WATER SOURCES AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

Water Cycle
RAINFALL RAIN CLOUDS WATER VAPOR MOUNTAIN AND RIVERS LAKES OCEAN GROUNDWATER

Groundwater Flow Problems

Groundwater Flow Problems

SELECTION OF A WATER SOURCE

SPRING DEVELOPMENT: Confirmed sufficient (dependable) yield Water Quality Elevation Distance to Service Area Protected Watershed On site sanitation

SPRING FORMATION
Spring form from a high table in a cavernous limestone.

Fault barrier can cause pressurized water in confined aquifer

Springs form where a perched water intersects the ground surface

STANDARD TYPE OF SPRINGS:

TYPE A Spring located on a downhill slope TYPE B Spring gushing out on a level ground TYPE C Spring located inside a cavern overhanging rock TYPE D Scattered springs which requires a large intake TYPE E Spring located below an overhanging rock

TYPE A INTAKE STRUCTURE:

PLAN

SECTION A-A

Adaptable where the spring is located on a downhill slope

TYPE B INTAKE STRUCTURE:

PLAN

SECTION A-A

Adaptable where the spring is gushing out on a level ground

TYPE C INTAKE STRUCTURE:

PLAN

SECTION A-A

Adaptable where the spring is located inside a cavern

TYPE D INTAKE STRUCTURE:

PLAN

SECTION A-A

Adaptable where the scattered springs requires large intake

TYPE E INTAKE STRUCTURE:

PLAN

SECTION A-A

Adaptable where the spring is located below an overhanging rock

SELECTION OF A WATER SOURCE

GROUNDWATER :
(Dug Well, Bored Well, Shallow Well, Deep well)
Site, depth, diameter and expected

yield from hydrogeological data Geophysical investigation Test well drilling or aquifer pumping test Water quality tests Elevation and distance to service area Environmental Sanitation

Water sources

15

NWRBs Groundwater Map

Influent and Effluent Streams

An Influent stream contributes water to the water table

An Effluent stream gains water from the water table

(Unconfined or free and artesian or Confined conditions.)

RECHARGE AREA PIEZOMETRIC SURFACE FREE FLOWING WATER WATER TABLE
UNCONFINED AQUIFER

TYPES OF GROUND WATER AQUIFER:

WATER TABLE WELL ARTESION WELL NON-FLOWING GROUND SURFACE

WATER TABLE
CONFINING STRATUM

IMPERMEABLE STRATA

CONFINED AQUIFER

Unconfined Aquifer
A horizontal (static) water table penetrated by a well that is not being pumped. The water table remains static until pumping begins. The water table in a pumping well is drawn down an amount determined by the rate of pumping and the permeability of the aquifer. The development of a cone of depression created a hydraulic gradient, which cause water to flow toward the well and enable continuous water production. The amount of water the well yields per unit of time pumped depends upon the aquifers hydrologic properties.

Confined Aquifer:
The hydraulic head in the hose lowers as water flows out the low end. Eventually a static condition prevails

A confined aquifer (commonly called an artesian aquifer. The potentiometric surface is the level to which water will rise in a well at specific points along the aquifer. Special case: Artesian aquifer water flows freely w/o aid of pump

Basic Methods of Well Drilling

5 Basic Methods of Well Construction

Hand Dug Bored Well Driven Well Jetted Well Percussion or Rotary

PERCUSSION RIG

BOREHOLE (Percussion or Rotary)

ROTARY RIG

Water Source Development

Well Classification

Dug Well (circular or rectangular in shape with diameter ranging from 1 to 1.5 meters) Shallow well (depth is less than (<) 20 meters. E.g. pitcher pump/champion) Deep well (depth is more than (>) 20 meters. E.g. Malawi type, Magsaysay type, Afridev type)

TYPICAL WELL

SHALLOW WELL (LESS THAN 20M)

DEEP WELL (LESS THAN 60M)

Well Development:

These are procedures designed to maximize well yield. Done thru overpumping, backwashing, mechanical surging

and jetting. Why well development Reduce compaction and intermixing of grain sizes by removing fine materials from pore spaces. Remove drilling fluid coating the borehole Stabilize the formation so well will yield sand free water

29

Pumping Test Analysis:

Pumping Tests are used to determine the
Performance characteristics of a well Hydraulic parameters of the aquifer These tests should be done by an expert in order to predict

the safe yield of the well and long term effects.

A rough test for determining safe yield is to pump the well at a

minimum of 1.3 design requirement until the PWL stabilizes (min 24 hrs test pumping). Safe yield can be taken at 70% of stabilized pumping rate.

30

Well Discharge Exercise:

Q = 0.001739 (d2) x

y 1/2 Where: d = pipe diameter in mm x = carry distance in meters y = drop in meters Q = lps
Find the flow in a 62.7mm (2 inch) pipe flowing full where the

drop is 0.50 m (y axis) and the carry is 0.824 meters (x axis).

Solution: Q = 0.001739 x (62.7)2 x 0.824 = 7.9 lps

0.501/2

31

SELECTION OF A WATER SOURCE

SURFACE WATER
(Weir and Diversion works, infiltration well or gallery, intake box) hydrologic study to confirm water availability water quality tests watershed characteristics flood flows river bed material & thickness of pervious strata relative location and elevation to the service area water rights
32

Water sources

Float Method Procedure:

Measure float velocity @ 5x (the 2 pts should be 2-3 channels

apart) Use a float that sinks at least halfway the depth Measure the distance between the 2 points and use a timer to get the average time. V=m/sec Determine channel cross section area between the 2 pts Q=0.85 AV

33

IS THERE AN EXISTING SOURCE

YES

DOES THE SOURCE YIELD ENOUGH WATER NO CAN PEOPLE AFFORD THE STORAGE TANKS NECESSARY FOR RAIN WATER CATCHMENT

YES

PROTECT EXISTING SOURCE

NO ARE RAINFALL PATTERN AND ROOF DESIGN SUITABLE FOR RAIN WATER YES CATCHMENT

YES

RAIN WATER CATCHMENT

NO IS GROUND WATER DRINKABLE YES

NO ARE PERENNIAL SPRINGS AVAILABLE NO YES DOES IT YIELD ENOUGH WATER NO YES PROTECTED SPRING

IS WATER TABLE WITHIN 15 M. NO

YES

IS THE GROUND SOFT NO

YES

ARE WELL POINTS AVAILABLE

YES

DRIVEN WELL

NO IS WATER TABLE WITHIN 25 M. NO YES IS THE GROUND SOFT NO ARE WATER AND JETTING EQUIPTMENTS AVAILABLE NO YES BORED WELL

IS WATER TABLE WITHIN 60 M.

YES

IS THE GROUND SOFT NO

YES

YES

JETTED WELL

NO

NO

IS EXPERTISE FOR HAND DUG WELLS AVAILABLE NO IS EXPERTISE AND EQUIPTMENT FOR DRILLING AVAILABLE

YES

CAN EXPERTS FIND A SUITABLE YES LOCATION

DUG WELL

YES

CAN DRILLERS FIND A SUITABLE LOCATION

YES

DRILLED WELL

ARE PERENINIAL SURFACE WATER SOURCES AVAILABLE YES

DUG WELL

FROM SMALL WATER SUPPLIES, THE ROSS INSTITUTE

Figure 1SELECTION OF WATER SOURCE