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Heat of combustion
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search The heat of combustion ( ) is the energy released as heat when a compound undergoes complete combustion with oxygen under standard conditions. The chemical reaction is typically a hydrocarbon reacting with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water and heat. It may be expressed with the quantities: energy/mole of fuel (kJ/mol) energy/mass of fuel energy/volume of fuel The heat of combustion is conventionally measured with a bomb calorimeter. It may also be calculated as the difference between the heat of formation of the products and reactants.
Contents
[hide] 1 Heating value 1.1 Higher heating value 1.2 Lower heating value 1.3 Gross heating value 1.4 Measuring heating values 1.5 Relation between heating values 1.6 Usage of terms 1.7 Accounting for moisture 2 Heat of combustion tables 3 Lower heating value for some organic compounds (at 15.4C)[citation needed ] 4 Higher heating values of natural gases from various sources 5 See also 6 References
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7 External links
Heating value[edit]
The heating value (or energy value or calorific value ) of a substance, usually a fuel or food (see food energy), is the amount of heat released during the combustion of a specified amount of it. The energy value is a characteristic for each substance. It is measured in units of energy per unit of the substance, usually mass, such as: kJ/kg, kJ/mol, kcal/kg, Btu/lb. Heating value is commonly determined by use of a bomb calorimeter. Heating value unit conversions (for more visit Wolfram Alpha): kcal/kg = MJ/kg * 238.846 Btu/lb = MJ/kg * 429.923 Btu/lb = kcals * 1.8 The heat of combustion for fuels is expressed as the HHV, LHV, or GHV.
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LHV calculations assume that the water component of a combustion process is in vapor state at the end of combustion, as opposed to the higher heating value (HHV) (a.k.a. gross calorific value or gross CV) which assumes that all of the water in a combustion process is in a liquid state after a combustion process. The LHV assumes that the latent heat of vaporization of water in the fuel and the reaction products is not recovered. It is useful in comparing fuels where condensation of the combustion products is impractical, or heat at a temperature below 150C cannot be put to use. The above is but one definition of lower heating value adopted by the American Petroleum Institute (API) and uses a reference temperature of 60F (15.56C). Another definition, used by Gas Processors Suppliers Association (GPSA) and originally used by API (data collected for API research project 44), is the enthalpy of all combustion products minus the enthalpy of the fuel at the reference temperature (API research project 44 used 25C. GPSA currently uses 60F), minus the enthalpy of the stoichiometric oxygen (O2) at the reference temperature, minus the heat of vaporization of the vapor content of the combustion products. The distinction between the two is that this second definition assumes that the combustion products are all returned to the reference temperature and the heat content from the condensing vapor is considered not to be useful. This is more easily calculated from the higher heating value than when using the preceding definition and will in fact give a slightly different answer.
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When the lower heating value (LHV) is determined, cooling is stopped at 150C and the reaction heat is only partially recovered. The limit of 150C is an arbitrary choice. Note: Higher heating value (HHV) is calculated with the product of water being in liquid form while lower heating value (LHV) is calculated with the product of water being in vapor form.
Usage of terms[edit]
For historical reasons, the efficiency of power plants and combined heat and power plants in Europe may have once been calculated based on the LHV. However, this does not seem to be the case nowadays and most countries are tending to correctly use HHV for true efficiency figures. This is becoming noticeable in modern UK energy publications with the increase of energy awareness and based on the simple fact that it is correct. While in the US, values may have been reported to be generally based on the HHV, although any initial investigation may reveal that the US is still tending to
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use LHV in some circumstances, whether technically correct or not. This has the peculiar result that contemporary combined heat and power plants, where flue-gas condensation is implemented, may report efficiencies exceeding 100%. Using LHV in other energy calculations brings similar errors, especially when pulled (incorrectly) into electrolysis calculations etc. Many engine manufacturers rate their engine fuel consumption by the lower heating values. American consumers should be aware that the corresponding fuel-consumption figure based on the higher heating value will be somewhat higher. The difference between HHV and LHV definitions causes endless confusion when quoters do not bother to state the convention being used.[2] since there is typically a 10% difference between the two methods for a power plant burning natural gas. For simply benchmarking part of a reaction the LHV may be appropriate, but HHV should be used for overall energy efficiency calculations, if only to avoid confusion, and in any case the value or convention should be clearly stated.
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Pentane Gasoline Paraffin wax Kerosene Diesel Coal (Anthracite) Coal (Lignite) Wood (MAF) Peat (damp) Peat (dry) 47.30 46.00 46.20 44.80 32.50 15.00 21.7 6.00 15.00 20,400 19,900 19,862 19,300 14,000 8,000 8,700 2,500 6,500
Heat of Combustion for some common fuels (higher value) Fuel kJ/g kcal/g BTU/lb Hydrogen Gasoline Diesel Ethanol Propane Butane Wood Coal (Lignite) Coal (Anthracite) Natural Gas 141.9 47.0 45.0 29.7 49.9 49.2 15.0 15.0 27.0 54.0 33.9 11.3 10.7 7.1 11.9 11.8 3.6 4.4 7.8 13.0 61,000 20,000 19,300 12,000 21,000 21,200 6,000 8,000 14,000 23,000
Lower heating value for some organic compounds (at 15.4C)[citation needed][edit]
Fuel MJ/kg MJ/L BTU/lb kJ/mol Alkanes
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Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane Undecane Dodecane Isobutane Isopentane 2-Methylpentane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Cyclopentane Methylcyclopentane Cyclohexane Methylcyclohexane Ethylene Propylene 1-Butene cis-2-Butene
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45.752 19,673 2,659.3 45.357 28.39 21,706 3,272.6 44.752 29.30 19,504 3,856.7 44.566 30.48 19,163 4,465.8 44.427 31.23 19,104 5,074.9 44.311 31.82 19,054 5,683.3 44.240 33.29 19,023 6,294.5 44.194 32.70 19,003 6,908.0 44.147 33.11 18,983 7,519.6 Isoparaffins 45.613 19,614 2,651.0 45.241 27.87 19,454 3,264.1 44.682 29.18 19,213 6,850.7 44.659 29.56 19,203 3,848.7 44.496 30.92 19,133 4,458.5 44.310 30.49 19,053 5,061.5 Naphthenes 44.636 33.52 19,193 3,129.0 44.636? 33.43? 19,193? 3,756.6? 43.450 33.85 18,684 3,656.8 43.380 33.40 18,653 4,259.5 Monoolefins 47.195 45.799 45.334 45.194
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trans-2-Butene Isobutene 1-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-pentene 1-Hexene 1,3-Butadiene Isoprene Nitromethane Nitropropane Acetylene Methylacetylene 1-Butyne 1-Pentyne Benzene Toluene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Ethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
45.124 45.055 45.031 44.799 44.426 Diolefins 44.613 44.078 Nitrous derivated 10.513 20.693 Acetylenes 48.241 46.194 45.590 45.217 Aromatics 40.170 40.589 40.961 40.961 40.798 40.938 40.984
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Propylbenzene[disambiguation needed ] 41.193 Cumene 41.217 Alcohols Methanol 19.930 15.78 8,570
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Ethanol n-Propanol Isopropanol n-Butanol Isobutanol Tert-butanol n-Pentanol Isoamyl alcohol Methoxymethane Ethoxyethane Propoxypropane Butoxybutane Methanal Ethanal Propionaldehyde Butyraldehyde Acetone Carbon (graphite) Hydrogen Carbon monoxide Ammonia Sulfur (solid )
28.865 22.77 12,412 1,329.8 30.680 24.65 13,192 1,843.9 30.447 23.93 13,092 1,829.9 33.075 26.79 14,222 2,501.6 32.959 32.587 34.727 31.416? Ethers 28.703 26.43 14,172 2,442.9 25.45 14,012 2,415.3 28.28 14,933 3,061.2 35.64? 13,509? 2,769.3? 12,342 1,322.3 14,563 2,510.2 15,633 3,568.0 16,253 4,922.4 52,017 4,348 8,018 3,940 244 283.24 317.56 293.82
33.867 24.16 36.355 26.76 37.798 28.88 Aldehydes and ketones 17.259 24.156 28.889 31.610 28.548 Other species 32.808 22.62
Note that there is no difference between the lower and higher heating values for the combustion of carbon, carbon monoxide and sulfur since no water is formed in combusting those substances. BTU/lb values are calculated from MJ/kg (1 MJ/kg = 430 BTU/lb).
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See also[edit]
Adiabatic flame temperature Combustion Energy density Energy value of coal Exothermic reaction Fire Fuel efficiency#Energy content of fuel Food energy Internal energy Thermal efficiency Wobbe index: heat density ISO 15971 Electrical efficiency
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Mechanical efficiency Figure of merit Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources Energy conversion efficiency
References[edit]
1. ^ Air Quality Engineering, CE 218A, W. Nazaroff and R. Harley, University of California Berkeley, 2007 2. ^ http://www.claverton-energy.com/the-difference-between-lcv-and-hcv-or-lower-and-higher-heating-value-or-net-and-gross-is-clearly-understood-byall-energy-engineers-there-is-no-right-or-wrong-definition.html 3. ^ a b NIST Chemistry WebBook 4. ^ Key World Energy Statistics (2005), page 59
"Carburants et moteurs", J-C Guibet, Publication de l'Institut Franais du Ptrole, ISBN 2-7108-0704-1
External links[edit]
NIST Chemistry WebBook ASTM Standard Testing Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heat_of_combustion&oldid=560659865" Categories: Chemical engineering Combustion Fuels Thermodynamics Nuclear physics Thermochemistry Thermodynamic properties Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011
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