Ch-8, Integrations or Anti-Derivatives (ch-8) + Differentiations (ch-6) .

BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING GUIDE.
INC [10/JULY/2013]
[HIGH-SCHOOLMATHEMATICS,
INTEGRATION+DIFFERE
NTIATION,CH-8+CH-6]
[INTEGRATIONS OR ANTI-DERIVATIVES OR
INDEFINITE-INTEGRAL[CH-8]+DERIVATIVES[CH6]]
BY MOHAMMAD-SIKANDAR-KHAN-LODHI
2013
WWW.MEDICAL-IMAGE-PROCESSING.BLOGSPOT.CA BY SIKANDER-LODHI
[HIGH-SCHOOL-MATHEMATICS,
INTEGRATION+DIFFERENTIATION,CH-8+CH-6]
ANTI-DERIVATIVE = INDEFINITE-INTEGRAL = INTEGRATION:Text-Book : Mathematics-12 [ For Class-XII , Pre-engineering Group ] For Sindh Textbook Board
Jamshoro,Sindh. By Gaba Educational books, Urdu-bazaar Karachi,Pakistan.
Note: I learned This Chapter Integration in Grade 12 in pre-engineering course in high-school Karachi
Pakistan in between 2003-2005 .
Table of Contents
ANTI-DERIVATIVE = INDEFINITE-INTEGRAL = INTEGRATION:- ..................................................................... 2
8.1 ANTI-DERIVATION OR INTEGRATION:- ................................................................................................ 3
8.1.1 Formulas For Integrals Of The Form:- ............................................................................................. 5
8.1.2 Definite-Integral:-............................................................................................................................ 5
[
]; ............................................................ 6
Standard Formulae For Integration :- ...................................................................................................... 6

8.2 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION:- ....................................................................................................... 8
8.2.1 INTEGRALS OF cos(ax+b), AND sin(ax+b), (a,b BEING CONSTANTS AND a0 ). .............................. 8
8.2.2 Substitution in Definite-Integrals :- ............................................................................................ 11
8.2.3 TRIGONOMETRIC-SUBSTITUTIONS: ................................................................................................... 13
8.3 INTEGRATION BY COMPLETING THE SQUARES:- ............................................................................. 15
Ex 8.6 ........................................................................................................................................................... 18
Home work.............................................................................................................................................. 18
8.4 INTEGRATION-BY-PARTS :- .................................................................................................................. 18
FORMULA OF INTEGRATION-BY-PARTS: ................................................................................................. 18
Some Important Formula to remember as following : ...................................................................... 19
8.5 PARTIAL-FRACTIONS:- .......................................................................................................................... 19
8.5.2 ........................................................................................................................................................ 21
8.6 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL-FRACTIONS :- ........................................................................................ 27
Basic- Integration Problems [Ch-8],[8.1]:- .................................................................................................. 33
[
]; ....................................... 34
{:.
} ................................................................................................... 34
{:.
}.................................................................................................... 35
{:.
}.................................................................................................... 36
WWW.MEDICAL-IMAGE-PROCESSING.BLOGSPOT.CA BY
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 2-OF-113
{:.
} ............................................................................................................................... 36
{:.
} ............................................................................................................ 37
{:.
}................................................................... 38
{:. [
{:.
]; } ................................................................... 40
} ................................................................................... 40
Set # 8 [Start-here + INTEGRATION BY USING HALF ANGLE INDITIES :-.................................................. 41

SET # 9(a) [START-HERE+ INTEGRATION-BY-TRIGONOMETRIC-SUBSTITUTIONS : ................................... 54
Set # 9(b) [Start-here] ................................................................................................................................. 64
INTEGRATION-OF-RATIONAL-FRACTIONS *Ex # 8.6+ , SET # 10 (a) *Start+ - .......................................... 72
CH-6 [ BASIC KNOWLEDGE ON DIFFERENTIATION] [START-HERE]:- ........................................................... 76
Formulas [ Ch-6 ] : ............................................................................................................................... 76
RULE FOR DIFFERENTIATIONS:- .................................................................................................................. 76
FORMULA OF DIFFERENTIATION [CH-6]:- ........................................................................................... 77
SET # 11 (a) [Start-here] .............................................................................................................................. 80
Set # 12 (a) [start-here] [Integration By Parts]:- ......................................................................................... 88
INTEGRATION-BY-PARTS:- ....................................................................................................................... 88
[
]; ............................................................ 88
]; ................................................................................... 94
Set # 12 (b) [Start-here] Integration By Parts: ............................................................................................ 99

Set # 12 (c) [Start-Here] ............................................................................................................................. 99
Set # 12 (d) [Start] Integration By Parts:-.................................................................................................. 101
Set # 13 (a) [Start-here+ AREA-UNDER-THE-CURVE :- ........................................................................... 107
Ch-6 [Differential] [First-Principle ] :-........................................................................................................ 114
8.1 ANTI-DERIVATION OR INTEGRATION: In the previous chapter, we discussed the problem of finding the derivative
of a given function .
SIKANDER-LODHI
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However, many of the most important applications of Calculus lead to the
inverse problem of finding the function when its derivative is given .
The required function is called an anti-derivative or an indefinite integral of
the given derivative.
The process of finding it is called anti-derivation or integration.
To be precise, let functions from A
to . then F is called an
antiderivative of f if F(x) exist and *
]
for all x A.
Often, we shall say F(x) is an anti-derivative or an integral of f(x) over A to
mean that F:A is an anti-derivative of f:A .
Originally, the concept of antiderivative or integral of a function f, was
developed in order to find a certain area.
C=constant of Integrations=Arbitrary-constant, and f(x)=integrand.
[
];
The expression
[
];
Is called the indefinite integral, or just the integral of f(x) with respect to x, and
is denoted by
[
];
Henceforth, wherever , we write

antiderivative of f(x) exists.
it will be assumed that an
From now on we shall always use C for the constant of integration.

We mention, without proof , the following important result to be used in
the evaluation of integrals.
a) [
];
b) [
];
Provided that the antiderivatives of the function f and g exist.
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8.1.1 Formulas For Integrals Of The Form:[
];
Where the integrands have properly defined domains.

i.
As [
[
ii.
];we have [
];
Again , as [
];we
have [
iii.
]; provided
]; provided [
Finally, as [
];
]; we have
];provided [
];
Example:
1. [
];
2. [
];
8.1.2 Definite-Integral:If a & b are two real numbers[ + such that a b,we defined the
quantity.
[
];
As the definite-integral of f(x) between a and b, and write it as
[
];
Provided that [a,b] is contained in the domain of f.

thus if
[
];
Then
[
[
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
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[
[
];
];
The real numbers a & b are called the Lower & Upper limits of the
definite-integral.
The Real-number represents the area A bounded by the curve y=f(x) and
the lines x=a, x=b, see figure 8.1 below .
The shaded portion shown in figure is the area A .
[
];
Fig 8.1
Standard Formulae For Integration : In the chapter on differentiation we get a large number of standard
formulas for differentiation.
Using these , we now get the following set of standard formulae for
integration.
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S.No f(x)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
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23
24
25
26
];
8.2 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION: Its sometimes found that a change in variable x in *

] by
means of a substitution of the form [
]
(
) brings the integral
to a standard form , or to a form easier to deal with .
This is particularly so if the given integral is of the form [
], for then from properties of differentials,
we know that [
], so that we get
[
],
Obviously, the integral on the right is much easier to calculate than
that on the left. we shall illustrate this method by some examples.
8.2.1 INTEGRALS OF cos(ax+b), AND sin(ax+b), (a,b BEING CONSTANTS AND
a0 ).
1. [
];
[
];
Let, [
];
We differentiating w.r.t x
[
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
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[
];
So our new integral becomes

[
];
];
];
]; answer
2. [
]:
----------Ex # 1:
Find
[
];
Solution:
Let: [
];
Differentiating w.r.t x
[
];
[
];
So, integral become

[
];
];
];
[
--------------finished hereEx# 2
Find [
]; answer
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
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Solution:
[
];
Let :
[
];
Differentiating w.r.t theta [ ]
[
];
[
];
Our given integral become

[
];
];
];
];
];
]; Answer.
---------------finished-heree-------Example # 4 :Find [
Solution:
[
{:.
];
];
}
{:.
Let , [
[
[
[
}
];
];
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
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[
];
];
]; Answer.
------------finished-here------Ex # 5 :
Find [
Solution:
];
[
We do like that
[
[
Let:
[
[
[
[
[
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
[
[
];
];
];
];
];
];
]; Answer.
-------finished-here-------------8.2.2 Substitution in Definite-Integrals : When a substitution is made in a definite-integral, the limits of integration should also be changed.
The new limits are obtained as the values of new variable when the old variable equals the old limits.
We illustrate this by some examples. As follow :
Ex # 1 :- Evaluate: [
];
Solution:-
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We have a given definite integral in below eq-A.
[
];
Let ,
[
];
];
];
];
For new Lower limit:- when old Lower limit is [

[
];
]; its our new lower limit .
For New Upper-limit:- When old Upper-limit is [

[
]:-
];
]; its our new Upper limit .
So, our given integral become.

[
];
];
];
];
];
];
]; Answer.
-----------Finished-here----------Example # 2 :Find [
];
Solution:We have a given definite integrals
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 12-OF-113
[
];
Let, [
];
Differentiating on each side with respect to *w.r.t+ x

[
];
];
For new Lower-Limit , when old Lower-limit is [

[
]; [
]:-
];
];
For new Upper-Limit , when old Upper-limit is [

[
]:-
];
];
];
];
];
];
]; Answer.
------------------Finished-here-----------
8.2.3 TRIGONOMETRIC-SUBSTITUTIONS:
If the integrand contains expressions of the form in below table then we use the following Trigonometric substitutions:
S.No
1
Integrand
Trigonometric-substitutions:
2
3
------------------Ex # 3 : Evaluate the following :
[
];
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Solution:
[
];
Let: [
];
Differentiating
[
];
For Radical [
]:-
];
];
];
];
];
];
]; its our Radical .
The limit for
are:
For New Lower-Limit: [ when Old Lower limit is (

[
]; [
)]
];
];
For New Upper-Limit: [ when Old Upper-limit is (

[
[
]; [
)]
];
];
Henced our integral become.

[
];
];
];
];
];
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[
];
];
];
];answer
----------finished-here------
8.3 INTEGRATION BY COMPLETING THE SQUARES: If the integrand involves a quadratic expression in the denominator or under a radical, a useful device is to complete the square.
Ex # 1: Find [
];
Solution:
Let:
[
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
Our above equation becomes.

Let:
[
[
];
];
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
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[
];
];
];
];
]; Answer.
-----------finished-here---------Ex # 2 :- Find [
];
Solution:
[
];
So,
[
];
Let: [
];
Taking differentiating on each side w.r.t x.

[
];
[
[
[
For
];
];
];
:-
];
{:.
[
[
];
];
So our above integral become :

[
[
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
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[
];
];
];
Consider
:-
];
Formula :[
];
];
];
];
Consider
:-
];
Let: [
];
Differentiating w.r.t y
[
];
];
];
So our integral becomes :

[
];
];
------------For y:
[
];
Differentiating w.r.t y.
[
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
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---------
do it later .
--------------finished here-------
Ex 8.6
Home work
--------------finished here--------
8.4 INTEGRATION-BY-PARTS :FORMULA OF INTEGRATION-BY-PARTS:

[
];
Example # 4 :Find [
]; where a,b are constants and b 0.
Solution:
Let : [
]; & [
];
[
];
Differentiating w.r.t x
[
];
];
[
];
Integrating w.r.t x
[
[
];
];
So by placing the value in eq-A we get;
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 18-OF-113
[
];
];
];
];
Do it later
------------finished here------------Some Important Formula to remember as following :
[
]; to evaluate certain integrals.
Ex 5 calculate [
];
Solution:
Let : [
[
];
];
Differentiating on each side w.r.t.x.

[
];
];
];
];
[
[
];
];
By placing all above value in eq-B , we get

[
];
]; Answer.
----------finished-here------
8.5 PARTIAL-FRACTIONS:Consider the following expression
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 19-OF-113
[
];
Where
and
are non-zero.
If we wish to combine these three terms together into a single fraction, we can easily do so by the usual method. Thus
[
+; its called as Partial-fractions [or Components of Resultant-fraction ].
];
];
+; its Called as Resultant-fraction.

In the present section, we discuss methods by which a given fractional expression i-e a rational-function can be resolved or
decomposed into its partial-fractions.
This technique will be used in the next section to carry out integration of Rational-Functions.
Every Fractional-expression can be expressed as a quotient of two polynomials .
We restrict ourselves to expressions of the form N(x)/D(x), where N(x) and D(x) are polynomials with real coefficients and D(x) is
Non-zero.
If the degree of the Numerator N(x) is less than the denominator D(x), the expression is called a Proper-fraction, otherwise
Improper-Fraction.
Every Improper fraction can be reduced to a sum of a polynomial and a proper-fraction, for if the degree of the numerator is equal
to or greater than that of the denominator, we may divide N(x) by D(x) obtaining a quotient-polynomial Q(x) and a Remainderpolynomial R(x) whose degree is less than that of D(x).
];
];
Thus ,
[
];
Where:
{:. [
]; }
Where
are the degree of polynomial [ or highest degree of polynomial ] R(x) , D(x) and N(x) respectively.
Hence we restrict ourselves in what follows, to proper-fractions.
We know that it is always possible to express polynomial D(x) as a product of factors which are linear or quadratic with real
coefficients.
The linear factors correspond to the real roots of the equation D(x)=0 while the quadratic factors correspond to complex roots which
occur in conjugate pairs.
We suppose this done , then every proper-fraction can be resolved into partial-fractions in accordance with the following
theorem whose proof is beyond the scope of this book.
8.5.1 Theorem:Every proper fraction N(x)p<n /D(x)n can be resolved into algebraic sum of Partial-fractions as follows:
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 20-OF-113
i.
If a linear-factor (ax+b) occurs once as a factor of D(x) , there is a partial-fraction of the form *A/ax+b+ where A is a
constant. [
ii.
];
If a linear-factor (ax+b) occurs k times as a factor of D(x), there are k Partial-fractions of the form :
];
Where A1,A2,., Ak are constants.

iii.
If a Quadratic-factor(ax2+bx+c) occurs once as a factor of D(x), there is a partial-fraction of the form as
];
Where B,C are constant.

iv.
If a Quadratic-factor (
) occurs k times as a factor of D(x), there are k partial-fractions of the form.
];
Where B1,C1,B2,C2,,Bk,Ck are constants.

------------finished
8.5.2
We illustrate the method of determining the unknown constants in the following examples .
In each case, the result may be checked by adding the partial-fractions to get the original expression.
Case-I: when the factors of the denominator D(x) are all linear and distinct.
Ex # 1 : Resolve into Partial-fractions.
[
];
Solution:
As the denominator is
Let: [
];
We may write , by part (i) of the theorem (sec. 5.2.1).

[
[
];
];
];
];
];
-----------
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Page 21-OF-113
Let : [
];
];
Either: [
];
Or [
];
Or [
];
------For A:- [when x=0 ]:- [
];
];
];
];
[
[
];
];
For B:- [
];
];
];
];
];
];
[
[
];
];
For C:- [
];
];
];
{:. [
]; }
];
];
[
[
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 22-OF-113
[
];
]; [
]; [
];
];
We get ;
[
];
]; Answer.
-----------finished-here---------Case-II:- when all the factors of the denominator D(x) are linear but some are repeated.
Example # 2:- Resolve [
]; into Partial-Fractions ?
{:. Linear-factors=D(x)=(x+a)=0;real-roots of eq-> D(x)=0 }

{:. Quadratic-factors=D(x)=(x+a)(x+b)=0 --> complex-roots of eq-> D(x)=0 }
Solution:
[
];
Let : [
];
];
];
];
];
];
Let [
];
];
Either :- [
]; [
Or [
[
For B[
];
]; [
]; [
]; [
]; [
];
] :- [when [
]; ]:-
[
[
];
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 23-OF-113
[
];
];
];
For C :- [ WHEN [
]; ]:-
];
];
[
[
];
];
To get A we equate the coefficients of A on both sides of eq-sts and get

[0=A+C ]; [ -C =A ];
[
]; [
]; [
];
];
]; Answer
------------finished-here---------Case-III:- where D(x) has non-repeated-irreducible quadratic factors.

Example # 3: resolve [
]; into partial fractions ?
Solution:[
];
];
];
];
{:.[
];}
To find B & C , we equate the coefficients of x2 and the constant terms on the two sides of eq-T to get;
{:.[
];}
[
[
]; [
];
{:. [
];
]; }
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 24-OF-113
[
]; [
];
];
For A:Let : [
];
]; [
];
];
{:.[
];}
By placing the value of x=1 in eq-T we get .

[
];
];
];
]; [
];
]; [
];
]; [
];
];
]; Answer
----finished-here-------Case-IV:- When D(x) has Repeated irreduciable quadratic factors:

Example:- Resolve => [
]; into Partial fraction?
Solution:By parts (i) and (iv) of the theorem (sec 5.2.1), we may write:
[
];
];
];
Let:
[
];
Either:
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 25-OF-113
[
];
];
Or
[
];
];
];
];
];
];
WHEN [ x1 =1 ]:[
];
];
..
];
Again , equating the coefficients of x4,x3,x and the constant terms, on the two sides of eq-1, we get
[
[
];
];
];
];
Hence the required Partial fraction are :

[
];
];
];
]; Answer.
-------------FINISHED-------------
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8.6 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL-FRACTIONS :When the integrand consists of a rational function, we resolve this function into an algebraic sum of partial fractions by the methods decribed
in sec # 8.5 .
Its then generally possible to carry out the integration as illustrated in following examples.
Example 1:
Find [
]; ?
Solution:
We have
[
];
];
];
];
Let:
[
];
];
Either:
[
[
];
];
Or
[
];
];
Put the value in eq 1 we get

[
];
];
{:. [
]; [
]; }
];
When x1=a :[
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 27-OF-113
[
];
[
[
];
];
When
:-
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
So,
[
];
{:. [
]; [
]; }
];
];
];
Applying integration with respect to x on eq-z

[
];
];
];
]; Answer.
------------Finished-here----------Example 2:
Find [
]; ?
Solution:
Resolving into partial fractions, we get
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 28-OF-113
[
];
];
Let:
[
];
Either:
[
[
];
];
Or
[
];
[
[
];
];
Or
[
];
[
[
];
];
Put the value and get the answer .

[
];
{:. [
]; [
When [
]; [
]; }
]; :-
];
];
];
[
[
When [
];
];
]; :-
[
[
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 29-OF-113
[
];
];
];
];
When [
]; :-
];
];
];
];
];
[
[
];
];
So,
{:. [
]; [
]; [
]; }
Place above in eq-A:

[
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
]; Answer.
--------------Finished----------Example 3:-
SIKANDER-LODHI
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Find [
];
Solution:[
];
+;=> Its Im-proper fraction .
Dividing the numerator by the denominator using the method of long division , we get,
];=> its Im-proper fraction.
Hence,
[
];
];
];
];
]; Answer
--------------finished-------Example 4:Find [
];
Solution:[
];
So, that
[
[
];
];
];
];
];
]; Answer.
SIKANDER-LODHI
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----finished---------Example 5 :Find [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
So that,
[
];
];
];
];
];
];
];Answer.
---finished------Example 6:Find [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
];
];
Let,
[
[
];
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 32-OF-113
[
];
]; Answer .
-----------finished---------
Basic- Integration Problems [Ch-8],[8.1]:-
Q1) [
];
Solution:[
];
];
];
];
];Answer
------------finished--------Q4) [
];
Solution:[
];
];
];
];
];
];Answer.
_------------------Finished---Q5) [
]; ?
Solution:[
[
];
];
-----------
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 33-OF-113
:. Formula :
[
];
----------------------[
];
];
]; Answer.
----------------finished------Q9 ) [
];
Solution:[
];
];
];
];
];Answer.
------------Finished------Q10) [
];
Solution:[
];
];
];
]; Answer.
------------finished------Q11) [
]; ?
Solution:{:.
[
[
}
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 34-OF-113
[
];
];
];
];
];
]; Answer.
--------finished--------Q12) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
]; Answer.
-----------Finished-----Evaluate:Given: [
]; ?
Solution:------------------{:.
-----------------[
];
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
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[
];
];
];
]; Answer.
----------Finished----Q13) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
-------------{:.
---------------
];
];
];
];
];
];
--------{:.
In Roman-Urdu=> Denominator[b/c] ka Denominator[c] , Nominator[a] sa multiply hoo ja ta hai .

In English=> the Denominator[c] of the Denominator[b/c] gets multiply with the Nominator[a].
----------[
];
];
];
]; Answer.
SIKANDER-LODHI
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-------Finished-----
Q14) Definite integral Problem: [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
];
Multiply and divide by [
] so,
];
];
---------{:.
---------------
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 37-OF-113
..
[
]; Answer.
------------Finished-----Q16) [
];
Solution:[
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];Answer.
------------Finished-----Q17) [
];
Solution:[
];
{:.
[
}
];
];
];
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 38-OF-113
--------------{:.
{:.
-----------[
];
];
];
];
];
];
]; Answer.
-------------Finished-----Q)[
]; ?
Solution:{:.
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
]; Answer.
-------Finished--------Q18) [
]; ?
Solution:-
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 39-OF-113
[
];
];
----------{:. [
]; }
-------[
];
];
]; Answer.
--------------Finished-------Q19) definite Integral: [
]; ?
Solution:{:.
So,
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
By Applying integration we get .
]; Answer.
---------Finished------so easy -------Q) [
]; ?
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 40-OF-113
Solution:[
[
];
];
Let,
[
]; , [
];
];
];
So, our integral becomes

[
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
]; Answer.
------------Finished---------Note: Now we divide the study of Integration into certain sets in order to systematically learned the Integrations or anti-derivatives Chapter .
Set # 8 [Start-here ] INTEGRATION BY USING HALF ANGLE INDITIES :-
--------------------FORMULAS OF HALF-ANGLE:[
];
Divided by 2 on each side

[
[
];
];
OR
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 41-OF-113
[
];
Divide by 2 on each side

[
];
];
-----------------Q1 ) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
--------------{:. [
]; [
]; }
];
];
-----------[
];
{:.
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
----------------
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 42-OF-113
[
];
];
This show that the integrations and differentiations are inverse operations.
-------------[
]; Answer.
{:. [
]; }
------------Finished---------Q2) Set-8 , [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
{:.
{:.
{:.
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];Answer
------------Finished----------Q3 ) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 43-OF-113
{:.
];
];
];
];
];
];
]; Answer.
------------Finished---------Q4) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
---------------:.
[
];
];
---------------[
];
For Radical:[
];
];
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 44-OF-113
[
];
];
];
]; our Radical become equivalent to this expression.
So, By placing the equivalent value of our Radical into the above given integral we get.
Our integral becomes.
[
];
];
];
];
];
];
------------:.
{:.
{:.
--------------[
];
];
];
CONSIDER
:-
];
Let ,
[
];
Differentiation on each side w.r.t .
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 45-OF-113
[
];
];
];
];
];
];
So, our above integral becomes

[
];
];
];
];
];
];
-------[
];
--------[
[
[
];
];
];
By placing the value of eq-B in eq-A , then eq-A becomes ,we get.
[
[
[
];
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 46-OF-113
CONSIDER
:-
];
------------------Re-view last assumptions as :

Let ,
[
];
Differentiation on each side w.r.t .

[
];
];
];
];
];
];
---------------Place all above value in our equation-ii , we get .

[
];
];
----------[
];
----------[
[
];
];
];
By placing the value of eq-iii in eq-C we get .

[
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 47-OF-113
[
];
]; Answer.
{:. -> c+c = c ------------Finished----------Q5 ) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
Using Half angle identity

---------------:.
[
];
];
----------------------[
];
So, let,
For Radical :[
];
];
];
];
]; Our radical become equivalent to this new expression.
So,
Our above given integral becomes.
[
[
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 48-OF-113
[
];
];
];
];
];
Let,
[
];
Differentiated on each side with respect to x.

[
];
];
];
By placing the above value in eq-piss , than we get.

[
];
];
];
];
];
-----------[
];
------------[
[
];
]; Answer , but it the request from me to all viewers that please must verify the answer from
the book or Qualified teacher, because might be I did so, many mistakes here in my all notes .
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 49-OF-113
----------------Finished-here------------Ex # 8.3 [ set-8 ]
Q6 ) or Q5 (xiv) ) => [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
-------------:. Using Half Angle Idenity:{:.
{:.
------------------[
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
]; Answer.
--------------Finished-------[8.3] set-8
Q7) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
------------Used Half Angle Idenity:[
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 50-OF-113
------------[
];
];
FOR RADICAL:[
];
];
];
];
];
]; its what our last radical become.
By placing the value of above Radical in eq-A we get.

[
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
----------:.
[
];
];
----------------CONSIDER
[
:];
]:-
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 51-OF-113
[
];
];
];
Let,
[
];
Using differential on both side w.r.t x

[
];
];
];
So, by placing the above value in above eq-SGG we get.

[
];
];
];
];
---------[
];
-------[
];
CONSIDER
[
:];
multiply and divide by [
];
];
Let,
[
];
Using differential on each side w.r.t x

[
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 52-OF-113
[
];
];
By placing the above value in eq-SSG we get.

[
];
];
];
];
];
By placing the value of eq-H and eq-Z we get.

[
];
];
]; Answer.
--------------------------Finished--------------Set-8
Q9) [
]; ?
Solution:-----------------USE HALF ANGLE IDENTITY:{:.
];
So,
--------------[
];
];
[
[
[
];
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 53-OF-113
Multiply & divide by [
];
];
];
Let ,
[
];
Differentiating on each side with respect to [w.r.t] x

[
];
];
];
];
By placing all above value in eq-A

[
];
];
]; {:. [
]; }
]; Answer .
------------Finished-here----------------Set # 8 [ Finished-here] ----------------
SET # 9(a) [START-HERE] INTEGRATION-BY-TRIGONOMETRIC-SUBSTITUTIONS :
INTEGRATION-BY-TRIGONOMETRIC-SUBSTITUTIONS:FORMULA:[
];
Let
[
]; Or [
];
--------------finished--------Q1) [
]; ?
Solution:-
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 54-OF-113
[
];
Let,
[
];
Differentiating w.r.t theta.

[
];
];
];
FOR RADICAL [
]:-
];
];
];
];
];
]; its the new expression of our Radical .
So, the above integral become in eq-A, .

[
]; {:.[
];}
]; {:.
];
];
]; Answer.
---------------Finished----------Set # 9(a)
Q2) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
Let,
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 55-OF-113
[
];
Differential on both side w.r.t .

[
];
];
];
FOR RADICAL [
]:-
CONSIDER RADICAL [
]:-
];
];
{:.[
];}
];
];
];
];
]; Its our new Radical expression.
By placing the above value in eq-A.

[
];
];
];
];
[
[
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 56-OF-113
[
]; Answer.
-------------Finished-------Set # 9(a)
Q3) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
Let,
[
];
Differentiational on both side w.r.t .

[
];
];
];
];
];
];
CONSIDER Radical
:-
];
];
];
];
];
]; its our Radical.
---------[
];
---------
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 57-OF-113
[
];
];
];
----------[
];
];
-------[
];Answer.
-------------Finished--------Q4) [
];?
Solution:[
];?
];
Let,
[
];
Differentiating on each side w.r.t .

[
];
];
];
FOR RADICAL [
[
{:. [
[
[
] :];
]; }
];
];
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 58-OF-113
[
];
];
]; its our radical.
Place in eq-A,
[
];
];
];
];
];
];
------------[
]; [
];
---------[
];
];Answer.
-------------Finished-------Q6) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
Let,
[
];
Differentiate wrt theta

[
];
];
];
FOR RADICAL [
]:-
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 59-OF-113
[
];
-----------[
];
----------[
];
];
];
];
];
]; its our radical .
FOR x3:[
];
];
Taking cube on both side .

[
];
Now , placing all value in eq-A.

[
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
Let,
[
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 60-OF-113
Using differential on both side w.r.t theta
[
];
];
Place all above value in eq-A , we get.

[
];
];
];
];
];
];
------------[
];
----------[
];
---------[
];
--------[
];
];
];
----------Because: => [
];
-----------Therefore
[
[
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 61-OF-113
------[
];
];
-------------
];
-----------------Simple Algebra used here-----------------[
]; Answer.
--------------Finished--------Set # 9(a)
Q 2) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
];
Let,
[
];
Using differential on both side w.r.t theta.

[
];
];
FOR RADICAL
:-
];
];
[
[
[
];
];
]; its our Radical value .
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 62-OF-113
------------FOR x2 :[
[
];
];
];
-----------FOR NEW-UPPER LIMIT:- [WHEN x=1 ]:[
];
];
];
]; its new upper limit of our new integral.
FOR NEW-LOWER-LIMIT [WHEN x=0 ]:[

[
[
];
]; [
];
]; its new lower limit of our new integral.
So, the above integral become.

[
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 63-OF-113
[
];
];
];
];
];
]; Answer.
-------------Finished----------------Set No 9(a ) , Finished-here-----------
Set # 9(b) [Start-here]

FORMULA:[
]; Or [
];
Let,
[
];
------------------Q1) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
];
Let,
[
];
Differentiating on both side w.r.t theta.

[
];
];
FOR RADICAL [
[
]:];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 64-OF-113
[
];
];
];
];
The above integral becomes.

[
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
Let,
[
];
Differentiating on both side w.r.t theta

[
];
];
The above integral become.

{:.
];
[
[
];
];
];
];
{:. [
[
]; }
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 65-OF-113
[
];
{:.
];
];
..
Simple algebra used here.
[
]; Answer.
---------Finished-------Set # 9(b)
Q2) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
Let,
[
];
Differentiating on both side wrt Theta

[
];
];
FOR RADICAL [
]:-
];
];
];
];

[
];
[
[
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 66-OF-113
[
];
];
FOR THETA[ ]:[
];
];
SO,
[
];
];
]; Answer.
------------Finished-------Q3) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
];
Let,
[
];
Differentiating on both side wrt theta .

[
];
];
];
];
FOR RADICAL [
]:-
];
];
];

[
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 67-OF-113
[
];
];
];
];
---------------[
];
];
----------[
];
];
];
.
.Simple Algebra used here..
]; Answer.
----------Finished--------Q4) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
];
Let,
[
];
Using differentiating on both side w.r.t theta.

[
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 68-OF-113
FOR RADICAL [
]:-
];
];
];
];
];
]; Its our value Radical.
];
];
];
];
];
];
--------[
];
];
--------[
]; Answer.
---------------Finished----------Q5) [
]; ?
Solution:-
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 69-OF-113
[
];
Let,
[
];
Differenting .w.r.t theta;

[
];
];
FOR RADICAL [
]:-
];
{:.[
]; }
];
];
];
];
The above equation becomes.

[
];
];
];
];
];
{:.
[
[
[
}
];
];
];
];
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 70-OF-113
-----------------[
];
[
[
{:.
---------------[
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
--------[
];
-----[
];
.simple algebra used here.

..
[
]; Answer.
-----------Finished-----------Home work for set 9 (a) :

Q1 ) [
]; ?
Solution:-
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 71-OF-113
[
];
do it your self
------------Finished----------------------Set # 9 (b) Finished-here------------
INTEGRATION-OF-RATIONAL-FRACTIONS [Ex # 8.6] { SET # 10 (a) [Start] }

Q1 ) Q14 (8.6)) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
];
];
];
Let,
[
];
Differential .wrt theta.

[
];
];
];
];
FOR RADICAL [
]:-
];
{:. [
];}
];
[
[
[
];
];
]; Its our Radical value.
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 72-OF-113
FOR x :[
[
[
];
];
];
The above given integral become:

[
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
{:. [
]; }
];
Oh Dam I did mistake

[
];
];
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 73-OF-113
[
];
];
];
]; Answer.
----------I do not solve fully because of shortage of time.

-------------Finished--------Note: Now on I just avoid to solve the baby steps and I also avoid to solve any algebra too.
Q2 ) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
Consider
:-
];
];
];
So,
[
];
];
FOR RADICAL [
]:-
];
];
Let,
[
];
Differentiating w.r.t Theta

[
];
];
FOR x :-
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 74-OF-113
[
];
];
The above given integral become.

[
];
];
];
];
];
please do it your self now its your test:
------------------Finished------------Q3) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
Let,
[
];
[
];
];
FOR RADICAL [
[
]:];
]; its our new equivalent Radical.
The given integral become.

[
];
[
[
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 75-OF-113
[
];
];
Let,
[
];
Differentiating with respect to *w.r.t+ y.
--------------Do it your self--------------------Finished----------
CH-6 [ BASIC KNOWLEDGE ON DIFFERENTIATION] [START-HERE]:Formulas [ Ch-6 ] :

Differentiation
formula
First principle formula

for differentiation.
[
];
];
];
--------------------------finished----------
RULE FOR DIFFERENTIATIONS:Differentiation can be apply in these following steps.

a.
If given algebraic function is [
1.
Differentiation on power [
2.
Differentiation on reduced the power by minus one [
3.
Differentiation on base [
b.
If given exponential function is [
1.
Differentiation on power[
2.
Differentiation on base [
c.
If given log function is [

1.
Differentiation on log [
2.
Differentiation on base *bx+ [
d.
If given fractional function is [
1.
Differentiation on power[
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 76-OF-113
2.
Differentiation on reduced the power by minus one[
];
3.
Differentiation on base[
];
e.
If given function is [
1.
f.
];
Formula [
];
[differentiation is a linear operator] If given function is [

1.
Formula [
];
];
g.
If given function is [
1.
Its derivative is [
];
];
------------Finished-here----------FORMULA OF DIFFERENTIATION [CH-6]:S.No. y

dy/dx
1
c=anyconstant
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 77-OF-113
2
S.No
dy/dx
10
----------Finished here--------------Ex#8.5 , Q) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
Let,
[
];
[
[
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 78-OF-113
[
];
FOR y2 :[
];
];
FOR RADICAL ROOT [
]:-
];
];
];
FOR UPPER-LIMIT:-*WHEN y=2 +:[
];
]; its upper-limit.
FOR-LOWER-LIMIT:*WHEN y=0 +:[
];
];its Lower limit.
The above integral becomes.

[
];
];
];
];
];
];
..Simple Known Integration Applied here ,and simple Algebra applied here-----..
[
]; Answer.
-------------Finished-here-----------
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 79-OF-113
--------------Set # 10 (a) Finished-here----------------
SET # 11 (a) [Start-here]

FORMULA:[
];
Let,
[
---------------------Q1) [
]; ?
Solution:{:. [
]; }
So, given integral is

[
];
];
Let,
[
];
Differentiation on both side w.r.t y

[
];
];
FOR RADICAL [
]:-
];
];
];
];
];
[
{:.
]; Its our radical.

}
The above integral become .
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 80-OF-113
[
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
Let,
[
Differentiating y
[
[
[
];
By placing the above value in above eq-B

[
];
];
];
];
For y :[
];
];
[
FOR
[
];
:];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 81-OF-113
[
];
For
:-
];
];
];
];
];
.
..
[
]; Answer.
---------------Finished-------------------------Q2) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
Let,
[
];
[
];
];
FOR RADICAL [
[
]:];
];
];
];
];
]; its our radical.
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 82-OF-113
The above integral in eq-A becomes .
[
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
---------[
];
];
];
------------------[
];
]; Answer.
-----------Finished--------Ex # 8.6 [set # 11(a) ]

Q3) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
Let,
[
Differentiating on both side w.r.t x .
[
[
For y2 :-
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 83-OF-113
[
[
[
For Radical [
]:-
];
];
];
];
The above given integral becomes.

[
];
];
];
];
];
---------[
[
[
[
];
];
];
];
];
];
-------------------------
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 84-OF-113
[
];
];Answer.
_-----------------Finished-here----------Set 11 (a):
Q7) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
];
];
];
];
Let,
[
];
Differenting with respect to y.

[
];
];
];
For (x+2) :[
];
];
For Radical:[
];
];
The above integral become

[
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 85-OF-113
[
];
];
];
]; Answer.
------------------[
];
];
---------------------------------------------Finished-------------Ex # 8.6 , set # 11(a):

Q8) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
];
];
];
Let,
[
];
Differ.
[
];
];
FOR RADICAL:[
];
];
];
[
[
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 86-OF-113
[
];
The above integral becomes .

[
];
];
];
];
--------------------------For y:[
];
];
----------------[
];
];Answer.
-------------------Finished---------Ex # 8.6 set #11(a)

Q9 ) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
];
];
[
[
[
];
];
];
let,
[
----------------do it by your self----
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 87-OF-113
.
.
-------------Finished----------
Set # 12 (a) [start-here] [Integration By Parts]:INTEGRATION-BY-PARTS:FORMULA:[
];
-------------Set # 12 (a)
Q1) [
]; ?
Solution:FORMULA:[
Now,
];
];
Let,
[
];
Differenting on both side w.r.t x.
[
];
[
[
];
];
];
[
];
Integrating on both side w.r.t x
[
];
[
];
];
FORMULA:[
];
];
Appling eq-C in eq-B , then eq-B becomes,

So,
[
{;. [
[
];
]; }
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 88-OF-113
[
];
];
];
]; Answer.
-------------Finished--------Set # 12 (a)
Q2) [
]; ?
Solution :[
];
Let,
[
];
Differentiating on both side w.r.t x
[
];
[
];
[
];
Integrating w.r.t x
[
Let,
[
];
[
[
];
];
];
];
[
[
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
[
[
];
];
];
];
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 89-OF-113
[
];
];
];
];
];
CONSIDER [
]:-
];
Let,
[
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
Placing the value of eq-gg in eq-E we get .

[
];
];
{:. [
]; }
];Answer.
---------------Finished ------------Q3) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 90-OF-113
[
];
[
]
Differenting w.r.t x
[
]
[
[
]
Integrating w.r.t x
[
]
Let ,
[
];
Differentiating on both sidx
[
];
[
];
];
[
[
]
]

[
];
];
];
];
CONSIDER [
]:-
];
Let,
[
];
Differentiating on both side w.r.t x

[
[
[
];
];
];
So,
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 91-OF-113
[
];
];
];
];
];
Now by omitting the negative sign we do like that , oe Applying log propertity.
[
];
];
];
Now by placing the value of eq-G in eq-F,so, eq-F becomes.

So,
[
];
];
]; Answer.
--------------Finished-------------Set # 12(a)
Q4) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
Let,
[
];
Differentiating on both side w.r.t x.

[
];
[
[
];
];
For dx :-
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 92-OF-113
[
];
];
];

[
];
];
];
Now by using integration by part on eq-B , we get.

FORMULA-OF-INTEGRATION-BY-PART:[
];
Now , by applying eq-A in eq-B,so eq-B ,becomes.

[
];
Let,
[
];
Differentiating on each side w.r.t s
[
];
[
];
[
];
];
[
];
Integrating on both side w.r.t s.
[
];
[
];
];
];
];
Put the value in eq-B and get the answer.

[
[
];
];
];
];
[
[
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 93-OF-113
[
];
{:. [
]; }
]; Answer.
--------------Finished--------Q5) [
]; ?
Solution:FORMULA:[
];
];
];
Let,
[
];
Differentiating on both side with respect to x.

[
];
];
];
FOR x2 :[
];

[
];
];
];
Let,
Differenting on both side w.r.t u
Integrating on both side w.r.t u
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 94-OF-113
USING FORMULA:[
];
Applying the eq-B in eq-D,eq-D becomes.

[
];
];
];
];
];
{:.
];
{:. [
]; }
]; Answer.
------------finished-------Q6) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
Let,
Differenting on both side
Integrating on both side
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 95-OF-113
Using Formula:[
];
Using eq-D in eq-A,

[
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
Do it latter..
--------------------Finished--------------Q7) [
]; ?
Solution:{:.
];
Let,
Integrating
Differenting
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 96-OF-113
Using Formula:[
];
Now,
[
];
];
];
];
];
];
Consider
:-
];
Let,
Differentiating
Integrating
Let,
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 97-OF-113
So,
[
];
];
];
];
{:.
];
];
];
Placed eq-D in eq-B ,eq-B becomes.

[
];
];
];
]; Answer.
-------------------------Finished------------------------------Set # 12(a) [Finished-here]----------
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 98-OF-113
Set # 12 (b) [Start-here] Integration By Parts:
Formula:[
];
Q1) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
I did this question in Q5 in set # 12(a).

--------------finished------------------------set # 12(b) FINISHED-HERE--------------
Set # 12 (c) [Start-Here]
FORMULA:[
];
--------------------Q1) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
Let,
Differential
Integration
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 99-OF-113
Using Formula:[
Applying eq-D on above integral.
[
];
];
];
];
];
];
]; Answer.
-----------------Finished---------Q2) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
Let;
Differentiating
Integrating
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 100-OF-113
USING FORMULA:[
];
Applying eq-D for above integral

[
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];Answer.
-------------Finished-------------------------Set # 12 (c ) Finished-here--------------
Set # 12 (d) [Start] Integration By Parts:-
Formula:[
];
-----------------Ex # 8.7
Q1 ,Q3(ix) ) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
Let,
Differentiating
Integrating
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 101-OF-113
{:.
Using Integration By Parts Formula:[
];
Applied eq-D for above integral so,

[
];
];
];
];
Consider [
]:-
];
Let,
[
];
Differentiating
[
];
];
For x3 :[
];
];
For Radical:[
];
];
By placing above value in eq-F,
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 102-OF-113
[
];
];
];
];
];
];
CONSIDER
:-
];
LET,
[
Differentiating
[
[
[
];
];
];
];
{:. [
];
Place eq-pt in eq-G

[
];
];
];
[
{:.
];
}
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 103-OF-113
{:.
];
];
];
];
Now placing the above eq-H in eq-E, eq-E becomes

[
];
];
]; Answer.
------------------Finished------------Q2) [
]; ?
Solution:[
];
Let,
Differentiating
Integrating
USING FORMULA OF INTEGRATION BY PARTS:[
];
By placing the above integral in eq-A, so the above integral becomes.

[
[
];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 104-OF-113
[
];
];
Consider [
]:-
];
Let.
[
];
Using differentiating on both side w.r.t y

[
];
];
];
For x4 :[
];
];
];
For Radical [
]:-
];
];
]; its our Radical.
Placing the above value in eq-C then eq-C becomes.

[
];
];
];
];
];
Consider [
[
[
]:];
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 105-OF-113
[
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
Consider
:-
];
Let,
[
];
[
[
];
];
So,
[
];
];
];
[
[
];
];
By placing the value of eq-G, in eq-F, so eq-F becomes.

[
];
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 106-OF-113
[
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
];
Now by placing the value of eq-L, in eq-B,so eq-B becomes.

[
];
];
];
{:. [
]; } {:. [
]; }
];
]; Answer.
-----------------Finished-----------------------Set # 12 (d ) [ Finished-here]-----------
Set # 13 (a) [Start-here] AREA-UNDER-THE-CURVE :The major concept of integral (Anti-Derivative) of a function f(x) was developed In order to find a certain Area;
EXAMPLE-OF-AREA-UNDER-THE-CURVE:Diagram [Fig # 2 ]:-
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 107-OF-113
If a and b are two real-number , a,b

{:.
} so, (
); we define the quantity;
Also
[
];
];
[
{:.
];
}
Ex # 8.7 , AREA-UNDER THE-CURVE:Consider the Graph *below+ in which the highlighted area A which lies, under the positive x-axis between the ordinates [x=a] and [x=b] .
[
];
Graph [Fig # 3 ] :-
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 108-OF-113
];
];
]; its an Area under the given curve above the positive x-axis and between the
ordinates [x=a] and [x=b] .

---------------Finished--------Example # 1:Find area [A] above the positive x-axis under the curve [
] which is a cup-up parabola between the ordinates [x=1] and [x=3] ?
Solution:Fig # 4
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 109-OF-113
USING FORMULA OF AREA UNDER CURVE:[
];
For Area:[
];
];
];
];
]; Answer.[ its required Area.]
------------------Finished---------Example # 2 :- Find area above x-axis under the given circle whose center at origin [
] between ordinates at [
]; ?
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 110-OF-113
Solution:Fig # 5:-
[Circle:
[radius:
];
];
For Center of circle:

Well center of circle is [Center of circle:
Standard equation of circle:=> [
[Circle:
];
];
];
For y:[
[
];
];
Using Formula-Of-Area-Under-The-Curve:-
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 111-OF-113
[
];
Applying eq-B for eqC, so eq-C becomes.

[
];
];
];
Using Formula:[
];
Applying eq-D for above integral so, the above integral becomes.
[
];
];
];
]; Answer.
----------------Finished-----------Q1 ) Find The area above the x-axis under the curve, between the given ordinates ?
Curve : parabola=> [
Ordinates => [
], Its the equation of curve whose vertex at origon and its axis along the positive x-axis.
];
Fig # 6
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 112-OF-113
Using Formula:[
];
Applying the eq-D for above cup-right Parabola [
],
For y:[
];
];
We take Positive [or upper half of given parabola in fig # 6].

Therefore,
[
];
Applying eq-D on eq-i we get,

[
[
];
]; Answer , it is the required area .
SIKANDER-LODHI
Page 113-OF-113
---------------------Finished-here-----------------------------Set 13 (a) Finished-here-----------------
Ch-6 [Differential] [First-Principle ] :Q1 ) [

]; ?
Using First Principle
[
];
];
{:.
];
];
Applying limit.
[
];
];
]; Answer.
-----------Finished---------Q1) [
]; ?
Using First Principle:[
]; Answer.
-------Finished-----------------Ch-6 Finished-here---------------------Ch-8 + Ch-6 Finished-Here--------
X
MOHAMMAD-SIKANDAR-KHAN-LODHI
OWNER-OF-MY-PERSONAL-NOTES
Wednesday, July 10, 2013
SIKANDER-LODHI
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Ch-8, Integrations or Anti-Derivatives (ch-8) + Differentiations (ch-6) .

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Ch-8, Integrations or Anti-Derivatives (ch-8) + Differentiations (ch-6) .

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BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING GUIDE.

Standard Formulae For Integration :- ...................................................................................................... 6

Set # 8 [Start-here + INTEGRATION BY USING HALF ANGLE INDITIES :-.................................................. 41

Set # 12 (b) [Start-here] Integration By Parts: ............................................................................................ 99

Henceforth, wherever , we write

it will be assumed that an

From now on we shall always use C for the constant of integration.

Where the integrands have properly defined domains.

Provided that [a,b] is contained in the domain of f.

8.2 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION: Its sometimes found that a change in variable x in *

So our new integral becomes

So, integral become

Our given integral become

For new Lower limit:- when old Lower limit is [

]; its our new lower limit .

For New Upper-limit:- When old Upper-limit is [

]; its our new Upper limit .

So, our given integral become.

Solution:We have a given definite integrals

Differentiating on each side with respect to *w.r.t+ x

For new Lower-Limit , when old Lower-limit is [

For new Upper-Limit , when old Upper-limit is [

]; its our Radical .

The limit for

For New Lower-Limit: [ when Old Lower limit is (

For New Upper-Limit: [ when Old Upper-limit is (

Henced our integral become.

Our above equation becomes.

Taking differentiating on each side w.r.t x.

So our above integral become :

So our integral becomes :

8.4 INTEGRATION-BY-PARTS :FORMULA OF INTEGRATION-BY-PARTS:

]; where a,b are constants and b 0.

So by placing the value in eq-A we get;

Differentiating on each side w.r.t.x.

By placing all above value in eq-B , we get

8.5 PARTIAL-FRACTIONS:Consider the following expression

+; its called as Partial-fractions [or Components of Resultant-fraction ].

+; its Called as Resultant-fraction.

Where A1,A2,., Ak are constants.

If a Quadratic-factor(ax2+bx+c) occurs once as a factor of D(x), there is a partial-fraction of the form as

Where B,C are constant.

) occurs k times as a factor of D(x), there are k partial-fractions of the form.

Where B1,C1,B2,C2,,Bk,Ck are constants.

We may write , by part (i) of the theorem (sec. 5.2.1).

------For A:- [when x=0 ]:- [

{:. Linear-factors=D(x)=(x+a)=0;real-roots of eq-> D(x)=0 }

To get A we equate the coefficients of A on both sides of eq-sts and get

------------finished-here---------Case-III:- where D(x) has non-repeated-irreducible quadratic factors.

]; into partial fractions ?

By placing the value of x=1 in eq-T we get .

----finished-here-------Case-IV:- When D(x) has Repeated irreduciable quadratic factors:

]; into Partial fraction?

Hence the required Partial fraction are :

Put the value in eq 1 we get

Applying integration with respect to x on eq-z

Put the value and get the answer .

Place above in eq-A:

+;=> Its Im-proper fraction .

];=> its Im-proper fraction.

Basic- Integration Problems [Ch-8],[8.1]:-

In Roman-Urdu=> Denominator[b/c] ka Denominator[c] , Nominator[a] sa multiply hoo ja ta hai .

Multiply and divide by [

--------------Finished-------Q19) definite Integral: [

By Applying integration we get .

---------Finished------so easy -------Q) [