INTRODUCTION

In the context of the raging controversy over the Indian Premier League betting and match-fixing episodes, there has been considerable public concern over the issues involved and an underlying general anxiety to ensure that Indian sport, especially cricket, is not undermined or robbed of its authenticity by tendencies to fraud and manipulation.

There are several strands to this extremely complicated context of the management of sports in India that need to be separately identified, and their inter-relation to each other clarified for better understanding. This would enable the public and policy makers to be clear about the way forward to ensure a better regulatory system for Indian sport without impinging on the essential freedom of sports authorities, players and the spectators to conduct and enjoy well-played games.

We present here a four-part analysis of the core issues that need to be clarified in order to understand how to handle gambling in sport in this country. The first part of this Issue Brief looks at the philosophical underpinning to the controversy over gambling. In a historical perspective, the argument is made that there is no automatic connection between gambling and morality. The connection between the two is derived and associative. In other words, gambling is not necessarily given a pejorative moral connotation. By freeing the concept of gambling from unwelcome moral negativity, it becomes easier to regulate gambling as an activity.

This Brief traces the ineffectiveness of sports regulation in India thus far including the evident lack of deterrent effect on the incidence of malpractices, especially with regard to cricket, the image of which has taken a precipitous fall in recent days.

The other aspect of this controversy is a direct result of the Indian economy moving from a regulated structure to a market economy with the entry of market forces into sports as into other areas. Hence the need to be realistic about the emerging ground
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reality of sports in a liberalised economy has also to be factored into policy making on sports and cricket gambling or betting. This Brief also looks at the regulation of gambling in other countries which have market economies, offering a comparative perspective for Indian policy making.

The purpose of this Brief is to separate the strands that add up to the complexity of this issue that is agitating the public mind a great deal. We set out clearly the philosophical perspective on gambling and remind the public that the Indian economic context has indeed changed requiring a more updated view of regulation.

We hope that this Issue Brief will be a useful guide.

Sports gambling are a form of betting similar to traditional probability games such as roulette, dice, or cards. The result of a sports bet is settled based on the outcome of a sporting event on which none of the betting parties has any influence. In traditional gambling, the probability of events can be calculated exactly, whether the number of possible results is small (as in flipping a fair coin) or very large (picking five cards out of a standard deck of 52 cards.) In traditional gambling, probabilities are based on the symmetry definition of probability. In contrast, the probabilities for the outcomes of a sporting event cant be calculated exactly. These probabilities are subjective and can only be estimated by previous similar occurrences and other factors influential to the sport and the players involved.

In the game of roulette, a gambler may choose among different types of bets, such as a straight (bet on a single number), a corner (bet on four numbers), a dozen (a bet on the first, second, or third group of twelve numbers), or the color the roulette will show (red or black). These events have different probabilities of occurring and therefore have different payouts associated to them. In the previous examples, the straight bet has the higher payout (36 times the amount wagered) while a winning bet on the roulette color will only double the amount originally risked. However, all the outcomes have a negative expectation from the point of view of the gambler, because the payouts are calculated as if
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the roulette had 36 pockets when in reality there are 37 or 38 possible outcomes. This difference is known as the house edge or vigorish, and it provides the expected profit of the casino over a long number of roulette spins.

The 2012 Indian Premier League spot-fixing case was a controversy which arose during the 2012 Indian Premier League and led to the banning of five cricketers. It started when a Hindi news channel, India TV, aired a sting operation which accused five players of seeking money in exchange for spot-fixing.[1] Bans were imposed on all five, with a life-ban on Deccan Chargers's TP Sudhindra, a five-year ban on Kings XI Punjab's Shalabh Srivastava, and a one-year ban on Pune Warriors India's Mohnish Mishra and Kings XI Punjab'sAmit Yadav. In addition Abhinav Bali, who was not in contact with any team during the 2012 season, was banned for a year. In the sting operation, Bali claimed to have spotfixed during the 2009 season.[2] According to the sting operation, some of the players revealed that they had received more money from the franchises' owners than agreed on in the players' auction; they said that this money was black money. Cricket betting involves much more than placing a bet on the favourite team. For those who are new to betting, there are some basic fundamentals to be aware of before placing a bet. Weather. One of the most important factors of cricket is the weather. Make sure to take this into consideration when placing a bet. Also consider the playing conditions, as they will affect the outcome of any cricket match. Form. Make sure to learn about the two teams that will be playing. Review how they have been playing how often they are winning. It is important to be aware of any injuries on the team. If a team has their star batter out on injury, you may want to carefully consider placing a bet on that team. Conditions. It is suggested to be aware of the playing field and the condition of the field. This factor can have a huge impact in the game. Do some research before cricket betting to make sure you have the best odds when placing a wager. As mentioned, the weather can have a serious impact on the game. Rain and bad lighting are the two greatest factors that can impede play. Always check the weather forecasts before placing a bet.

Many people overlook these important factors and just bet on a favourite team. The key to successful cricket betting is taking the time to learn of all the factors that play a part in the outcome of the game. By following these basic rules, it is easier to assess the type of bets available and to place an informed bet on a cricket match.

What Is Betting?
Basically, betting is about predicting the outcome of a future or ongoing event in most cases a sport event in an attempt to win money. A tennis match is a very simple example of a basic betting option: player A is playing against player B, and what you will try to do is to predict the winner of the match. Beforehand, you know that either player A or player B wins, and if you, for instance, choose to bet on player A and he wins the match, you have won your bet and have won yourself some money; on the other hand, if player B wins (and thus player A loses), you have lost your bet and thus also your stake. It is very simple: you cant win if you cant lose, and thus there is always the risk that you wind up losing money when youre betting; in fact, it is the most likely outcome over time, cause otherwise there would not be bookmakers, if they are not making a solid profit out of it. The 2013 Indian Premier League spot fixing and betting case arose when the Delhi Police arrested three cricketers, Sreesanth,Ajit Chandila and Ankeet Chavan, on the charges of spot-fixing. The three represented the Rajasthan Royals in the 2013 Indian Premier League.[1] In a separate case, Mumbai Police arrested Vindu Dara Singh and Gurunath Meiyappan for alleged betting and having links with bookies.

What Is Gambling? How Gambling Works

Gambling involves risking something of value on an uncertain event in hopes of winning something of greater value. Americans point to Las Vegas, but it is common worldwide and occurs at gas stations, church halls, and casinos, including those offshore and online. It is more popular than ever thanks to multi-million dollar winners, sports fantasy leagues, and World Series of Poker tournaments on television. Governments welcome casinos to their districts to help raise tax revenue. Some view gambling as a tax on the poor, who use what little money they have in hopes for a big payoff to get them out of poverty.

Types of Gambling
Common forms of gambling are lotteries and scratch-off tickets, where bettors risk one dollar for the chance to win millions. It ranges from traditional casino games like roulette and blackjack to bingo and the stock market. Games of chance and skill, such as throwing dice or playing dominoes, are also examples.People bet on football games, horse races, elections and the weather anything where the outcome is uncertain. Oddsmakers determine odds and payouts, and bookies handle the exchange of money. Sting operation The sting operation was performed by reporters of India TV posing as representatives of various teams. The operation was started in May 2011 and lasted until April of the following year. According to the operation, Srivastava revealed that the money they received from the franchises was black money.[2] According to India TV, he was ready to spot-fix; however, the conversation is only recorded in an audio tape. Bali, who was not in contact with any franchise, claimed to have been involved in spot-fixing during the 2009 season. Mishra claimed that his franchise, Pune Warriors India, gave him around 12 million (US$210,000) to 14 million (US$240,000). This was against the BCCI guidelines; being an uncapped player, Mishra could not receive more than 3 million (US$52,000). tp surindra also bowled a no ball in a domestic match on the wish of the reporter.[2]
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Preliminary inquiry The BCCI carried out a preliminary inquiry headed by Ravi Sawani, the ICC Anti-Corruption Unit's former chief and the current head of the BCCI Anti-Corruption Unit.[1] IPL chairman Rajiv Shukla announced that the IPL would recommend "strict action against those players who were found guilty" and that "the five players have been suspended from all cricket activities with immediate effect."[1] BCCI president N. Srinivasan added that the organisation has zero tolerance for corruption and would "not tolerate this nonsense".

Betting on the result of sporting events has a similar structure. The gambler may choose between the different outcomes, which are specific to every sport: the winner of a tennis match (two outcomes), the result of a soccer game (three outcomes as draws are possible) or first place of a horse race (many possible outcomes). However, as already stated, the probabilities for all of the possible outcomes are not exactly known, so the house has to come up with its own estimate for them. It will then offer payouts according to those estimates, but slightly adjusting them down for every selection to provide the house edge. The goal for the house is to manage its payout liabilities properly so that it secures a profit regardless of the final outcome of the sporting event. Again, this difference is the house edge over the gambler and provides the expected profit after a series of sporting events. It is important to note that sports gambling uses its own terminology and definitions for many of these concepts, but are kept unchanged to allow a direct comparison.

HOW DOES GAMBLING WORK?

How Gambling Works Gambling begins with a wager. Games such as slot machines and keno ask for a fixed amount to play. Casino table games such as poker or baccarat require a minimum bet to participate, and they may or may not have betting limits. One form of the popular poker game Texas Hold em is called No Limit, allowing players to wager as much as they have at the table. The game begins after all players place their bets. Wheels spin, cards are dealt and numbers are called. With few exceptions, no additional bets are allowed once the game begins. Poker and blackjack are examples of games that contain more than one round in which players can make additional bets. After each game, the participants settle up. Winnings depend on the type of game and the amount of the wager. Players can never lose more than they bet, and most card games
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return bets to players when they match the dealers hand. Casino table games allow for multiple winners and losers, as each gambler makes an individual wager on the same event. Some People Cant Stop Gambling The lure of winning more than you risk is addictive. Some gamblers wager anything from paychecks to their cars and homes. They make additional bets if they lose, trying to break even. Odds for some games are better than others, but the old saying, The house always wins, has truth to it. Gamblers Anonymous is a support group that offers help to those who have gambling addictions. Gambling offers a fun way to pass the time. Consider it as a form of entertainment and set limits for the amount you are willing to lose, similar to buying tickets to an event. In those cases, you know the cost going in and you are less tempted to risk more to win your money back. Gambling in India is heavily restricted but the opposite is true online. Approximately 40% of internet users in India have admitted to visiting a gambling site - but not placing a bet. The sites were primarily for lottery, cricket and horse betting fixes.[1] The Public Gambling Act of 1867 prohibits running or being in charge of a public gaming house. The penalty for breaking this law is a fine of 200 or imprisonment of up to 3 months. Additionally, this Act prohibits visiting gambling houses. A fine of 100 or imprisonment of up to one month is the penalty. The Information Technology Act 2000 regulates cyber activities in India and prohibits publication or transmission of information that can corrupt people. This includes online gambling and the punishment for such activities is much more serious than for offline gambling operations the fine is 100,000 or imprisonment up to 5 years. Despite the existing prohibitive legislation, there is extensive illegal gambling throughout the country. The Indian gambling market is estimated to be worth US$60 billion per year, of which about half is illegally bet.[4] According to the Indian National Newspaper, the Chief
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Executive officer for the International Cricket Council (ICC) said he was in favour of legalizing sports betting. He believes the illegal funds profited are through underground bookies that used the money to fund terrorism and drugs. Only two states allow casinoes, Goa and Sikkim.[6] There is one casino in Sikkim and 12 in Goa, of which seven are land based and five are floating casinos that operate on the Mandovi River. Other than lotteries, legal gambling in India is limited to betting on horse racing. Online gambling is in its infancy in India, but Sikkim planned to offer three online gambling licences in 2010. This failed despite India being the most sought out country for online gambling. Sikkim also permits an online lottery, operated by Playwin, which takes bets from players throughout India. It is expected that other states will follow Sikkim shortly, thereby opening up a major online gambling market throughout India. In May 2011 India passed the Federal Information Technology Act which tries to put a stranglehold on internet gambling. This new act, which covers gambling sites, holds the Internet Service Providers responsible for blocking offshore betting sites. One of the biggest obstacles faced by sports bettors in India is the fact that depositing to foreign bookies is extremely difficult. Typically, the majority of users deposit to online bookies using Moneybookers or Neteller. Some attempts to deposit using a Visa or Mastercard may fail. The same is true of online bank transfers. In order to circumvent these blocks, savvy internet users have started to use ewallet services for depositing. These services add a middle layer to disguise the nature of transactions, enabling users to get around the blocks by first depositing to an ewallet and then using that ewallet to fund an online betting account in Rupees. This is important because it circumvents legal issues that may have arisen about Foreign Exchange law.

The Bookmakers Profit Why should you bet then, if you will end up losing money no matter what? Well, it is not just as simple as that. The bookmakers make a profit because they operate with a statistical return to the punters of something like 92-95% of the money placed on bets on their sites. As an example, you could imagine that you could bet on a coin toss competition at a bookmaker. We already know that heads and tails each have a 50% chance of occurring, which means that with a 100% return you would receive 2.00 times the money on both heads and tails; but the bookmaker would never offer you 2.00 times the money on a coin toss: he would be offering you something less than that, and with, for instance, a 95% return he would be offering you close to 1.90 times the money on each outcome. In statistical terms this would mean that over time you would lose and the bookmaker would win; however, you could turn out to be really good at guessing the results of the coin tosses, and then you would win. Needless to say, but you have statistics working pretty hard against you right there. You Can Still Win However, though a tennis match can look like a coin toss situation (either player A or player B wins / either heads or tails), there are quite some differences between the two when it comes to real life and not just statistics. In a coin toss we cannot gain any knowledge about what is going to happen: the coin is just a coin, and we can look nowhere to find any information that could help us predict the result. On the other hand, in a tennis match you can collect a lot of information: player statistics, preferred surfaces of the players, recent injuries, ranking, head-to-head statistics, etc. Thereby you can get more information upon which to base your prediction of the outcome of the tennis match. Statistically speaking, the bookmaker is still operating with his 95% return, but now you are better equipped to make your prediction. In short: knowledge is what can make you a winner!

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Knowledge Is Everything That last sentence is the most important thing to remember when betting on sports. Without knowledge about an event, you are basically betting on a coin toss. However, there are a lot of other things that can help you become a successful punter, and that is what this guide is all about. You can read it all through from beginning till end, or you can jump right to the sections of your interest. Its all up to you! What Is a Bookmaker? A bookmaker (or bookie) is a company that offers odds and betting options on sports and other kinds of events, and thus accepts cash bets on those betting options. The bookmaker makes a living out of providing odds which in statistical matters are a little below the total probability of 100%, i.e. in most cases the bookmaker operates with something like a 9295% payback percentage. If we return to our coin toss example, in which a bookmaker with a 95% return would offer odds 1.90 on both heads and tails, and imagine that there would be an even distribution of the money betted on the coin toss, e.g. 100 on heads and 100 on tails, then, no matter what the result would be, the bookmaker would have earned 10, which is equal to 5% of the total amount betted (5% of 200 is 10), and correspondingly the bookmaker returns 95% of the money placed on the coin toss competition to the winners, namely 190 (100 X 1.90 = 190). This is of course a very simplified example, and in real life, and sports betting in particular, there is no guarantee neither for the bookmaker nor the punter. However, bookmakers constantly try to balance the money on a given event so that they will wind up with a profit no matter what happens in any given betting market. In the coin toss example, the bookmaker would start lowering the odds on heads and raising the odds on tails, if more than 50% of the money were placed on heads, in an attempt to make people bet on tails. This is where the bookmaker has a huge advantage over the punter: the bookmaker is not trying to guess any outcome, and will often be guaranteed a profit no matter what happens, whereas the punter will try to guess the outcome and is never sure of a win until the bet has been settled to his advantage.

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HERE IS HOW THE D COMPANY CONTROLS IPL BETTING

It is cricket's ugliest secret. Headlines Today has now unearthed how the Dawood Gang controls the IPL betting syndicate.

Headlines Today has learnt that Pakistan-based underworld don Dawood Ibrahim's brother Anees Ibrahim runs the entire betting syndicate through its fronts.

Prominent among them are Sunil Abhichandani and Suresh Nagri. While Sunil Abhichandani is known as Sunil Dubai, Nagri is called Junior Kolkata. Anees Ibrahim has two other henchmen named Dr. Chotani and Ramesh Vyas. Vyas also operates 92 phone lines to place special bets for IPL. Thirty lines among them are dedicated for calls from Pakistan.

Ramesh Vyas was arrested on Thursday the three cricketers were arrested.

The names of Dawood's aides were revealed by the arrested bookies grilled in police custody. Bookies reveal that the Pakistan-based underworld dons used to instruct bookies to look for cricketers willing to be compromised for cash and favours.

Mumbai-based bookie Chandesh Patel alias Chand lured Chandila on April 6 in a country club hotel of Gurgaon. All bookies met Ajit Chandila in the party. On April 8, they met again in Jaipur and this time, Amit also joined the party. Deal was fixed for Rs. 20 lakhs where the bowler has to concede 14 or more runs in the compromised over. At the time of arrest, Sreesanth and Chandila were with some unidentified women.

According to Amit, one match between Rajasthan Royals and Delhi Daredevils was fixed in IPL 5 too. Rajasthan Royals had to make 12 runs in 12 balls but didn't make. Sreesanth confessed he committed a mistake on pretext of Jiju. He repented before police.

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The whole spot-fixing episode took a twist when Rajasthan Royals' player Ajit Chandila's lawyer claimed that his client has informed the team mangement of the threat he was facing from the underworld and the pressure to give into spot-fixing

Chandila's lawyer also claimed that the management advised him to concentrate on his game instead.

Delhi Police sources have told Headlines Today that the matches of the previous seasons of the format are now also under the scanner.

Police has recorded conversation of around 125 hours. And these conversations clearly indicate that Chandila was perhaps involved in spot fixing in IPL 5 too.

Sources say after the match in which Chandila forgot to give the signal but bowled according to the bookies, it was revealed in a phone conversation that Chandila hinted of his involvement in fixing even in the previous season of the IPL.

In the transcripts of the phone conversation with the special cell, the bookies were heard demanding Rs. 20 lakh back as he had forgot to give signal before he started his second over to which Chandila replied: "Bhai, pichley saal koi problem nahi hui thi, Aapko pata hai." (There was no problem last year, you know it).

After this, the bookie said now the time has changed and you will have to return the money, to which Chandila agreed.

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EVOLUTION OF CONTEMPORARY SPORTS GAMBLING

Although gambling on sports outcomes has existed for a long time in many societies, it could be argued that its development has mirrored that of organized professional sports. In its simplest form sports gambling is usually conducted at the venue of the event itself, and thus it has a regional flavor. Thats the way horse racing wagering evolved in the UK in the late nineteenth century, and cockfighting is still conducted in many countries around the world. The advent of newspapers first, and TV a few decades later, enabled people to place bets on the final outcome of many events taking place throughout the world. Some countries introduced legislation aimed to regulate a growing industry, while some other countries completely outlawed sports gambling. Even in those countries where sports gambling is allowed, a special government license is typically required to own and operate a sports betting business.

The twentieth century also saw the rapid development of several professional and nonprofessional sports leagues. In North America the most notable examples are the NFL (American football), the NBA (professional basketball), MLB (baseball), NHL (ice hockey), and even the NCAA (university-level sports). Many of the top European soccer leagues have also grown dramatically, such as La Liga (Spain), Serie A (Italy), Bundesliga (Germany), the Premier League (England), and Ligue 1 (France), along with Europe-wide competitions such as the UEFA Champions League. Some sports developed a series of international competitions that attract large crowds. Tennis features four yearly Grand Slams, rugby has a World Cup, the Six Nations Championship, and the Continental Nations Cup. And cricket went as far as to develop new competition formats, such as One Day Internationals (ODIs) and Twenty20, to attract larger audiences. As a result theres a large number of sporting events going on all over the world all year-round, catering to many different tastes. The final piece of contemporary sports betting came into place with the arrival of online gambling. Before online gambling arrived sports gambling houses offered odds on a relatively small number of offerings, catering to the largest possible audience. For example, in the UK gambling was mostly focused on horse racing and soccer. Additionally, the house
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usually offered a handful of options for each sporting event. For example, for a regular football match a gambler could only try to predict the winner of the match, the number of goals (over or under a certain threshold), and sometimes the halftime/fulltime combined outcome.

When gambling houses went online they had to cater to a global audience and therefore they started offering odds on many more events. However, nothing prevented the house from making these new events available to every gambler registered on the website. Just like a gambler from Iceland could place a bet on the English Premier League, a Scottish gambler could place a bet on an Indian cricket tournament with the same ease. Furthermore, the gambling houses greatly expanded the number of offerings to bet on for every event. For example, currently a single soccer match can have more than a 100 possible offerings to wager on: the score at halftime, the team to score first, the team to receive more yellow cards, the team to win the coin toss, etc. Finally, technology developments made it possible to place bets while the match is in progress, which is referred to as in-running or live betting. When a meaningful event happens in the match the odds are recalculated on the fly, so gamblers can literally place a bet at the last minute.

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CURRENT ISSUE OF IPL GAMBLING

In India, five players in IPL Season 5 (2012) were suspended for Spot-fixing. The five players were Mohnish Mishra, Shalabh Srivastava,TP Sudhindra, Harmeet Singh and Abhinav Bali. In India, three Indian players in IPL Season 6 (2013) have been allegedly arrested for Spotfixing. The three players are S Sreesanth,Ankeet Chavan and Ajit Chandila. Along with them, 11 bookies were arrested. The players have accepted that they have done spotfixing. The Delhi Police arrested the three players in a post-midnight operation in Mumbai May 16 for spot-fixing in IPL matches for payments of upto Rs.60 lakh, just for giving away a pre-determined number of runs in an over. In the 2010 Pakistan tour of England, it was alleged Pakistani players Mohammad Asif and Mohammad Amir bowled no-balls at specific points as part of a conspiracy involving captain Salman Butt to defraud bookmakers. As a result, Salman Butt has been banned for ten years, Asif for seven years and Amir for five years. The matter became a criminal investigation that resulted in custodial sentences for four people involved. Further information: Pakistan cricket spot-fixing controversy In November 2011, Butt was sentenced to 30 months' imprisonment, with Asif being imprisoned for one year and Amir jailed for six months. In England, allegations of spot-fixing made against two Essex players, the Pakistani Test bowler Danish Kaneria and Mervyn Westfield,[9] were upheld by the ECB, resulting in a life ban for Kaneria and a five-year ban for Westfield.

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Investigation details
Sreesanth was arrested from his friend's house, whereas Chandila and Chavan were arrested from their team hotel in Mumbai. Rajasthan Royals suspended the contracts of the three players until the investigation is complete.[3] Delhi police have claimed that Sreesanth and Chavan have confessed being involved in the spot fixing. The police also claimed that Chandila had tried to get other players, including Chavan, involved in the spot fixing under the direction of the bookies. The Board for Control of Cricket in India (BCCI) suspended the players till further investigation. BCCI secretary Sanjay Jagdale, said,"The BCCI is shocked and saddened at the recent developments. The BCCI has zero tolerance to corruption. We will offer all cooperation to the Delhi police and all other authorities in their investigations in this matter. The IPL Governing Council has met and decided that the cricketers found involved will be dealt with severely." On 4 June 2013, Delhi Police said that Sreeshant, Chandila and Chavan and 23 other people arrested by them in the spot-fixing scandal were going to be slapped with the provisions of Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act (MCOCA) since they were acting under the command of underworld dons Dawood Ibrahim and Chhota Shakeel. Sreesanth, Ankeet Chavan and 17 other people (including 14 alleged bookies) who were arrested by the Delhi Police were released on bail on 10 June 2013 by a Delhi court due to lack of evidence to be charged under MCOCA. Ajit Chandila had not applied for bail. Delhi Police chief Neeraj Kumar said they had been taping phone calls since April 2013. He added, "Further arrests will be of bookies and no more players will be arrested." International Cricket Council withdrew umpire Asad Rauf from the Champions Trophy in the wake of reports that the Mumbai Police are conducting an investigation into Asad Raufs activities in IPL spot fixing scandal. Arrest of bookies Sunil Bhatia, a bookie arrested by Delhi Police said that he was involved in fixing in Indian Cricket League and Bangladesh Premier League besides the IPL leading to speculations that the entire fixing scandal runs even deeper.

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A team of Delhi Police Special Cell officers arrested Yahya Mohammad in the early hours of 24 May 2013 from the Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA) in connection with the cricket betting. Ahmedabad Crime Branch arrested bookie Vinod Mulchandani from the Satellite Area of the Gujarat city on 25 May 2013. Rs 1.28 crore in cash, laptops and mobile phones were seized from his possession. Vindu Dara Singh was arrested for alleged links to bookies in this spot fixing.[11][12] He was later released on bail on 3 June 2013 by a Mumbai court. The case of Gurunath Meiyappan Call records of Vindu Dara Singh in connection with the spot fixing scandal showed that he was in frequent contact with Chennai Super Kings (CSK) Team Principal and BCCI president N. Sreenivasan's son in law Gurunath Meiyappan. To investigate whether frequent calls to Mr. Meiyappan were for betting, Mumbai Police had issued summons to him.[14] On 24 May 2013, Gurunath Meiyappan was arrested on charges of betting, conspiracy and cheating after he was questioned by the Mumbai Crime Branch.[15][16] After his arrest, the CSK franchisee immediately disowned him. In a press statement on 24 May 2013, India Cements, which owns the CSK franchisee said "Mr. Meiyappan is neither the owner, nor the CEO/Team Principal of the Chennai Super Kings. [He] is only one of the members (Honorary) of the management team of the Chennai Super Kings."[17][18] The main reason for the immediate disowning of him was that, his arrest could lead to termination of the CSK franchise. This was because of the Clause 11.3 (c) of the Franchise Agreement, which stated that a franchise may be terminated immediately if the Franchisee, any Franchisee Group Company and /or any Owner acts in any way which has a material adverse effect upon the reputation or standing of the League, BCCI-IPL, BCCI, the Franchisee, the Team (or any other team in the League) and/or the game of cricket. On 26 May, BCCI announced that a three member commission will investigate the role of Mr. Meiyappan in the spot-fixing and betting scandal. On 31 May 2013, a senior Mumbai Police official said that Mr. Meiyappanan had been warned by an official from the
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International Cricket Councils ACSU. Mr. Meiyappan was later released on bail by a Mumbai court on 3 June 2013. Raj Kundra case On 5 June 2013, Rajastan Royals team co-owner Raj Kundra was questioned by the Delhi Police for alleged involvement in illegal betting. On 6 June 2013, Delhi Police claimed that he had confessed to them of placing bets on his IPL team through a bookie who was his friend. On 7 June 2013, Rajastan Royals team management said that Raj Kundra would be suspended and all his shares in the team taken back if the charges against him of betting were proved. Because of this, he was suspended from the IPL by the BCCI on 10 June 2013. IPL spot fixing

The India Premier League (IPL) spot fixing racket that has led to the arrest of three Rajasthan Royals cricketers, including India's fast bowler Sreesanth, could have links to Pakistan, Mumbai Police sources said Thursday.

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Sreesanth and his colleagues Ankeet Chavan and Ajit Chandilia as well as seven bookies from Delhi, Mumbai and Ahmedabad were arrested by Delhi Police here. According to police sources, the arrests were made on the basis of tracking phone calls, at least two dozen of which originated from Pakistan. A couple of bookies of the total seven arrested from Mumbai in connection with 'spot fixing' are allegedly linked to absconder mafia don Dawood Ibrahim Kaskar, who is said to be in Pakistan, sources said. Dawood is believed to be a veteran in cricket betting and match fixing.

The three cricketers, who have been suspended by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) pending an enquiry, and the two bookies were arrested late Wednesday from the Rajasthan Royals' team hotel Trident. Delhi Police sources also confirmed IANS that the arrests were made on the basis of phone taps over two weeks. "Delhi Police were tracking the phone calls of players and bookies for the last two weeks. And after they got concrete evidence of involvement of players arrests were made," a Delhi Police spokesperson told IANS. Police are likely to probe a dozen matches in the ongoing IPL even as the Rajasthan Royals declared a 'zero-tolerance' attitude towards fixing and extended its full cooperation with the investigators on the issue. Though investigators maintained silence on the issue, the probe may encompass more Indian and some foreign players in the current IPL. AICC secretary and Congress MP from Mumbai North Sanjay Nirupam demanded a thorough probe. "Not only the players, but also all those connected with the IPL should be thoroughly investigated and the BCCI must fully co-operate in the matter," Nirupam told media networks.

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Last year, the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) had suspended Shalabh Srivastava, Mohnish Mishra, T.P. Sudhindra, Amit Yadav and Abhinav Bali for spot-fixing in the IPL that was revealed in a sting operation by a TV channel. Spot fixing came to light in 2010 when three Pakistani cricketers Mohammad Asif, Mohammed Aamir and then skipper Salman Butt were arrested during the Test series in England.

They were alleged to have carried out specific on-field actions, including bowling no-balls at pre-determined times, for payment, during the Lord's Test. The International Cricket Council (ICC) later handed them long bans and they were also convicted and sentenced to spells of detention in Britain. The IPL 6 spot-fixing stain is fast spreading and sources are saying the police are now focusing on the role of underworld and more players in the scandal. There have also been reports that spot-fixing might have taken place in previous IPL editions too. The Delhi Police Special cell, which brought the scandal to the limelight, is also looking for the money trails in Mumbai, Ahmedabad and New Delhi.

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On Friday, there were three distinct developments in the investigation and each of them can potentially damage the future of the Indian cricket. The first development was the revelation made by Ankeet Chavan, who was arrested by the Delhi Police along with S Sreesanth and Ajit Chandila in Mumbai. Chavan reportedly told interrogators that two more Rajasthan Royals players, both batsmen, were approached by bookies. While one of the players is reportedly an Indian, the other is an international player as allegedly claimed by Chavan.

Even as Sreesanth claimed innocence through his lawyer, there were reports on Friday night that he had admitted to the Delhi Police investigation team to having engaged in spotfixing. But his lawyer Deepak Prakash refuted reports saying his client was innocent and that he had made no confessions.

The third big development in the probe came from Mumbai. One of the bookies Ramesh Vyas, during his interrogation in Mumbai, has reportedly specific leads about the kingpin in the scandal. He reportedly told that Dubai-based bookie Sunil Abhichandani aka Sunil Dubai was the alleged kingpin in the scandal. Sunil Dubai had reportedly also approached players, including Australian and Sri Lankan players, in the 2009 edition of the IPL. Vyas allegedly admitted that spot-fixing has been attempted in the last three editions of the IPL. Meanwhile, sources said the Delhi Police has started investigating claims made by the arrested bookies that spot-fixing may have taken place in up to 15 IPL matches this year. Interrogators are, however, now certain that a massive international syndicate with a London-Dubai-India-Pakistan link has been controlling betting in IPL games with Indian bookies handling local operations.

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IPL spot-fixing: Bookies also supplied women to players, say cops

It seems it wasn't just money up to Rs 60 lakh for bowling a crooked over that was on offer to the Royals players. The transcripts of phone conversations taped by the police allegedly contain evidence to suggest that the arrested bookies also supplied at least two of the cricketers with women. The conversations reveal that two bookies, Manan and Chand, "arranged" women for Sreesanth and Ajit Chandila on at least three occasions, top Delhi Police officers said. The conversations have many references to the times of despatch and arrival of the women, the officers said. A third player, also of the Rajasthan Royals, too accepted the services of escorts provided by the bookies, the transcripts reveal. But this player was apparently not involved in spotfixing. Biju alias Jiju, the alleged go-between who has been described as a friend of Sreesanth's, too apparently availed of the escorts' services.

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Both Sreesanth and Biju had women with them when they were picked up by the police in Mumbai's Khar area in the early hours of Thursday. The two men had allegedly visited the RG's nightclub, and were in separate cars. Delhi Police Commissioner Neeraj Kumar, who made no reference to this part of their investigations in his press conference, confirmed to The Indian Express: "Yes, such facts of bookies also providing women to two of the arrested players do figure in the transcripts. But we are not pressing any charges on the women in question since they are not connected with spot-fixing." Kumar's press conference also had references to the "kingpin" of the racket. Top Delhi Police sources said this suspect was called "Salmaan", and he was based in Dubai. The police got their first leads in the spot-fixing case after intercepting this individual's telephone conversations, the sources said.

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FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

The procedure outlined in the previous chapter serves as a blueprint to evaluate and optimize sports betting systems. As explained, the hardest part is to actually come up with a bet selection process with positive expectation. The simulation using fixed level staking is a very powerful tool to test different bet selection processes. Since this technique is based on sampling from observed instances it is important to record as many observations as possible, including cases without advantage to the gambler. In this project the analysis of the bet selection process would have been much richer if the AGR would have included these cases too.

Once the bet selection process has been refined and tested to make sure it produces positive results consistently under fixed stakes Monte Carlo simulation, the next step is to optimize the staking plan. The simulations carried out in this project showed that staking the full optimal Kelly fraction maximizes the expected profit but at the cost of an enormous increase in variability and reduction in the probability of profit after a fixed number of wagers. The simulations also showed that gambling a stake using half of the optimal Kelly fraction strikes an optimal balance in keeping a large enough profit growth rate, reducing variability in the expected final bankroll and increasing the probability of achieving a profit after a finite number of bets.

Moreover, we can compare the simulation results with the recorded performance of the gamblers in the Bwin dataset. Recall the results from the optimal betting system under the real life constraints of the bookmaker. With a modest initial bankroll of 100 system A achieved a profit higher than 99.5% of the gamblers (requiring about 1,250) in 90% of the simulations, and it produced at least 9,000 of profit (large enough to place in the top 10 of the Bwin dataset) in 56% of the simulations. The results offer compelling evidence that a finely tuned sports betting system involving a solid selection process and optimized staking has the potential to produce large profits with a limited initial bankroll after a relatively short amount of time.

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However, it should be noted that the specific profitability level and required time frames are particular to the context of each betting scenario. The AGR routinely identified edges larger than 10%, which is very unusual. Most bet selection processes usually identify edges no larger than 5%. Additionally, the number of bets available to gamble on might be more or less than the 200 bets sampled in the simulations. Or the gambler might also adjust the amount of the initial bankroll. All these factors logically influence the size of the finishing bankrolls and the probability of achieving profit. Nonetheless, the above conclusions are definitely a valuable guide to properly determine the profitability and risks of proposed betting systems.

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CONCLUSION
In the wake of the betting and performance compromising scandals surrounding the Indian Premier League, there is a need to clear the intellectual and moral confusion around the nature of gambling itself and to evolve a legal framework to deal with it. Our aim in this Brief was to point to the moral greyness surrounding gambling and to distinguish it from other crimes and vices such as cheating and fraud. We then proceeded to examine the issues that need to be addressed if the legal framework is to move from outright ban to regulation and control.

The Indian legal framework has a paternalistic attitude towards gambling, one of prohibition and punishment. Quite apart from the practical issue of whether such laws can be enforced effectively with reasonable resources, the point that we make is that paternalistic laws in areas such as gambling are inappropriate. Instead, we suggest that there is a need to have a right to do a wrong. Here, a right implies a fundamental liberty to make choices and wrong implies certain victimless, amoral wrongs such as gambling. Based on the importance of liberty and individual choice, we suggest that the law not prohibit gambling but make a moral-philosophical argument for regulating gambling.

While the IPL scandal has brought into the public policy debate the need for a new legal framework to deal with gambling in relation to sports, attempts at reform should move cautiously, after a detailed examination of the various issues involved. Before amending the laws or introducing new laws, intensive research, citizen engagement and stakeholder participation should be encouraged.

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On the basis of the experience in other countries, some of the key issues that should be assessed before legislating for or against gambling and betting are listed below. The impact of higher deterrence on crimes such gambling and betting. The incidence of crimes such as theft, murder and cheating that may result from gambling before and after legalising, and their impact on law enforcement resources. The type of regulations needed to protect minors and other vulnerable sections from gambling. The proportion of the population that would be involved in addiction and other forms of problem gambling. Expenses on campaigns to limit gambling and support for those suffering from problem gambling. The cost of regulating the business of gambling in such places as casinos and the cost of maintaining a regulatory body at the State and/or Central level to regulate and monitor compliance with fairness codes and best practices.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Breiman, L. (1961). Optimal gambling systems for favorable games. In Proc. 4th Berkeley Symp. Math. Statist. Prob., Vol. 1, University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 65-78. Buchdal, J. (2003). Fixed odds sports betting. London: High Stakes. BETandWIN Interactive Entertainment AG (2006). Annual Report 2005. Retrieved from http://www.bwinparty.com/~/media/Files/CorpWeb/Investors/Bwin/Compan yReports/betandwin_GB05_en.ashx. Bwin Interactive Entertainment AG (2007). Annual Report 2006. Retrieved from http://www.bwinparty.com/~/media/Files/CorpWeb/Investors/Bwin/Compan yReports/bwin_GB06_en.ashx. Bwin Interactive Entertainment AG (2008). Annual Report 2007. Retrieved from http://www.bwinparty.com/~/media/Files/CorpWeb/Investors/Bwin/AnnualR eports/2007/bwin_GB07_en_print.ashx. Bwin Interactive Entertainment AG (2009). Annual Report 2008. Retrieved from http://www.bwinparty.com/~/media/Files/CorpWeb/Investors/Bwin/AnnualR eports/2008/Annual%20Financial%20Report_2008_en.ashx. Bwin Interactive Entertainment AG (2010). Annual Report 2009. Retrieved from http://www.bwinparty.com/~/media/Files/CorpWeb/Investors/Bwin/AnnualR eports/2009/20100426_bwin_Jahresfinanzbericht%2009_EN.ashx. Clarke, S.R., Bailey, M. and Yelas, S. (2008). Successful applications of statistical modeling to betting markets. Mathematics Today, 44(1): 38-44. Direr, A. (2013). Are betting markets efficient? Evidence from European football championships. Applied Economics, 45:3, 343-356. H2 Gambling Capital. (2011). New H2 eGaming Dataset Now Available. Retrieved from http://www.h2gc.com/article/New-H2-eGaming-Dataset-Now- Available. Insley, R., Mok, L. and Swartz, T. (2004), Issues related to sports gambling.

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