[~: Zk ,

(TENSES)

[~: Zk ,
X ~zg QgzZ Subject ~ZZzx :Subject-1 X wB~zg QgzZ Object ~Zqk Q;g YHx 6 , qT :Object-2 X qZ :} X ~zg QgzZ Verb ~Zx k Q;gx
:Verb-3

X Verb Write rgzZ Object wB Letter gzZ subject Aslam Z~kZ X D&6 , g~ C i E X {z :}Future ( w ) ZzWX 3X q{z :} Past ( ) Z Zg / X 2 X q{z :} Present ( wq L ) {X 1
Present Indefinite Tense (Simple)

X @ * W{)z CD D V@ * C @ * ~y WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X : K ~zg Q X D xg VerbQD Subject zD F , ~Zzg QX :iF , ~Z

Subject+Ist form of verb

X D Z esc * sBVerb (Singular Noun) c * (He,She,It)Subject Zg / Z :^ X* @YH7 Z esc * sBverb Plural noun c * ,we,you,they, IgzZ
I write a letter.X Vq~ She writes a letter.X He writes a letter.X q{z

X :}

{z

Aslam writes a letter.X qZ Aslam and Akram write a letter.X x ZgzZZ

Present Indefinite Tense (Negative)

Subject+ do not / does not + Ist form of verb

X@ * YH7 Z es c * s BVerb~]gwEZ DoesX @ * wEZ does not B Singular Noun gzZ He,She,It X :^ X* @YHwEZ do not BPlural noun c * ,we,you,they, IgzZ
I do not write a letter.X Vq7 ~ She does not write a letter.X 7 He does not write a letter.X q7 {z

X :}

{z

Aslam does not write a letter.X q7 Z Aslam and Akram do not write a letter.

X 7 x ZgzZZ

Present Indefinite Tense(Interrogative)

Do/Does+Subject+Ist form of verb+?

es c * s BVerb~]gwEZ DoesX @ * wEZ Does ~qz B Singular Name gzZ He,She,It X :^ * ,we,you,they, IgzZX @ * YH7 Z X* @YHwEZ ~qz do BPlural noun c
Do I write a letter? Does he write a letter?

?Vq~H ? q{zH

X :}

[~: Zk ,

Does she write a letter? Does Aslam write a letter?

? {zH ? qZ H ?x ZgzZZ H

Do Aslam and Akram write a letter?

Past Indefinite Tense (Simple)

@ * W{)z} ~ ,ZD C C @ * ~y WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X : K ~zg Q X D xg ~uz VerbQD Subject zD F , ~Zzg QX :iF , ~Z
Subject+2nd form of verb I wrote a letter.X q~ She wrote a letter.X He wrote a letter.X q{z

X :}

{z

Aslam wrote a letter.X qZ Aslam and Akram wrote a letter.Xx ZgzZZ

Past Indefinite Tense (Negative)

Subject+did not+Ist form of verb

Q @ * wEZ did Z # ~ InterrogativegzZ Negative1 CwEZxg ~uz , z~Past Indefinite Tense:^ CwEZ~Past Indefinite Tense(Simple)sgzZsxg ~uz~%Z / Z ~g7O g c * X CwEZxg Verb X @ * wEZ did q Verbn (Negative) X
I did not write a letter.X q7 ~ She did not write a letter.X 7 Aslam did not write a letter.X q7 He did not write a letter.X q7 {z

X :}

{z

Aslam and Akram did not write a letter.X7 x ZgzZZ

Past Indefinite Tense (Interrogative)

Did+Subject+Ist form of verb+?

X ~qz did~ (Interrogative)DZ

Did I write a letter? Did He write a letter? Did She write a letter? Did Aslam write a letter? Did Aslam and Akram write a letter? Future Indefinite Tense (Simple)

?q~H ? {zH ?qZ H ?x ZgzZZ H ?q{zH

X :}

X @ * W{)z ~y WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X : K ~zg Q X D xg Verb QD shall c * will QD Subject zD F , ~Zzg QX :iF , ~Z
Subject+will/shall+Ist form of verb

X ZwEZ shall gzZ will Q : }gzi]! * / ZgzZX @ * wEZ will B ! * Shall B We gzZ ( W ) I X :^
I shall write a letterX V ~

X :}

[~: Zk ,

We shall write a letter.XK He will write a letter.X {z She will write a letter.X

{z

Aslam will write a letter.X Z Aslam and Akram will write a letter.XK x ZgzZZ

Future Indefinite Tense (Negative) Subject+will not/shall not+Ist form of verb I shall not write a letter.X V 7 ~ We shall not write a letter.XK 7 He will not write a letter.X 7 She will not write a letter.X 7 Aslam and Akram will not write a letter.XK 7 Future Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) shall/will+Subject+Ist form of verb +? Shall I write a letter? Shall we write a letter? Will he write a letter? Will she write a letter? Will Aslam write a letter? Will Aslam and Akram write a letter? Present Continuous Tense (Simple)

X :}

{z {z

Aslam will not write a letter.X 7 Z

x ZgzZZ

?V ~H ?K H ? {zH ? {zH ?Z H

X :}

? K x ZgzZZ H

X @ * W{)z ggV g gV;g ;g ~y WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X : K ~zg Q

ingQX D xg

Verb QD is/am/are QD Subject zD F , ~Zzg QX :iF , ~Z X D

Subject+is/am/are+Ist form of verb+ing

X @ * Y1~]g You ~%Z / ZX @ * wEZ is BuZz areB amB ( W ) I X :^

I am writing a letterX V;g~ You are writing a letter.Xg ? He is writing a letter.X ;g{z Aslam is writing a letter.X ;gZ Aslam and Akram are writing a letter.X g Present Continuous Tense (Negative) Subject+is not/am not /are not +Ist form of verb+ing I am not writing a letterX V;g He is not writing a letter.X ;g

X :}

x ZgzZZ

7 ~ ? 7 {z

X :}

You are not writing a letter.Xg7

[~: Zk ,

Aslam is not writing a letter.X ;g 7 Z Aslam and Akram are not writing a letter.X g

7 x ZgzZZ

Present Continuous Tense (Interrogative) is/am/are+Subject+Ist form of verb+ing+? Am I writing a letter? Are you writing a letter? Is he writing a letter? Is Aslam writing a letter? Are Aslam and Akram writing a letter? Past Continuous Tense (Simple)

?V;g ~H ?g?H ? ;g{zH ? ;gZ H

X :}

?gx ZgzZZ H

X @ * W{)zg g g ;g ~y WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X : K ~zg Q

ingQX D xg

Verb QD was/were QD Subject zD F , ~Zzg QX :iF , ~Z X D

Subject+was/were+Ist form of verb+ing

~%Z / ZX D wereBthey,we,you,plural NounsgzZX @ * wEZ was B he,she,it,I,singular nounuZz X :^ X * @Y1~]g You

I was writing a letterX ;g~ You were writing a letter.Xg ? He was writing a letter.X ;g{z Aslam was writing a letter.X ;gZ Aslam and Akram were writing a letter.Xg Past Continuous Tense (Negative) Subject+was not/were not+Ist form of verb+ing I was not writing a letterX ;g7 ~ You were not writing a letter.Xg7 ? He was not writing a letter.X ;g Aslam was not writing a letter.X ;g

X :}

x ZgzZZ

X :}

7 {z

7 Z

Aslam and Akram were not writing a letter.Xg7 x ZgzZZ Past Continuous Tense (Interrogative) was/were+Subject+Ist form of verb+ing+? Was I writing a letter? Were you writing a letter?

?;g~H ?g?H ?;g{zH ?;gZ H

X :}

Wa she writing a letter? Was Aslam writing a letter? Were Aslam and Akram writing a letter? Future Continuous Tense (Simple)

?g x ZgzZZ H

X @ * W{)zVg Vg g V;g ;g ~y WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X : K ~zg Q

[~: Zk ,

will be/shall be

QD Subject zD F , ~Zzg QX :iF , ~Z X D ingQX D xg Verb QD

Subject+will be/shall be+Ist form of verb+ing

ZwEZ shall gzZ will Q : }gzi]! * / ZgzZX * @YHwEZ willB ! * gzZX @ * wEZ shall B wegzZ ( W ) I X :^ X
I shall be writing a letterX V;g~ You will be writing a letter.XVg ? He will be writing a letter.X ;g{z Aslam will be writing a letter.X ;gZ Aslam and Akram will be writing a letter.XVg Future Continuous Tense (Negative) Subject+will not be/shall not be+Ist form of verb+ing I shall not be writing a letterX V; g7 ~ You will not be writing a letter.XVg7 ? He will not be writing a letter.X ;g Aslam will not be writing a letter.X ;g

X :}

x ZgzZZ

X :}

7 {z

7 Z

Aslam and Akram will not be writing a letter.XVg7 x ZgzZZ Future Continuous Tense (Interrogative) will/shall+Subject+ be+Ist form of verb+ing Shall I be writing a letter? Will you be writing a letter?

?V;g~H ?;g{zH ?;gZ H

X :}

?Vg?H

Will he be writing a letter? Will Aslam be writing a letter? Will Aslam and Akram be writing a letter? Present Perfect Tense( Simple)

?Vgx ZgzZZ H

X @ * W{)z } } ~ c * ` _V[ [~y WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X : K ~zg Q X D xg ~ Verb QD has/have QD Subject zD F , ~Zzg QX :iF , ~Z
Subject+has/have+3rd form of verb

yougzZ ( W ) IX @ * wEZ haveBThey, we,you,I,plural nouns gzZ hasBhe,she,it,singular noun uZz X :^ X @ * wEZ have B
I have written a letterX V[~ You have written a letter.X` He has written a letter.X Aslam has written a letter.X Aslam and Akram have written a letter.X ` Present Perfect Tense( Negative) Subject+has not /have not +3rd form of verb I have not written a letterX V[7 ~

X :}

[ { z

[Z

x ZgzZZ

X :}

[~: Zk ,

You have not written a letter.X` 7 He has not written a letter.X

? [ 7 Z 7 x ZgzZZ

[ 7 {z

Aslam has not written a letter.X Aslam and Akram have not written a letter.X ` Present Perfect Tense( Interrogative) has/have+Subject+3rd form of verb+? Have I written a letter?

?V[~H ?` ?H ? [{zH

X :}

Have you written a letter? Has he written a letter? Has Aslam written a letter? Have Aslam and Akram written a letter? Past Perfect Tense( Simple)

? [ Z H

?` x ZgzZZ H

X @ * W{)z} ~ c * ` _ [~y WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X : K ~zg Q ~ m , Z TensetX D xg ~ Verb QD had QD Subject zD F , ~Zzg QX :iF , ~Z Z~x gzZ @ * YH~Past Perfect TenseF , k Q Zx ~]g+Z ( [%!%WZ e )X :}X @ * wEZ ~V % , {kZ=Z Z%!%~Zz6 , zZX * @YH~ Past Indefinite TenseF , k Q {kZ c * W~Z egzZ, Past Perfect Tense ~F
The patient had died before the doctor came.X,~Past Indefinite Tense Subject+had+3rd form of verb I had written a letterX [~ You had written a letter.X` He had written a letter.X Aslam had written a letter.X Aslam and Akram had written a letter.X`

F , X :}

[ { z x ZgzZZ

[ Z X :BVV %[Z

The bell had rung when I reached the school.X _ #pwj~Z # The patient had died before the doctor came.X [%!%W Z e He had gone out before finished his work.X H `C ! * x {z

X @ * wEZ Tenseq -Zs~XDwEZ %,Z~Tense kZ

He had never seen the lion before.X 7 L kZX :} I had already finished my work.X 1 x ~

Past Perfect Tense( Negative) Subject+had not+3rd form of verb

I had not written a letterX [7 ~ You had not written a letter.X ` 7 He had not written a letter.X Aslam had not written a letter.X

X :}

[7 {z

[7 Z

[~: Zk ,

Aslam and Akram had not written a letter.X`

7 x ZgzZZ

Past Perfect Tense( Interrogative) had+Subject+3rd form of verb+? Had I written a letter ? Had you written a letter?

?[~H ?[{zH

X :}

? ` ?H ? [Z H

Had he written a lette? Had Aslam written a letter? Had Aslam and Akram written a letter?

?` x ZgzZZ H

Future Perfect Tense( Simple)

X @ * W{)zV` V_ _ V[ [~y WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X : K ~zg Q X D xg ~ Verb QD will have/shall have QD Subject zD F , ~Zzg QX :iF , ~Z
Subject+will have/shall have+3rd form of verb

X @ * YHwEZ will haveB ! * gzZX @ * wEZ shall haveB wegzZ ( W ) I X :^

I shall have written a letterX V[~ You will have written a letter.X` He will have written a letter.X Aslam will have written a letter.X Aslam and Akram will have written a letter.XV`

X :}

[{z

[Z x ZgzZZ

Future Perfect Tense( Negative) Subject+will not have/shall not have+3rd form of verb I shall not have written a letterX V[7 You will not have written a letter.X` He will not have written a letter.X Aslam will not have written a letter.X Aslam and Akram will not have written a letter.XV`

X :}

7 ?

[7 {z

[7 Z 7 x ZgzZZ

Future Perfect Tense( Interrogative) will/shall+Subject+ have+3rd form of verb+? Shall I have written a letter? Will you have written a letter?

?V[~H ?` ?H ? [{zH ? [Z H

X :}

Will he have written a letter? Will Aslam have written a letter? Will Aslam and Akram have written a letter?

?V` x ZgzZZ H

[~: Zk ,
( ~g Yd $ ) PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

]{z @ * W{)zg C gC ;g @ * Vg Cg D V;g @ * ~y Wzg QT:yT

zx / ZgzZX DwEZ since~ f Point of Time zm{~ / ZX * @YH f z~ Tense kZ :^X @ * zV zgzZX @ * wEZ sinceB zx V V x X @ * wEZ for ~]g+Z wEZ ( Y :x ) Period of time X D wEZ for BV[ R
Subject+has been/Have been+Ist form of verb+ing

:iF , ~Z

X @ * wEZ have been B Plural Noun gzZ has been BHe,She,It, singular noun
He has been playng hockey for two hours.X ;g ;V[ Rz {z:} He has been playng hockey for two days.X ;g ;Vz {z You have been singing a song since 8'clock.

Xg * * WJW?

~ I have been building this house since 1970.X V;g ykt1970

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative) Subject+has not been/Have not been+Ist form of verb+ing He has not been playng hockey for two hours.X ;g7 ;V[ Rz {z:} He has not been playng hockey for two days.X ; g7 ; Vz {z You have not been singing a song since 8'clock.

Xg 7* * WJ W?

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogtive) Has/Have+Subject+ been+Ist form of verb+ing+? Has he been playng hockey for two hours?

? ;g ;V[ Rz {zH :} ? ;g ;Vz {zH ?g * * WJW?H q)wjyz @Zi H

Has he been playng hockey for two days? Have you have been singing a song since 8'clock? Has Zahid been remaining absent fron school for two days? ? ;g

( ~g Y

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Simple)

* @ f z ~ Tense kZX @ * Past Perfect Continuous Tense ]{zW{)zg D g C ;g @ * ~y Wzg QT:yT X @ * wEZ for BPeriod of Time gzZ sinceBPiont of Time X
Subject+had been+Ist form of verb+ing

:iF ,

I had been reading this book for two months.X ;g| 7 , [ t{ z~:} He had been sleeping since morning.X ;g @ * {z You had been playing hockey for two hours.Xg ;V[ Rz ? We had been reading this lesson since Sunday.Xg| 7 , $ tg Z Z

[~: Zk ,

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative) Subject+had not been+Ist form of verb+ing

I had not been reading this book for two months.X ;g| 7 , 7 [ t{ z~:} He had not been sleeping since morning.X ;g @ * 7 {z You had not been playing hockey for two hours.Xg7 ; V[ Rz ? We had not been reading this lesson since Sunday.Xg| 7 , 7 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogative) Had +Subject+ been+Ist form of verb+ing+? Had I been reading this book for two months? Had He been sleeping since morning? Had You been playing hockey for two hours? Had We been reading this lesson since Sunday?

$ tg Z Z

X ;g| 7 , [ t{ z~H :} X ; g @ * {zH Xg ;V[ Rz ?H Xg| 7 , $ tg Z ZH E ( ~g Yw L )

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Simple)

* @ PAST

PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE]{ z @ * W{)zVg CVg D V;g @ * gCX ;g @ * ~y Wzg QT:yT

X @ * wEZwEZ for BPeriod of Time gzZ sinceBPoint of Time ~kZX @ * f z ~TensekZX X DwEZ will have been B! * gzZ shall have beenBwe gzZ ( W ) I
Subject+will have been/shall have been+Ist form of verb+ing:i~Z I shall have been reading this news for two months.X V;g k7 , t{ z~:} You will have been playing since noon.XVg Pz\ W The farmer will have been ploughing the fields since morning.X ;g @ * `I~VX Ry FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative) Subject+will not have been/shall not have been+Ist form of verb+ing I shall not have been reading this news for two months.X V;g k7 , 7 t{ z~:} You will not have been playing since noon.XVg 7 Pz\ W The farmer will have not been ploughing the fields since morning.X ; g @ * `7 I~VX Ry

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogative) Will/Shall+Subject+ have been+Ist form of verb+ing+?

Shall I have been reading this news for two months? Will You have been playing since noon? Will The farmer have been ploughing the fields since morning?

?V;g k7 , t{ z~H :} ?Vg Pz\WH ?;g @ * `I~VX Ry H

[~: Zk ,
ACTIVE VOICE / PASSIVE VOICE PERSONS OF PRONOUNS
Cases First Person Second Person Third Person

10

1
Singular Plural We Singular You

q
Plural You Singular He/She/It

$ T
Plural They

Subjective Case

(q -Z ) {z

( { c * i ) {z

qZ
Objective Case Me Us You You Him/Her/It Them

7Q

q B
Possessive My Mine Our Ours Your Yours Your Yours His/Her/Its Their Theirs

G 4$ q -G

Case

k Q

Zg

Zg v

Zg v

yQ

X V@ * s {(Y ~ } X * @YHpx ~ Active Voice X @ * YHs {(Y }X * @Yc * Zx ~ Passive Voice

Object Subject gzZD by xg ~ verb is/am/areQ * @Yc * Subject Object

X :i F , ~Z X

I clean the blackboard.X V@ * s {(Y ~X :} The blackboard is cleaned by me.X * @YHs {(Y Present Indefinite Tense (Simple) Passive Voice

by xg ~ Verb is/am/are

verb

object

Q * @Yc * Subject Object X :i X Object Subject X V@ * s { ( ~X :}

Voice)

subject

verb

object

I clean the blackboard.

( Active

X * @YHs {(
The blackboard is cleaned by me. (Passive Voice) Present Indefinite Tense (Negative) object not is/am/areQ @ * Yc * Subject S verb

~ verb

Object X :i F , ~Z X V@ * s { ( ~X :}

X Subject Object gzZD by xg

I clean the blackboard. ( Active Voice)

X * @YH7 s {(

[~: Zk ,

The blackboard is cleaned by me. sub

(Passive Voice) object

11

Present Idefinite Tense (Interrogative) Passive Voice

Subject by xg ~ Verb Q * @Yc * Subject ObjectQD is/am/areObject X :i X Object

I polish the shoes. Are the shoes polished by me Are the shoes not polished by me? Past Indefinite Tense (Simple) Passive Voice

X V@ * 0 * D~X :}

?D YG0 * D H ?D YG 7 0 * D H

X Object Subject by xg~ Verb was/were

Q * @Yc * Subject Object X :i

Past Indefinite Tense (Negative) Passive Voice

Object Subject by xg ~ Verb was not/ were not Q * @Yc * Subject Object X :i X
Past Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) Passive Voice

Object Subject by xg~ Verb Q subject objectQD was/were X :i X

Future Indefinite Tense (Simple) Passive Voice

Object Subject by xg ~ Verb will be/shall be

Q * @Yc * Subject Object X :i X

Future Indefinite Tense (Negative) Passive Voice

Subject by xg ~ Verb will not be/shall not be Q * @Yc * Subject Object X :i X Object
Future Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) Passive Voice Subject

by xg ~ Verb Q D beQ subject objectQD will/shall X :i X D ?~y WgzZX Object

[~: Zk ,

12

Direct and Indirect Narration

X : M h7bzt }p Z -Z q X N YybZ! * t }p Z1 X 0 * W: t ~x| kZYH7bkZw$ + zgZ h ~p Z1

Narration

X1 X2

~X Sentences, ZX Indirect Narration j}uzgzZ Direct Narration j

" ) Inverted commas

* , 6 p Z-Z1z{zq -ZX YYH ~ Vz 7Z gzZ Reported Speech Z @ LZZC zp Z-Z Zz%1 @ * {zzZuzgzZX @ * Y3g~ ( "
Verb{kZgzZ Reporting Speech ZX @ * C ! * Inverted Commas

tX @ * , 6 p Z 1 X N Y Z Z{Vz @ *

X @ * YZ e (,) Commap Z ~y WReporting speech zO g c * ]! * tX Reporting Verb

{%$ + ~Indirect Speech Direct speech

Reported zDsp~Indirect Speech ~Future Tense shall c * will say ~ Tell say c * ( wB ) Object

* c Present Tense / Z Reporting Verb } X s$ + ~shall tell c * will tell say

kZ / ZpX : W , Z 6 , TenseVerbSpeech

Direct speech: He says, " I am going to the post office." (present Tense) Indirect speech: He says that he is going to the post office. Direct speech: They will say, " We have done our duty." (future Tense) Indirect speech: They will say that they have done their duty.

} X w$ + ~told said ~Past Tense / Z Reporting Verb

Direct speech: He said to me, " I sing a song." Indirect speech: He told me that he sang a song. (past Tense)

X2

X D that (yZ Uinverted commasReported Speech gzZ comma~y W Reporting speech ( ) subject Reporting Verb pronouns ( I, we, ) First person Reporting Speech } X w$ + ._
Direct speech: He says to me, " I am ill. Indirect Speech: He tells me that he is ill.

X3 X4

w$ + ._( wB) object Reporting Verb pronoun (you) second person Reported Speech X

X5

[~: Zk ,

pronouns(he , she, it, they ) Third PersonReported speech

X6

13

X C7 ~pn ~
Drect speech: She will say, " You are at fault." Indirect speech: She sill say that you are at fault.

X Dsp ~Past Tense verbsx Reported speech ~Past Tense / Z Reporting Verb
Present Perfect

X7

~Past continuous Present Continuous ~Past Indefinite Present Indefinite

w$ + ~Past perfect continuous Present Perfect continuous

present ~past continuous

gzZ~Past Perfect

present continuous ~past perfect Past Indefinite {zkZ

past

X w$ + ~past perfect continuous present perfect continuousgzZ~past perfect perfect w$ + ~past perfect continuous past continuous gzZ~past perfect indefinite
Direct speech: He said tome," I sang a song today." Indirect speech: He told me that he had sung a song that day. custom

{z kZ

} X ~would will c * shall gzZX

* c ( C K) Universal Truth ~Reported speech p ~Past Tense / Z Reporting Verb

Direct speech: The teacher said, " God is one." Indirect speech: The teacher said that God is one.

X8

} X Lg~ Present Tense {zX @ * 7 , W Z 6 ,tense verb Reported speech Q ( ` Zzg)

X @ * Yc * sv . well gzZ all right, No, Yes X :CVpsfzgq~p Z ZzC (gzZ z

hither next

X9 X 10

~ then now ~ thence hence ~those these ~ that this ~there here gzZ~ previous day yesterda ~ that night tonight ~ following day day X s$ + ~ night X :O gwV! * sfzgq zDsp~ Indirect Narrations ( iZ c * ) Imperative Sentences X 11 (Z) ( [) (`)

~ next day tomorrow ~ that day today ~before ago ~ so thus ~ thither

previous last night

forbade, commanded, ordered requested,advised

._VzL Reporting Verb VzL ,Z

X @ * Yc * w$ + ~ proposed c * X f e infinitive verb Z To verb Imperative Sentences X 4 not to verb~]g Negative Sentences ( ~VzL {)z iZ )

[~: Zk ,

* c proposed Reporting Verb YHwEZ n c * , m ? let / Z () } p iZ let / ZpX @ * YHwEZ should X @ * YHwEZ permit c *
allow

14

kZgzZX @ * Yc * w$ + ~ suggested X 11

kZw$ + ~ Requested Reporting Verb

(is, are, am, was, were, will. Helping verb sentences {z

( 1)Dn z ( }L DZ) Interrogative sentences

( 2)X @ * Yc * BNo c * yes[ Z yZgzZDq z Bshall, has,have,had may, might) X @ * W ] ~[ ZyZgzZ

DqzB How c * who, where, when, why, which, whom, whose, what ) Zz wh X s$ + ~ inquired c * asked Reporting Verb z s$ + ~ Indirect Interrogative Sentences, Z
Reporting yZDq z helping verb

}L X that :gzZ @ * Yc * To :~yZZ h Z commas X D

7 wEZ that ~kZX @ * Yc * 6 statement }L gzZ @ * Yc * whether c * if object verb }Lw$ + iDZX g (ZZz wh zs$ + ~ Indirect ZDqzZz wh}L DZ X D7 wEZ that gzZsp~( 6) statement

sp~ indirect direct VzL , ZX @ * Y Exclamatory Sentences 7Zg Z " _ . ~g ~X}L ,Z X :cegwV! * sfzgqn w$ + ~ Exclaimed joyfully c * Exclaimed with joy Reporting Verb kZ g Z p}L / Z X , that kZX ,
Exclaimed

X 12 (Z)

* c Exclaimed with sorrow Reporting VerbkZ g Z " _ . }L / Z ( [) X , that kZX ,w$ + ~ sorrowfully XK : {)z Hurrah , Alas, Oh, Aha }p Z ZzC ] c * /_ . (`)

sp~ Indirect Direct ZX @ * Y Optative Sentences Zg Z Zp c * ~X}L ,Z X :ce gwV! * sfzgqn X , that kZgzZ ,sp~ wished c * Prayed Reporting Verb X N respectfully Reporting Verb {sp Sir / Z~ Reporting speech X ,w$ + ~ bade farewell Reported Speech qz Farewell Reporting speech / Z
Reporting qz Good day c * Good night c * Good evening

X 13 (Z) X 14 X 15

* c Good morning / Z Reported speechX 16 X @ * wEZ

wished

+ ~{)zbade good night c * bade good evening c * bade good morning speech bade X s$ (

[~: Zk ,

15

PERSONS OF PRONOUNS

Cases

First Person

Second Person

Third Person

1
Singular Plural We Singular You

q
Plural You Singular He/She/It

$ T
Plural They

Subjective Case

(q -Z ) {z

( { c * i ){z

qZ
Objective Case Me Us You You Him/Her/It Them

7Q

q B
Possessive My Mine Our Ours Your Yours Your Yours His/Her/Its Their Theirs

G 4$ q -G

Case

k Q

Zg

Zg v

Zg v

yQ

[~: Zk ,