Name of the Experiment: STUDY OF TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR OF RC

Course No. EEE 102 Experiment No. 7 Group No. 2

Mursalin Habib Roll No. 9906114 Department: Electrical and Electronics Engineering Level 1 Term 1 Session 1999-2000 Partners Roll No. 9906112 9906113 9906115 9906116

Date of Performance: Date of Submission:

Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology

Objective:

The objective of this experiment is to study transient response of RC circuit with step Input. In this experiment we applied a square wave input to a RC circuit separately and observe the respective wave shapes and determine the time constant.

Theory:
The transient response is the temporary response that result from a switching operation of disappears with time. The steady state response is that which exists after a long time following any switching operation. Let us consider a RC circuit shown in figure.

Charging Phase:
When the switch is connected position 1, applying KVL we can write
V = Ri + 1 idt............1 C

If the capacitor is initially uncharged, the solution of equation 1.

i=

V e ...............2 R

Therefore the voltage across the resistor and capacitor are given by

V R = Ve ..............3 VC = V VR = V (1 e )............4
When = RC and is called the time constant of the circuit, equation (2), (3) & (4) are plotted below.
t

It is seen from the cursor that the voltage across the capacitor rises from zero to V volts exponentially and the charging current is maximum at the start i.e. when C is uncharged then it decreases exponentially and finally ceases to zero when the capacitor voltage becomes V.

Discharging Phase:
When the switch is connected to position 2, applying KVL we can write.
0 = Ri + 1 idt ............5 C

Since the voltage across the capacitor is now V, the solution of equation 5 is
i= V e ...............6 R
t

Therefore the voltage across the resistor and capacitor are given by,

V R = Ve ..............7 VC = Ve ............8
Equation 6,7 & 8 are plotted below:
t

It is seen from the curves that the voltage across the capacitor falls from V to zero volts exponentially. The charging current is maximum at the start i.e. when the switch is just thrown to position 2, then it decreases exponentially and finally ceases to zero when the capacitor voltage becomes zero.

Apparatus:
Resistance 1 K Capacitance 1 F Oscillation & chords Signal generator & chords Wires Bread board

Experimental Setup:

Procedure:
The circuit was setup as shown in figure 1. 100 Hz square wave was applied from signal generator. The wave shapes were observed at Channel 1 & Channel 2 in DUAL mode and they were drawn. The time constant was from the wave shape of VC The channel 1 & channel 2 disconnected and was reconnected then as shown in figure 2. The wave shapes were observed at channel 1 & channel 2 (INV) in dual mode and were drawn.

Data:
From 1st circuit, VC V T = 3.6 V = 3.8 V = 10X10-3 sec.

From 2nd circuit, VR V T = 3.7 V = 3.8 V = 2.5X10-3 sec.

Question & Answer:

1. Define capacitor and capacitance. Write the feature of a capacitor. What does capacitance measure? An element constructed simply of two parallel conducting plates separated by an insulating material is called a capacitor. Feature: As it has insulating inside (between) the two conductor plates, no current flows through a capacitor. Although there is no current through a capacitor it has voltage across it.

As the voltage varies with time the displacement of charge also varied with time causing what is known causing what is known as the displacement current. Capacitor is a circuit parameter. It measures the storage ability of a capacitor. A capacitor has a capacitor. A capacitor has a capacitance of 1 Farad if 1 coulomb of change is deposited on the plates by a potential difference of 1 volt across the plates.

2. Deduce voltage-current relation for a capacitor. Why the voltage across a capacitor. Why the voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneously? We know that, Q = CV When Q = charge V = voltage C= Capacitance

Here C is constant So, dQ =Cdv We also know that, dQ dv i= =C dt dt dv i = C dt When current flows through a circuit where there is a capacitor no current go throw the capacitor instead charges are stored on its two plates. One plate is positively charged of other is charged negatively. So these rises a potential difference. When we switch the current off the charges that were stored on those two plates are still there and take time is discharged. This is why the voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneously.
ic = E t RC e 1 R

The factor RC in equation 1 is called the time constant of the system and has the unit of time. It is the rate at which the current or voltage approaches zero. Its symbol is the Greek letter Tau. And its unit off measure in the second

= RC

We can determine the time constant by the network parameter R & C. For this reason the universal time constant chart is provided to permit a more accurate estimate of the value of the function e-x for specific time intervals related to the time constant. We can determine time constant by multiplying R & C.

3. Define time constant for a RC circuit. What is the significance of time constant? How time constant can be determined?
ic = E t RC e 1 R

The factor RC in equation 1 is called the time constant of the system and has the unit of time. It is the rate at which the current or voltage approaches zero. Its symbol is the Greek letter Tau. And its unit off measure in the second

= RC
We can determine the time constant by the network parameter R & C. For this reason the universal time constant chart is provided to permit a more accurate estimate of the value of the function e-x for specific time intervals related to the time constant. We can determine time constant by multiplying R & C. Significance: Using the time-constant concept, we write the expression for current, voltage, power and energy as,
t + V (t ) = RI 0 e t 0 for 2 2t + P = I0 e t 0 2 t 2 W = 1 LI 0 (1 e )t 0 2 i (t ) = I 0 e

t 0+

RL circuit

 t Vc = E (1 e ) for t V R = Ee t q (t ) = CVC (t ) = CE (1 e ) iC = E t e R

RC circuit

More over, If we substitute = RC into the exponential function e E t I C = e RC , R We obtain e

t t RC

is equation

. In one time constant e

= e 1 = 0.3679 or the function

t

equal 36.79% of its maximum value of 1. At t = 2 and e = 0.1353 and the function has decayed to only 13.53% of its maximum value. Thus the rate of change of e or we can say the rate of change of IC, Vc or VR is quite sensitive to the time constant.
t

4. Describe the charging the discharging phase of a RC circuit both qualitatively and quantitatively. Changing Phase: When the switch is connected with the voltage source applying KVL we can write, 1 V = Ri + idt ............1 C If the capacitor is initially uncharged the solution of equation 1 is,

i=

V e ...............2 R
t

Therefore the voltage across the resistor & capacitor are given by,

V R = Ve ..............3 VC = V V R = V (1 e )............4 Where = RC is called the time constant of the circuit.

t

The curves show that the voltage across the capacitor rises from zero to V volts exponentially and the charging current is maximum at the start when C is uncharged then it decreases exponentially and finally ceases to zero when the capacitor voltage becomes V.

Discharging Phase: When the switch is connected to position 2, applying KVL we can write, 1 0 = Ri + idt ............5 C Since the voltage across the resistor & capacitor are given by,
V R = Ve ..............6 VC = Ve ............7
t t

Where the voltage across the capacitor is V, the solution of equation 5 is t V i = e ...............8 R Equation 6,7, & 8 are plotted in the following page.

The curves show that the voltage across the capacitor falls from V to zero volts exponentially. The charging current is maximum at the start when the switch is just thrown to position 2, then it decreases exponentially and finally ceases to zero when the capacitor voltage becomes zero.

Discussion:
In this experiment we were first introduced with oscilloscope & signal generator. This is also the first experiment on a breadboard. In this experiment we learned to use the apparatus that is mentioned above. With the oscilloscope we visualize the curves. We generated signal (square signal) with the signal generator. We plotted the graph on a graph paper & learned the behavior of a RC circuit. At first we had some problem problems using the generator of oscillation. But at last we cover came those problems & finished those experiment successfully.