be the same as Internal RAM address 04h. For example, if your program instructs the 8051 to use register bank 3, "R" register R4 will now be synonymous with Internal RAM address 1Ch. The concept of register banks adds a great level of flexibility to the 8051, especially when dealing with interrupts (we'll talk about interrupts later). However, always remember that the register banks really reside in the first 32 bytes of Internal RAM.
Bit Memory
The 8051, being a communications-oriented microcontroller, gives the user the ability to access a number of bit variables. These variables may be either 1 or 0. There are 128 bit variables available to the user, numbered 00h through 7Fh. The user may make use of these variables with commands such as SETB and CLR. For example, to set bit number 24 (hex) to 1 you would execute the instruction: SETB 24h It is important to note that Bit Memory is really a part of Internal RAM. In fact, the 128 bit variables occupy the 16 bytes of Internal RAM from 20h through 2Fh. Thus, if you write the value FFh to Internal RAM address 20h youve effectively set bits 00h through 07h. That is that: MOV 20h, #0FFh => SETB 00h, SETB 01h, SETB 02h, SETB 03h, SETB 04h, SETB 05h, SETB 06h, SETB 07h As illustrated above, bit memory isnt really a new type of memory. Its really just a subset of Internal RAM. But since the 8051 provides special instructions to access these 16 bytes of memory on a bit by bit basis it is useful to think of it as a separate type of memory. However, Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller
always keep in mind that it is just a subset of Internal RAM--and that operations performed on Internal RAM can change the values of the bit variables. Bit variables 00h through 7Fh are for user-defined functions in their programs. However, bit variables 80h and above are actually used to access certain SFRs on a bit-by-bit basis. For example, if output lines P0.0 through P0.7 are all clear (0) and you want to turn on the P0.0 output line you may either execute: MOV P0, #01h (or) SETB 80h Both these instructions accomplish the same thing. However, using the SETB command will turn on the P0.0 line without affecting the status of any of the other P0 output lines. The MOV command effectively turns off all the other output lines, which, in some cases, may not be acceptable. The Best way is to make the full use of the processor its bit handling capacity. 80C32 family of processors are called as Boolean processors and the bit handling commands will be used straight away, rather than masking technique used in byte oriented processor like 80C85
SFRs
The 8051 is a flexible Microcontroller with a relatively large number of modes of operations. Your program may inspect and/or change the operating mode of the 8051 by manipulating the values of the 8051's Special Function Registers (SFRs). SFRs are accessed as if they were normal Internal RAM. The only difference is that Internal RAM is from address 00h through 7Fh whereas SFR registers exist in the address range of 80h through FFh. Each SFR has an address (80h through FFh) and a name. The following chart provides a graphical presentation of the 8051's SFRs, their names, and their address.
Although the address range of 80h through FFh offers 128 possible addresses, there are only 21 SFRs in a standard 8051. All other addresses in the SFR range (80h through FFh) are considered invalid. Writing to or reading from these registers may produce undefined values or behaviour.
SFR Descriptions
P0 (Port 0, Address 80h, Bit-Addressable): This is input/output port 0. Each bit of this SFR corresponds to one of the pins on the microcontroller. For example, bit 0 of port 0 is pin P0.0, bit 7 is pin P0.7. Writing a value of 1 to a bit of this SFR will send a high level on the corresponding I/O pin whereas a value of 0 will bring it to a low level. PCON (Power Control, Addresses 87h): The Power Control SFR is used to control the 8051's power control modes. Certain operation modes of the 8051 allow the 8051 to go into a type of "sleep" mode, which requires much, less power. These modes of operation are controlled through PCON. Additionally, one of the bits in PCON is used to double the effective baud rate of the 8051's serial port. TCON (Timer Control, Addresses 88h, Bit-Addressable): The Timer Control SFR is used to configure and modify the way in which the 8051's two timers operate. This SFR controls whether each of the two timers is running or stopped and contains a flag to indicate that each Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller
timer has overflowed. Additionally, some non-timer related bits are located in the TCON SFR. These bits are used to configure the way in which the external interrupts are activated and also contain the external interrupt flags, which are set when an external interrupt has occurred. TMOD (Timer Mode, Addresses 89h): The Timer Mode SFR is used to configure the mode of operation of each of the two timers. Using this SFR your program may configure each timer to be a 16-bit timer, an 8-bit auto reload timer, a 13-bit timer, or two separate timers. Additionally, you may configure the timers to only count when an external pin is activated or to count "events" that are indicated on an external pin. TL0/TH0 (Timer 0 Low/High, Addresses 8Ah/8Bh): These two SFRs, together, represent timer0. Their exact behaviour depends on how the timer is configured in the TMOD SFR; however, these timers always count up. What is configurable is how and when they increment in value. TL1/TH1 (Timer 1 Low/High, Addresses 8Ch/8Dh): These two SFRs, together, represent timer1. Their exact behaviour depends on how the timer is configured in the TMOD SFR; however, these timers always count up. What is configurable is how and when they increment in value. P1 (Port 1, Address 90h, Bit-Addressable): This is input/output port 1. Each bit of this SFR corresponds to one of the pins on the microcontroller. For example, bit 0 of port 1 is pin P1.0, bit 7 is pin P1.7. Writing a value of 1 to a bit of this SFR will send a high level on the corresponding I/O pin whereas a value of 0 will bring it to a low level. SCON (Serial Control, Addresses 98h, Bit-Addressable): The Serial Control SFR is used to configure the behaviour of the 8051's on-board serial port. This SFR controls the baud rate of the serial port, whether the serial port is activated to receive data, and also contains flags that are set when a byte is successfully sent or received. SBUF (Serial Control, Addresses 99h): The Serial Buffer SFR is used to send and receive data via the on-board serial port. Any value written to SBUF will be sent out the serial port's TXD pin. Likewise, any value, which the 8051 receives via the serial ports RXD pin, will be delivered to the user program via SBUF. In other words, SBUF serves as the output port when written to and as an input port when read from.
P2 (Port 2, Address A0h, Bit-Addressable): This is input/output port 2. Each bit of this SFR corresponds to one of the pins on the microcontroller. For example, bit 0 of port 2 is pin P2.0, bit 7 is pin P2.7. Writing a value of 1 to a bit of this SFR will send a high level on the corresponding I/O pin whereas a value of 0 will bring it to a low level. IE (Interrupt Enable, Addresses A8h): The Interrupt Enable SFR is used to enable and disable specific interrupts. The low 7 bits of the SFR are used to enable/disable the specific interrupts, where as the highest bit is used to enable or disable ALL interrupts. Thus, if the high bit of IE is 0 all interrupts are disabled regardless of whether an individual interrupt is enabled by setting a lower bit. The required interrupts bits are set for being processed or ignored if reset. P3 (Port 3, Address B0h, Bit-Addressable): This is input/output port 3. Each bit of this SFR corresponds to one of the pins on the microcontroller. For example, bit 0 of port 3 is pin P3.0, bit 7 is pin P3.7. Writing a value of 1 to a bit of this SFR will send a high level on the corresponding I/O pin whereas a value of 0 will bring it to a low level. IP (Interrupt Priority, Addresses B8h, Bit-Addressable): The Interrupt Priority SFR is used to specify the relative priority of each interrupt. On the 8051, an interrupt may either be of low (0) priority or high (1) priority. An interrupt may only interrupt interrupts of lower priority. For example, if we configure the 8051 so that all interrupts are of low priority except the serial interrupt, the serial interrupt will always be able to interrupt the system, even if another interrupt is currently executing. However, if a serial interrupt is executing no other interrupt will be able to interrupt the serial interrupt routine since the serial interrupt routine has the highest priority. PSW (Program Status Word, Addresses D0h, Bit-Addressable): The Program Status Word is used to store a number of important bits that are set and cleared by 8051 instructions. The PSW SFR contains the carry flag, the auxiliary carry flag, the overflow flag, and the parity flag. Additionally, the PSW register contains the register bank select flags which are used to select which of the "R" register banks are currently selected.
The Accumulator
The Accumulator, as its name suggests, is used as a general register to accumulate the results of a large number of instructions. It can hold an 8-bit (1-byte) value and is the most versatile register the 8051 has due to the shear number of instructions that make use of the
accumulator. More than half of the 8051s 255 instructions manipulate or use the accumulator in some way.
The "R" registers

The "R" registers are a set of eight registers that are named R0, R1, etc. up to and including R7. These registers are used as auxiliary registers in many operations. To continue with the above example, perhaps you are adding 10 and 20. The original number 10 may be stored in the Accumulator whereas the value 20 may be stored in, say, register R4. To process the addition you would execute the command: ADD A, R4 After executing this instruction the Accumulator will contain the value 30.
The "B" Register

The "B" register is very similar to the Accumulator in the sense that it may hold an 8-bit (1byte) value. The "B" register is only used by two 8051 instructions: MUL AB and DIV AB. Thus, if you want to quickly and easily multiply or divide A by another number, you may store the other number in "B" and make use of these two instructions. Aside from the MUL and DIV instructions, the "B" register is often used as yet another temporary storage register much like a ninth "R" register.
The Data Pointer (DPTR)

The Data Pointer (DPTR) is the 8051s only user-accessible 16-bit (2-byte) register. The Accumulator, "R" registers, and "B" register are all 1-byte values. DPTR, as the name suggests, is used to point to data. It is used by a number of commands, which allow the 8051 to access external memory. When the 8051 accesses external memory it will access external memory at the address indicated by DPTR. While DPTR is most often used to point to data in external memory, many programmers often take advantage of the fact that its the only true 16-bit register available. It is often used to store 2-byte values, which have nothing to do with memory locations.
The Program Counter (PC)
The Program Counter (PC) is a 2-byte address, which tells the 8051 where the next instruction to execute is found in memory. When the 8051 is initialised PC always starts at 0000h and is incremented each time an instruction is executed. It is important to note that PC isnt always incremented by one. Since some instructions require 2 or 3 bytes the PC will be incremented by 2 or 3 in these cases.
The Stack Pointer (SP)

The Stack Pointer, like all registers except DPTR and PC, may hold an 8-bit (1-byte) value. The Stack Pointer is used to indicate where the next value to be removed from the stack should be taken from. When you push a value onto the stack, the 8051 first increments the value of SP and then stores the value at the resulting memory location. When you pop a value off the stack, the 8051 returns the value from the memory location indicated by SP, and then decrements the value of SP. This order of operation is important. When the 8051 is initialised SP will be initialised to 07h. If you immediately push a value onto the stack, the value will be stored in Internal RAM address 08h. This makes sense taking into account what was mentioned two paragraphs above: First the 8051 will increment the value of SP (from 07h to 08h) and then will store the pushed value at that memory address (08h). SP is modified directly by the 8051 by six instructions: PUSH, POP, ACALL, LCALL, RET, and RETI. It is also used intrinsically whenever an interrupt is triggered.
Addressing Modes
An "addressing mode" refers to how you are addressing a given memory location. It may be recalled that 8085 has direct, indirect, memory, immediate, indexed addressing modes. In summary, the addressing modes are as follows, with an example of each: Immediate Addressing Direct Addressing Indirect Addressing External Direct Code Indirect MOV A,#20h MOV A,30h MOV A,@R0 MOVX A,@DPTR MOVC A,@A+DPTR
Each of these addressing modes provides important flexibility.
Immediate Addressing
Immediate addressing is so-named because the value to be stored in memory immediately follows the operation code in memory. That is, the instruction itself dictates what value will be stored in memory. For example, the instruction: MOV A, #20h This instruction uses Immediate Addressing because the Accumulator will be loaded with the value that immediately follows; in this case 20 (hexadecimal). Immediate addressing is very fast since the value to be loaded is included in the instruction..
Direct Addressing
Direct addressing is so-named because the value to be stored in memory is obtained by directly retrieving it from another memory location. For example: MOV A, 30h This instruction will read the data out of Internal RAM address 30 (hexadecimal) and store it in the Accumulator. Direct addressing is generally fast since, although the value to be loaded isnt included in the instruction, it is quickly accessible since it is stored in the 8051s Internal RAM. It is also much more flexible than Immediate Addressing since the value to be loaded is whatever is found at the given address--which may be variable.
Indirect Addressing
Indirect addressing is a very powerful addressing mode which in many cases provides an exceptional level of flexibility. Indirect addressing is also the only way to access the extra 128 bytes of Internal RAM found on an 8052. Indirect addressing appears as follows: MOV A, @R0 This instruction causes the 8051 to analyse the value of the R0 register. The 8051 will then load the accumulator with the value from Internal RAM, which is found at the address indicated by R0.
External Direct
External Memory is accessed using a suite of instructions, which use what I call "External Direct" addressing. I call it this because it appears to be direct addressing, but it is used to access external memory rather than internal memory. There are only two commands that use External Direct addressing mode: Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller
MOVX A, @DPTR MOVX @DPTR, A As you can see, both commands utilize DPTR. In these instructions, DPTR must first be loaded with the address of external memory that you wish to read or write. Once DPTR holds the correct external memory address, the first command will move the contents of that external memory address into the Accumulator. The second command will do the opposite: it will allow you to write the value of the Accumulator to the external memory address pointed to by DPTR.
External Indirect
External memory can also be accessed using a form of indirect addressing which I call External Indirect addressing. This form of addressing is usually only used in relatively small projects that have a very small amount of external RAM. An example of this addressing mode is: MOVX @R0,A Once again, the value of R0 is first read and the value of the Accumulator is written to that address in External RAM. Since the value of @R0 can only be 00h through FFh the project would effectively be limited to 256 bytes of External RAM. There are relatively simple hardware/software tricks that can be implemented to access more than 256 bytes of memory using External Indirect addressing; however, it is usually easier to use External Direct addressing if your project has more than 256 bytes of External RAM. Interrupts An interrupt is a special feature, which allows the 8051 to provide the illusion of "multitasking," although in reality the 8051 is only doing one thing at a time. The word "interrupt" can often be substituted with the word "event." An interrupt is triggered whenever a corresponding event occurs. When the event occurs, the 8051 temporarily puts "on hold" the normal execution of the program and executes a special section of code referred to as an interrupt handler. The interrupt handler performs whatever special functions are required to handle the event and then returns control to the 8051 at which point program execution continues as if it had never been interrupted.
Timers
The 8051 comes equipped with two timers, both of which may be controlled, set, read, and configured individually. The 8051 timers have three general functions: 1) Keeping time Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller
and/or calculating the amount of time between events, 2) Counting the events themselves, or 3) Generating baud rates for the serial port. The three timer uses are distinct so we will talk about each of them separately. The first two uses will be discussed in this chapter while the use of timers for baud rate generation will be discussed in the chapter relating to serial ports. How does a timer count? How does a timer count? The answer to this question is very simple: A timer always counts up. It doesnt matter whether the timer is being used as a timer, a counter, or a baud rate generator: A timer is always incremented by the Microcontroller.
USING TIMERS TO MEASURE TIME

Obviously, one of the primary uses of timers is to measure time. We will discuss this use of timers first and will subsequently discuss the use of timers to count events. When a timer is used to measure time it is also called an "interval timer" since it is measuring the time of the interval between two events. Timer SFRs As mentioned before, the 8051 has two timers which each function essentially the same way. One timer is TIMER0 and the other is TIMER1. The two timers share two SFRs (TMOD and TCON) which control the timers, and each timer also has two SFRs dedicated solely to itself (TH0/TL0 and TH1/TL1). Weve given SFRs names to make it easier to refer to them, but in reality an SFR has a numeric address. It is often useful to know the numeric address that corresponds to an SFR name. The SFRs relating to timers are: SFR Name TH0 TL0 TH1 TL1 TCON TMOD Description Timer 0 High Byte Timer 0 Low Byte Timer 1 High Byte Timer 1 Low Byte Timer Control Timer Mode SFR Address 8Ch 8Ah 8Dh 8Bh 88h 89h
When you enter the name of an SFR into an assembler, it internally converts it to a number. For example, the command: MOV TH0,#25h moves the value 25h into the TH0 SFR. However, since TH0 is the same as SFR address 8Ch this command is equivalent to: MOV 8Ch,#25h Timer 0 has two SFRs dedicated exclusively to itself: TH0 and TL0. That is, when Timer 0 has a value of 0, both TH0 and TL0 will contain 0. When Timer 0 has the value 1000, TH0 will hold the high byte of the value (3 decimal) and TL0 will contain the low byte of the value (232 decimal). Reviewing low/high byte notation, recall that you must multiply the high byte by 256 and add the low byte to calculate the final value. That is: TH0 * 256 + TL0 = 1000 3 * 256 + 232 = 1000 Timer 1 works the exact same way, but its SFRs are TH1 and TL1. Since there are only two bytes devoted to the value of each timer it is apparent that the maximum value a timer may have is 65,535. If a timer contains the value 65,535 and is subsequently incremented, it will reset--or overflow--back to 0. The TMOD SFR (89h) TMOD (Timer Mode). The TMOD SFR is used to control the mode of operation of both timers. Each bit of the SFR gives the microcontroller specific information concerning how to run a timer. The high four bits (bits 4 through 7) relate to Timer1 whereas the low four bits (bits 0 through 3) perform the same functions, for timer0. The individual bits of TMOD have the following functions: Bit Name 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Explanation of Function Timer When this bit is set the timer will only run when INT1 (P3.3) is high. GATE1 1 When this bit is clear the timer will run regardless of the state of INT1. When this bit is set the timer will count events on T1 (P3.5). When this C/T1 1 bit is clear the timer will be incremented every machine cycle. T1M1 Timer mode bit (see below) 1 T1M0 Timer mode bit (see below) 1 When this bit is set the timer will only run when INT0 (P3.2) is high. GATE0 0 When this bit is clear the timer will run regardless of the state of INT0. When this bit is set the timer will count events on T0 (P3.4). When this C/T0 0 bit is clear the timer will be incremented every machine cycle. T0M1 Timer mode bit (see below) 0 T0M0 Timer mode bit (see below) 0
As you can see in the above chart, four bits (two for each timer) are used to specify a mode of operation. The modes of operation are: TxM1 0 0 1 1 TxM0 0 1 0 1 Timer Mode 0 1 2 3 Description of Mode 13-bit Timer. 16-bit Timer 8-bit auto-reload Split timer mode
16-bit Time Mode (mode 1) Timer mode "1" is a 16-bit timer. This is a very commonly used mode. TLx is incremented from 0 to 255. When TLx is incremented from 255, it resets to 0 and causes THx to be incremented by 1. Since this is a full 16-bit timer, the timer may contain up to 65536 distinct values. If you set a 16-bit timer to 0, it will overflow back to 0 after 65,536 machine cycles. 8-bit Time Mode (mode 2) Timer mode "2" is an 8-bit auto-reload mode. When a timer is in mode 2, THx holds the "reload value" and TLx is the timer itself. Thus, TLx starts counting up. When TLx reaches 255 and is subsequently incremented, instead of resetting to 0 (as in the case of modes 0 and 1), it will be reset to the value stored in THx. Whats the benefit of auto-reload mode? Perhaps you want the timer to always have a value from 200 to 255. If you use mode 0 or 1, youd have to check in code to see if the timer had overflowed and, if so, reset the timer to 200. This takes precious instructions of execution time to check the value and/or to reload it. When you use mode 2 the microcontroller takes care of this for you. Once youve configured a timer in mode 2 you dont have to worry about checking to see if the timer has overflowed nor do you have to worry about resetting the value--the microcontroller hardware will do it all for you. The auto-reload mode is very commonly used for establishing a baud rate, which we will talk more about in the Serial Communications chapter. The TCON SFR Finally, theres one more SFR that controls the two timers and provides valuable information about them. The TCON SFR has the following structure: TCON (88h) SFR
Bit Name 7 6 5 4 TF1 TR1 TF0 TR0
Bit Address 8Fh 8Eh 8Dh 8Ch
Explanation of Function
Timer
Timer 1 Overflow. This bit is set by the microcontroller when 1 Timer 1 overflows. Timer 1 Run. When this bit is set Timer 1 is turned on. When 1 this bit is clear Timer 1 is off. Timer 0 Overflow. This bit is set by the microcontroller when 0 Timer 0 overflows. Timer 0 Run. When this bit is set Timer 0 is turned on. When 0 this bit is clear Timer 0 is off.
As you may notice, weve only defined 4 of the 8 bits. Thats because the other 4 bits of the SFR dont have anything to do with timers--they have to do with Interrupts and they will be discussed in the chapter that addresses interrupts. A new piece of information in this chart is the column "bit address." This is because this SFR is "bit-addressable." What does this mean? It means if you want to set the bit TF1--which is the highest bit of TCON--you could execute the command: MOV TCON, #80h ... or, since the SFR is bit-addressable, you could just execute the command: SETB TF1 This has the benefit of setting the high bit of TCON without changing the value of any of the other bits of the SFR. Usually when you start or stop a timer you dont want to modify the other values in TCON, so you take advantage of the fact that the SFR is bit-addressable. Reading the Timer There are two common ways of reading the value of a 16-bit timer; which you use depends on your specific application. You may either read the actual value of the timer as a 16-bit number, or you may simply detect when the timer has overflowed. Detecting Timer Overflow Often it is necessary to just know that the timer has reset to 0. That is, you are not particularly interest in the value of the timer but rather you are interested in knowing when the timer has overflowed back to 0. Whenever a timer overflows from its highest value back to 0, the microcontroller automatically sets the TFx bit in the TCON register. This is useful since rather than checking the exact value of the timer you can just check if the TFx bit is set. If TF0 is set it means that timer 0 has overflowed; if TF1 is set it means that timer 1 has overflowed. Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller
We can use this approach to cause the program to execute a fixed delay. As youll recall, we calculated earlier that it takes the 8051 1/20th of a second to count from 0 to 46,079. However, the TFx flag is set when the timer overflows back to 0. Thus, if we want to use the TFx flag to indicate when 1/20th of a second has passed we must set the timer initially to 65536 less 46079, or 19,457. If we set the timer to 19,457, 1/20th of a second later the timer will overflow. Thus we come up with the following code to execute a pause of 1/20th of a second: MOV TH0,#76 MOV TL0,#01 MOV TMOD,#01 SETB TR0 JNB TF0,$ ;High byte of 19,457 (76 * 256 = 19,456) ;Low byte of 19,457 (19,456 + 1 = 19,457) ;Put Timer 0 in 16-bit mode ;Make Timer 0 start counting ;If TF0 is not set, jump back to this same instruction
In the above code the first two lines initialise the Timer 0 starting value to 19,457. The next two instructions configure timer 0 and turn it on. Finally, the last instruction JNB TF0,$, reads "Jump, if TF0 is not set, back to this same instruction." The "$" operand means, in most assemblers, the address of the current instruction. Thus as long as the timer has not overflowed and the TF0 bit has not been set the program will keep executing this same instruction. After 1/20th of a second timer 0 will overflow, set the TF0 bit, and program execution will then break out of the loop.
EPROM 27C64
Currently available EPROM in the market is 8K byte type 27C64. As indicated in the figure below, this IC needs 13 data lines and 8 data lines apart from an OE (output Enable) and CS (Chip select) line. Two pins are devoted to VCC and Gnd of the supply. The remaining pins are left unused in this IC.
The designers have assigned the pins of the memory ICs in such a way, the IC can have up to 64 Kbytes of memory in the same 28 pin version. The least available capacity is only 8Kbites and we have used this IC, even though our programme does not occupy even 5% of its capacity. The PSEN (Programme Store Enable) pin of 80C31 will drive the chip select of this memory IC. The OE is permanently grounded, as there is no other memory device to create problem with timing requirement. The EPROM lends itself to intelligent programming due to increased speed in its operations. In earlier EPROMs, the bytes are written for a fixed length of time, say 50 mS. In the intelligent programming mode, the bytes are written for a 1 mS only and verified for correctness. In case it is not written correctly, then the same data is written at the same location for the next 1 mS. The EPROM is programmed by using a PC based EPROM programmer, which can programme up to 1 MB of EPROM capacity. The details are given in the later pages about the EPROM programmer and its operations. The EPROM can be erased y exposing it to UV light (Shining on the crystal window) for about 20 Minutes.
8 BIT BI-DIRECTIONAL BUFFER 74LS245
74LS245 8 bit Transceiver This versatile 8 bit bi-directional buffer is used as a fixed input port for the circuit. The IC is of 20-pin DIP type. The pins 2 to 9 are designated as A1 to A8 and pins 18 to 11 are designated as B1 to B8. As it can be seem from the figure above, the connection exists between A1 to B1, A2 to B2 and so on up to A8 to B8. The supply pins are 20 (Vcc) and 10 (Gnd). Pin 19 is designated Enable or E. this is like chip select signal used in multiplexed design. This is active low signal enabled type. This means that a low signal on Enable will connect A side to B side. When this Enable is high then the two sides are separated and they present high impedance to the bus. So when this IC is not Enabled, it does not draw any power from the data lines at A side or B side. It is in TRI-State. When the Enable pin is low, the pin 1 of the IC determines the direction of flow of information. If pin 1 is low, signals travel from B to A. that is, B1 -> A1, B2 -> A2 and so on up to B8 -> B8. When pin 1 is high, then A1 -> B1, A2 -> B2 and so on up to A8 -> B8. In this project, we have grounded pin 1 to read the data from B-side into A-side. Two such ICs are used as Fixed Input Port and they will have the enable signal supplied by C pins 10 and 11. So p3.0 drives one of the 74LS245 and p3.1 drives the other 74LS245. For the sake of clarity, we have designated the first 74LS245 as LSBIN and the second 74LS245 as MSBIN. Like the OUTPUT latch IC, all input pins are multiplexed and connected to Port 1 of the controller IC. Pin 2 of these ICs are connected to pin 1 of the controller and so on up to pin 9 of these combination is connected to pin 8 of the micro controller. This makes the combination of 4 ICs, (2 nos of 74LS573 and 2 nos of 74LS245) to share the port 1 as data bus. Pin 2 of the combination behaves like D0, pin 3 as D1and so on up to pin 9 as D7.
OCTAL LATCH 74LS573
74LS573 - Octal latch The Latch IC is used in our design as a Fixed OUTPUT Port to augment the resources of the micro controller. This IC is also used to separate ADDRESS and DATA from the multiplexed AD0 to AD7 of the controller. This is an improved version of the earlier octal latch IC 74LS373. In the earlier version, four input and four outputs are located on side and the remaining four input and inputs are located on the other side. But this IC has all inputs located on one side and all output located on other side. Apart from these the TWO ICs are electrically same. It suits our requirements adequately. This IC functions as a latch when the pin 11 Latch enable pin goes high. In this state, the signals present in the pin 2 to pin 9 is transmitted to pin 19 to 12. When the pin 11 LE goes low, this value is latched at the output. As an address-data separator, this IC gets the latch signal from the ALE pin of the controller. When the controller is outputting the Address A0 to A7, the ALE goes high and the address is latched. ALE goes low and the same bus is used for DATA. This IC is used as an output port in the following way. We connect the pin 11 LE to a control pin from controller. Pin 2 to pin 9 are connected to pin 1 to pin 8 (Port 1) of the controller. We put the data to be latched on Port 1 of the controller. We make the pin 11 of the latch high and then low. The value on Port 1 is now latched at the output. There are two such OUTPUT ports are used in our design. One of the latch is used to drive the LCD display and we have named this as LCDOUT. The other latch is used for control purpose and we have named the latch as CNTOUT. Pin 16 of controller is used to control CNTOUT port and pin 17 of the controller is used to operate LCDOUT latch.
7805 3 Pin - 5V REGULATOR

This three pin regulator is a boom to power supply design, when a strict control is needed about the quality of the output. The simple regulator gets its input from a bridge connected across a 10 V 1 A transformer. The The 3 pin Regulator IC pre filtering is done by a 2200 F/25 V capacitor. This IC gives a constant 5 V DC for the central processor board. Other parts of the circuit get this regulated voltage from the central processor board. Adequate heat sink is used to keep the IC operating within safety limits. This IC can supply constant 5 V DC at about 500 mA (safe value) with simple heat sink. The output remains same for the range of input from about 6.5 V DC (about 1.5 V DC above the required output voltage) to 35 V DC. This IC acts as a series regulator. This means that the IC drops the extra voltage from the supply and gives constant 5 V DC to the load. So, when the input voltage output voltage is very high, the IC heats up quickly and a heavy heat sink is needed. The ground pin is connected to the casing of the IC, making it easy to fix heat sink, which will also be at ground potential. In this design, using a 10 V secondary transformer would give about 14 V unregulated DC as input to 7805. As 5 V is the output, about 9 V is the voltage drop on the regulator. When about 500 mA (0.5 A) current is drawn, the regulator would have to dissipate heat equivalent to 9 x 0.5 W or about 4.5 W. A simple heat sink will take care of this dissipation. These regulators can provide local on-card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation. That is the noise associated with several circuits drawing power from one point is taken care off. These regulators employ internal current limiting, thermal shutdown and safe area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents. These regulators come in various packages essentially the difference is the ability to deliver this constant voltage at different current strengths. The package of the regulator used in this project is a TO 220 package capable of delivering up to 1 A at 5 V.
CHAPTER 5: FLOW DIAGRAM
FLOW CHART REMOTE TEMPERATURE SENSOR AND CONTROLLER

Start Initialise Locations
Switc h On Heater
YES
NO
IS ADC >
TWS 5
Read ADC
Convert HEX to BCD & Display
Read TWS
Convert HEX to BCD and DISPLAY
Read TWS Yes

IS Yes TWS > ADC
Heater No off OSC is on
Is R X = 1
Rea d AD C No Switch
on TX
The process is an endless loop terminated only by power off or the end of the world whichever happens first.
CHAPTER 6: CONTROL SOFTWARE

(This being copy right portion of the Company, it will be supplied only on request to the HOD and NOT to the students)
CHAPTER 7: DETAILS OF MDS FOR 8032
MICRO CONTROLLER DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

Generally, engineering and other education institutions teach students about 8085 microprocessor using a basic development kit. The kit has a startup program and all required programs for keyboard entry and output to display units. Students do not get access to any other microprocessor development system using computers and computer assisted equipments. So it is an entirely a new experience working with a windows based Simulator, IN-CIRCUIT EMULATOR (ICE), EPROM PROGRAMMER and assembler software. The circuits under test can be tested individually, software can be written using a text editors, assembled and executed the software from the Windows based simulators and ICE to check for errors. Once perfected, the hex code generated from the control software is then, put in an EPROM. This EPROM supplies the hex code to C. The C now works on its own in the same it worked with the hardware emulator. The complete project is now ready to be used. It is thus possible to take up even more complicated assignments with the help of such development system for a micro controller. Here, a brief explanation is given about the windows based simulators, ICE, EPROM PROGRAMMER and assembler software that has been used.
ASSEMBLER AND TEXT EDITOR SOFTWARE: As students we were exposed only to enter the software to the development kit and run the same. But first we were to write the mnemonics and find the hex code of the op-code and fill up the same using this technique. We have to correctly enter the jump addresses and also the hex code is only entered byte by byte into the MDS (Microprocessor Development System). To enter the hex code itself is a tedious job and there were fair chances of we committing mistake in data entry stage itself. The display is usually a single line display and not much information is seen in a line. If programme analysis is to be done, then it is marathon task as register examination or single step is nightmare experience. So it is altogether a new experience to write the software in a text file and assemble the same using an assembler and generate HEX and LST file. The HEX file will be in the Industry standard HEX format and the list file give a neat line number, location of the opcode, our mnemonics and our comments. The required branching locations are labelled and referring the jump location by name to the assembler carries out the programme branching.
The Assembly program required for the project is written by using a simple text editor like Norton Editor (NE.EXE) part of NORTON utilities. Though any text editing software can be used, this editor is used for its simplicity and also it is only 64K byte long! It contains File related commands to save, save as, load, merge and all other related common commands. This is a DOS based programme like the assembler software. So it is easy to operate the text editor and assembler in the same operating mode. This editor lends it to be configured for any specific use and the tab setting allows us to write a very legible programme without much effort. ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVE: The cross assembler that is used to assemble our programme is supplied along with the book - The 8051 Microcontroller Architecture, Programming & Applications By Kenneth J Ayala. The floppy disk accompanying the book contains this software and a wealth of information about how to use this assembler software. This assembler is specifically designed for 8051 family of controllers. There is no need to specify the processor for which the assembly is to be done. The assembler has several features that make writing mnemonics very easy. This assembler assembles the program in a TWO-pass assembly. This is because, in the first pass the assembler may encounter a forward referenced label, for which it cannot substitute a memory address immediately. In the second pass the address for any reference can be correctly substituted. It will generate any error message only after both the pass is over and still there are some unresolved conflicts or address location. To name some of the errors - syntax error, Label not defined, multiple labels with same name, mnemonics used as label. The variables can be EQUated to a value and used by its name in the program. Also the value can be indicated with a mathematical expression. The assembler already defines the special function registers and we have the liberty of referring the SFRs by their name. Referring the bit position along with SFR name itself indicates the bit position within SFRs. For an example, we want to refer to the bit three (d3) of port 1. It can simply be referred to as p1.3. The same way we can indicate acc.4 to mean D4 of `A register. This allows us to make full use of bit capabilities of the C without much difficulty. Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller
WINDOWS BASED SIMULATOR FOR 80C52

One of the easiest methods of learning about C 80C52 is by using a software simulation of the micro controller. In this case the simulator software runs on IBM compatible machine in windows environment and no hard ware is required to be connected. On screen simulation is given about the special function registers, IO ports, Internal and External memory, the programme flow, Timer registers etc. This software is freeware version produced by M/s Vault Information Services of USA (web site: http://www.valtbbs.com). This software is about 650K and installs easily in windows mode. It also has extensive help command and one can easily learn to operate the same without much difficulty. This software allows us to download the HEX file generated by the text editor and assemblers. Once the HEX file is in the Simulator, we can run the programme at full speed or single step through the programme. This allows us to see the changes that occur in the registers, memory locations and also SFRs because of execution of our instructions. We can go back to our programme and make changes and assemble and once again load the modified HEX file into the Simulator and test the new and modified software. The Simulator also allows us to modify the registers, SFRs (With each bit being explained) and memory in bit or bite fashion. This simulator allows us to set break points in the programme to run the full programme in full speed mode up to the set break point and allows us to examine registers or memory locations at that point or the next part of the programme can be single stepped. The full screen display also permits us to set up watch windows that track the changes in memory locations and SFRs. The programme analysis window moves the cursor each time we execute single step and updates all registers and memory locations. Thus keeping our own assembly programme in a window, helps us visualise the way the software will be implemented in the actual system. This software has also the capacity to send the data to the serial port of the PC at same rate as the C would send it to a PC. This will help a person check the baud rate and the reliability of the serial port software. The control software for such projects normally does not require serial port or synchronous operation and hence this facility is not tried out. The refresh rate of the screen can be set to simulate at real speed or reduced speed.
The Simulator has several features to help the user. One example is that any memory. Double clicking on that particular item can change SFR or other register location value. When TCON or TMOD or any such bit addressable registers value is changed, then the window where the locations value is displayed for alteration. The explanation on the side of each bit explains its function of that bit. Also the individual bit value of the location or its byte value can be changed. The locations can be configured to display hex value or ASCII Value valuable tool when display of character string is tested. The real time interrupts can also be simulated by entering a value and allow it to read the value at the appropriate time. We have explored this software only to the extend required for this project work. But the immense potential of this simulator software can be realized only more challenging software for a project is taken up.
IN CIRCUIT EMULATOR - Metalink ICE 80C31

The In-Circuit Emulator, or ICE, is a device that has a 40-pin DIP plug as its output. This 40 pin dip plug goes into the 40 pin socket meant for 80C31 in the target circuit board. The ICE is operated from the computer through its serial port. The ICE transfers the entire control of the 80C31 over the target circuit to the computer user. The HEX code tested with the Simulator can now be down loaded in to ICE and sent to the target circuit either at full speed or at one instruction per mouse click or allow the target to run up to a point at full speed and single step from that point onwards. The SFRs and other details are displayed on the computer indicating their status. The details of ICE used to develop this project is explained in brief in this section.
This ICE supplied by Metalink Corporation, USA is specifically designed to emulate
80C32. It works on windows platform running on IBM or compatible PC. The ICE configures itself for operating from available serial port of the computer. A cable from the computer connects to ICE. A separate universal power supply (The power supply gives 5 V DC at 5.0 A when connected to AC source of voltage between 85 V AC to 285 V AC) gives power for ICE. Of the 2 LEDs located on ICE, one indicates if the power switch located on ICE is OFF or ON position. Another LED indicates the Emulator is running or idling. The reset switch in target circuit can reset the process of ICE. The crystal on the target board or the crystal inside ICE can be used for emulation. This selection is done through software option. The ICE has several facilities like operating the target board at full speed or single step through each instruction or set break points this option allows the emulator run full speed up to that points and waits for a command from the key board or mouse. The assembly instruction can be altered for fast check up. Every time the original programme is changed, it automatically loads the latest control software developed. It has full transparency port 1 and port 3. This means that the emulator does not any of these port pins for its use and the user can connect any device to these port pins and ICE will respond as if the actual micro controller is functioning in the target circuit. The debug window displays the assembly programme in text form with labels, for easy follow-up of the sequence of execution of the control software. The Metalink ICE can download HEX files or text files in assembly language format or C programmes written for 8052 in the prescribed format. It has built-in assembler, which generates HEX files as well as list files that will contain line number, location where the opcode will be placed, the op-code generated, assembler mnemonics and comment is any. The Metalink also allows small assembler files to be linked in to a complete project. This way, several tested sub routines can easily be integrated in to the proposed control programme solution. The time required to develop future software would be reduced considerably as several features of earlier program can be cut and pasted to the main programme. The emulator also displays the time lapsed in seconds, the number of instruction executed so far and also provision to stop the programme if more than 10 consecutive No-ops are detected. Such user friendly features makes using ICE very simple and the user can gain enormous confidence to develop software for complex circuits.
PC BASED EPROM PROGRAMMER:

The HEX code perfected with the Emulator is now transferred to the EPROM 27C64 (8K byte erasable programmable). The HEX codes will now be sent from this EPROM in the circuit to the C and the circuit will now work independently. Some of the commands are briefed here. EPROM related commands: READ : Reads EPROM into system RAM. It also gives the check sum of EPROM PROGRAM : Programs EPROM from data in system RAM. Intelligent mode is used VERIFY : Verifies EPROM content with system RAM. Displays mismatches if any BLANK CHECK : Checks if all EPROM location is `FFH i.e. Blank and can be program SELECT PROM : Selects device from the list of devices supported. RAM related commands : VIEW : Displays RAM contents in the formatted style on screen. ASCII equivalents shown. EDIT : Full screen editor to alter system RAM data. CHECKSUM : Calculates the checksum based on ADDitive bytes from the boundaries. File related Commands : READ : Reads a data file from disk into system RAM in the specified format WRITE : Save data from the system RAM in binary format from the boundaries indicated. FILE TYPE : Sets the type of file to be read (Intel HEX/Motorola HEX/Binary) PRINT RAM : sends the specified boundary RAM data to printer in HEX ASCII format. This unit is slot based and is driven by the manufacturers software PROMVIEW.COM. The software has facility to change the base address from the internal slot in the mother board from 0310H to any other address. It has additional facility to program Cs also with extra attachment. It takes only 20 sec. to program 2K EPROM.
IMPLEMENTATION OF MDS FOR 80C31
Design ciruit using 80c32
Co ntrol software written using text editor and assembled using assemblers
S ta rt S im u la to r and d ow n lo a d H E X cod e
S in g le s te p F u ll s p e e d B rea k p o in ts s im u la to r
Download the modified HEX code in to the Emulator
M ak e c han ges in th e p r o g r a m & re a s s e m b le
N o
Is th e p ro g ra m ru n n in g O K ? Y E S
Make changes in the program & Reassemble
Is th e p ro g ra m ru n n in g O K ?
S in g le s te p F u ll s p e e d B re a k p o in ts th r o u g h IC E
S ta rt E m u la to r & d o w n lo a d H E X file
Burn HEXcode on the EPROM test the target
is the board running OK
Check for errors as problem is Hardware
Project Over
By using all the components of the MDS, we can easily develop software for any of the circuit based on 80C31 C. The Simulator and Emulator can be used to check the board for errors by writing small test software. This way the user can understand the working of each hard ware component of the target circuit. The correctness of the chip selects checked and clashes of chip select or data lines can be avoided.
STEPS INVOLVED IN DEVELOPING A C BASED SYSTEM 1. The Target board is wired and checked for errors in connection, defects in PCB and also the correctness of the layout of the board before connecting it to the MDS. 2. A trial source program is written with the help of text editor software. The output should be in ASCII for the assembler to read. The program should confirm to the assembler software by correctly indicating the origin of the software programme. 3. The source program is now ASSEMBLED using the assembler software A51.EXE and once the error free assembly is reported, the required HEX and LST files are generated. 4. The windows based Simulator software is used to check the correctness of sequence of the programme. If any error is noticed, the step 2 and 3 are repeated. 5. The Windows based METALINK ICE is connected to target circuit and power is turned ON. The HEX file generated by the assembler is now down loaded into the internal memory of ICE. The target board is powered now. The programme is run at full speed 6. Full time emulation and cycle stepping are the debugging tool provided by the Emulator driver software. Any change can be effected in the original text file and reassembled. This modified version of HEX file may be checked with simulator or downloaded in to ICE. If the target board functions as required, it means the correct HEX sequence is now generated. The same is saved in a disk file for future use. 7. After choosing the correct EPROM type, the HEX file is now read into programmer buffer memory. The EPROM is now programmed and verified with computer RAM data (the file downloaded into computer memory). A checksum is also generated. This EPROM and C goes into their respective sockets in the target board. The power is applied and tested. The project is over with all tests carried out.
CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS (THIS YOU WILL HAVE TO WRITE ABOUT A PAGE)
CHAPTER 9: BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books: 1. The 8051 Microcontroller Architecture, Programming & Applications By Kenneth J Ayala 2. Programming & Customizing the 8051 Microcontroller By MYKE PREDKO 3. Microprocessor based Design A comprehensive Guide to effective Hardware Design By Michael Slater 4. Digital Hardware Design - By J B Peatman 5. INTel 8 bit Embedded Controllers Handbook - INTEL Press Internet WEB sites: 6. The help section of free simulator for 8052 software produced by M/s Vault Information Services of USA (web site: http://www.valtbbs.com). 7. Several reference and discussion forum and software solutions provided by members of this news group, hosted by www.8052.com 8. Data sheets and application notes from http://www.questlink.com and http://www.datasheetlocator.com
ANNEXURE: DATA SHEETS (DETAILS WILL BE GIVEN WHEN I VIST NCCT ON SATURDAY)
NOTE: IN CASE YOU FEEL THAT THE REPORT IS LEGTHY, YOU CAN CUTSHORT
ON
80C32 DEIALS IN ICS SECTION.

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CONTENTS 1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 2. CHAPTER 2: BLOCK DIAGRAM AND CIRCUITS 3. CHAPTER 3: DETAILS OF PCBS USED 4.

INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT

CHAPTER 2: BLOCK DIAGRAM

Block diagram for Remote temperature Control unit.

Wheat stone Bridge and Amplifier CA741

F-to-V Converter LM 331

433.97 MHz Transmitter Tx-Rx Switching Network

Container With water Electric heater Solid state Relay control

Remote BELL Receiver

ADC 0808 with gates

F-to-V Converter LM 331

The Master control unit

The Working method:

THE INTERFACE BOARD

D0 D1 D2 D3 RS En Vcc Gnd, R/W, Intensity 16 Charector 1 - line LCD Display Unit

20 Pin FRC From C PCB + 5V

Tx ON Heater ON Heater OFF

3 digit PUSH WHEEL Swi tch Isolation Diodes 12 x 1N4148

PRO JECT: R e m o te w T e m p e ra tu re s e n s o r & C o n tr o lle r - In te rfa c e B o a rd

The MAIN BOARD - C Board

10K 470pF 100K BC 548 1F 100K 6 8 1 7

To 74 LS573 6 5 4 7 +1 2V 4 pin rely mate connector

9 4 BC548 Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller 6 1K 5 8 10 7

Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller

DETAILS OF PCBS USED

Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller

Description of Boards used

Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller

Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller

Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller

Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller

INTERFACE BOARD for INPUT & OUTPUT operations

Heater Control Unit

POWER SUPPLY BOARD

Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller

THE TRANSMITTER BOARD

Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller

CHAPTER 4: DETAILS OF ICS USED

Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller

ICS USED IN THE PROJECT

Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller

Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller

Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller

Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller

Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller

Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller

The "R" registers

The "B" Register

The Data Pointer (DPTR)

The Program Counter (PC)

Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller

The Stack Pointer (SP)

Each of these addressing modes provides important flexibility.

Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller

USING TIMERS TO MEASURE TIME

Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller

Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller

Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller

Bit Name 7 6 5 4 TF1 TR1 TF0 TR0

Bit Address 8Fh 8Eh 8Dh 8Ch

Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller

Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller

8 BIT BI-DIRECTIONAL BUFFER 74LS245

Project Report: Remote Temperature Sensor and Controller