Top Careers & You Population Geography

General Studies
Population Geography

India is one of the most populous countries of the world. Our country covers only 2.4 per cent of the land area of the world, whereas it is the home of more than 16.87 per cent of the worlds population. This is second only to 21.03 per cent of China. COUNTRY POPULATION (as on Feb 2006) 1,306,313,800 1,080,264,400 295,734,100 241,973,900 186,112,800 162,419,900 144,319,600 143,420,300 128,772,000 127,417,200

China India USA Indonesia Brazil Pakistan Bangladesh Russia Nigeria Japan Growth of population since 1901

The demographic history of India during the twentieth century can be charted and classified into following four distinct phases: 1. Period of Stagnant population (1901-1921) During most of the 19th century India witnessed sporadic, irregular and slow growth of population which drifted into twentieth century until 1921. Thus the population growth during this period can be termed more or less stagnant when compared to the growth rates observed during the consequent periods. The high birth rate was counter balanced by high death rate. In fact, the census year 1921 registered a negative growth rate of 0.31 per cent which happened only once throughout the demographic history of India. It is because of the decline in place of rise in population that the year 1921 is called the demographic divide in the demographic history of India. 2. Period of Steady Growth (1921-51) During 1921-51, the population of India has increased at steady rate. The mortality rate started showing downward trend as a result of improvement in general health and sanitation conditions after 1921. The developments helped in controlling epidemics like plague, cholera and malaria. On the contrary, the crude birth rate continued to stay at an abnormally high level. 3. Period of Rapid high growth (1951-81) After 1951, there was a steep fall in the mortality rate but the fertility remained stubbornly high. Therefore, this period experienced very high rate of population growth and is often referred to as the period of population explosion.

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4.

General Studies
Population Geography

Period of high growth rate with definite signs of slowing down (1981-2001) The last phase of 20th century, i.e., the period between census years 1981 and 2001 is known as the period of high growth with definite signs of slowing down. Although the rate of growth was still very high, it started declining after 1981. After 1981 declining trend of death rate continued but at a slower rate.

There were regional variations in population growth. Most of the southern states have lower growth rates. The lowest growth rate of 9.43% has been recorded by Kerela. This state has reached high level of demographic transition and can be easily compared with the advanced countries of Europe and America. The other states with low growth rate in south India are Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Orissa and Karnataka. Himachal Pradesh in the north and Tripura in the north-east also have low growth rate. West Bengal is the only state to record low growth rate in the whole of Ganga Plain. Lakshadweep islands in the Arabian sea also have recorded low growth rate. Maharashtra, Gujarat and Jharkhand recorded a moderate growth rate between 21% and 24%. Out national average of 21.54% also falls in this range. Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur as well as Andaman and Nicobar islands recorded 24% and 27% growth which is higher than the national average. Areas of extremely high growth rate include states/union territories of Haryana, Rajashtan, Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Manipur, Sikkim, Chandigarh, Delhi, Daman and Dei Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Nagaland. Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Nagaland have recorded over 50 per cent growth rate. The highest growth rate of 64.53 per cent has been recorded in Nagaland. Urban-Rural Differences in population growth rate In addition to birth and deaths, migration is an important determinant of population growth. Large number of people migrate from rural areas to urban areas for livelihood. Consequently, the growth of population in urban areas is much higher than in the rural areas. Growth of urban population has remained higher than that of the rural population. Dadra and Nagar Havli presents the highest growth (330.33 per cent) of urban population in the country. Among major states, Arunachal Pradesh (101.29 per cent) witnessed the highest growth. Contrary to it, in Andhra Pradesh (14.63 per cent) and Kerela (7.64 per cent), the growth of urban population was rather low and sluggish. Distribution snd Density Of Population One of the most important aspects of Indias population is its uneven distribution. On one hand the population of India is highly, concentrated in some pockets such as highly urbanized and industrialized areas and areas of high agricultural productivity, while on the other hand there are virtually demographic deserts in high agricultural productivity, while on the other hand there are virtually demographic deserts in the high mountains, arid lands, thickly forested areas and some remote corners of the country. Such a situation needs some explanation and the explanation is found, to a great extent, by the study of some geographical factors which affect the distribution and density of population in a given area. Besides some social, demographic, political and historical factors play their own role in influencing the distribution and density of population. Major factors influencing the distribution and density of population are described as under: 1. 4. 7. Terrain Water bodies Transport 2. 5. 8. Climate Mineral resources Organization 3. 6. Soil Industries

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Distribution of Population State/Union Territories in descending order of population 1. Uttar Pradesh 4. West Bengal 7. Madhya Pradesh 10. Gujarat 13. Jharakand 16. Haryana 19. Jammu and Kashmir 22. Tripura 25. Nagaland 28. Pudducherry 31. Sikkim 33. Dadra and Nagar Haveli Density of Population 2. Maharashtra 5. Andhra Pradesh 8. Rajasthan 11. Orissa 14. Assam 17. Chattisgarh 20. Uttranchal 23. Meghlaya 26. Goa 29. Chandigarh 32. Andaman and Nicobar islands 34. Lakshdweep

General Studies
Population Geography

3. Bihar 6. Tamil Nadu 9. Karnataka 12. Kerela 15. Punjab 18. Delhi 21. Himachal Pradesh 24. Manipur 27. Arunanchal Pradesh 30. Mizoram

Density of population is a better measure of understanding the variation in the distribution of population. It is expressed as number of persons per unit area. In other words, it is the ratio of total population to the total area of the country or a part there of. According to census 2001, the average density of India is 325 persons per sq km. But there are many variations in this density which is given under in the descending order: 1. Delhi 4. Lakshdweep 7. Bihar 10. Punjab 13. Dadra and Nagar Haveli 16. Jharkand 19. Andhra Pradesh 22. Orissa 25. Uttarancha 28. Himachal Pradesh 31. Jammu and Kashmir 34. Mizoram Migration Migration is a form of spatial mobility of population between one geographical unit and another involving a permanent change of residence. Of the three components of population change, migration holds a place of prominence the other two components being fertility and mortality. Migration cannot be considered as a mere shift of people from the one place of residence to another but it is permanent shift. Migration may be broadly classified as international and internal: 1. International migration: Movement of population from one country to another, across the international borders, is called international migration. For example, partition of India in 1947 resulted in large scale migration of population from India to Pakistan and Bangladesh and vice versa. This has been termed as one of the greatest movement of human beings in the history of the world. l 2. Chandigarh 5. Daman and Diu 8. Kerela 11. Tamil Nadu 14. Goa 17. Maharashtra 20. Karnataka 23. Madhya Pradesh 26. Chhattisgrah 29. Manipur 32. Sikkim 35. Arunanchal Pradesh 3. Pudducherry 6. West Bengal 9. Uttar Pradesh 12. Haryana 15. Assam 18. Tripura 21. Gujarat 24. Rajasthan 27. Nagaland 30. Meghalaya 33. Andaman and Nicobar islands

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2.

General Studies
Population Geography

Internal migration: It is the migration with in the borders of a nation. Migration rates in India are desperately low in comparison to most of the European and North American countries. Several factors are responsible for the stubborn immobility of Indian population these include factors of economic, social, cultural and demographic character. The familistic system and agrarian culture and majority of people gripped by widespread poverty in rural society are considered to be the major factors, which impede movement of people. Farming attaches the farmer to the soil and precludes the necessity of widespread travel. Caste system regional and communal mores, early marriage, diversity in language and culture, low level of education and literacy and prejudices against female mobility have also contributed a lot to meagre migration in India. Lack of adequate means of transportation and communication and want of knowledge of outside world, especially the area of destination, are also very important impediments to migration.

Migration Streams Based on the rural or urban nature of the place of birth and the place of enumeration, internal migrants can be classified into following four migration streams: (a) Rural-to-rural: This stream of migration dominates over all other streams in terms of volume of migration. An outstanding feature of rural-to-rural stream of migration is the preponderance of female migrants. Factors behind this type of migration are marriages, migration of agricultural labourers and movement of people to near by areas. (b) Rural-to-Urban: Rural-to-urban migration is next only to rural-to-rural migration in terms of volume of migration. Rural-Urban migration is caused by both push of the rural areas as well as pull of the urban areas. In rural areas appalling poverty, unbearable unemployment, low and uncertain wages, uneconomic land holdings and poor facilities for education, recreation and other service work and push factors. By holding and poor facilities for education, recreation and other services work and push factors. By contrast, the pull of urban areas may include better employment opportunities, regular and higher wages, fixed working hours, better amenities of living, facilities of education and socio-cultural activities. (c) Urban-to-Urban: This is a stream of migration which is believed to be dominated by the middle class people, with females outnumbering males. Generally people migrate from small towns with fewer facilities to large cities with more facilities. This is the reason that class I cities have grown at a much faster rate as compared to the other towns. In fact, small towns are constantly loosing to big cities. The vacuum thus caused in small towns is filled by the subsequent in-migration from the surrounding rural areas. This migration forms a part of what is known as step-migration. (d) Urban-to-rural: This stream has the lowest volume of migrants. Such a movement takes place at the advanced stage of urbanization when urban centres are characterize by over-congestion, haphazard growth, high cost of living, heavy pressure on public utility services, unemployment etc.

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Sex Composition

General Studies
Population Geography

Sex composition of the human population is one of the basic demographic characteristics. It is expressed with the help of a ratio known as sex ratio. Sex ratio in India is defined as number of females per 1, 000 males in the population. It is expressed in the following form:

Sex Ratio =

Number of females 1000 Number of males

Thus, a sex ratio of 1,000 implies complete parity between the two sexes. Ratio above 1, 000 indicate excess of females over males; those below 1,000 indicate a deficit of females. The overall sex ratio for Indian population is 933. This suggests that the number of females is quite less as compared to males. The sex ratio in the country had always remained unfavourable to females. Moreover, barring some hiccups, it has shown a long term declining trend. Sex ratio in India between 1901-2001: Census Year 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 Sex ratio 972 694 955 950 945 946 941 930 934 927 933

Sex ratio in India is substantially low as compared to Russian Federation (1,140), Japan (1,041), the USA (1,029), Brazil (1,025), Nigeria (1,016) and Indonesia (1,004). State Level Patterns of Sex Ratio There are large spatial and temporal variations in sex ratio at the state level which has been mentioned under: India/State/Union territory India Jammu and Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Punjab Chandigarh Uttaranchal Haryana Delhi Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Sex Ratio in 2001 933 892 968 876 777 962 861 821 921 898

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Bihar Sikkim Arunanchal Pradesh Nagalnd Manipur Mizoram Tripura Meghalaya Assam West Bengal Jharkhand Orissa Chattisgarh Madhya Pradesh Gujarat Daman and Diu Dadra and Nagar Haveli Maharashtra Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Goa Lakshadweep Kerela Tamil Nadu Pudducheery Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Languages

General Studies
Population Geography

919 875 893 900 978 935 948 972 935 934 941 972 989 919 920 710 812 922 978 965 961 948 1058 987 1001 846

India, according to a recent census has 1,652 dialects. Needless to say that most of them are only spoken dialects. The principal languages with rich literary heritage are: Assamese, Bengali, English, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu The earliest language of the Indians was that of the Indus valley civilization and only some characters of their script is available now and hence it could not be deciphered properly. The four major early language groups from early India are
The Dravidian The Sino-Tibetan The Austric and The Indo-Aryan

The Vedas belong to the Indo Aryan languages. Most of the Indian languages have their alphabets derived from the Brahmi script. The Dravidian languages include Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu and Kannada and these evolved during the 7th century AD. Tribals like the Bhils, Gonds and Todas who belong to the hills and forests have their own local dialects without any symbolic representations. The Austric languages are the Munda and Kol speeches of central and eastern India.

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General Studies
Population Geography

The Sino-Tibetan languages include Ahom, the language of the Assamese rulers and Khamti now spoken by some tribes in the north-eastern border of India. The inhabitants off the offshore islands of India the Andaman and Nicobar islands speak Andamanese, a quite separate language and Nicobarese, a branch of the Austric branch of languages. The Indo-Aryan languages are spoken by approximately 74 % of the Indian populace, the Dravidian by about 24%, the Austric by 1.4% and the Sino-Tibetan by 0.9%.
Ratio of Some Languages Spoken Throughout India States Percentage

Hindi Bengali Telugu Marathi Tamil Urdu Gujarati Malayalam

40.22 8.30 7.87 7.45 6.32 5.18 4.85 3.62

SOME FACTS FROM CENSUS 2011 Population

Total Males Females

1,210,193,422 623,724,248 586,469,174 74.04% 82.14% 65.46% 382

2

Literacy

Total Males Females

Density of population Sex ratio

per km

per 1000 males 940 females

Child Sex ratio (06 age group) per 1000 males 914 females

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State Wise Population Union Territory/ State Name Total Population

General Studies
Population Geography

Percent(%) of Total Population Males Females

SN

Type

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chandigarh Chhattisgarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Union Territory State State State State Union Territory State Union Territory Union Territory Union Territory State State State State State State State State Union Territory State State

3,79,944 8,46,65,533 13,82,611 3,11,69,272 10,38,04,637 10,54,686 2,55,40,196 3,42,853

0.03 7.00 0.11 2.68 8.48 0.09 2.11 0.03

2,02,330 4,25,09,881 7,20,232 1,59,54,927 5,41,85,347 5,80,282 1,28,27,915 1,93,178

1,77,614 4,21,55,652 6,62,379 1,52,14,345 4,96,19,290 4,74,404 1,27,12,281 1,49,675

Daman and Diu

2,42,911

0.02

1,50,100

92,811

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Lakshadweep Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra

1,67,53,235 14,57,723 6,03,83,628 2,53,53,081 68,56,509 1,25,48,926 3,11,69,272 6,11,30,704 3,33,87,677 64,429 7,25,97,565 11,23,72,972

1.38 0.12 4.99 2.09 0.57 1.04 2.72 5.05 2.76 0.01 6.00 9.29

89,76,410 7,40,711 3,14,82,282 1,35,05,130 34,73,892 66,65,561 1,59,54,927 3,10,57,742 1,60,21,290 33,106 3,76,12,920 5,83,61,397

77,76,825 7,17,012 2,89,01,346 1,18,47,951 34,73,892 58,83,365 1,52,14,345 3,00,72,962 1,73,66,387 31,323 3,49,84,645 5,40,11,575

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SN Union Territory/ State Name Type Total Population

General Studies
Population Geography

Percent(%) of Total Population Males Females

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal
TOTAL

State State State State State Union Territory State State State State State State State State

27,21,756 29,64,007 10,91,014 19,80,602 4,19,47,358 12,44,464 2,77,04,236 6,86,21,012 6,07,688 7,21,38,958 36,71,032 1,01,16,752 19,95,81,477 9,13,47,736
1,21,01,93,422

0.22 0.24 0.09 0.16 3.47 0.10 2.29 5.67 0.05 5.96 0.30 0.84 16.49 7.55
100

13,69,764 14,92,668 5,52,339 10,25,707 2,12,01,678 6,10,485 1,46,34,819 3,56,20,086 3,21,661 3,61,58,871 18,71,867 51,54,178

13,51,992 14,71,339 5,38,675 9,54,895 2,07,45,680 6,33,979 1,30,69,417 3,30,00,926 2,86,027 3,59,80,087 17,99,165 49,62,574

10,45,96,415 9,49,85,062 4,69,27,389 4,44,20,347

62,37,24,248 58,64,69,17

Literacy Census year Total (%) Male (%) Female (%)

1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

5.35 5.92 7.16 9.5 16.1 16.67 24.02 29.45 36.23 42.84 64.83 74.04

9.83 10.56 12.21 15.59 24.9 24.95 34.44 39.45 46.89 52.74 75.26 82.14

0.60 1.05 1.81 2.93 7.3 9.45 12.95 18.69 24.82 32.17 53.67 65.46

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Historical population of India Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Pop. %

General Studies
Population Geography

10

361,088,000

439,235,000 21.6% 548,160,000 24.8% 683,329,000 24.7% 846,387,888 23.9% 1,028,737,436 21.5% 1,210,193,422 17.6%

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