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INTERDEPENDENCE AMONG LIVING ORGANISMS 1. A specific group of organisms that have the same characteristics is known as _____________. 2. Organisms from the same species ____________________________________________________________, for example the species of _______________________________. 3. Organisms of the same species that live and reproduce in a particular habitat will form a _________________. For example, in a pond habitat there are populations of ________________________ ________________________________________ 4. A habitat is the place where on ______________________________________________. 5. In a habitat, an organism can _______________________________________________. 6. Habitat of several organisms :
7. A ______________________ is formed when a few populations of different types of animals and plants live a habitat. An example of a community is the population of _______________________________________ ________________________________ living together, interacting and influencing each other in a pond. 8. An ecosystem is formed when a ___________ of living organisms in a _____________ interacts with one another as well as with the ___________________ environment. 9. An ecosystem consist of the ___________________________ components in the environment. 10. The biotic components in an ecosystem are ______________________________________ 11. The non-living components of an ecosystem or ___________________ components consist of ___________ _____________________________________________________________ 12. The eco-balance of the environment is closely related to the ________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 13. Human beings are part of the ecosystem because they depend on __________________________________ ___________________________ things in order to survive. If the ecosystem is _____________, human lives will also be ____________________ 14. A few elements in an ecosystem need to be maintained in order to keep the ecosystem balance : (a) The ____________________________ (b) The composition of _________________________ (c) The ________________________________________________
15. The biotic and abiotic components are interdependent with one another to create a _______________ _________________________ which changes only slighly over time.
Interaction in an environment 1. Living things interact with ___________________________________ things in order to survive. 2. The interaction between living things and non-living things lead to ________________________________. 3. The example of interaction between living things and non-living things is shown below.
(a) Aquatic plants obtain _____________________________________________ in the pond. (b) Aquatic animals depend on aquatic ___________________________ for the process of respiration. (c) Aquatic plants depend on aquatic animals to obtain __________________________________________. (d) _____________________________________ eat aquatic plants. (e) Big fishes eat ____________________________. (f) Kingfisher eats ________________. (g) _____________________________________________________________________________________ sunlight for the process of photosyntesis. 4. Interaction between living things and non-living things is important as it maintains (a) balance in a environment ( the __________________________________________________ within the environment remain the same ). (b) __________________________________________________________________________ oxygen and carbon dioxide content in atmosphere remain the same ).
4. There are three types of interactions among organisms : (a) _________________________________________ (b) Symbiosis that consits of ______________________________________________________ (c) _________________________________. 5. Predator-prey relationship. (a) The animals that hunt other animals for food are called _________________, while the hunted animals are ____________________. (b) The predators which are carnivores have ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ (c) The preys have a __________________________________________________________________________ or are able to _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ (d) The examples are ______________ (predators) and _____ (preys), ______ (predators) and ______ (preys). (e) Diagram 4.1 shows the predator-prey relationship.
Commensalism 1. Commensalism is a relationship between two organisms. One organism ________________ from the other. The second organism is ______________________________ by the relationship. 2. For example, the _________________________ grows on a tree. This helps it easily ___________________. The plant that it grows on is ______________________________ 3. Examples of plants that live on trees to obtain sunlight are (a) the staghorn fern (b) the money plant (c) the pigeon orchid (d) the bird's nest fern
4. Examples of animals that live on other animals to obtain food that fall out of the host's mouth, as well as for shelter and transport are (a) barnacles that live on the shells of crabs, cockles or snails (b) remora fish that live on a shark
Parasitism 1. Parasitism is another type of interaction between two organism. Only one organism benefits. The other organism is negatively or adversely affected. 2. A parasite is the organism that lives on or inside the other organism. The host is the organism on which the parasite lives. 3. The host is negatively affected by this interaction. The parasite may even kill the host. 4. A parasite obtains food, shelter and transport from the host. 5. For example, a tick that lives on a host feeds on the host's blood. 6. Other examples are (a) stem borers and oil palm leaves (b) tree barnacles and trees (c) aphids and mustard plants
Mutualism 1. Mutualism is an interaction betwee two different organisms that live together in which both organisms benefit. They obtain nutrition and shelter from each other. 2. For example, (a) sea anemone and hermit crab (i) The sea anemone has tentacles that can sting, and protects the hermit crab with them. (ii) The sea anemone obtains transport and food ( food bits that drop ) from the hermit crab. (b) ox peckers and buffaloes Ox peckers eat the ticks and leeches that feed on buffaloes.
(c) the Egyption Plover bird and crocodiles The Egyption Plover bird eats leeches as well as food particles stuck between the crocodile's teeth. (d) nitrogen-fixing bacteria and leguminous plants (i) Rhizobium bacteria live in the root nodules of leguminous plants. They convert the nitrogen in the air and change it to nitrates for the use of the plants. (ii) These bacteria obtain food and shelter from the leguminous plants. (e) green algae and fungus (i) The algae provide the fungus with food. (ii) The fungus protects the algae and release carbon dioxide for the algae to use during photosynthesis. (f) symbiotic bacteria and herbivorous animals (i) Symbiotic bacteria live in the digestive tract of herbivorous animals and help in the digestion of cellulose. (ii) The bacteria obtain food and shelter from the host.
Competition 1. Competition occurs when organism compete for the same basic resources. 2. Plants compete to obtain water, sunlight, mineral salts and living space. 3. Animals compete to obtain water, food, living space and mates for reproduction. 4. Competition becomes more intense when basic resources are limted. 5. Stronger organisms are successful in controlling their terriroty. weaker and smaller organisms are driven out of the area.
6. For example, (a) flowering plants compete with weeds to obtain water and mineral salts. (b) lions in a pride compete for food. (c) plants in a tropical rainforest compete for basic needs. Taller trees obtain sunlight more easily.
7. Another example of competition occurs between Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium caudatum.
(a) Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium caudatum compete for food. (b) Paramecium aurelia succeeds.Biological control 1.
Biological control is a method in which a predator, which is a natural enemy to a certain pest
( prey ), is used to control the population of that pest in an area.
2. Biological control is usually used in agriculture to control populations of pests without the use of pesticides. 3. The prey-predator interaction is applied in biological control. 4. Biological control has many advantages as compared to using pesticides. Biological control (a) does not pollute the environment (b) does not kill other organisms because natural enemies are used (c) is cheap and safe to use 5. For example, (a) owls and snakes eat rats (b) fire ants eat aphids on leaves
6. The two types of interaction that happen in biological control are (a) parasitism - the parasite destroys crops (b) prey-predator - eventually removes the pest 7. Other examples of biological control are (a) rearing guppies ina apond to eat mosquito larvae. (b) rearing cats to eliminate rats.
FOOD WEBS
Producer, consumers and decomposers 1. Producers are all green plants that make food through photosynthesis. 2. Consumers are animals that eat plants or other animals. 3. Decomposers are organism that decompose dead organism ( animals or plants ) and change them into simple substances. Examples of decomposers are bacteria and fungi. 4. The sun is the main source of energy for all living organisms in a food chain.
Food chains 1. A food chain is an energy link showing how energy in food is passed from plants ( producers ) to animals ( consumers ). 2. A food chain shows the interaction of several organisms with each other.
3. When the organisms in a food chain die, they are decomposed by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi, into simple minerals.
Food webs 1. A food web consists of several food chains that are interlinked. 2. The organisms in a food web interact with each other.
Pyramid of numbers
1. A pyramid of numbers shows the number of organisms at each link of the food chain. 2. From the base of the pyramid to the top, (a) the number of organisms decrease (b) the size of the organisms increase (c) more energy is lost 3. Producers' number is the most and forms the base of the pyramid. 4. The number of producers is always greater than the number of primary consumers in order to provide sufficient food to the primary consumers. 5. The number of primary producers is greater than the number of secondary producers. Therefore, primary producers make up the second level of the pyramid, the level above the producers. 6. Secondary producers make up the third level of the pyramid. Tertiary consumers make up the fourth level of the pyramid and so on. 7. The final consumers are at the apex of the pyramid and are the least in number. 8. The flow of energy in a pyramid of numbers is the same as in a food chain.
4. Some energy is lost as heat when the organism carries out its life processes such as respiration, reproduction, excreation and growth.
3. The increase or decrease in the number of organisms will affect the equilibrium of the ecosystem. 4. All living organisms in an ecosystem depend on one another. If one group of organisms is removed, the balance of nature will be disturbed.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
1. Photosynthesis is an a process that occurs in green plants, in which food is made from water and carbon dioxide in the presence of cholophyll and sunlight.
3. The glucose produced is brought to other parts of the plant to be (a) oxidised through the process of respiration to provide energy. (b) stored as starch, if in excess.
1. A green leaf that has been exposed to sunlight is plucked. 2. A knife is used to cut it into several small pieces. 3. The leaf pieces are put in boiling water and boiled for five minutes. 4. The leaf pieces are boiled in alcohol for a few minutes. 5. The leaf pieces are soaked in hot water for a while. 6. The leaf pieces are placed on a white tile. A few drops of iodine solution are dripped onto the leaf pieces.
The leaf becomes dark blue when tested with iodine solution.
1. The leaf pieces are boiled in water to kill the cells abd break the cell walls. 2. The leaf pieces are boiled in alcohol to remove chlorophyll. 3. The leaf pieces are soaked in hot water to soften them. 4. Plants store food in the form of starch in leaves.
1. Two potted plants are placed in the dark for two days. 2. The apparatus as shown in the Figure above is prepared. The apparatus is placed under the sun for two hours. 3. A leaf is plucked from each plant and tested for the presence of starch. 4. The observations are recorded in the table.
1. The green plant in apparatus A carried out photosynthesis. It produced starch in the presence of carbon dioxide. 2. The green plant in apparatus B did not carry out photosynthesis because there was no carbon dioxide in the air in the bell jar.
3. Both plants were placed in the dark for two days before the experiment to remove starch from the plant. 4. The sodium hydroxide solution absorbed carbon dioxide from the air.
1. The hypothesis made can be accepted. 2. Carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis.
1. The green plant in apparatus A did not carry out photosynthesis because no water was supplied. 2. The green plant in apparatus B carried out photosynthesis as water was supplied. 3. Water is absorbed by the plant through the roots.
1. A green potted plant is kept in the dark for two days. 2. A part of one leaf is covered with black paper as shown in the Figure above. Paper clips are used to hold the black paper in place. 3. The plant is placed under the sun for two days. 4. At the end of the experiment, the leaf is plucked and tested for the presence of starch. 5. The observations are recorded in the table below.
1. A part of the leaf was covered to prevent exposure to sunlight. 2. Photosynthesis does not take place without sunlight. 3. Sunlight supplies energy to the plant to break water molecules.
1. The green parts of the left have chlorophyll, which enables the plant to carry out photosynthesis. 2. The equation that represents photosynthesis is :
5. The following is a summary of the processes that are involved in the carbon dioxide and oxygen cycles.
Environmental issues
Human activities cause pollution and have raised the following environmental issues : (a) the greenhouse effect (b) the thinning of the ozone layer. (c) acid rain.
Acid rain
1. Gases such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide dissolve in rainwater and form acid rain. 2. Acid rain can (a) destroy the habitats of living things (b) lower the soil pH value and make it unsuitable for plants. River water that is polluted by acid rain is no longer suitable for aquatic organisms.
INTERDEPENDENCE AMONG LIVING ORGANISMS 1. A specific group of organisms that have the same characteristics is known as species. 2. Organisms from the same species mate together to produce offsprings, for example the species of Homo sapiens. 3. Organisms of the same species that live and reproduce in a particular habitat will form a population. For example, in a pond habitat there are populations of fish, shrimps and water hyacinths. 4. A habitat is the place where an organism stays in its natural state. 5. In a habitat, an organism can eat, reproduce and get shelter. 6. Habitat of several organisms :
7. A community is formed when a few populations of different types of animals and plants live a habitat. An example of a community is the population of animals ( fish ) and plants ( weeds ) living together, interacting and influencing each other in a pond. 8. An ecosystem is formed when a community of living organisms in a habitat interacts with one another as well as with the non-living environment. 9. An ecosystem consist of the living or biotic components in the environment. 10. The biotic components in an ecosystem are plants, animals and microorganisms.
11. The non-living components of an ecosystem or abiotic components consist of water, gases, light,soil, temperature and rocks. 12. The eco-balance of the environment is closely related to the oxygen cycle, carbon dioxide cycle, nitrogen cycle and food web. 13. Human beings are part of the ecosystem because they depend on living things and non-living things in order to survive. If the ecosystem is interrupted, human lives will also be disturbed 14. A few elements in an ecosystem need to be maintained in order to keep the ecosystem balance : (a) The size of each population. (b) The composition of gases in air, water and soil. (c) The composition of mineral salts in the soil. 15. The biotic and abiotic components are interdependent with one another to create a balanced ecosystem which changes only slightly over time.
Interaction in an environment 1. Living things interact with each other and with non-living things in order to survive. 2. The interaction between living things and non-living things lead to balance in an ecosystem.
3. The example of interaction between living things and non-living things is shown below.
(a) Aquatic plants obtain mineral salts from the soil in the pond. (b) Aquatic animals depend on aquatic plants to supply oxygen for the process of respiration. (c) Aquatic plants depend on aquatic animals to obtain carbon dioxide for photosyntesis. (d) Small fishes and tadpoles eat aquatic plants. (e) Big fishes eat small fishes. (f) Kingfisher eats fish. (g) Water lettuce, water hyacinth, lotus and land plants obtain sunlight for the process of photosyntesis. 4. Interaction between living things and non-living things is important as it maintains:
(a) balance in a environment ( the number and types of living thing within the environment remain the same ). (b) balance in the carbon and oxygen cycles ( oxygen and carbon dioxide content in atmosphere remain the same ).
1. Living things interact among themselves in order to obtain food and protection. 2. Interaction may involve animal and animal, plant and plant or animal and plant. 3. Interaction between living organisms in an ecosystem will : (a) Create equilibrium in the environment. (b) Control the size of a population in a community. 4. There are three types of interactions among organisms : (a) Predator-prey (b) Symbiosis that consists of commensalism, mutualism and parasitism. (c) Competition.
5.
Predator-prey relationship. (a) The animals that hunt other animals for food are called predators, while the hunted animals are preys. (b) The predators which are carnivores have powerful jaws, sharp and strong teeth, good stereoscopic vision, sharp claws or hard and strong beaks. (c) The preys have a wide field of monoscopic vision to detect predators or are able to camouflage with their surroundings in order to escape from the predators. (d) The examples are tigers (predators) and horses (preys), eagles (predators) and rabbit (preys).
4. Examples of animals that live on other animals to obtain food that fall out of the host's mouth, as well as for shelter and transport are (a) barnacles that live on the shells of crabs, cockles or snails (b) remora fish that live on a shark
Parasitism 1. Parasitism is another type of interaction between two organism. Only one organism benefits. The other organism is negatively or adversely affected. 2. A parasite is the organism that lives on or inside the other organism. The host is the organism on which the parasite lives. 3. The host is negatively affected by this interaction. The parasite may even kill the host. 4. A parasite obtains food, shelter and transport from the host. 5. For example, a tick that lives on a host feeds on the host's blood.
6.
Other examples are (a) stem borers and oil palm leaves (b) tree barnacles and trees (c) aphids and mustard plants
Mutualism 1. Mutualism is an interaction between two different organisms that live together in which both organisms benefit. They obtain nutrition and shelter from each other. 2. For example, (a) sea anemone and hermit crab (i) The sea anemone has tentacles that can sting, and protects the hermit crab with them. (ii) The sea anemone obtains transport and food ( food bits that drop ) from the hermit crab. (b) ox peckers and buffaloes Ox peckers eat the ticks and leeches that feed on buffaloes. c) plover bird and crocodile
(c) the Egyption Plover bird and crocodiles The Egyption Plover bird eats leeches as well as food particles stuck between the crocodile's teeth. (d) nitrogen-fixing bacteria and leguminous plants (i) Rhizobium bacteria live in the root nodules of leguminous plants. They convert the nitrogen in the air and change it to nitrates for the use of the plants. (ii) These bacteria obtain food and shelter from the leguminous plants. (e) green algae and fungus (i) The algae provide the fungus with food. (ii) The fungus protects the algae and release carbon dioxide for the algae to use during photosynthesis. (f) symbiotic bacteria and herbivorous animals (i) Symbiotic bacteria live in the digestive tract of herbivorous animals and help in the digestion of cellulose. (ii) The bacteria obtain food and shelter from the host.
Competition 1. Competition occurs when organism compete for the same basic resources. 2. Plants compete to obtain water, sunlight, mineral salts and living space. 3. Animals compete to obtain water, food, living space and mates for reproduction. 4. Competition becomes more intense when basic resources are limited. 5. Stronger organisms are successful in controlling their territory, weaker and smaller organisms are driven out of the area. 6. For example, (a) flowering plants compete with weeds to obtain water and mineral salts. (b) lions in a pride compete for food. (c) plants in a tropical rainforest compete for basic needs. Taller trees obtain sunlight more easily.
7. Another example of competition occurs between Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium caudatum.
(a) Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium caudatum compete for food. (b) Paramecium aurelia succeeds. Caudatum loses out and extinct
1.
Biological control is a method in which a predator, which is a natural enemy to a certain pest
( prey ), is used to control the population of that pest in an area.
2. Biological control is usually used in agriculture to control populations of pests without the use of pesticides. 3. The prey-predator interaction is applied in biological control.
4. Biological control has many advantages as compared to using pesticides. Biological control (a) does not pollute the environment (b) does not kill other organisms because natural enemies are used (c) is cheap and safe to use 5. For example, (a) owls and snakes eat rats (b) fire ants eat aphids on leaves
6. The two types of interaction that happen in biological control are (a) parasitism - the parasite destroys crops (b) prey-predator - eventually removes the pest 7. Other examples of biological control are (a) rearing guppies in a pond to eat mosquito larvae. (b) rearing cats to eliminate rats.
FOOD WEBS
Producer, consumers and decomposers 1. Producers are all green plants that make food through photosynthesis. 2. Consumers are animals that eat plants or other animals. 3. Decomposers are organism that decompose dead organism ( animals or plants ) and change them into simple substances. Examples of decomposers are bacteria and fungi. 4. The sun is the main source of energy for all living organisms in a food chain.
Food chains 1. A food chain is an energy link showing how energy in food is passed from plants ( producers ) to animals ( consumers ). 2. A food chain shows the interaction of several organisms with each other.
3. When the organisms in a food chain die, they are decomposed by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi, into simple minerals.
Food webs 1. A food web consists of several food chains that are interlinked. 2. The organisms in a food web interact with each other.
Pyramid of numbers
1. A pyramid of numbers shows the number of organisms at each link of the food chain. 2. From the base of the pyramid to the top, (a) the number of organisms decrease (b) the size of the organisms increase (c) more energy is lost
3. Producers' number is the most and forms the base of the pyramid. 4. The number of producers is always greater than the number of primary consumers in order to provide sufficient food to the primary consumers. 5. The number of primary producers is greater than the number of secondary producers. Therefore, primary producers make up the second level of the pyramid, the level above the producers. 6. Secondary producers make up the third level of the pyramid. Tertiary consumers make up the fourth level of the pyramid and so on. 7. The final consumers are at the apex of the pyramid and are the least in number. 8. The flow of energy in a pyramid of numbers is the same as in a food chain.
3. The increase or decrease in the number of organisms will affect the equilibrium of the ecosystem. 4. All living organisms in an ecosystem depend on one another. If one group of organisms is removed, the balance of nature will be disturbed.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
1. Photosynthesis is an a process that occurs in green plants, in which food is made from water and carbon dioxide in the presence of cholophyll and sunlight.
3. The glucose produced is brought to other parts of the plant to be (a) oxidised through the process of respiration to provide energy. (b) stored as starch, if in excess.
1. A green leaf that has been exposed to sunlight is plucked. 2. A knife is used to cut it into several small pieces. 3. The leaf pieces are put in boiling water and boiled for five minutes. 4. The leaf pieces are boiled in alcohol for a few minutes. 5. The leaf pieces are soaked in hot water for a while. 6. The leaf pieces are placed on a white tile. A few drops of iodine solution are dripped onto the leaf pieces.
The leaf becomes dark blue when tested with iodine solution.
1. The leaf pieces are boiled in water to kill the cells and break the cell walls. 2. The leaf pieces are boiled in alcohol to remove chlorophyll. 3. The leaf pieces are soaked in hot water to soften them. 4. Plants store food in the form of starch in leaves.
1. Two potted plants are placed in the dark for two days. 2. The apparatus as shown in the Figure above is prepared. The apparatus is placed under the sun for two hours. 3. A leaf is plucked from each plant and tested for the presence of starch. 4. The observations are recorded in the table.
1. The green plant in apparatus A carried out photosynthesis. It produced starch in the presence of carbon dioxide. 2. The green plant in apparatus B did not carry out photosynthesis because there was no carbon dioxide in the air in the bell jar.
3. Both plants were placed in the dark for two days before the experiment to remove starch from the plant. 4. The sodium hydroxide solution absorbed carbon dioxide from the air.
1. The hypothesis made can be accepted. 2. Carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis.
1. The green plant in apparatus A did not carry out photosynthesis because no water was supplied. 2. The green plant in apparatus B carried out photosynthesis as water was supplied. 3. Water is absorbed by the plant through the roots.
1. A green potted plant is kept in the dark for two days. 2. A part of one leaf is covered with black paper as shown in the Figure above. Paper clips are used to hold the black paper in place. 3. The plant is placed under the sun for two days. 4. At the end of the experiment, the leaf is plucked and tested for the presence of starch. 5. The observations are recorded in the table below.
1. A part of the leaf was covered to prevent exposure to sunlight. 2. Photosynthesis does not take place without sunlight. 3. Sunlight supplies energy to the plant to break water molecules.
1. The green parts of the left have chlorophyll, which enables the plant to carry out photosynthesis. 2. The equation that represents photosynthesis is :
1. The carbon cycle is the circulation of carbon dioxide on Earth. It involves the use and return of carbon dioxide to the air. These processes take place continously. 2. The carbon cycles maintains the content of carbon dioxide in the air. 3. The processes that release carbon dioxide into the air include : (a) respiration or breathing. (b) combustion. (c) decomposition. 4. Photosynthesis, which takes place in green plants, removes carbon dioxide from the air.
5. The following is a summary of the processes that are involved in the carbon dioxide and oxygen cycles.
Environmental issues
Human activities cause pollution and have raised the following environmental issues : (a) the greenhouse effect (b) the thinning of the ozone layer. (c) acid rain.
Acid rain
1. Gases such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide dissolve in rainwater and form acid rain. 2. Acid rain can (a) destroy the habitats of living things (b) lower the soil pH value and make it unsuitable for plants. River water that is polluted by acid rain is no longer suitable for aquatic organisms.