Chapter 2 Motion in a Straight Line Fundamentals of Physics: A Senior Course

SHORT ANSWER 1. State the displacement of each of the following changes in position. (a) 8 km to 2 km (b) +2 km to 8 km (c) 0 km to +8 km (d) 8 km to +20 km (e) +8 km to 8 km ANS:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e) There is a reference for this on page 43 of the FOP text. REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.1 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.1, p.45

2. The symbol has other uses. Find the change in each of the following. (a) The temperature falls from +10C to 20C. Find t. (b) The value of a stock increases from $12.00 to $17.50. Find $. (c) A person on a diet goes from 60 kg to 55 kg. Express m. (d) A ball falls from a point +20 m above the ground into a hole 10 m deep. Find d. ANS:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d) REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.1 KEY: FOP 2.1, p.45

3. What is the uniform velocity of an airplane that flies 602 m [E] in 2.50 s? Express your answer in metres per second, and kilometres per hour. ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.1

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.2, p.46

4. The tine on a tuning fork moves 1.0 mm to the right in 4.0 103 s. What is the uniform velocity of the tine in metres per second? ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.1

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.2, p.46

5. An electron travels at a uniform velocity of 1.30 105 m/s. How much time is required for a displacement of 1.00 m? ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.1

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.2, p.46

6. A spaceship travelled at a uniform velocity of 3.2 104 km/h for 2.7 d. What was the displacement of the spaceship? ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.1

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.2, p.46

7. Find the velocity in each section of the following position-time graph.

ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.1

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.3, p.49

8. A person walks 5.0 km towards the east in 2.00 h, then 1.5 km towards the west in 0.50 h, and finally 10.0 km towards the east again in 2.25 h. What is the persons average velocity? Assume that vectors in the easterly direction are (+), and those in the westerly direction are (). ANS:

total displacement

total time

which, since it is positive, represents an average velocity towards the east. REF: K/U MSC: SP OBJ: 1.1 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.3, p.51

9. A car is driven for 1.00 h with a velocity of 100 km/h towards the south, then for 0.50 h with a velocity of 50 km/h towards the north, and finally for 0.75 h with a velocity of 80 km/h towards the south. Find the cars average velocity. ANS: Let [N] be positive (+).

REF: K/U MSC: SP

OBJ: 1.1

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.3, p.51

10. Find the average velocities for the intervals AB and BC. ANS:

Interval AB

Interval BC REF: K/U MSC: SP OBJ: 1.1 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.3, p.51

11. Using the graph, determine the average velocity for each of the following sections. (a) t = 0 s to t = 2 s (b) t = 6 s to t = 12 s (c) t = 6 s to t = 15.5 s

ANS:

(a)

(b)

(c) REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.1 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.4, p.52

12. A hockey players slapshot averages 51.5 m/s on its flight from the blue line to the goal, 20 m away. How long does the puck take to reach the goal? ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.1

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.4, p.52

13. Using the graph, determine the average velocity for these intervals. (a) AB (b) AD (c) BD

ANS:

(a)

(b)

(c) REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.1 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.4, p.52

14. On the following position-time graph, find the instantaneous velocities at points A, B, and C by finding the slope of the tangent to the graph at each of the points.

ANS:

For point A:

For point B:

For point C: REF: K/U MSC: SP OBJ: 1.1 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.5, p.53

15. Using the graph, determine each of the following. (a) the average velocity for the first 2.5 s (b) the average velocity for the interval 2.5 to 7.5 s (c) the instantaneous velocity at the points A, B, and C (d) the times at which the instantaneous velocity is approximately zero

ANS:

(a)

(b)

(c) (d) The instantaneous velocity is approximately zero when the slope of the d-t graph is approximately zero. This occurs at t = 8.2 s, 12.5 s, 14.5 s. REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.1 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.5, p.54

16. The following graph is that of an object moving in a straight line. East is considered as the positive direction. (a) Determine the position of the object at t = 7.0 s. (b) The graph shows five distinct sections. Briefly, and in general terms, describe the motion of the object in each of these sections. (c) Considering the whole journey, calculate the average velocity. (d) Find the instantaneous velocity at t = 13 s. (e) Using an appropriate scale, draw a velocity-time graph from the position-time graph.

ANS: (a) Position after 7.0 s is 10 m or 10 m [W]. (b) (i) t = 0 to t = 4.0 s Uniform velocity of 2.5 m/s [W]. (ii) t = 0 to t = 7.0 s stopped. (iii) t = 7.0 s to t = 9.0 s Uniform velocity of 7.5 m/s [E]. (iv) t = 7.0 s to t = 11.0 s Uniform velocity of approximately 1.3 m/s [W]. (v) t = 11.0 s to t = 14.0 s Uniform acceleration in the easterly direction.

(c)

(d) (e)

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.1

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.6, p.56

17. This graph describes the motion of an object moving in a straight line. At the beginning it is going east. From the graph determine each of the following. (a) the objects displacement in the first 3.0 s (b) the objects displacement between t = 3.0 s and t = 5.0 s (c) the total displacement of the object in 14 s (d) the average velocity of the object from t = 0 to t = 8.0 (e) the d-t graph; use it to check your answers to parts (a) to (d)

ANS:

(a)

(b) Displacement = 0 m

(c)

(d) (e)

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.1

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.7, p.59

18. Use this graph of the motion of a car to find the total displacement. (North is positive).

ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.1

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.7, p.59

19. This graph illustrates the motion of two cars travelling due north. Assuming that both cars were at the same position at t = 0, answer the following questions. (a) At what time do both cars have the same velocity? (b) At t = 0.4 h, which car is ahead and by how much? (c) At t = 1.0 h, what is the distance separating the two cars?

ANS: (a) The graph intersects at t = 0.68 h. At this point, cars A and B will both have the same velocity. (b) At t = 0.4 h, car A will be ahead of car B because the area under the curve for car A is greater than that for car B. The difference in their positions can be calculated as follows:

(c) REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.1 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.7, p.60

20. From the v-t graph below, determine the total displacement of the object in the first 12 s.

ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.1

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.7, p.60

21. These graphs represent the acceleration of two objects. Determine the acceleration of each object.

ANS:

acceleration = slope of v-t graph

acceleration = slope of v-t graph

REF: K/U MSC: SP

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.8, p.61

22. From this graph determine the acceleration for each interval, using the slopes.

ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.8, p.62

23. A car accelerates uniformly from 10 m/s to 30 m/s in 10 s. What is its acceleration? ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: SP

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.8, p.63

24. A ball thrown straight up in the air has an initial velocity of 40 m/s and final velocity of zero, 4.0 s later. Find the acceleration of the ball. ANS: When the direction of the motion is not specified, it is necessary to designate one direction as positive and the other negative. In cases involving motion near the surface of Earth, it is customary to define up as positive and down as negative.

The negative sign in the acceleration indicates that the final velocity is less than the initial velocity. As the ball moves up, its speed is decreasing. This situation is sometimes called deceleration, but, as this example illustrates, deceleration may also be considered as a negative acceleration. The word deceleration is discouraged in physics, because beginning students assume incorrectly that all negative values of acceleration are decelerations. A negative value of acceleration can mean one of these two things: (i) The object moves in the original (positive) direction with a decreasing speed (commonly called deceleration). (ii) The object moves in the opposite (negative) direction with an increasing speed. (It makes no sense to call this a deceleration.) Which of the two conditions exists depends on the situation. In sample problem 2, negative acceleration occurs because of the first condition. On the other hand, if the same ball is allowed to fall freely, it will move down with an increasing speed, also exhibiting negative acceleration, since we defined up as positive. REF: K/U, C MSC: SP OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.8, p.63

25. A car decelerates at 2.0 m/s2. If the cars initial velocity is 40 m/s [E], what is its final velocity 3.5 s later? ANS: For motion in a straight line, the motion can occur in only two directions. Thus, it is usually more convenient to define one direction as positive and the other negative. Either of the following solutions is correct, but the second solution is usually the preferred one. Solution 1:

Solution 2: Choosing directions so that east is positive (+) and west is negative (),

REF: K/U MSC: SP

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.8, p.63

26. A ball is rolled up a slope with an initial velocity of 6.0 m/s. The ball experiences an acceleration of 2.0 m/s2. What is its velocity after the following? (a) 2.0 s (b) 3.0 s (c) 4.0 s ANS: Choosing directions so that up the slope is positive and down the slope is negative.

(a)

(b)

(c) REF: K/U MSC: SP OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.8, p.64

27. A gun shoots a bullet vertically upward with a velocity of 1200 m/s. How long will it take for the bullet to have a velocity of 600 m/s on its way back down to Earth, if the bullet experiences an acceleration of 10.0 m/s2 [down]? ANS:

Note that has a positive value in this example. If one or more of the quantities. REF: K/U MSC: SP OBJ: 1.3

is negative, a mistake has been made in KEY: FOP 2.8, p.64

LOC: FM1.02

28. A dragster accelerates uniformly from rest to 56 m/s in 3.7 s. What is its acceleration? ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.9, p.65

29. A car accelerates at 2.0 m/s2. If its initial velocity is 24 m/s [E], what will its velocity be 8.0 s later? ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.9, p.65

30. A ball is thrown vertically into the air with a velocity of 30 m/s [up]. If the acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2 [down], what will its velocity be after the following? (a) 2.0 s (b) 4.0 s

ANS: Up is (+), Down is ()

(a)

(b) REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.3 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.9, p.65

31. An arrow is shot straight up into the air at 40 m/s. As it falls back to Earth, acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2 [down], and the final velocity is 40 m/s. How long does it take the arrow to come back to the ground? ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.3

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.9, p.65

32. A steel ball, starting from rest, rolls down one slope and up another. It takes 2.5 s to reach the bottom of the first slope, at which point its speed is 5.0 m/s. If the magnitude of the acceleration on the second slope is exactly one-half that on the first slope, how long will it take for the ball to come to a stop on the second slope? ANS:

Since the ball will decelerate on the second slope,

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.9, p.65

33. From this velocity-time graph, determine each of the following. (a) the acceleration at any instant in the first 12 s (b) the instantaneous acceleration at (i) t = 25 s and (ii) t = 40 s (c) the average acceleration for the intervals (i) t = 0 to t = 25 s and (ii) t = 30 s to t = 50 s

ANS:

(a)

(b)

(i)

(ii)

(c)

(i)

(ii) REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.11, p.67

34. Given the information on the v-t graph, draw the corresponding d-t and a-t graphs for the interval from t = 0 to t = 20 s. (Assume that d1 = 0.)

ANS:

REF: K/U, C MSC: SP

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.12, p.69

35. From the v-t graph below, draw the corresponding d-t graph and a-t graph. (Assume that d1 = 0.)

ANS:

REF: K/U, C MSC: P

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.12, p.69

36. A ball rolls down a hill with a constant acceleration of 2.0 m/s 2. If the ball starts from rest, consider the following? (a) What is its velocity at the end of 4.0 s? (b) How far did the ball move? ANS:

(a)

(b) REF: K/U MSC: SP OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.13, p.71

37. An electron is accelerated uniformly from rest to a velocity of 2.0 107 m/s. (a) If the electron travelled 0.10 m while it was being accelerated, what was its acceleration? (b) How long did the electron take to attain its final velocity? ANS:

(a)

(b)

Alternatively, REF: K/U MSC: SP OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.13, p.71

38. During a 30.0 s interval, the velocity of a rocket increased from 200 m/s to 500 m/s. What was the displacement of the rocket during this time interval? ANS: v1 = 200 m/s v2 = 500 m/s

REF: K/U MSC: SP

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.13, p.72

39. A bullet that is shot vertically into the air has an initial velocity of 500 m/s. The acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2 [down]. (a) How long does it take before the bullet stops rising? (b) How high does the bullet go? ANS: Choosing up as positive and down as negative, v1 = 500 m/s ag = 10 m/s2 v2 = 0

(a) (b) Solution 1:

Solution 2:

REF: K/U MSC: SP

OBJ: 1.3

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.13, p.72

40. A balloon is ascending at the rate of 9.0 m/s and has reached a height of 80 m above the ground when it releases a package. How long does the package take to reach the ground? ( ag = 10 m/s2 [down]) ANS: Choosing up as positive and down as negative,

Since time must be positive, REF: K/U MSC: SP OBJ: 1.3

. LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.13, p.72

41. A skier starts down a slope 0.50 km long at a velocity of 4.0 m/s. If he accelerates at a constant rate of 2.0 m/s2, find his velocity at the bottom of the slope. ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.13, p.73

42. Pressing on the brake pedal slows a car down from a velocity of 35 m/s to 20 m/s in 8.0 s. Assuming that the acceleration is uniform, what is the displacement of the car? ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.13, p.73

43. A sports car starts from rest and has a uniform acceleration of 1.2 m/s 2. (a) What is its velocity after 30 s? (b) How far does it go in that time? ANS:

(a)

(b) REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.13, p.73

44. An object dropped from a balloon descending at 4.0 m/s lands on the ground 10 s later. What was the altitude of the balloon at the moment the object was dropped? (Use ag = 10 m/s2 [down].) ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.3

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.13, p.73

45. A ball thrown vertically upward returns to the ground 6.0 s later. (a) How many seconds did the ball take to reach its highest point? (b) How high did the ball go? (c) With what velocity did it hit the ground? (Use ag = 10 m/s2 [down].) ANS: (a) by symmetry (takes as long up as down)

(b)

(c) REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.3 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.13, p.74

46. A bullet leaves the muzzle of a gun with a velocity of 400 m/s. The length of the gun barrel is 0.50 m. (a) Assuming that the bullet is uniformly accelerated, what is its average velocity inside the barrel? (b) How long is the bullet in the gun after being fired? ANS:

(a)

(b) REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.13, p.74

47. An airplane travels from Calgary to Toronto in 4 h 20 min. Find the average speed if the distance between the two cities is 4330 km. ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.1

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.15, p.79

48. An executive jet cruises at 700 km/h. If the winds are light, it consumes kerosene at the rate of 38.0 L/min. If the jets fuel tanks contain 6840 L when full, what is its maximum range? ANS:

REF: K/U, MC MSC: P

OBJ: 1.1

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.15, p.79

49. An earthquake created a succession of giant water waves, called tsunamis, off the coast of Japan. The waves travelled at an average velocity of 800 km/h. If the distance from the source of the quake to the northern coast of Australia was 8200 km, how long did it take the first wave to reach the Australian coast? ANS:

REF: K/U, MC MSC: P

OBJ: 1.1

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.15, p.79

50. Using this graph of the motion of a car travelling in a straight line, determine the velocity of the car in each of the intervals.

ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.1

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.15, p.79

51. A train travels 58 km at an average velocity of 77 km/h [E], waits for 5.0 min at a station, and then runs for half an hour at an average velocity of 64 km/h [E]. Find the following: (a) the total displacement of the train (b) the average velocity for the whole trip ANS:

(a)

(b)

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.1

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.15, p.80

52. (a) Which sections of this graph represent (i) uniform velocity (ii) the object at rest (iii) acceleration (b) What is the average velocity in the intervals (i) t = 0 s to t = 5.0 s (ii) t = 15 s to t = 20 s (c) What is the instantaneous velocity at (i) t = 3.0 s (ii) t = 24 s (iii) t = 8.0 s

ANS: (a) Uniform velocity A, B, D, E At rest B Acceleration C

(b) (i)

(ii) (c) (i) Since the graph is a straight line for this interval, the velocity is uniform and will have the same value as (i) in part (b), that is, 1.4 m/s.

(ii) (iii) REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.15, p.80

53. A cart, starting from rest, slides down an inclined air-track and passes certain positions ( d) in the time shown (t). Using graphing techniques, show that the cart travels with uniform acceleration, and determine the value of the acceleration in m/s2. d (cm) t (s) 0 0 12.8 0.8 20.0 1.0 28.8 1.2 39.2 1.4 51.2 1.6 64.8 1.8

ANS: d (cm) t (s)

0 0

32 0.8

40 1.0

48 1.2

56 1.4

64 1.6

72 1.8

The slope of the v-t graph is the acceleration.

REF: K/U, C MSC: P

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.15, p.80

54. A balloonist jumped from a balloon at an altitude of 23 300 m and fell with an unopened parachute for 178 s. The balloonist was travelling at 62.6 m/s when the parachute opened. (a) What was the average acceleration? (b) Why was the value of the average acceleration less than that for gravity? ANS:

(a) (b) Air resistance and the drag of the opening parachute would mean that the net acceleration would be less than g (9.8 m/s2). REF: K/U, MC MSC: P OBJ: 1.3 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.15, p.80

55. An electric train initially moving at 25 km/h accelerates to 35 km/h in 20 s. Find its average acceleration in m/s2. ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.15, p.80

56. A rocketship in space moves with a constant acceleration of 9.8 m/s 2. If it starts from rest, how long will it take to reach a velocity one-tenth that of light ( vlight = 3.00 108 m/s)? ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.15, p.80

57. A plane travelling at 200 km/h [N] accelerates at the rate of 5.0 km/h/s [N] for 1.0 min. What is its final velocity? ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.15, p.80

58. A train travelling at 100 km/h slows down with a uniform deceleration of 0.60 m/s2. How long does it take to stop? ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.15, p.80

59. A motorist travelling at 90 km/h applies his brakes and comes to rest with uniform deceleration in 20 s. Calculate the acceleration in m/s2. ANS: 90 km/h = 25 m/s

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.15, p.80

60. The v-t graph on the next page represents the motion of a car. Assume that north is positive. (a) In which interval(s) is the velocity uniform? (b) In which interval(s) is the acceleration uniform? (c) How far has the car travelled after (i) 11 s and (ii) 25 s? (d) How far did the car travel in the 13th second? (e) What is the acceleration (i) in the first 5.0 s and (ii) from t = 11 s to t = 14 s? (f) What is the instantaneous acceleration at (i) t = 12.5 s and (ii) t = 22 s?

ANS: (a) B, D (b) A, C

(c) (i)

(ii)

(d) From t = 12 s to t = 13 s

(e) (i)

(ii)

(f) (i)

(ii) REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.15, p.80

61. From the v-t graph, find the total displacement, using graphing techniques.

ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.15, p.81

62. A ball rolls along the floor, up a sloping board, and then back down the board and across the floor again. The graph below represents this motion. (a) At what time is the ball at its highest point? (b) What was the acceleration when the ball was (i) rolling up the board, (ii) rolling down the board, and (iii) at rest at the top point? (c) How far up the board did the ball go? (d) What was the total displacement of the ball over the 9.0 s trip?

ANS: (a) 4.5 s

(b)

(c) (d) Sum of areas = 0, thus the total displacement is zero REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.15, p.81

63. Two trains, A and B, are on separate, parallel tracks. Initially, train B is beside train A and passing it. The graph describes their motions. Using the graph, answer the following questions: (a) At t = 0.40 h, which train is ahead, and by how much? (b) What is the average velocity of train A during the first 36 min? (c) What is the instantaneous acceleration of train B at t = 0.30 h? (d) What is the average acceleration of train A from t = 0.40 h to t = 0.70 h? (e) Draw position-time and acceleration-time graphs for both train A and B.

ANS:

(a)

B is ahead of A by 10.4 8.0 = 2.4 km

(b)

(c)

(d) (e)

REF: K/U, C MSC: P

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.15, p.82

64. This graph describes the motion of a car. (a) What is the instantaneous acceleration at (i) t = 3.0 s, (ii) t = 7.0 s, and (iii) t = 11.0 s? (b) How far does the car travel in the first (i) 5.0 s, (ii) 9.0 s, and (iii) 13.0 s?

ANS: (a) (i) 0

(ii)

(iii)

(b) (i)

(ii)

(iii) REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.15, p.82

65. Here is a v-t graph of two cars, A and B. At t = 0 s, A and B pass each other. (a) Determine the acceleration of B during the final 3.0 s. (b) Find the distance between A and B at t = 5.0 s. (c) Find the average velocity of A in the first 5.0 s. (d) Find the instantaneous acceleration of A at t = 7.0 s. (e) Plot an acceleration-time graph for both A and B on the same sheet of graph paper. Assume that any changes in acceleration occur instantaneously.

ANS:

(a)

(b) The distance between A and B is

(c)

(d) (e)

REF: K/U, C MSC: P

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.15, p.83

66. At t = 0, a stationary police car is passed by a speeding sports car. This occurs on a straight highway. Their subsequent velocities are shown in a v-t graph. Use the graph to solve the following problems. (a) Prove that the police car overtakes the sports car when t = 60 s. (b) Determine the average velocity at which the police car travels during this 60 s time interval. (c) Find the distance between the two cars when t = 30 s. (d) Find the acceleration of the sports car when t = 30 s.

ANS:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d) REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.15, p.83

67. The below describes the motion of a capsule carried on a rocket fired vertically upward. The rocket ejected the capsule at its highest point. The capsule fell freely with the rocket until its parachute opened at t = 300 s. (a) At what time did the rocket reach its highest altitude? (b) What was the maximum altitude of the rocket? (c) What was the acceleration of the rocket during (i) the first stage and (ii) the second stage? (d) What was the average acceleration of the capsule during the interval t = 100 s to t = 300 s? (e) What was happening during the period t = 300 s to t = 400 s? (f) What was the terminal velocity of the capsule just before splashdown?

ANS: (a) t = 200 s (velocity zero)

(b) (c) First Stage:

Second Stage:

(d) (e) Parachute opening decreasing velocity (f) The terminal velocity is approximately 70 m/s, as read from the graph. REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.15, p.83

68. An airplane taking off from an airfield has a run of 370 m. If it starts from rest, moves with constant acceleration, and makes the run in 30 s, with what velocity, in kilometres per hour, does it take off? ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.15, p.85

69. A bobsled has a constant acceleration of 2.0 m/s2, starting from rest. (a) How fast is it going after 5.0 s? (b) How far has it travelled in 5.0 s? (c) What is its average velocity in the first 5.0 s? (d) How far has it travelled by the time its speed has reached 40 m/s? ANS:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d) REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.15, p.85

70. A meson, a subatomic particle having a mass 250 times that of an electron, is shot with a constant speed of 5.00 106 m/s into a region where an electric field causes a deceleration of 1.25 1014 m/ s2. (a) How far does the meson travel before coming to rest? (b) How long does it take the meson to come to rest? ANS:

(a)

(b) REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.15, p.85

71. A rocket-driven sled running on a straight, level track is used to investigate the physiological effects of rapid accelerations on humans. One such sled can attain a velocity of 1600 km/h in 1.8 s, starting from rest. (a) Assuming that the acceleration is uniform, what is its value in m/s 2? (b) Express the acceleration in (a) in terms of g, where g = 9.8 m/s2. (c) Under the last 2.00 km of the track there is a trough of water. The brakes of the rocket consist of a scoop that displaces water from the trough, stopping the sled. Assuming that the sled stops at the end of the trough, what is the deceleration of the sled, expressed in terms of g? ANS:

(a)

(b)

(c) REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FMV.03 KEY: FOP 2.15, p.86

72. An electron with an initial velocity of 1.0 104 m/s enters a region 1.0 cm long where it is electrically accelerated. It emerges with a velocity of 4.2 106 m/s. What was its acceleration, assuming that it was constant? (Such a process occurs in the electron gun in a cathode-ray tube, used in television receivers and oscilloscopes.) ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FMV.03

KEY: FOP 2.15, p.86

73. Suppose that you are called by a lawyer to give advice concerning the physics involved in one of her cases. The question is whether a driver was exceeding the speed limit of 50 km/h before he made an emergency stop, with brakes locked and wheels sliding. The length of the skid marks on the road was 5.85 m. A police officer made the reasonable assumption that the maximum deceleration would not exceed that of gravity. On the basis of the evidence, was the driver exceeding the speed limit before the brakes were applied? ANS: Assuming maximum deceleration of 9.8 m/s2

The driver could not have been exceeding the speed limit of 50 km/h. REF: K/U, I MSC: P OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.15, p.86

74. A bullet is fired straight up with a muzzle velocity of 460 m/s. How long will it take to reach its highest point and how high will that be? (The air resistance may be neglected.) ANS:

Note that this solution ignores air resistance. REF: K/U OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.15, p.86

MSC: P 75. A stone is thrown straight down from the top of a cliff with an initial velocity of 6.0 m/s. It reaches the bottom in 3.0 s. How high is the cliff? ANS:

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.15, p.86

76. (a) With what speed must a ball be thrown vertically upward in order to rise to a height of 16 m? (b) How long will that same ball take to rise 16 m? ANS:

(a)

(b) REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.15, p.86

77. A ball is thrown vertically upward from a window at 10 m/s. It hits the ground 5.0 s later. What is the height of the window from the ground? ANS:

The ground is 73 m below the window.

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.15, p.86

78. A British Concorde (BC) and a French Concorde (FC) flew in opposite directions around the world, a distance of 40 000 km. The BC covered half of its flight distance at a supersonic speed of 2500 km/h and the other half at a subsonic speed of 1000 km/h. The FC spent half of its flight time at 2500 km/h and the other half at 1000 km/h. Which Concorde completed the trip first, and by how many hours did it beat the other? ANS: It should be obvious that the FC must beat the BC, since FC spent exactly half his time at the higher speed, while BC spent less than half his time at the higher speed. For BC:

For FC:

The French Concorde completes the trip first, and does so in 5.1 h less. REF: K/U, MC MSC: P OBJ: 1.1 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.15, p.79

79. While driving her car, Mrs. Jones sees an obstruction in the road. It takes her 0.80 s to react and put her foot on the brake. Her car is travelling at 25 m/s. (a) How far will the car travel before she puts her foot on the brake? (b) If, when the brake is applied, the car decelerates at a uniform rate of 9.3 m/s2, what is the total displacement of the car? ANS:

(a)

(b)

REF: K/U MSC: P PROBLEM

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.15, p.85

1. At the instant when the traffic light turns green, an automobile starts with a constant acceleration of 1.8 m/s2. At the same instant a truck travelling with a constant speed of 8.5 m/s overtakes and passes the automobile. (a) How far beyond the starting point will the automobile overtake the truck? (b) How fast will the car be travelling at that instant? ANS:

(a)

The automobile will be 80 m beyond the starting point when it will overtake the truck.

(b)

The car will be travelling at 17 m/s at that instant. REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.15, p.84

2. A subway train starts from rest at a station and accelerates at the rate of 2.0 m/s2 for 10 s. It runs at a constant speed for 30 s, and then decelerates at 2.4 m/s2 until it stops at the next station. Find the total distance between the stations and the average speed of the train. ANS:

Time for deceleration stage:

The distance between the stations is 783 m. The average speed of the train is 16 m/s. REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.15, p.84

3. A boy in a wagon starts down a hill 90 m long with an initial velocity of 1.2 m/s, reaching the bottom of the hill in 0.50 min. Calculate his acceleration (assumed to be uniform) and his velocity at the bottom of the hill. ANS:

The boys velocity is 0.12 m/s2 at the bottom of the hill. REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.15, p.85

4. An object starts from rest and accelerates at 3.0 m/s 2 for 4.0 s. Its velocity remains constant for 7.0 s, and it finally comes to rest with uniform deceleration after another 5.0 s. Find the following: (a) the displacement for each stage of the motion (b) the average velocity over the whole time interval. ANS:

(a)

Total displacement is 30 m.

(b) The average velocity is 8.6 m/s. REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.15, p.85

5. A Formula One car accelerates from rest uniformly at 2.40 m/s2 for 15.0 s, then moves with a uniform velocity for 200 s, and finally decelerates uniformly at 3.60 m/s2 until it comes to a stop. How long will the car be in motion, how far will it travel, and what will be its average speed? ANS:

The car will be in motion for 225 s. The car will travel 7650 m. The average speed of the car will be 34 m/s.

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.15, p.85

6. A turtle is moving with a constant acceleration along a straight ditch. He starts his stopwatch as he passes a fence post and notes that it takes him 10 s to reach a pine tree 10 m farther along the ditch. As he passes the pine tree, his speed is 1.2 m/s. How far was he from the fence post when he started from rest? ANS: His average speed between post and tree was:

Since his average speed was 10 m/s and his final speed was 1.2 m/s, his initial speed must have been 0.80 m/s (for uniform acceleration Thus the acceleration was ).

The distance the turtle was from the post is determined from

He was 8 m from the fence post when he started. REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.15, p.85

7. Two trains, one travelling at 100 km/h and the other at 128 km/h, are headed towards one another along a straight, level track. When the trains are 1.2 km apart, each engineer simultaneously sees the others train and applies the brakes. Both trains have equal, constant decelerations of 0.9 m/s2. Will there be a collision? ANS:

But the trains were initially 1.2 km apart. There is no collision and they will stop 1.2 km 1.1 km = 0.1 km apart. REF: K/U, MC MSC: P OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.15, p.86

8. A parachutist jumps from a height of 3.1 103 m and falls freely for 10 s. She then opens her parachute, and for the next 20 s slows down with an acceleration of 4.5 m/s 2. After that, she falls the rest of the distance to the ground at a uniform velocity. (a) What is her velocity just before the parachute opens? (b) At what altitude does the parachute open? (c) What is the velocity of the parachutist, just before she strikes the ground? (d) Calculate the time required for the whole descent. (e) From what height would she have to fall freely in order to strike the ground with the same velocity as she does when wearing a parachute? (This is how parachutists are trained.) ANS:

(a) Her velocity is 98 m/s [down].

(b)

The parachute opens at 2610 m.

(c) The velocity of the parachutist just before she hits the ground is 8 m/s [down]. (d) Displacement during deceleration:

Remaining distance to fall at a uniform velocity will be: 2610 m 1060 m = 1550 m Time to fall 1550 m:

Time for total distance is: 10 s + 20 s + 194 s = 224 s The time required for the whole descent is 224 s. (e) Taking down as positive

She would have to fall from 3.3 m. REF: K/U, MC MSC: P OBJ: 1.3 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.15, p.87

9. A stone is dropped into the water from a bridge 44 m above the water. Another stone is thrown vertically downward 1.0 s after the first was dropped. Both stones strike the water at the same time. What was the initial velocity of the second stone? ANS: Time for first stone to hit water:

Since the second stone is thrown 1.0 s later, it requires 2.0 s to reach the water.

The initial velocity of the second stone was 12 m/s. REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.3 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.15, p.87

10. A student is determined to test the law of gravity for himself. He walks off a skyscraper 320 m high, stopwatch in hand, and starts his free fall (zero initial velocity). Five seconds later, Superman arrives at the scene and dives off the roof to save the student. What must Supermans initial velocity be in order to catch the student just before the student reaches the ground? (Assume that Supermans acceleration is that of any freely falling body (i.e., g = 9.8 m/s2.) ANS: Student:

Superman: Time to catch the boy is 8.08 s 5.0 s = 3.08 s

Superman would have to dive off the skyscraper with an initial speed of 89 m/s. REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.3 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.15, p.87

11. A convertible with its top down drove towards the entrance of an underground garage with a velocity of 24 km/h. A window cleaner on a scaffold directly above the entrance accidentally kicked a bucket of water off a moving scaffold. The scaffold at that moment was 9.0 m vertically higher than the top of the car and the car was 12 m from the entrance. The scaffold was moving up at 1.5 m/s. Did the driver get wet? ANS: Time for the convertible to reach the scaffold:

Time for pail to fall:

The negative answer has no meaning in this question. Since the pail only requires 1.5 s to reach the ground and the car requires 4.5 s to reach the scaffold, the driver does not get wet. REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.3 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.15, p.87

12. An efficient parcel service wants to speed up its deliveries by dropping parcels into moving trucks. An employee is positioned on an overpass directly above a straight, level road to drop the parcels into the trucks at just the right time. One day, a delivery truck starts from rest and drives along the road with a constant acceleration of . A package is released at the correct instant to land in the truck. If the overpass was 30 m above the truck and the truck started from a position 100 m from the point of impact, how long after the truck started did the employee wait before dropping the parcel? ANS: Time for the parcel to fall:

Travel time for truck:

Waiting time is:

The employee waited 3.9 s. REF: K/U, I MSC: P OBJ: 1.3 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.15, p.87

13. A rally driver completes three consecutive sections of a straight rally course as follows: section 1 (10 km) in 7.50 min, section 2 (18 km) in 14.40 min, and section 3 (9.8 km) in 5.80 min. What was the average velocity for the three sections? (Assume no stop between sections.) ANS:

The average velocity for the three sections is 82 km/h. REF: K/U MSC: P OBJ: 1.1 LOC: FM1.02 KEY: FOP 2.4, p.52

14. A car accelerates uniformly from rest at the rate of 2.0 m/s2 for 6.0 s. It then maintains a constant velocity for 0.50 min. Finally, the brakes are applied, and the vehicles slows down at a uniform rate and comes to rest in 5.0 s. Find the following. (a) the maximum velocity of the car (b) the total displacement ANS: (a)

(b)

REF: K/U MSC: P

OBJ: 1.2

LOC: FM1.02

KEY: FOP 2.15, p.81