Project Report 9-07-2013

WI-FI Based Real Time Monitoring and Control System using Power Lin e Communication
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Automation essentially involves leveraging the power of technology to reduce the dependency on human presence and decision making for any process. It leverages different electronic equipment (either standalone or interlinked with appropriate applications) to control different parameters of any process. In these days of energy scarcity, it is prudent to save energy in every way possible and is paramount to make such systems as easy to use as possible so that people can use their appliances in a smarter way to save energy. It also enables people to be more energy conscious by enabling them to have a real time status of electric appliances. Automation also helps reduce peak hour power consumption by enabling people to turn off appliances at will remotely. This facilitates a constant power supply by having varied pricing policies for different times of day and night. The results are exceptionally good with the use of wireless technologies.
1.1 Objective of the Project

The main aim of the project is to design and develop an open source automation system for controlling electrical appliances using Power Line Communication (PLC) and monitoring the data. The objective of this project is to design a WSN using PLC to monitor and control the electrical appliances i.e. to inform appropriate individuals in a timely and cost effective manner and take suitable actions. The project further deals with the detection of temperature monitoring and controlling. This project is implemented taking an example of the temperature detection using sensor in the places like industries, hospitals, colleges etc. In this project, we present an automation system which is easy to implement and can report to the user, if the value exceeds the preset limit and also enables the user to send appropriate signals to control the appliances. Due to this flexibility of reporting, low cost due to use of PLC and easy implementation, the automation system will be preferred. The project describes the design for WSN response systems using Temperature sensor. Further, it deals to design and develop the system using the embedded technology,
Dept of ECE, SJCE, Mysore. 1
with the latest networking technology in the real time environment. The project will utilize open hardware for realizing its goals.
1.2 Methodology
The main aim of the project is to design and develop an open source automation system for controlling electrical appliances using power line communication and monitoring the data [1]. The experimental setup is as shown in the block diagram in Fig 1.1. Control messages are sent over Wi-Fi network from a Wi-Fi device to the PC which then couples the messages to the power lines using the micro controller with the serial port interface. Ubiquitous power lines are used as physical media to transmit data over 220V/50Hz signal to control appliances/equipment and to monitor.
Fig 1.1 Block diagram of Remote Monitoring and Control System Here we are monitoring the temperature and when this crosses the set limit the data is sent back to the PC and this will send the data to the cell phone and the user can get to know the temp details. The data from the microcontroller is coupled onto the power lines using a PLC modem and DCSK (Differential Code Shift Keying) modulation technique is employed to transmit data. The receiver unit consists of PLC modem plus microcontroller and can be connected anywhere in the power line network. The receivers
have addresses assigned to them and only respond to the commands sent to them by the transmitter PLC modem. The receiver unit controls the flow of electricity to the socket.
1.3 Scope of the Project

The proposed project aims at ensuring good monitoring and control of various industrial parameters. It provides a good automation system as it sends a warning message when the parameters exceed the preset limits. Also the system provides an easy access to either switch on/off the device based on the value of the parameter received. This system will be advancement in the industry, and also of low cost, since information can be transmitted through the existing power lines without having to rewire the system.
1.4 Organization of the Report

Rest of the thesis is organized as follows. Chapter 2 describes about the literature survey taken from the papers published in IEEE transactions and reputed websites related to the design and implementation of Wi-Fi based real time monitoring and control system using PLC. Chapter 3 explains about Communication Protocols like PLC, Wi-Fi and DSSS Modulation. Chapter 4 describes the hardware implementation PLC Module, PIC Microcontroller 18F458, Temperature sensor, Amplifier, MAX232, ULN2003, Relay and LCD. Chapter 5 gives the explanation of software implementation, Embedded C, MPLAB, JAVA basics and Flowcharts. Chapter 6 describes the results, conclusion and scope for future work. Appendix A gives the pin description and architecture of PIC18F458 microcontroller. Appendix B describes the information about description and other details of LM35. Appendix C explains the details about input voltage range and features of LM324. Appendix D gives the information about typical operating circuit and features of MAX232. Appendix E gives the details of ULN2003 Appendix F gives the features of PLC.
Dept of ECE, SJCE, Mysore.
Chapter 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 A Remote Controller for Home and Office Appliances by Telephone [5]
This paper describes the design and development of a phone -based remote controller for home and office automation. The circuit is designed based on the Turkish telephone standards and connected to the telephone network just like any normal telephone sets. Any tone dialing Dual Tone Multiple Frequency (DTMF) telephone set or hand-held tone dialer may be used to send commands to the control unit, and remotely control a wide range of mains appliances in homes and offices. The designed circuit can also detect user identification number for prevent non-authorized use of the control unit. The feedback signal informs to the user about the results of commands.
2.2 Remote-Controlled Home Automation Systems with different Network Technologies [6]
This paper describes an investigation into the potential for remote controlled operation of home automation systems. It considers problems with their implementation, discusses possible solutions through various network technologies and indicates how to optimize the use of such systems. The home is an eternal, heterogeneous, distributed computing environment (Greaves, 2002) which certainly requires a careful study before developing any suitable Home Automation System (HAS) that will accomplish its requirements. Nevertheless the latest attempts at introducing Home Automation Systems in actual homes for all kinds of users are starting to be Successful thanks to the continuous standardization process that is lowering the prices and making devices more useful and easier to use for the end user. Even so several important issues are always to be handled strictly before developing and installing a Home Automation System; factors like security, reliability, usefulness, robustness and price are critical to determine if the final product will accomplish the expected requirements.
2.3 Remote Control of Electrical Appliances via Power Line [7]

The presented work deals with problems of data transfer via power line 230 V for the purposes of remote control electrical appliances. The devices providing relative communication via power li ne for a one-family house were designed and assembled. The designed devices, namely the input-output unit, PC interface and the GSM gate, work on a bus principle. The bus is constructed by power line 230V. The designed devices are composed of the AVR microcontrollers and their mutual communication via power line is provided by TDA5051AT modem. Communication protocol, with which the devices work, was developed so that it corresponds with hardware resolution of particular devices. The particular devices were practically implemented and their activity was tested.
2.4 Street Public Light Control and Monitoring using PLC [8]
There may be tens of thousands of street lamps in the streets and along the highways. To inspect each lamp to check if it is working is an arduous task. Isn't it nice to have a system, which will automatically report if a lamp in a Public Lighting System has broken down. The infrastructure required for such self-reporting function must be very complicated and cost prohibitively high. It is not so, if ARCHNET power line modems are used. The ARCHNET power line modem makes use of the power cable as a communication medium and data communication can take place between two points on a power line without the need of a dedicated signal wires. An ARCHNET power line modem and a sensor connected at the power source of the street lamp of a public lighting system can sense the current flow through the lamp, thus monitoring the operation of the street lamp. If the lamp breaks down, the modem will report the address code of the lamp report back to the monitoring station through the power cable. At the Public Lighting control station, a signal will flash on the screen giving the location of the street lamp.
2.5 A Practical Intelligent Home System Based on PLC [9]

This paper presents a practical, cost-effective intelligent home system based on power line communication, in which manual keypad control, speech control and GSM/GPRS remote control are implemented. In this system, speech control is for old men and handicapped people who are unable to operate home appliances. A focusing
fuzzy template matching algorithm is proposed to improve the accuracy of speech recognition under noisy background. GSM/GPRS remote control makes operation of home appliances and home surveillance feasible anywhere. Because of the implementation of power line communication technology, no rewiring is required, thus making the installation of such system simple, low cost and efficient, which is favorable for the popularization of intelligent home.
2.6 Wireless Networking for Sugar Industries through PLCC Technique [10]
This paper discusses the new approach of parameters monitoring for drives through Power Line Carrier Communication. Using this technique parameters likes speed, voltage, current and power factors are monitored by using exceed power leads as a communication media. The communication media are located in two different places for sending and receiving the data which require existing 50Hz power line. This communication circuit uses an asynchronous serial Communication protocol and an FSK modulation for realizing frequency multiplexing in the power line. These monitoring systems used for an inverter-fed induction machine are constructed using this power line communication link. A prototype model was demonstrated satisfactory within the limited distance.
2.7 Remote Data Acquisition Using Wireless SCADA System [11]

This project has developed an integrated wireless SCADA system for monitoring and accessing the performance of remotely situated device parameter such as temperature, pressure, humidity on real time basis. For this the infrastructure of the existing mobile network has been used, which is based on GPRS technique. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is a field of constant development and research. This project investigates on creating an extremely low cost device which can be adapted to many different SCADA applications via some very basic programming and plugging in the relevant peripherals. Much of the price in some expensive SCADA applications is a result of using specialized communication infrastructure. The application of existing infrastructure in the proposed scheme will reduce the cost. Additionally the generic nature of the device will be assured.
Chapter 3
COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
This chapter gives the details of different communication protocols like PLC, Wi-Fi and DSSS modulation techniques.
3.1 Power Line Communication System

Power line communication or power line carrier (PLC), also known as power line digital subscriber line (PDSL), mains communication, power line telecom (PLT), power line networking (PLN), or broadband over power lines (BPL) are systems for carrying data on a conductor also used for electric power transmission. A wide range of power line communication technologies are needed for different applications, ranging from home automation to Internet access. Electrical power is transmitted over long distances using high voltage transmission lines, distributed over medium voltages, and used inside buildings at lower voltages. Most PLC technologies limit themselves to one set of wires (such as premises wiring within a single building), but some can cross between two levels (for example, both the distribution network and premises wiring). Typically transformers prevent propagating the signal, which requires multiple technologies to form very large networks. Various data rates and frequencies are used in different situations. A number of difficult technical problems are common between wireless and power line communication, notably those of spread spectrum radio signals operating in a crowded environment. Potential interference, for example, has long been a concern of amateur radio groups. Power line communications systems operate by impressing a modulated carrier signal on the wiring system. Different types of power line communications use different frequency bands, depending on the signal transmission characteristics of the power wiring used. Since the power distribution system was originally intended for transmission of AC power at typical frequencies of 50 or 60Hz, power wire circuits have only a limited ability to carry higher frequencies. The propagation problem is a limiting factor for each type of power line communications.
Data rates and distance limits vary widely over many power line communication standards. Low-frequency (about 100200 kHz) carriers impressed on high-voltage transmission lines may carry one or two analog voice circuits, or telemetry and control circuits with an equivalent data rate of a few hundred bits per second; however, these circuits may be many miles long. Higher data rates generally imply shorter ranges; a local area network operating at millions of bits per second may only cover one floor of an office building, but eliminates the need for installation of dedicated network cabling.
3.1.1 ATL90 Series PLC Modem

ATL90 series Embedded PLC modem series is based on the Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Technology. The new technology in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) is well known for its high immunity to electrical noise persistent in the power line. With the new solution, the form factor of the PLC modem is further reduced and its cost lowered [2]. The Embedded PLC Modem is in the form of a ready-to-go circuit module, which is capable of transferring data over the power cable at the low voltage end of the power transformer of a 3-phase/ 4-wire distribution network. A pair of Embedded PLC Modems connected on the power line can provide low speed bi-directional data communication at a baud rate of 300/600 bps. It is built in a small form factor that can be easily integrated into and become part of the user's power line data communication system.
3.1.2 Block Diagram of PLC Modem

The operation of the PLC Modem can be better understood by its block diagram. Fig 3.1 shows the General Block Diagram of the ATL90 series PLC Modem. A Power Line Communication Modem system begins with a modulated signal entering the receiver stage, or active band pass filter where the op-amp selected for the filter should provide low noise, low harmonic distortion, and low input bias as seen in TIs OPA365 or OPA353. Scaling the received signal by using a Programmable Gain Amplifier (PGA) such as the PGA112 allows for a wide dynamic range and optimal signal processing. It needs to connect to the input of an Analog to Digital Converter fast and accurate enough to properly convert to a digital form for processing. This is done
thanks to the onchip 12-bit ADC of the F28235 Delfino or F2802x/03x Piccolo microcontroller member of the scalable C2000 32-bit microcontroller (MCU) family. The 12-bit ADC operates at up to 12.5 MSPS and also includes triggering mechanisms for support of multi-frequency and phase sampling (2 sample and hold functions). The C2000 MCU family then enables developers to support multiple modulations on the same hardware, thus eliminating the need to redesign the modem to support different modulation or standards. This makes the C2000 32 -bit MCU family a smart and flexible platform for Power Line Communication implementation.
Fig 3.1 General Block Diagram of PLC Modem Processed signals are injected back into the power grid by the PLC transmitter stage that drives a high output current. The control can be done using the C2000 PWMs support duty cycle resolution down to 150 ps to enable more control over harmonics and reduce sample-to-output delay. The transmitter stage must be carefully designed to take digital signals from the MCU, filter them to eliminate out of band emissions and drive the low impedance of the AC power line. The OPA564 is a 24V, 1.5A, 17 MHz power opamp designed for the rigorous demands of the PLC line driver. Further improvements in integration, performance and cost can be realized when combining the AFE031, a highly
integrated PLC Analog Front End with the C20000TM. The AFE031 integrates the transmit filter, power amplifier, receive filter and PGA in a programmable integrated circuit designed just for PLC. The resulting modem MCU + AFE can directly communicate with outside systems (both wired and wireless applications) via one of C2000TM serial interface options including CAN, I2C, LIN, SPI or UART. TI PLC software is delivered in the PLC Suite library and enables developers to support several modulations and standards on one unique design. Developers can implement SFSK IEC61334, PRIME and G3 standards as well as Flex OFDM for custom OFDM implementation and is scalable for the incoming standards. From the power management perspective, the PLC module can take its power from existing system DC rails or directly from the mains AC power it is communicating over. In the case of the latter, 115V, 60Hz in the U.S. (or 230V, 50Hz in Europe and Asia) needs to be filtered and converted to isolated DC power for the MCU, AFE and various support components. The UCC28600 or UCC28610 Fly back Green-Mode Controller is ideal for providing an isolated 12V or 15V DC rail that can be used directly for the power amplifier and into a DCDC module, such as the PTH08080W, or buck converter, such as the TPS54231, to provide low voltage (5V) PLC system rail. The addition of a linear regulator such as the TPS79533 LDO can provide a low-noise 3.3V rail for use by low power components such as the MCU, PGA, op amps, USB transceivers, and any additional digital or analog components.
3.1.3 Features of PLC Modem

Some of the features of PLC modem are as follows: Embedded ready-to-go Power Line Carrier Modem module with SMT components. Small form factor for easy of system integration. Bi-directional half-duplex data communication over the mains. Applicable to universal mains voltage and frequency up to 250V, 50 - 60 Hz. Protocol independent, data transfer transparent to user's data terminals. High noise immunity and reliable data communication.
Simple serial interface to user's data devices. Built-in on board AC coupling circuit with direct connection to mains. Built-in carrier generation and detection. Baud rate of 300/600 bps. Selectable TTL and RS232C level serial interface to user's data devices. Built with industrial grade components for operation under harsh environment.
3.1.4 Applications of the PLC

Some of the important applications of the PLC are Home Automation Automatic Meter Reading Process Control Heating and Ventilation Control Air Conditioning Control Lighting Control Status Monitoring and Control Intelligent Buildings Fire and Security Alarm System Power Distribution Management
3.2 Wireless Communication

Wireless communication is used to transfer information over short distance of a few meters as in TV (Tele Vision) remote control or long distance thousands of millions of km for radio communication. The term is often shortened to wireless. It encompasses various types of fixed, and portable two way radios, cellular telephone, Personal Digital Assistant (PDAs) and wireless networking, other examples of wireless networking includes GPS (Global Positioning Systems) units garage door openers, wireless computer mouse, keyboard and handsets, satellite TV and cordless telephones. Its operation permits service such as long range communication that is impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires. The term is commonly used in telecommunication industry to refer
telecommunication system for example radio transmitter and receiver, remote controllers which use some form of energy for example radio frequency, Infrared light, laser light to transfer information without the use of wires. Information is transferred in this manner over both short and long distance. In our project we are using Wi-Fi as a wireless communication.
3.2.1 Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi is a popular technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data wirelessly using radio waves over a computer network, including high speed internet connections.
3.2.2 Working of Wi-Fi

Radio waves are used for the working of Wi-Fi technology. The Wi-Fi network's most common encryption module named as wired equivalent privacy is considered to be the safest. The use and access to Wi-Fi network is really simple. The wireless adapter of the computer and the wireless router play an important role in its working. The adapter receives data from the computer in digital form. This data, after its conversion in radio waves is sent to the router by means of an antenna. The router decodes the signal and sends it to the internet. The process is reversed when information is sent from the internet to a computer. The difference between the radio waves sent by Wi-Fi and those sent by walkie-talkies and cell phones is that Wi-Fi uses high frequency waves.
3.2.3 Wi-Fi Working in Laptop or Desktop

There are three most important items which makes Wi-Fi working in laptop or desktop. These are
Fig 3.2: Wi-Fi Working
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1. Radio Signals 2. Wi-Fi Card which fits in laptop or computer 3. Hotspots which create Wi-Fi Network
Radio Signals: Radio Signals are the keys which make Wi-Fi networking possible.
These radio signals transmitted from Wi-Fi antennas are picked up by Wi-Fi receivers such as computers and cell phones that are equipped with Wi-Fi cards. Whenever a computer receives any signals within the range of a Wi-Fi network which is usually 300500 feet for antennas, the Wi-Fi card will read the signals and thus create an internet connection between the user and the network without the use of a cord. Access points which consist of antennas and routers are the main source which transmit and receive radio waves. Antennas work stronger and have a longer radio transmission with a radius of 300-500 feet which are used in public areas while the weaker yet effective router is more suitable for homes with a radio transmission of 100150 feet.
Wi-Fi Cards: Wi-Fi card as being an invisible cord that connects computer to the
antenna for a direct connection to the internet. Wi-Fi cards can be external or internal, meaning that if a Wi-Fi card is not installed in a computer, USB antenna attachment has to be purchase and have it externally connect to USB port, or have an antenna-equipped expansion card installed directly to the computer. For laptops, this card will be a Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) card in which you insert to the PCMCIA slot on the laptop.
Wi-Fi Hotspots: A Wi-Fi hotspot is created by installing an access point to an internet

connection. The access point transmits a wireless signal over a short distance, typically covering around 300 feet. When a Wi-Fi enabled device, such as a pocket PC, encounters a hotspot, the device can then connect to that network wirelessly. Most hotspots are located in places that are readily accessible to the public like airports, coffee shops, hotels, book stores and campus environments. 802.11b is the most common specification for hotspots worldwide. The 802.11g standard is backwards compatible with .11b but .11a uses a different frequency range and requires separate hardware such as an a, a/g, or a/b/g
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adapter. The largest public Wi-Fi networks are provided by private Internet Service Providers (ISPs) that charge a fee for users to connect to the internet. Any notebook computer with integrated wireless, a wireless adapter attached to the motherboard by the manufacturer, or a wireless adapter such as a PCMCIA card can access a wireless network. Furthermore, all pocket PCs or palm units with compact flash, SD I/O support, or built-in Wi-Fi, can access hotspots. Some Hotspots require Wireless Encryption Protocol (WEP) key to connect that is the connection is considered to be private or secure. As for open connections, anyone with a Wi-Fi card can gain access to that hotspot. So in order for a user to gain access to the internet under WEP, the user must input the WEP key code.
3.2.4 Communication ranges

Wi-Fi networks have limited range. A typical wireless access point using 802.11b or 802.11g with a stock antenna might have a range of 32m (120 ft) indoors and 95m (300 ft) outdoors. Range also varies with frequency band. Wi-Fi in the 2.4GHz frequency block has slightly better range than Wi-Fi in the 5GHz frequency block which is used by 802.11a. On wireless routers with detachable antennas, it is possible to improve range by fitting upgraded antennas which have higher gain in particular directions. Outdoor ranges can be improved to many kilometers through the use of high gain directional antennas at the router and remote devices. Due to reach requirements for wireless LAN applications, Wi-Fi has fairly high power consumption compared to some other standards. Technologies such as Bluetooth designed to support wireless PAN applications provide a much shorter propagation range of less than 10m and so in general have lower power consumption. Other low-power technologies such as Zigbee have fairly long range, but much lower data rate. The high power consumption of Wi-Fi makes battery life in mobile devices a concern.
3.2.5 Advantages of Wi-Fi

Following are the advantages of Wi-Fi 1. Wi-Fi allows cheaper deployment of Local Area Networks (LANs). Also spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs.
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2. Manufacturers are building wireless network adapters into most laptops. The price of chipsets for Wi-Fi continues to drop, making it an economical networking option included in even more devices. 3. Wi-Fi Protected Access encryption (WPA2) is considered secure, provided a strong passphrase is used. New protocols for quality of service make Wi-Fi more suitable for latency sensitive applications such as voice and video. Powers saving mechanisms extend battery life.
3.2.6 Sockets protocol

In computer networking, an Internet socket or network socket is an endpoint of a bidirectional inter-process communication flow across an internet protocol based computer network, such as the internet. The Fig 3.3 below shows the socket connection.
Fig 3.3: Block Diagram Showing Communication through Sockets The term Internet socket is also used as a name for an application programming interface (API) for the TCP/IP protocol stack, usually provided by the operating system. Internet sockets constitute a mechanism for delivering incoming data packets to the appropriate application process or thread, based on a combination of local and remote IP addresses and port numbers. Each socket is mapped by the operating system to a communicating application process or thread. A socket address is the combination of an IP address (the location of the computer) and a port (which is mapped to the application program process) into a single identity, much like one end of a telephone connection is the combination of a phone number and a particular extension. An Internet socket is characterized by a unique combination of the following: Local socket address, Local IP addresses and port number. Remote socket address is used for establishing TCP sockets. As discussed in the ClientServer section below, this is necessary since a TCP server may serve several clients concurrently. The server creates one socket for each client, and these sockets share the same local socket address.
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The term socket refers to an entity that is uniquely identified by the socket number. In other sense, the socket term refers to a local socket address, i.e. a "combination of an IP address and a port number". In the original definition of socket given in RFC 147, as it was related to the ARPA network in 1971, the socket is specified as a 32 bit number with even sockets identifying receiving sockets and odd sockets identifying sending sockets. Today however, socket communications are bidirectional. On UNIX and Microsoft Windows based operating systems the net state command line tool may be used to list all currently established sockets and related information.
3.3 DSSS Modulation

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) as shown in Figure 3.4, is a spread spectrum technique whereby the original data signal is multiplied with a pseudo random noise spreading code. This spreading code has a higher chip rate (the bit rate of the code), which results in a wideband time continuous scrambled signal.
Fig 3.4: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum DSSS significantly improves protection against interfering (or jamming) signals, especially narrowband and makes the signal less noticeable. It also provides security of transmission if the code is not known to the public. These reasons make DSSS very popular by the military. In fact, DSSS was first used in the 1940s by the military. DSSS can also be used as a multiple access technique, whereby several different pseudo random spreading codes are being used simultaneously. This multiple access technique is better known as Direct Sequence CDMA.
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Chapter 4
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
This chapter deals with the working principle of project and hardware description of PIC microcontroller, PLC modem, Temperature sensor, Amplifier, MAX232, Relay, LCD and ULN2003.
4.1 Principle of Operation

A Wi-Fi enabled device is used as means of input. A Cell phone with Wi-Fi & Android based is used for this purpose, which provides the user with a touch screen interface facilitating ease of use. A Wi-Fi network is rst setup using a wireless router. The PC connects to the PLC Modem through a RS232 interface. An application on the device consists of keypad that enables us to send signals to the PC through Wi-Fi. These signals are sent to PLC modem. When a user presses a particular number, specic messages are sent over the Wi-Fi network to the PLC modem through PC . PLC modem transmits data signals through the existing power lines to the other side PLC Modem.
Fig 4.1 Block diagram of Wi-Fi based real time Monitoring and Control system Using PLC.
PLC modem sends this data signals to the PIC Microcontroller. The microcontroller converts these messages into simple control signals. The commands sent by the microcontroller to switch ON/OFF an appliance are not sent directly to the appliance, but rather these commands are broadcasted over the power lines using a PLC transmitter. The microcontroller sends data to the PLC modem using UART protocol. Each end appliance has a PLC receiver plus microcontroller combination to listen to these commands, if the commands are intended to the corresponding appliance; it switches ON/OFF the appliance. Fig 4.1 shows the block diagram of Wi-Fi based real time Monitoring and Control system using PLC. On the other hand if the parameters of a particular appliance exceed a threshold or preset limit then the microcontroller sends data signal to the PLC modem using UART Protocol. The PLC modem on the other side receives this signal through the existing Power lines. These signals are sent to the PC through RS232 interface. PC will send information to the cell phone via Wi-Fi for monitoring parameters. Here we are monitoring the temperature and when this crosses the set limit the data is sent back to the PC and this will send the data to the cell phone through Wi-Fi and the user can get to know the temperature details.
4.2 Hardware Description

The following sections briefly describe the hardware components used in this project.
4.2.1 PLC Modem ATL90115-1

The ATL90115 series Embedded PLC Modem is a ready to go circuit module, which is capable of transferring data over the power cable at the low voltage end of the power transformer of a 3-phase/ 4-wire distribution network. Fig 4.2 shows PLC Modem ATL90115-1 used in the project.
Fig 4.2 PLC Modem ATL90115-1

A pair of Embedded PLC Modems connected on the power line can provide low speed bi-directional data communication at a baud rate of 300 bps. It is built in a small form factor that can be easily integrated into and become part of the user's power line data communication system. The PLC modem is based on the Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Technology, which ensures high noise immunity and reliable data communication.
Fig 4.3 ATL90115-1 Application Diagram Application Diagram for the single phase of the ATL90115 is shown in Fig 4.3. This PLC Module provides bi-directional half-duplex data communication over the mains of any voltage up to 250V AC, and for frequency of 50 or 60 Hz. It does not require any protocol to function and therefore is protocol independent. Data flow through PLC modem as if it is a channel and therefore it is transparent to the Data Devices. As a result, with users proper addressing and communication protocol, multiple units can be connected to the mains without affecting the operation of one another. There is no hassle of building interface circuits. It has a built-in onboard AC coupling circuit, which allows direct and simple connection to the mains. Interface to users data devices is a simple data -in and data-out serial link. Power to the PLC Modem circuit module is a single +12v DC supply.
4.2.2 PIC Microcontroller

The microcontroller used for his system is PIC 18F458. Fig 4.4 shows PIC18F458 Pin details. The PIC families of microcontrollers are developed by microchip Technology Inc [3]. Features The CPU uses Harvard architecture with separate program and variable (data) memory
interface. This facilitates instruction fetch and the operation on data accessing of variables simultaneously. Basically, all PIC microcontrollers offer the following features: RISC instruction set On-chip timer with 8 bit prescaler Power on reset Watchdog timer Power saving SLEEP Mode Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes External clock interface RAM data memory EPROM Program memory
Some devices offer the following additional features: Analogue input channels Analogue comparators Additional timer circuits EEPROM data memory Flash EEPROM program memory External and timer interrupts USART serial interface Internal oscillator
Pin Description: PIC18F458 is a 40 pin microcontroller. It has 5 ports Port A, port B, port C, port D, port E. All the pins of the ports for interfacing input output devices. Port A [Analog]: It consists of 6 pins from A0 to A5 Port B [Interrupt]: It consists of 8 pins from B0 to B7 Port C [serial communication]: It consists of 8 pins from C0 to C7 Port D [LCD]: It consists of 8 pins from D0 to D7
Port E [Enable]: It consists of 3pins from E0 to E2 The rest of the pins are mandatory pins these should not be used to connect input/output devices. Pin 1 is MCLR (master clear pin) also referred as reset pin. Pin 13, 14 are used for connecting the crystal oscillator to generate a frequency of about 20MHz.
Fig 4.4 PIC 18F458 Pin Details
4.2.2.1 Analog to Digital converter (ADC): External signals are usually fundamentally different from those the
microcontroller understands (zero and one); so that they have to be converted in order the microcontroller can understand them. An analog-to digital converter is an electronic circuit which converts continuous signals to discrete digital numbers. This module is therefore used to convert some analog value into binary number and forwards it to the CPU for further processing. In other words, this module is used for input pin voltage measurement (analog value). The result of measurement is a number (digital value) used and processed later in the program.
The Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Converter module has five inputs for the PIC18F2X8 devices and eight for the PIC18F4X8 devices. This module has the ADCON0 and ADCON1 register definitions that are compatible with the PICmicro mid-range A/D module. The A/D allows conversion of an analog input signal to a corresponding 10-bit digital number. 4.2.2.2 UART A universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter, abbreviated UART, is a type of "asynchronous receiver/transmitter", a piece of computer hardware that translates data between parallel and serial forms. For serial data transfer UART is often used because of its simple design. Serial transmission is commonly used with modems and for non-networked communication between computers, terminals and other devices. There are two primary forms of serial transmission Synchronous and Asynchronous.
The device changes parallel information to serial, which can be sent on communication line. The UART usually does not directly generate or receive the external signals used between different items of equipment. Separate interface devices are used to convert the logic level signals of the UART to and from the external signaling levels. External signals may be of many different forms. Examples of standards for voltage signaling are RS-232, RS-422 and RS-485 from the EIA. In UART we are using a standard protocol i.e. RS-232.
4.2.2.3 Liquid Crystal Display A liquid crystal display is a thin, flat display device as shown in Fig 4.5 is made up of many number of color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector and it consumes very low power which makes it user compatible. Each pixel of LCD consists of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are perpendicular to each other. The liquid crystal twists the polarization of light entering through one filter to allow it to pass through the other filter. For an 8-bit data bus, the display requires a +5V
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supply and 11 I/O lines. When the LCD display is not enabled, data lines are tri-state and they do not interfere with the operation of the microcontroller.
Fig 4.5 Pin Details of 16x2 line LCD There are three signals in the LCD: Enable, Read/Write and Register select. 1. Enable (E): This line allows access to the display through R/W and RS lines. When this line is low, the LCD is disabled and when it is high, the LCD checks the state of the two control lines and responds accordingly. 2. Read/Write (R/W): This line determines the direction of data between the LCD and microcontroller and when it is low, data is written to the LCD. When it is high, data is read from the LCD.
3. Register Select (RS): With the help of this line, the LCD interprets the type of data on data lines and when it is low, an instruction is being written to the LCD. When it is high, a character is being written to the LCD.
4.2.3 RS232
RS232 (Recommended Standard 232) is the traditional name for a serial binary single ended data and control signal connecting between a DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) and a DCE (Data Circuit terminating Equipment) this defines each device which wires will be sending and receiving each signal. Table 4.1 RS232 Logic Levels RS232 Line Type & Logic Level Data Transmission (Rx/Tx) Logic 0 Data Transmission (Rx/Tx) Logic 1 Control Signals (RTS/CTS/DTR/DSR) Logic 0 Control Signals (RTS/CTS/DTR/DSR) Logic 1
4.
RS232 Voltage +3 V to +15 V -3 V to -15 V -3 V to -15 V +3 V to +15 V
TTL Voltage to/from MAX232 0V 5V 5V 0V
The standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size and pin out of connectors. The RS232 standard defines the voltage levels that corresponding to logical one and logical zero levels for the data transmission and the control signal lines. The Table 4.1 shows the RS232 logic levels.
Fig 4.6 RS232 Pin Diagram The standard specifies a maximum open circuit voltage of 25 V, signal levels of +/- 5 V, +/-10 V, +/- 12 V, and +/- 15 V are all commonly seen depending on the power supplies available within device. Fig 4.6 shows the 9 pin configuration of RS232. The standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size and pin out of connections. RS232 drivers and receivers
must be able to withstand indefinite short circuit to ground or to any voltage level up to +/- 25 V. Both synchronous and asynchronous transmissions are supported.
4.2.4 MAX232
The MAX232 from maxim was the first IC which is one package contains the necessary drivers and receivers, to adapt the RS232 signal voltage levels to TTL logic. It became popular, because it just needs +5 V and generates the necessary RS232 voltage levels. The pin configuration of MAX232 is shown in Fig 4.7. In serial communication the line that is used to transmit data is called Tx and the line used to receive data is called Rx. The PIC Microcontroller uses TTL level for logic that is a 1 is a 5 V and 0 is 0 V but RS232 standard uses different scheme for logic level, so we need a level converter in between. The data is ready to be fed to a standard serial port of PC. All good development boards have an on board level converter. The MAX 232 IC is a industry standard chip for the purpose of level conversion between RS232 and TTL signals. Serial cable has been used to connect the MAX232 to PC.
Fig 4.7 Pin Configuration of MAX232 Serial cable has male and female DB9 connector. Pin 13 and 8 of MAX232 have been connected to DB9 port in order to transfer information to the computer. Pins 12 and 9 on the MAX232 have been connected to PIC, port C pin C6 and C7 in order to transfer information signals to PIC. The voltage supply of 5V for Max232 can be achieved through the schematic circuit which has standard capacitance. Voltage Levels It is helpful to understand what occurs to the voltage levels. When a MAX232 IC receives a TTL level to convert, it changes a TTL Logic 0 to between +3 and +15 V, and changes TTL Logic 1 to between -3 to -15 V, and vice versa for converting from RS232
to TTL. The different voltage levels as shown in Table 4.1 of RS-232 and TTL voltage to and from MAX232. This can be confusing when one realize that the RS-232 Data Transmission voltages at a certain logic state are opposite from the RS-232 Control Line voltages at the same logic state. For data transmission lines TXD, RXD and their secondary channel equivalents logic one is defined as a negative voltage and the signal condition is called marking. Logic zero is defined as positive and the signal condition is termed spacing. Control signals are logically inverted with respect to what one sees on the data transmission lines. When one of these signals is active, the voltage on the line will be between +3 to +15 volts and the inactive state for these signals is the opposite voltage condition, between 3 and 15 volts. The voltage levels are higher than logic levels typically used by integrated circuits, special intervening driver circuits are required to translate logic levels and also protect the device's internal circuitry from short circuits or transients.
4.2.5 LM35 Temperature Sensor

The LM35 series are precision integrated circuit temperature sensor is shown in the Fig.4.8 whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of 14C at room temperature and 34C over a full 55 to +150C temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level.
LM 35
Vcc O/P Gnd
Fig 4.8 Temperature Sensor LM35 LM35 can be applied easily in the same way as other integrated circuit temperature sensors. It can be glued or cemented to a surface and its temperature will be within about 0.01C of the surface temperature. This presumes that the ambient air
temperature is almost the same as the surface temperature; if the air temperature were much higher or lower than the surface temperature, the actual temperature of the LM35 would be an intermediate temperature between the surface temperature and the air temperature. The copper leads are the principal thermal path to carry heat in the devices, so its temperature might be close to the air temperature than to the surface temperature. The LM35s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 A from its supply, it has very low self heating, less than 0.1C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a 55 to +150C temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a 40 to +110C range. The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-92 transistor package. To minimize this problem, the wiring to the LM35 as it leaves the devices, held is at the same temperature as the surface of interest. The easiest way to do this is to cover up these wires with a bead of epoxy, which will insure that the leads and wires are all the same temperature as the surface and that the LM35s temperature is not affected by the air. The LM35 can be applied easily in the same way as other integrated-circuit temperature sensors. It can be glued or cemented to a surface and its temperature will be within about 0.01C of the surface temperature. If the air temperature were much higher or lower than the surface temperature, the actual temperature of the LM35 die would be at an intermediate temperature between the surface temperature and the air temperature. This is especially true for the TO-92 plastic package, where the copper leads are the principal thermal path to carry heat into the device, so its temperature might be closer to the air temperature than to the surface temperature. Alternatively, LM35 mounted can be inside a sealed end metal tube and is then dipped into a bath or screwed into a threaded hole in a tank. The LM35 and accompanying wiring and circuits must be kept insulated and deep, to avoid leakage and corrosion. This is especially true if the circuit coatings and varnishes such as epoxy paints or dips often used are to insure that moisture cannot corrode the LM35 or its connections.
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4.2.6 LM324 Operational Amplifier

The LM324 series are low cost, quad operational amplifiers with true differential inputs. They have several distinct advantages over standard operational amplifier types in single supply applications. The quad amplifier can operate at supply voltages as low as 3.0V or as high as 32V with quiescent currents about one fifth of those associated. The common mode input range includes the negative supply, thereby eliminating the necessity for external biasing components in many applications. The output voltage range also includes the negative power supply voltage. In the linear mode, the input common mode voltage range includes ground and the output voltage can also swing to ground, even though operated from only a single power supply voltage. The unity gain crossover frequency and the input bias current are Temperature compensated. LM324 has large dc voltage gain up to 100 dB, wide bandwidth is about 1MHz. It has Wide power supply range Single supply 3Vdc to 30Vdc and Low input biasing current and offset voltage. True Differential input stage is considered, and is internally compensated. The LM324 consists of four independent, high-gain, internally frequencycompensated operational amplifiers designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. The LM324 series is made using four internally compensated, two stage operational amplifiers. Another feature of this input stage is that the input common mode range can include the negative supply, in single supply operation, without saturating either the input devices or the differential to single ended converter.
Fig 4.9: Pin Description of LM324
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Pin description of LM324 is as shown in Fig 4.9. The first stage consists of differential input devices Q20 and Q18 with input buffer transistors Q21 and Q17 and the differential to single ended converter Q3 and Q4. The first stage performs not only the first stage gain function but also performs the level shifting and transconductance reduction functions. By reducing the transconductance, a smaller compensation capacitor can be employed, thus saving chip area. The transconductance reduction is accomplished by splitting the collectors of Q20 and Q18.
4.2.7 ULN2003
The ULN2003 is a high voltage and high current Darlington transistor array. It consists of seven NPN Darlington pairs that feature high voltage output with common cathode clamp diodes for switching inductive loads. The collector current rating of a single Darlington pairs is 50 mA. The Darlington pairs can be paralleled for higher current capability. Applications include relay drivers, hammer drivers, lamp drivers, display drivers and logic buffer. Fig 4.10 shows the pin configuration of ULN2003.
Fig 4.10 Pin Diagram of ULN2003 The key features of ULN2003 are 500 mA rated collector current (single output), high voltage output, and output clamp diodes and input compatible with various type of logic and relay driver applications. A Darlington pairs consists of two transistors which are connected in series, output of one transistor drives the other transistors. The amplification done at one transistor is enhanced by other transistor. Fig 4.11 shows Darlington pairs. The seven NPN Darlington connected transistors in these arrays are well suited for driving lamps, relays, or printer hammers in a variety of industrial and consumer
applications. Their high breakdown voltage and internal suppression diodes insure freedom from problems associated with inductive loads. Peak inrush currents to 500 mA permit them to drive incandescent lamps. The ULx2003A with a 2.7 k series input resistor is well suited for systems utilizing a 5.0 V TTL or CMOS Logic.
Fig 4.11 Darlington pairs
4.2.8 Relay
Relay is an electrically operated switch which is as shown in Fig 4.12. The current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts.
Fig 4.12 Circuit diagram of a Relay
30
The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and they are double throw (changeover) switches. Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits; the link is magnetic and mechanical. The relay's switch connections are usually labeled C, NC and NO. C indicates Common, always connected; it is the moving part of the switch. NC indicates Normally Closed, C is connected to this when the relay coil is off. NO indicates Normally Open, C is connected to this when the relay coil is on. As shown in the in Fig 4.12, coil of a relay passes a relatively large current , typically 30mA for a 12V relay, but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from lower voltages. Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually used to amplify the small IC current to the larger value required for the relay coil. The coil will be obvious and it may be connected either way round. Relay coils produce brief high voltage 'spikes' when they are switched off and this can destroy transistors and ICs in the circuit. To prevent damage a protection diode must be connected across the relay coil.
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Chapter 5
SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
This chapter briefs about the different software tools used in the project like MPLAB, Java basics and flowchart of the program.
5.1 Embedded C
The C programming language is the most popular programming language for programming embedded systems. C is a general purpose, block structured, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the UNIX operating system. Although C was designed for implementing system software, it is also widely used for developing application software. C is a high level programming language that is portable across many hardware architectures. This means that architecture specific features such as register definitions, initialization and start up code must be made available to our program via the use of libraries and include files. C remains a very popular language for microcontroller developers due to the code efficiency and reduces overhead and development time. C offers low-level control and is considered more readable than assembly. Many free C compilers are available for a wide variety of development platforms. The compilers are part of an IDEs with ICD support, breakpoints, single stepping and an assembly window. The performance of C compilers has improved considerably in recent years, and they are claimed to be more or less as good as assembly. Most tools now offers options for customizing the compiler optimization. Additionally, using C increases portability, since C code can be compiled for different types of processors.
5.2 MPLAB IDE

MPLAB IDE is a Windows based IDE for the Microchip Technology Incorporated PIC microcontroller families. MPLAB IDE allows writing, debugging and optimizing PIC microcontroller application for firmware product designs. IDE is abbreviated as Integrated Development Environment. It includes a text editor, simulator and project manager. It runs under Microsoft Windows 3.1x, Windows 95/98, Windows
NT or Windows 2000. It provides function that allows creating and editing source files, group files into projects, debugging source code and debugs executable logic using this simulator. MPLAB IDE allows creating and editing source code by providing full feature text editor. Further, it can easily debug source code with the aid of a Build Results window that displays the errors found by the compiler, assembler and linker when generating executable files. A Project Manager allows to group source files, pre-compile object files, libraries and link script files into a project format. The MPLAB IDE also provides feature rich simulator environment to debug the logic of executable. Source code, program memory and absolute listing windows allow viewing the source code and its assembly level equivalent separately and together. It has the ability to step through execution or apply Break, Trace, Standard or Complex trigger points. A MPLAB desktop contains the major elements like menu across the top lines, tool bar below the menu, workspace in which various files, windows, and dialogues can be displayed and a status bar at the bottom. The status bar includes information about how the system is currently configured. A project in MPLAB is the group of files needed to build an application along with their associations to various build tools. The source nodes are typically assembly source files, C source files, Precompiled object files, libraries and linker scripts.
5.3 Java
Java is a general purpose, object oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems of USA in 1991.Originally called Oak by James Gosling, one of the inventors of the language; Java was designed for the development of software for consumer electronic devices like TVs, VCRs, toasters and such other electronic machines. This goal had a strong impact on development team to make the language simple, portable and highly reliable. The most striking feature of the language is that it is platform-neutral language. Java is a pure object-oriented language. Object-oriented programming is an approach that provides a way of modularizing programs by creating partitioned memory area for both data and functions that can be used as templates for creating copies of such modules on demand. Some of the features of object-oriented paradigm are Emphasis is on data rather than procedure, Programs are divided into Objects, Data structures are designed such that they characterize the Objects. Methods operate on the data of an object
or tied together in the data structure. Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions. Objects may communicate with each other through methods. New data and methods can be easily added whenever necessary. Java is a first programming language that is not tied to any particular hardware or operating system. We can call Java as a revolutionary technology because it has brought in a fundamental shift in how we develop and use programs. The inventors of Java wanted to design a language which could offer solutions to some of the problems encountered in modern programming. They wanted the language to be not only simple, portable and highly reliable, but also compact and interactive. The inventors describe Java with following attributes. Usually a computer language is either compiled or interpreted. Java combines both these approaches thus making java a two stage system. First Java compiler translates source code into what is known as byte code instructions, next Java interpreter generates machine code that can be directly executed by the machine that is running Java program. Java programs can be easily moved from one computer system to another, anywhere and anytime. Java ensures portability in two ways. First, Java compiler generates byte code instructions that can be implemented on any machine. Secondly, the size of the primitive data types is machine data types are machine independent. Almost everything in Java is an object. All program code and data reside within objects and classes. Java comes with an extensive set of classes, arranged in packages that we can use in our programs by inheritance. The object model in Java is simple and easy to extend. Java performance is impressive for an interpreted language mainly due to the use of intermediate byte code. Java architecture is also designed to reduce overheads during runtime.
5.4 JCreator
JCreator is a powerful IDE for Java. JCreator is the development tool for every programmer that likes to do what he does best: programming. It is faster, more efficient and more reliable than other Java IDEs. Therefore it is the perfect tool for programmers of every level, from learning programmer to Java-specialist. JCreator provides the user with a wide range of functionality such as: Project management, project templates, codecompletion, debugger interface, editor with syntax highlighting, wizards and a fully customizable user interface. With JCreator you can directly compile or run your Java
program without activating the main document first. JCreator will automatically find the file with the main method or the html file holding the java applet, and then it will start the appropriate tool. JCreator is written entirely in C++, which makes it fast and efficient compared to the Java based editors/IDE.
5.5 Android
Android is a mobile operating system that is based on a modified version of Linux. It was originally developed by a startup of the same name, Android, Inc. In 2005, as part of its strategy to enter the mobile space, Google purchased Android and took over its development work (as well as its development team). The Android code was released under the open-source Apache License, which means that anyone who wants to use Android can do so by downloading the full Android source code. Moreover, vendors (typically hardware manufacturers) can add their own proprietary extensions to Android and customize Android to differentiate their products from others. This simple development model makes Android very attractive and has thus piqued the interest of many vendors.
The main advantage of adopting Android is that it offers a unified approach to application development. Developers need only develop for Android, and their applications should be able to run on numerous different devices, as long as the devices are powered using Android. In the world of smart phones, applications are the most important part of the success chain. Device manufacturers therefore see Android as their best hope to challenge the onslaught of the iPhone, which already commands a large base of applications.
Eclipse is a highly extensible multi-language software development environment that supports application development of all sorts. Eclipse can be used to write and test the developed applications using a wide variety of languages, such as Java, C, C++, PHP, Ruby, and so on. Because of its extensibility, new users of Eclipse often feel inundated with the IDE. The Android Platform takes advantage of several mechanisms designed to protect the privacy and security of Android users, as well as the operating system. These methods include the Android security architecture, application certificate and application permissions.
5.6 Hyper Terminal

Hyper Terminal is a communication program that is included with Windows and allows a user to call a remote computer via modem and transfer files. Here Hyper Terminal is used to send and receive characters over the serial port using AT commands. The following sequence shows how to create a connection. Hyper Terminal is usually found in 'Start | All Programs | Accessories | Communications' Click on HyperTerminal. If you have never run HyperTerminal before it will ask for your location and area code this will not be needed for our application but enter this information anyway to get the software to start. Fig 5.1 shows the connection description for hyper terminal. Hyper Terminal will begin by asking for the connection description in the connection description dialog box, enter a name and choose an icon for the connection. Then click the OK button. In the connect-to dialog box, choose the COM port for GSM modem to combo box. The illustration is shown in an example, choose COM1 if mobile phone or GSM modem is connecting to the COM1 port. Then click the OK button. The Properties dialog box comes out. Enter the correct port settings for your mobile phone or GSM mode.
Fig 5.1 Connection Description of Hyper Terminal The example uses a baud rate of 9600 so select '9600' in the 'Bits per second' drop down box, and select 'None' in the Flow control drop down box. The other settings
should be the defaults. Then click the OK button. To find the correct port settings that should be used with your mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem, consult the manual of your mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. Type AT in the main window. A response OK should be returned from the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem .If the command OK returns, it means your mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem is connected successfully. After successful connection of GSM /GPRS modem with PC, you are ready to run this application. The attached project is downloaded and the application is run. The communication using the Hyper Terminal is done by selecting the Hyper Terminl window and the file name is entered to save the file,using the settings options COM Port,baud rate and configuration settings is done.After all the settings the commands are sent to build communication between modem and the PIC Microcontroller. Fig 5.2 shows the Hyper Terminal Window for port selection. The connect to screen now appears, select the com port that the USB to TTL cable has been asssigned from the connect using drop down list and click OK. Next the port properties dialog box appears the example uses the baud rate of 9600 so select 9600 in the bits per second and select none in the flow control.
Fig 5.2 Port Settings in Hyper Terminal
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5.6 Flowchart of the Project

Start
INT_RDA
Initialize PIC
RCV_ISR
Initialize ADC and Read Temperature Values
Value =1
Bulb Switch ON
N
IF Temp > 40
Display Temp Normal
If Value
=2
Bulb Switch OFF Bulb
N Display Temp High and send character A to PLC
If Value 3
Fan Switch ON Fan
If Value =4
Fan Switch OFF
N Stop
Return
Fig: 5.3 Flowchart of the Project
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5.7 Flowchart for Android Application
Start
Enter the Wi-Fi
router IP addresses
If Connection established
IF data received from PC=A
N Display Temp Limit Crossed
Y Send messages to hardware for Fan ON, Fan OFF, Light ON and Light OFF. Hardware Receives messages
Disconnect from hardware
Stop Fig 5.4 Flowchart of Android Application
39
Figure 5.3a shows the flow chart of the project. On power ON, the Microcontroller, ports, registers, ADC and LCD connected to the Microcontroller are initialized. The temperature value sensed by the sensor is read by the ADC of the microcontroller. The microcontroller checks whether the temperature value is greater than 40. If it is true, the microcontroller displays Temp High in the LCD. If the condition is false then the microcontroller displays Temp Normal and sends a character A to PLC. Figure 5.3(b) shows the flowchart in the case of an interrupt. The ISR checks if the value received is 1. If the condition is true, then a control signal to switch on the bulb is sent. If the condition is false, check if value is 2. If it is true, Bulb is switched off; else check if value received is 3. If it is true Fan is switched on. If the condition is false, the ISR checks if the value is 4. If it is true, Fan is switched off. If not true, the ISR is terminated and execution returns to the main program Figure 5.4 shows the flowchart of Android Application. On opening the application in the cell phone, it requests for the IP address of the router to establish connectivity between the cell and the PC .On successfully connected with the PC ,the Android application checks if the data received from PC is A. If it is true, then a message Temp limit Crossed is displayed in the cell. Then the application continues with the other routines like sending messages to turn ON/OFF the Fan and Bulb controlled by the microcontroller.
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Chapter 6
RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

This chapter provides details about the results obtained from the work done, conclusion, future work and enhancement.
6.1 Results
This project is mainly designed for the purpose of monitoring and controlling various electrical appliances based on the temperature value sensed from a remote location. The user can know the status of the temperature from anywhere in a large building without requiring him to be present at the location for monitoring and controlling, in the real time environment. This status information will be in the form of Text message. The status of the appliances whether the Light ON/OFF and Fan ON/OFF is displayed in the users mobile. Depending on the status of the temperature in the field, the user can again control the status of the devices by sending commands from his mobile. These monitoring and controlling can be done by pressing the GUI buttons in the Android, Wi-Fi based mobile. The signals are communicated through the Wi-Fi, PC and through power line, to the device section. This will reduce the requirement of external communication media or wiring. Fig 6.1 shows the snapshot of hardware unit.
Fig: 6.1 Snapshot of Hardware Unit.

Figure 6.2 shows the snapshot requesting the IP Address of the router.
Fig: 6.2 Snapshot requesting the IP Address of the router.
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Fig 6.3 shows that Wi-Fi connectivity has been established between users mobile and the PC. PC is connected to the PLC modem via RS232 cable.
Fig: 6.3 Snapshot showing Wi-Fi connectivity.

Fig: 6.4 Snapshot of GUI created in the Mobile Fig 6.4 shows GUI buttons that enable the user to turn ON/OFF the Bulb and Fan.
Fig: 6.5snapshot showing the Temperature limit crossed.
Figure 6.5 shows the temperature limit crossed.

Figure 6.6 shows Transmitter Section.
Fig: 6.6 Snapshot showing the Transmitter Section
Fig: 6.7 Snapshot of showing Rreceiver section.
Figure 6.7 shows snapshot of Receiver Section.

6.2 Conclusion
The system was extensively tested for various conditions/cases in the laboratory such as AC power, UPS and no power and practical conditions were simulated articially; for example resetting automatically from no power state. The system uses Power Line as a physical media for communication in spite of no activity on the Power Line data was being transferred reliably. This system has the potential to reduce the response time in a cost effective way. The system is robust and efficient methods can be incorporated to validate the threats in the Industry by adding some additional options to the sensors. This system at the moment will be focusing on multiple aspects of the emergency detection which are fire, short circuit and gas leaks which occurs mostly in many industries, severe weather changes in the campus.
6.3 Scope for Future Work

The project can be enhanced by using 32 bit ARM controller to monitor and control more parameters. In our project PLC Modem processes with a Baud rate of 300 bps. The processing speed can be increased by using latest PLC Modems with 9600 Baud rate. PC can be replaced by RTOS based systems. Implementation of PLC-Zigbee Hybrid
combination could further enhance the functionality of the system.
46
AUTHORS PUBLICATION
This work has been selected for Paper presentation in 2nd INTERNATIONAL CONFERNCE ON INNOVATIONS IN ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING [ICIECE 2013] on 08-09 August 2013, organized by department of Electronics & Communication, Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, Ibrahimpatnam, Hyderabad, A.P, India.
47
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Chia-Hung Lien,Ying-Wen Bai, Hsien-Chung Chen and Chi-Huang Hung:Home Appliance Energy Monitoring and Controlling Based on Power Line Communication, 978-4244-2559-4/09/$25.002009 IEEE [2] Yitran ATL90115 Power Line Communication Modem Data Sheet [3] Microchip PIC18FXX8 Data Sheet. [4] Shwehdi.M.H.; Khan,A.Z; "A power line data communication interface using spread spectrum technology in home automation," Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, vol.11, no.3, pp.1232-1237, July1996.doi:10.1109/61.517476 [5] A Remote Controller for Home and Office Appliances by Telephone-Consumer electronics, IEEE, 1998. [6] Remote-Controlled Home Automation Systems with Different Network TechnologiesCentre for Applied Internet Research (CAIR), University of Wales, NEWI, Wrexham, UK [7] Remote Control of Electrical Appliances via Power Line- XIX IMEKO World Congress fundamental and Applied Metrology September 611, 2009, Lisbon, Portugal [8] Street Public Lighting Control and Monitoring using PLC [9] A Practical Intelligent Home System Based on PLC -Power electronics systems and applications, 2006 ICPESA`06 2nd International conference dated on 12-14 Nov 2006 [10] Wireless Networking for Sugar Industries through PLCC Technique- International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol 2, No. 6, November 2009 [11] Remote Data Acquisition Using Wireless SCADA System. [12] Power Line Communication Based Automation System using a Hand held Wi-Fi device.
WEB REFERENCES
http://www.cscjournals.org/csc/manuscript/Journals/IJE/volume3/Issue1/IJE-24.pdf http://www.archnetco.com/english/product/lamp.htm
48
APPENDIX A
18F458 PIC Microcontroller

Appendix A includes the PIC 18f458 architecture and features. Fig 1 shows the Architecture of PIC18458. It consists of RISC instruction set, single cycle execution and Harvard architecture.
Fig.1 Architecture of PIC 18f458 Microcontroller
49
WI-FI Based Real Time Monitoring and Control System using Power Lin e Communication High-Performance RISC CPU:
Linear program memory addressing up to2 Mbytes Linear data memory addressing to 4 Kbytes Up to 10 MIPS operation DC 40 MHz clock input 4 MHz-10 MHz oscillator/clock input with PLL active 16-bit wide instructions, 8-bit wide data path Priority levels for interrupts 8 x 8 Single-Cycle Hardware Multiplier
Peripheral Features: High current sink/source 25 mA/25 mA Three external interrupt pins Timer0module: 8-bit/16-bit timer/counter with 8-bit programmable prescaler Timer1module: 16-bit timer/counter Timer2module: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register (time base for PWM) Timer3module: 16-bit timer/counter Secondary oscillator clock option Timer1/Timer3
Advanced Analog Features: 10-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter module (A/D) with: Conversion available during Sleep Up to 8 channels available Analog Comparator module: Programmable input and output multiplexing Comparator Voltage Reference module Programmable Low-Voltage Detection (LVD) module: Supports interrupt-on-Low-Voltage Detection Programmable Brown-out Reset (BOR)
CAN bus Module Features: Complies with ISO CAN Conformance Test Message bit rates up to 1 Mbps
Conforms to CAN 2.0B Active Spec with: 9-bit Identifier Fields 8-byte message length 3 Transmit Message Buffers with prioritization 2 Receive Message Buffers
Fig 2 Pin Diagram of PIC 18F458
51
APPENDIX B
LM35 Temperature Sensor

The LM35 series are precision integrated circuits temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius temperature. Fig 3 shows LM35 precision grade temperature sensor. The LM35 has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in degree Kelvin. The user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient centigrade scaling. A Thermistor responds to temperature change by changing the resistance, but its response is not linear. The
complexity associated with writing software for such a non-linear devices has lead many manufacturer to market a linear temperature sensor. Simple and widely used temperature sensor includes the LM35 series from National Semiconductor Corporation.
Fig 3 LM35 Pin Description
It can be used with single power supply or with plus or minus supplies. As it draws only 60 A from its supply, it has very low self heating, less than 0.1C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over -55C to +150C temperature range, while LM35 is rated for a -40C to +110C range. The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of 1/4C at room temperature and 3/4C
over a full -55 to +150C temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35s low output impedance, linear output an d precise inherent calibration makes interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. The inherent strength of the LM35 sensor over other currently available temperature sensors is that it is not susceptible to large errors in its output from low level leakage currents. Low cost and high accuracy are maintained. LM35 has very less self heating.
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APPENDIX C
LM324 Operational Amplifier

The amplifier used in this project is LM324 which is shown in Fig 4 [7]. It is a Quad Operational Amplifier which consists of four independent, high gains; internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide voltage range. Operation from split power supplies is also possible so long as the difference between the two supplies is 3 volts to 32 volts. Application areas include transducer amplifier, DC gain blocks Summing Amplifiers, multivibrators, oscillators and all the conventional OP Amp circuits which now can be easily implemented in single power supply systems.
Fig 4 Input Voltage Range LM323 eliminates need for dual supplies and it is four internally compensated op amps in a single package, allows directly sensing near ground. LM324 is compatible with all forms of logic. The graph shows input voltage range of LM324.
53
APPENDIX D
MAX 232 Level Converter

The MAX232 from maxim was the first IC which is one package contains the necessary drivers and receivers, to adapt the RS232 signal voltage levels to TTL logic. It became popular, because it just needs +5 V and generates the necessary RS232 voltage levels. In serial communication the line that is used to transmit data is called Tx and the line used to receive data is called Rx. The PIC Microcontroller uses TTL level for logic that is a 1 is a 5 V and 0 is 0 V but RS232 standard uses different scheme for logic level, so we need a level converter in between.
Fig 5: Max 232 Pin Diagram
The data is ready to be fed to a standard serial port of PC. All good development boards have an on board level converter. The MAX 232 IC is a industry standard chip for the purpose of level conversion between RS232 and TTL signals. Serial cable has been used to connect the MAX232 to PC. Serial cable has male and female DB9 connector. Pin 13 and 8 of MAX232 have been connected to DB9 port in order to transfer information to the computer. Pins 12 and 9 on the MAX232 have been connected to PIC, port C pin C6 and C7 in order to transfer information signals to PIC. The voltage supply of 5V for Max232 can be achieved through the schematic circuit which has standard capacitance.
54
APPENDIX E
ULN2003
The ULN2003 is a high-voltage and high-current Darlington transistor array. It consists of seven NPN Darlington pairs that feature high-voltage with common cathode clamp diode for switching inductive loads. The collector-current rating of a single Darlington pair is 500mA. The Darlington pairs may be paralleled for higher current capability. The ULN2003 has become the primary choice to control the external components. It is cheap, effective, and requires no operating voltages other than the common ground.
Fig 6 : LOGIC DIAGRAM
Fig:7 SCHEMATIC (EACH DARLINGTON PAIR)
Pin Configuration of ULN2003

Pins 1:7 are inputs, while pins 10:16 are high-current sink drivers. Between the I/Os is an independent Darlington pair (the Darlington pair behaves like a single transistor with a high-current gain). When a input is driven high, the corresponding output will basically become an earth. Alternately, when the input pin is low the output pin adopts high impedance. This allows external high-current circuits to be driven by small
micro-controllers. These are seven channels ready to be used, and as mentioned earlier, the ULN2003 can sink up-to 500mA between all the channels. For inductive loads, such as motors and relays, pin 9 is connected to the loads positive to shunt counterelectromotive force safety. That is, if the motor was connected to +12V and pin 16 of the ULN2003, then pin 9 would be connected to the same +12V source as the motor. Applications include relay drivers, hammer drivers, lamp drivers, display drivers (LED gas discharge), line drivers, and logic buffers. The pin configuration of ULN2003 is as shown in fig. ULN2003 has output current of 500mA featured with high sustained voltage output of 50V min. The inputs are compatible with various types of logic.
Features
Output current (single output) 500 mA Max. High sustaining voltage output 50v Min. Output clamp diodes Inputs compatible with various types of logic Package type : DIP-16pin
56
APPENDIX F
PLC MODEM
The ATL90115 series Embedded PLC Modem is a ready-to-go circuit module, which is capable of transferring data over the power cable at the low voltage end of the power transformer of a 3-phase/ 4-wire distribution network. A pair of Embedded PLC Modems connected on the power line can provide low speed bi-directional data communication at a baud rate of 300 bps. It is built in a small form factor that can be easily integrated into and become part of the user's power line data communication system. The PLC modem is based on the Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Technology, which ensures high noise immunity and reliable data communication. The modules provide bi-directional half-duplex data communication over the mains of any voltage up to 250V AC and for frequency of 50 or 60 Hz. It does not require any protocol to function and therefore is protocol independent. Data flow through PLC modem as if it is a channel and therefore it is transparent to the Data Devices. As a result, with users proper addressing and communication protocol, multiple units can be connected to the mains without affecting the operation of one another. There is no hassle of building interface circuits. It has a built -in on board AC coupling circuit, which allows direct and simple connection to the mains. Interface to users data devices is a simple data-in and data-out serial link. Power to the PLC Modem circuit module is a single +12V DC supply. Applications of the Power Line Modem include status monitoring, control and data communication of devices connected on the power line, such Home Automation, Lighting Control, HVAC control, Low Speed Data Networks, Automatic Meter Reading, Signs and Information Display, Fire and Security Alarm.
Features
Embedded ready-to-go Power Line Carrier Modem module with SMT components Small form factor for easy of system integration Bi-directional half-duplex data communication over the mains Applicable to universal mains voltage and frequency up to 250v, 50 60 Hz
ATL90115-3 applicable to 3-phase 4-wire network of up to 460VAC phase to phase Protocol independent, data transfer transparent to users data terminals High noise immunity and reliable data communication Simple serial interface to users data devices Built-in on board AC coupling circuit with direct connection to mains Built-in carrier generation and detection Multiple units can be connected to the power line of the distribution transformer Baud rate of 300 bps Selectable TTL and RS232C level serial interface to users data devices Built with industrial grade components for operation under harsh environment Complies with EN50065-1: 2001
ATL90115 Data port Pin out assignment
58
ATL90115 Application Diagram
Fig: 8 Application diagram
Specifications
59

Project Report 9-07-2013

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WI-FI Based Real Time Monitoring and Control System using Power Lin e Communication

1.1 Objective of the Project

1.3 Scope of the Project

1.4 Organization of the Report

Dept of ECE, SJCE, Mysore.

Dept of ECE, SJCE, Mysore.

2.3 Remote Control of Electrical Appliances via Power Line [7]

2.5 A Practical Intelligent Home System Based on PLC [9]

2.7 Remote Data Acquisition Using Wireless SCADA System [11]

3.1 Power Line Communication System

Dept of ECE, SJCE, Mysore.

3.1.1 ATL90 Series PLC Modem

3.1.2 Block Diagram of PLC Modem

Dept of ECE, SJCE, Mysore.

3.1.3 Features of PLC Modem

3.1.4 Applications of the PLC

3.2 Wireless Communication

3.2.2 Working of Wi-Fi

3.2.3 Wi-Fi Working in Laptop or Desktop

Fig 3.2: Wi-Fi Working

Dept of ECE, SJCE, Mysore.

Wi-Fi Hotspots: A Wi-Fi hotspot is created by installing an access point to an internet

Dept of ECE, SJCE, Mysore.

3.2.4 Communication ranges

3.2.5 Advantages of Wi-Fi

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3.2.6 Sockets protocol

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3.3 DSSS Modulation

Dept of ECE, SJCE, Mysore.

4.1 Principle of Operation

4.2 Hardware Description

4.2.1 PLC Modem ATL90115-1

Fig 4.2 PLC Modem ATL90115-1

4.2.2 PIC Microcontroller

Fig 4.4 PIC 18F458 Pin Details

Dept of ECE, SJCE, Mysore.

RS232 Voltage +3 V to +15 V -3 V to -15 V -3 V to -15 V +3 V to +15 V

TTL Voltage to/from MAX232 0V 5V 5V 0V

4.2.5 LM35 Temperature Sensor

Vcc O/P Gnd

Dept of ECE, SJCE, Mysore.

4.2.6 LM324 Operational Amplifier

Fig 4.9: Pin Description of LM324

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Fig 4.11 Darlington pairs

Fig 4.12 Circuit diagram of a Relay

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Dept of ECE, SJCE, Mysore.

5.2 MPLAB IDE

5.6 Hyper Terminal

Fig 5.2 Port Settings in Hyper Terminal

Dept of ECE, SJCE, Mysore.

5.6 Flowchart of the Project

Initialize ADC and Read Temperature Values

Display Temp Normal

Bulb Switch OFF Bulb

N Display Temp High and send character A to PLC

Fan Switch ON Fan

Fan Switch OFF

Fig: 5.3 Flowchart of the Project

Dept of ECE, SJCE, Mysore.

5.7 Flowchart for Android Application

Enter the Wi-Fi