Lecture Notes of Control Systems I - ME 431/Analysis and Synthesis of Linear Control System - ME862

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada

1







Lecture 15

Nyquist Criterion and Diagram















Lecture Notes of Control Systems I - ME 431/Analysis and Synthesis of Linear Control System - ME862


Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada

2
1. Review of System Stability and
Some Concepts Related to Poles and Zeros


1. 1 System stability

Consider the following closed-loop system:







The closed-loop transfer function, T(s), is



( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) s H s G
s G
s R
s C
s T
+
= =
1
) (

where ( ) ( ) s H s G is the open-loop transfer function, i.e., the equivalent transfer
function relating the error, E(s), to the feedback signal, B(s).



The closed-loop poles are the roots of the characteristic equation, i.e.,

( ) ( ) 0 1 = + s H s G



In order that the closed-loop system is stable, all of the closed-loop poles must be in the
left half plane (LHP).





B(s)
_
+
E(s) C(s) R(s)
G(s)
H(s)
Lecture Notes of Control Systems I - ME 431/Analysis and Synthesis of Linear Control System - ME862


Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada

3
1.2 Some Concepts Related to Poles and Zeros

For a function F(s) with a variable of s,

the poles of F(s) are the values of s such that = ) (s F ; and
the zeros of F(s) are the values of s such that 0 ) ( = s F .


Please note the above definition is consistent with the definition that we had for the
closed-loop poles/zeros and the open-loop poles/zeros. The closed-loop poles/zeros are
the poles/zeros of the closed-loop transfer function, i.e.,
( )
( ) ( ) s H s G
s G
+ 1
; and the open-
loop poles/zeros are the poles/zeros of the open-loop transfer function, i.e., ( ) ( ) s H s G .

Particularly, we have following relationships:

the closed-loop poles
= the roots of characteristic equation: ( ) ( ) 0 1 = + s H s G
= the zeros of ( ) ( ) s H s G + 1

the open-loop poles
= the poles of ( ) ( ) s H s G + 1

As an example, the above relationships can be verified by using
) 2 (
) 3 )( 1 (
) ( ) (

+
=
s s
s s
s H s G .
















Lecture Notes of Control Systems I - ME 431/Analysis and Synthesis of Linear Control System - ME862


Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada

4
2. Cauchys Principle of Argument

2.1 Mapping from s-plane to F-plane through a function of F(s)

For a point. Taking a complex number in the s-plane and substituting it into a function
of F(s), the result is also a complex number, which is represented in a new complex-plane
(called F-plane). This process is called mapping, specifically mapping a point from s-
plane to F-plane through F(s).


For a contour. Consider the collection of points in the s-plane (called a contour), shown
in the following figure as contour A. Using the above point mapping process through
F(s), we can also get a contour in the F-plane, shown in the following figure contour B.




Case 1: F(s) has one zero, i.e., a s s F = ) (




Case 2: F(s) has one pole, i.e.,
a s
s F

=
1
) (



Case 3: F(s) has a number of poles and zeros, i.e,
L
L
) )( (
) )( (
) (
2 1
2 1
p s p s
z s z s
s F


=



Lecture Notes of Control Systems I - ME 431/Analysis and Synthesis of Linear Control System - ME862


Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada

5
2.2 Cauchys Principle of Argument

The Cauchys Principle of Argument states that, if taking a clockwise contour in the s-
plane and mapping it to the F-plane through F(s),

The number of clockwise rotations about the origin of the contour in the F-plane, N
= The number of zeros of F(s) inside the contour in the s-plane, Z
- The number of poles of F(s) inside the contour in the s-plane, P

or simply

N = Z P




Example 1

Determine the number of clockwise rotations about the origin of the mapping through

) 4 )( 3 (
) 5 )( 2 )( 1 (
) (
+
+
=
s s
s s s
s F . If the contour in the s-plane includes the entire right half
plane, as shown in following figure.













Lecture Notes of Control Systems I - ME 431/Analysis and Synthesis of Linear Control System - ME862


Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada

6
3. Nyquist Criterion

Nyquist Contour: is the contour in the s-plane that includes the entire right half plane, as
shown in the proceeding page.

Now, lets consider ) ( ) ( 1 ) ( s H s G s F + = and the contour in the s-plane is the Nyquist
contour (i.e., the entire right half plane). Applying the Cauchys Principle of Argument,
we should have

The number of rotations about the origin of the mapping through ) ( ) ( 1 s H s G + , N
= The number of zeros of ) ( ) ( 1 s H s G + in the right half plane, Z
- The number of poles of ) ( ) ( 1 s H s G + in the right half plane, P

Please note

The mapping through ) ( ) ( s H s G is virtually the same as the one through
) ( ) ( 1 s H s G + , except that the contour is shifted one unit to the left. Thus, we can
count rotations about -1 instead of rotations about the origin in the above
statement.

The zeros of ) ( ) ( 1 s H s G + = the closed-loop poles.

The poles of ( ) ( ) s H s G + 1 = the open-loop poles or the poles of ( ) ( ) s H s G .


Therefore

The number of rotations about -1 of the mapping through ) ( ) ( s H s G , N
= The number of closed-loop poles in the right half plane, Z
- The number of open-loop poles in the right half plane, P

or

The number of closed-loop poles in the right half plane, Z
= The number of rotations about -1 of the mapping through ) ( ) ( s H s G , N
+ The number of open-loop poles in the right half plane, P


The above relationship is called the Nyquist Criterion; and the mapping through
) ( ) ( s H s G is called the Nyquist Diagram of ) ( ) ( s H s G

For a system to be stable, Z must be zero.
Lecture Notes of Control Systems I - ME 431/Analysis and Synthesis of Linear Control System - ME862


Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada

7
Example 2













(a) Nyquist contour
(b) Nyquist diagram
The following figures (a) and (b) show, respectively, the Nyquist contour (in which
denotes the location of an open loop pole) and the Nyquist diagram for a control system.
Determine the system stability using the Nyquist criterion.

Lecture Notes of Control Systems I - ME 431/Analysis and Synthesis of Linear Control System - ME862


Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada

8
4. Sketching the Nyquist Diagram

Suppose the open-loop transfer function
s
s H s G
+
=
1
1
) ( ) ( , sketch its Nyquist diagram.





Key Points of the polar plot:


GH
GH
0 = 1 0
= 0 -90
o

Cross Re:
0 =
=

See above


See above

Cross Re:
0 =
=

See above


See above

1 = rad/s 0.707 -45
o




Sketching the Nyquist diagram includes two steps:

(1) Sketch the mapping of Point A to Point B, which is the same as the polar plot of
frequency response for ) ( ) ( s H s G .

Note that the semicircle with a infinite radius, i.e., B-C-D, is mapped to the origin
if the order the denominator of ) ( ) ( s H s G is greater than the order the numerator
of ) ( ) ( s H s G .

(2) Sketch the mapping of Point A to Point D, which is the mirror image about the
real axis of the mapping of Point A to Point B.

Nyquist contour
A
B
C
D
Lecture Notes of Control Systems I - ME 431/Analysis and Synthesis of Linear Control System - ME862


Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada

9
Example 3

Sketch the Nyquist diagram for the system shown in the following figure, and then
determine the system stability using the Nyquist criterion.








Solution:

(1) Sketch the Nyquist diagram.

The open-loop transfer function:
) 10 )( 3 )( 1 (
500
) ( ) (
+ + +
=
s s s
s H s G .

Replacing s with j yields the frequency response of ) ( ) ( s H s G , i.e.,


) 43 ( ) 30 14 (
) 43 ( ) 30 14 (
500
) 43 ( ) 30 14 (
500
) 10 )( 3 )( 1 (
500
) ( ) (
2 3 2 2
3 2
3 2




+ +
+
=
+ +
=
+ + +
=
j
j j j j
j H j G


Magnitude response:

2 3 2 2
2 2
) 43 ( ) 30 14 (
500
Im Re ) ( ) (


+ +
= + = j H j G

Phase response:

( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
|
.
|

\
|
=

30 14
43
tan
Re
Im
tan ) ( ) (
2
3
1 1

j H j G


Cross Re: Im = 0

=
= = =
=
+ +


rad/s 56 . 6 and 0 0 43
0
) 43 ( ) 30 14 (
) 43 (
3
2 3 2 2
3

_
+
E(s)
C(s)
R(s)
) 10 )( 3 )( 1 (
500
+ + + s s s
Lecture Notes of Control Systems I - ME 431/Analysis and Synthesis of Linear Control System - ME862


Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada

10
Cross Im: Re = 0

=
= = +
=
+ +
+

rad/s 46 . 1 0 30 14
0
) 43 ( ) 30 14 (
30 14
2
2 3 2 2
2

Key Points of the polar plot: Nyquist diagram


GH
GH
0 = 16.67 0
= 0 -270
o

Cross Re:
0 =
=
56 . 6 = rad/s


See above
0.874


See above
-180
o

Cross Re:
0 =
=
46 . 1 = rad/s


See above
8.36


See above
-90
o




(2) Determine the system stability using the Nyquist criterion.

8.36j
-8.36j
-0.874
16.67
Im
Re