1 The Georgi-Glashow Minimal SU(5) GUT Theory Lagrangian From Grand Unied Theories, Graham G.

Ross, 1985 and Gauge Theories of the Strong, Weak, and Electromagnetic Interactions, Chris Quigg, 1983, both From The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc., Menlo Park CA. Extracted by J.A. Shiett, 20 Jan 2011. i L = 1 tr(V V ) + i D + D 2 2 T (j i 2 M d jk k + jklmn Tjk i 2 M u lm n/4) + v5 + 1 ( )2 + tr(2 ) + 2 +(D )D 1 2 2 4 +tr[(D )D ] 2 tr(2 ) + a [tr(2 )]2 + b tr(4 ) 4 2 +(Hermitian conjugate of some terms). = , and the derivative operators are where D = [ ig5 V ] , D = [ +2ig5 V ] , D = [ ig5 V ], D = + ig5 (V V ). (2) is a 5-component complex Higgs eld and is a 55 traceless real Higgs eld. V is the vector potential composed of 5 5 traceless Hermitian matrices, with eld tensor V = V V + ig2 (V V V V )/2. is a 5-component complex fermion eld and is Y X ( G | 2 2 I/3 | 3 | B | V = + 5 X / 2 0 | | W /2
Y / 2

(gauge term and fermion dyamical terms) (fermion mass terms) (Higgs 5 dynamical and mass terms) (Higgs 24 dynamical and mass terms) (1)

(3)

a 5 5 antisymmetric fermion eld. The Standard Model link is c ijl c di ul | ui di ) 0 1 | , i = , ij = . (4) e uj | 0 e c 2 I/2 c dj | e 0

B , W , G are the usual gauge bosons and gluons, and W , G are composed of 2 2 and 3 3 traceless Hermitian matrices. The new elds X and Y are called lepto-quark bosons, and they have implicit 3-component color indices. c The fermions include the left-handed leptons and quarks e, , di , ui , and their antiparticles ec , c , dc i , ui , where i is a 3-component color index. The fermions all have implicit 3-component generation indices which contract into the fermion mass matrices M u, M d, and implicit 2-component indices which contract into the Pauli matrices, [( )( )( )( )] 1 0 0 1 0 i 1 0 = , , , , = [ 0, 1, 2, 3 ], tr( i ) = 0, = , tr( ) = 2 . (5) 0 1 1 0 i 0 0 1 Using the identity ilm jln = ij mn in mj we have the outer products c c c c c i dj c e d c u l ul ij u c i uj + d di dj | d i uj + u i i 1 | i j = il jl = , jml e dc | e e e u u 2 l m j dc e jml u l dm j | Substituting (4,6) into (1) gives L = 1 B B 1 tr(W W ) 1 tr(G G ) + (boson coupling terms involving X and Y ) 4 8 2 )( ) )( ) ( ( ig ig5 ig5 3/5 ig 3 / 5 u 5 5 B + W B + W + ig5 G + ( u, d)i + + ( , e )i e d 2 2 6 2 ( ( ) ) ( ) 2ig5 3/5 ig5 3/5 c c c c c i B ig5 G u + d i + B ig5 G dc +e i + ig5 3/5 B e + u 3 3 g g c c + 5 ( Y dc e X dc + d Y d X e) + 5 iml ( ul Xi um + u l Yi dm u l Xi um u l Yi dm ) 2 2 + (fermion mass terms and Higgs terms), (7) where we are using the usual denitions of the Standard Model eld tensors, B = B B , W = W W + ig2 (W W W W )/2, G = G G + ig (G G G G ). (8) | iml u l um | | u l ul + e c ec | dl ul iml u l dm . (6) u l dl c c dl dl + e e

2 Unlike the Standard Model, right-handed elds are mostly represented in the Lagrangian (1) by the antiparticles c according to c = i 2 R , R = i 2 . Using this denition and the identities (5) and 2 2 = T gives
T 2 2 T T c c = (i 2 R ) (i 2 R ) = R R = R R = R R c c = R R = R R + (total derivative).

(9) (10)

The sign change in the last step of (9) is because fermions anticommute, and (10) comes from (9) and integration by parts. Comparing (7) with the Standard Model using (9,10) we nd that at high energies the strong and electroweak coupling constants are equal, and the weak mixing angle is a bit o from the measured value of sin2 w = .23, 2 2 2 g5 = g = g2 = e/sinw , g5 3/5 = g1 = e/cosw sin2 w = g1 /(g1 + g2 ) = 3/8. (11) However, low energy values after quantum corrections come out fairly close to measurement. The Higgs elds are assumed to take on vacuum expectation values (VEVs) of the form ( ) I | 0 v5 <>0 = ( 0, 0, 0 | 0, 1 ) , <>0 = v24 | , where v5 = 246GeV, v24 1015 GeV. (12) 2 0 | 3I/2 The Higgs 24 derivative operator in (1,2) gives masses to the lepto-quark bosons X and Y , but not to G or W , X Y 0 | 2 2 5iv24 g5 | 5v24 g5 15 D<>0 = ig5 (<>0 V V <>0 ) = mX = mY = 10 GeV. (13) 2 X / 2 2 2 | 0
Y / 2 The Higgs 5 derivative operator in (1,2) gives correct masses to the Standard Model W and Z gauge bosons, Y Y v5 g5 iv5 g5 2 iv5 g5 mW = mZ cosw = , (14) D<>0 = ig5 V <>0 = = + W / 2 W 12 2 2 2 Z / 2 cosw W22/2+ 3/5 B/2 + + where W = W12 / 2, W = W , Z = (W22 cosw + sinw B ), 3/5 = g1 /g5 = sinw /cosw . (15)

It also adds an insignicant mass contribution to Y . The , coupling in the Higgs 5 term avoids massless Higgs elds and renormalization problems. Substituting (12) into the fermion mass term in (1) gives R M d d e Lm = T i 2 M d j 5 + jklm5 Tjk i 2 M u lm/4 + h.c. = d c M d ec u R M u u/2 u c M u uc/2 + h.c. (16)
j R R

R M d d e = d R M dT e u R M u u/2 u R M uT u/2 + h.c. (17) where h.c. means Hermitian conjugate. If we assume (with no justication) that the fermion mass matrices M d , M u are symmetric then things are much like the Standard Model. The fermion masses are the singular values of M d , M u , ) ) ( ( mu 0 0 md 0 0 u d u d d (18) M = UL 0 ms 0 UR , M = UL 0 mc 0 Uu R, 0 0 mt 0 0 mb where the Us are 33 unitary matrices (U1 = U ). Consequently the true fermions with denite masses are actually linear combinations of those in L, or conversely the fermions in L are linear combinations of the true fermions,
d d L = UL dL , d dL = UL dL , d d R = UR dR , d dR = UR dR , d e L = UL eL , d eL = UL eL , d e R = UR eR , d eR = UR eR , u u L = UL uL , u uL = UL uL , u u R = UR uR , u uR = UR uR .

(19) (20)

When L is written in terms of the true fermions, the Us fall out except in one term containing the unitary matrix d V = Uu L UL , which is analogous to the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix in the Standard Model. From (17,18) we see that the high energy mass of the electron is the same as the down quark, and likewise for the other generations, me = md , m = ms , m = mb . (21) Low energy predictions after quantum corrections are closer to measurement, but one mass prediction is still o by a factor of 8. The proton decay time from the lepton-quark interaction terms in (7) also disagrees with measurement,
1 + o 291.7 years, predicted (p e ) = 4.5 10 1 + o 31 measured (p e ) > 6 10 years.

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L is invariant under a SU(5) gauge transformation with U 1 = U , detU = 1, V U V U (i/g5 )U U , V U V U , U , U U , U , U U . (23)